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Objectives A characteristic feature of sport since ancient times is competition and the will to win. The basic criteria for the division of competition are goal, discipline and gender. In the last three decades the gender division of athletes has been the most controversial. Material and methods It is caused by the increasing participation of transgender people in sports competitions, especially in women's disciplines. The aim of the study is to summarize all the arguments used in the discussion on the participation of transgender people in sports competitions. Will the inclusion of transgender people in women's sports not cause the twilight of women's sports? Results The research hypothesis is the statement that it is necessary to search for a solution for the willingness of transgender people's participation in sports competitions. The unquestionable right of these people to train sport must be however confronted with the right to fair competition based on equal opportunities. The study uses the method of analyzing specific cases, the analysis of international law, sports organization law and Polish law. Conclusions Last but not least, elements of the legal-historical method is used to present the perspective of the development of public discussion and legal regulations concerning the participation of transgender people in professional sport. The result of the work is the presentation of specific solutions to this issue.

This paper intends to analyze the criteria for the VAR review of a football referee's decision. The first part of this work studies the Laws of the Game in a legal perspective and develops a theoretical framework in a VAR review procedure. The paper suggests key elements of higher and lower standards of review. In the second part, the paper compares statistically the use of VAR in the Spanish Primera Division and other international competitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the different public sports entities and their taxation in the Spanish Corporate Tax. Specifically, the existence of these entities at the three levels of territorial administration, the important role played by the so-called institutional administration in this respect, and the majority application of a full tax exemption in Corporate Tax are verified. In addition, the effects and scope of this full tax exemption are studied in depth, as well as its technical articulation and the basis that inspire it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The figure of the intermediary, agent, manager or representative of sportsmen and women has been discussed and much debated. The sports system itself has made every effort to regulate this figure, in the majority of disciplines, trying to shed light and clarify the scope, rights and obligations of the agent, but, above all, trying to control their power and the influence they generate not only on a sporting level, but also in the economic market, through the lex sportiva. To date, the Fédération Internationale de Football Association has enacted four regulations, and barely a year ago, FIFA announced a new regulatory twist with the forthcoming entry and publication of the Regulations on Agents, which is the subject of this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the fields of sports, physical education, and their connected fields, sports law is used. India has been eclipsed in the globe by the excellence of Indian sports due to its proximity. It produced notable athletes who made significant contributions to the sport by serving as role models for the rest of the world through its rich sporting history. In India, one such contested and unresolved legal issue is the regulation of sports. Through independent sports federations, which have monopolistic natures and characteristics in their sports fields, the Indian government has controlled and governed sports in the country. However, these sporting organisations fend off any criticism when it amounts to openness and responsibility. The ongoing legal disputes and litigation in this field have compelled the judicial system to intervene and act as the field umpire. But why is there only the Ministry of Sports Affairs as the primary sports authority? Whether the Indian Judiciary strived for a minimal or significant contribution to the development of sports law? Is the Alternative Dispute Mechanism the best way to settle sports disputes? Doping in sports refers to the usage of medications that are deemed illegal by the law. But as numerous case studies have shown, doping in sports has recently become a significant problem. Doping has a long history, although this paper mainly discusses it from an Indian perspective. Several steps were taken to address the doping problem, including the 2015 implementation of the National Anti-Doping Agency based on the World Anti-Doping Code (WADC). The agency's primary goals are to execute WADCcompliant anti-doping regulations, regulate control programmes, and raise awareness of doping and its effects. This essay will primarily analyze anti-doping organizations and the primary causes of doping in India. It will also explore and analyze pressing concerns about the sports industry in the context of pertinent legal rulings. It also sheds light on how Indian legislators have not shown interest in advancing sports law, and therefore it makes significant sports reform recommendations for the restoration of sports' former grandeur in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The World Anti-Doping Code (hereinafter: WADC) was first adopted by the World Anti-doping Agency (hereinafter: WADA) in 2003 and entered into force in 2004. In Greece, anti-doping rules came into force through their adoption by the Parliament of the UNESCO Anti-Doping Convention under Law 3516/2006 and have been applied as International Sports Law. The revised 2021 WADC which is effective as of 1st January 2021 was transposed in Greece by the Greek Law 4791/2021, which established the National Organization for Combatting Doping (hereinafter: EOKAN). Therefore, the WADA Prohibited List is an integral part of Law 4791/2021 and shall go into effect under Law 4791/2021 three (3) months after publication of the prohibited list by WADA, without requiring any further action by the HADA (Article 4.1. of Law 4791/2021 with the title "Prohibited List"). A violation of a doping rule does not automatically result in a sanction. According to Article 10 of Law no. 4791/2021, the athlete may eliminate or reduce the period of ineligibility based on no significant fault or negligence by appeal in the Supreme Council of resolution of Sports Disputes and in some special cases in CAS. Highlight that the NADOs should provide to athletes a domestic dispute resolution framework which promotes independence, efficiency and cost effectiveness, as well as consistency and procedural fairness at all levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The newly revised Sports Law in China, which was adopted by the Standing Committee of the 13th National People's Congress on June 24, 2022 and will be implemented on January 1, 2023, is a comprehensive and thorough revision of the previous Sports Law. The new Sports Law has determined the principle of taking the people as the center, and added provisions on the connotation and protection of sports rights, the development of sports industry, opposition to the use of doping, sports arbitration system, sports supervision and administration, and the protection of sports mark rights and intangible assets and so on, which will play an important role in regulating and guiding the development of sports in China. At the same time, the implementation of the new Sports Law will also face the problems of unbalanced and insufficient sports development, difficulties in coordination between relevant departments, and relevant supporting mechanisms and legislation need to be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Physical Education / Tiyu Xuekan is the property of Journal of Physical Education Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Physical Education / Tiyu Xuekan is the property of Journal of Physical Education Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sport is one of the areas to which the European Union (EU) currently attaches great importance. This aspect is reflected in the permanent concerns of strengthening the EU policy in the field of sports. In this regard, it can be observed that in The European Union's Work Plan on Sport 2021-2024, a new European Model of Sport is taking shape, which is based on the current European values. Specialists in EU law mention that the first landmarks of the model appeared with the specific jurisprudence that somewhat forced the EU's involvement in sports and the application of its legislation in this area of interest. The decisions of The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in C-36/74 Walrave and Koch, C-13/76 Donà, C-415/93 Bosman, C-176/96 Lehtonen, C-51/96 and C-191/97 Deliège, C-519/04 Meca-Medina, C-325/08 Bernard or C-22/18 Biffi are expressions of European law applied to the specificity of sport that bring significant changes. Although the CJEU rules only on the cases it receives and which meet the conditions for the application of European law, the competence of the EU in the field of sports has continuously developed. Thus, with the modification of EU policies, the existence of the economic activity requirement was eliminated, and non-economic sports activities entered the scope of application of EU law. Besides the competition rules, CJEU has dealt with cases related to EU citizenship and discrimination on grounds of nationality, free movement of persons (related to professional and amateur sportspeople) and free movement of services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study deals with the issue of the player's penal responsibility for acts of violence in sports; it aims at briefing the important legal issues related to this subject and clarifying the position of the UAE legislator on a player's criminal liability for sports injuries and acts of violence in sports by researching the legal framework for sports injuries and sports accidents that occur during sports competitions. The study concluded that to be exempt from criminal liability in sports competitions, the game must be one of the games recognized by sports games laws, it must have recognized rules, and the acts of violence committed during the match must not violate the game rules. Also, the UAE has included sports insurance in certain sports activities as a club obligation, so any player registered with the relevant association is not allowed to participate in sports activities managed by the union unless this player is insured under a contract of insurance that includes the risks of death, permanent or temporary disability, sports injury, and medical expenses. The study suggests that the UAE legislature should pass a sports criminal law criminalizing the use of stimulants in sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to explore the hot topics of sports industry policy research and the future trends of research in this field. The time node selects the literature published in related journals from 1990 to 2022 as sample data. The research uses citespace6.1 software to draw a knowledge map for research in this field, relevant statistics of research literature in this field, mathematical statistics, word frequency analysis, keyword cooccurrence analysis, and other methods. This study analyzed the temporal and spatial distribution of literature, the specific situation of cooperative research, the changes of research hotspots, and the future research trend in the whole development process of sports industry policy research. Results show that sports colleges/institution is the main institution for sports industry policy research. Among them, sports colleges and professional sports colleges in comprehensive universities occupy a dominant position in research results; research strength is mainly concentrated in the eastern and central regions, and the core authors of the article are mainly concentrated in the Middle East; the cooperation situation of sports industry policy research is gradually formed, but the scale and degree of cooperation in this field have a large room for improvement at present; the main research hotspots in this field are sports industry, sports industry policy, sports consumption, etc.; the hotspots of sports industry policy research are differentiated according to different time periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of the article is the issue of distinguishing individual and group training activities, the importance of which has increased in the context of the spread of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19. The authors consider the existing legal regulation in the field of organizing and conducting training events, as well as issues that arise in practice. Proposals are put forward to eliminate the existing “gaps” in the legislation.

Objective: The present study aims to describe the similarities between e-Sports and the conventional Sports, in order to emulate the viability of conventional Sports law to regulate the relations formalized with cyber athletes, at least until the emergence of a specific legal regulation on e-Sports. The interaction between Labor Law and those relations will be focused too, in order to confer social rights security, especially constitutional human rights involved on that debate. Methodology: The article is a theoretical approach that seeks to recognize how the dynamics of e-Sports encompass the legal science of Sports Law, based on the deductive method, supported by market analysis, legal research and bibliographic review. Originality/Relevance: Nowadays some discussions suggest a controversy about the e-Sports legal framework at Brazil, especially about the application of the conventional Sports Law and interaction with the Labor Law discipline. This controversy is not justifiable, either because e-Sports constitute a sport in the authentic sense, or because all work relationships in this field are bound to the legal parameters of adjudication of social rights provided for in the Constitution. This constitutional approach is important because the legitimacy of e-Sports initiatives depends on that, putting on the core of the business consider the real legal limits emerging of the State regulations applicably incidents on contracts signed with cyber athletes. In the course of Revolution 4.0, those approximations between conventional ways and electronic ones will be the tonic of the society transition onto technological new way of life. Describing those interactions is essential to provide new ways of State's legal regulations, attributing liberty on business dynamics and ensuring social rights on the labor relations. The parameters of ethics on business here emerges as exigencies by ESG (Environment, Social and Governance) administration models, which is embraced by relevant theories, as the John Elkington's one, especially on his concept of triple bottom line. Main results: The activity that has been called e-Sports and its vertiginous growth puts pressure on the legal system to reach appropriateness solutions for the controversies that arises from the relationships between players, clubs, associations and all of stakeholders rounding this innovative market. Immediately, the application of Sports and Labor Law emerges as a palliative solution, but specific new regulations are necessary, in order to provide development ways to the businesses, focusing on liberty for the market dynamics and on security for the social rights. Theoretical/methodological contributions: The article seeks to emulate the attraction of sports and labor legislation for e-Sports regency, guaranteeing legal certainty to the already established relationships, and developing increase ways for business on this market, with citizens social rights preservation, especially constitutional ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent history of the policing of Scottish football has been tempestuous. The enactment of the Offensive Behaviour at Football and Threatening Communications (Scotland) Act 2012 subjected those attending regulated football matches to a range of new forms of control, and mobilised significant fan resistance that resulted in the Act's eventual repeal in 2018. By this time, however, significant damage had been inflicted upon fan-police relations, with a concomitant impact on communication and fan engagement. Drawing upon the findings of qualitative research conducted in Scotland, the analysis herein documents a recognition on all sides of the poor state of fan-police relations following the implementation of the original Act. This research traces an emergent shift in some policing sensibilities towards more constructive forms of police-fan engagement and communication following the Act's repeal. However, the study also highlights significant challenges to such emergent sensibilities, acknowledging, via a case study, that they exist in parallel with still highly problematic practices and approaches in the policing of football fans in Scotland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

European soccer clubs tend to spend beyond their revenues, causing disruptions in their finances. To minimize these disruptions, UEFA enacted the Financial Fair Play Regulations (FFP). FFP achieves its objectives through the "break-even" requirement, which prohibits clubs from spending beyond their revenues. This article argues that FFP violates Articles 101 and 102 TFEU. While there has been scholarly interest in FFP's incompatibility with competition law, the focus has been on Article 101. In addition to contributing to the scholarship on FFP's violation of Article 101, this article presents arguments on how FFP violates Article 102. This article then explores UEFA's interactions with European regulators as a backdrop for explaining why regulators have failed to address FFP's violation of Articles 101 and 102. This article concludes by arguing that a change to FFP is imminent and suggests a novel method through which UEFA can maintain FFP's objectives while complying with competition law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Shanghai Physical Education Institute / Shanghai Tiyu Xueyuan Xuebao is the property of Shanghai Physical Education Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Physical Education / Tiyu Xuekan is the property of Journal of Physical Education Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Collected Papers of the Faculty of Law in Split / Zbornik Radova Pravnog Fakulteta u Splitu is the property of Split Faculty of Law and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology is the property of Idokan Poland Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose Of this Article is to demonstrate that Minnesota provides one of the most substantial examples Of hoit, sport and the law intersect. The Article begins with the 1970s and explores, decade-by-decade, many of the major sports law claims, cases, judgments, and incidents associated with Minnesota. The state 's jlagship institution-the University of Minnesota Twin Cities-is the epicenter of many ofthese cases, providing examples of impropriety within institutional rules or the bylaws of the National Collegiate Athletic Association. Despite the many instances that the University of Minnesota Twin Cities has run afoul Of NCAA rules, it is not the. only campus or university in the state that provides sports law material. Minnesota has had a lasting effect on the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals, projkssional sports, and labor relations of the sports world. Ultimately, this Article demonstrates that Minnesota must continue to be a part of the discussion in sports law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Capital Institute of Physical Education is the property of Shoudu Tiyu Xueyuan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Physical Education / Tiyu Xuekan is the property of Journal of Physical Education Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Physical Education / Tiyu Xuekan is the property of Journal of Physical Education Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Physical Education / Tiyu Xuekan is the property of Journal of Physical Education Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Sports Creativity is the property of Journal of Sports Creativity and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In everyday life, an individual is affiliated to different social groups. Organised social groups have right and ability to create their own rules, which are obligatory for members of the group. In some situations, the rules from one social group have impact outside the group or come in conflict with the rules of another social group. Due to diversity of life situations and affiliations to different social groups, a person can come into situation that he or she does not know by which rules he or she must act or which rules apply to the situation. An example of such situation in sports arises when a young amateur athlete wants to change a sport club within the same sport. For successful transfer and to get competition licence for a new club, an athlete must pay training compensation. The au-thor analyses sport and state rules having a direct or indirect impact on transfer of young amateur athletes and validity of training compensations. He endeavours to get an answer via valued based approach as an element of legitimacy of legal rules.

Background: ‪The paper addresses one of the key issues relating to operations of sports entities, i.e. the liability for the obligations of the management board members. The aim is a comprehensive analysis of the legal basis of this subject, with abundant case-law in this matter taken into account. Material and methods: ‪The study is based on different criteria of the creation of the obligations of sports clubs, which entails a very high degree of complexity and multiplicity of legal rules relating to the problem in question. Taking these criteria into account, an analysis of the views presented by scholars in the field and the relevant case-law has been carried out. Practical problems in the application of the above regulations have also been identified. Results: The results of the research lead to the conclusion that, in the light of the applicable legal regulations, the transfer of liability for the obligations of a sports club to the members of the board entails significant difficulties, especially when public-law obligations are concerned. In view of the above, the potential directions of action from public institutions were presented herein. Conclusions: As part of the conclusions, several options for systemic solutions were put forward, as the current legislation and the established case law of administrative courts do not allow public institutions to effectively pursue the fulfilment of obligations. In view of the above, in the author’s opinion, it is necessary to amend the statutory provisions as put forward in the proposals de lege ferenda.

The relevance of the article is due to the complex nature of sports as a factor in influencing statehood, public relations, as well as the objective need for comprehensive legal regulation of mass and high-end sports, taking into account national and international legal doctrine and practice. It emphasizes the need to integrate sports and legal norms and rules into the legal system of states. At the same time, it is necessary to create a stable law and order in physical culture and sports on the basis of theoretical and legal knowledge of the relevant relations. Currently, it is difficult to overestimate the importance of sports law as a regulator of complex sports relations, as well as the need to study its theoretical and methodological attributes: aspects, ideas, sources, concepts, principles, problems that have been the subject of this work.

This article examines issues related to the protection of human rights in the context of the fight against the use of gene doping. The fact of using gene therapy in relation to a person already includes a significant range of potential ethical problems, including probable health risks, the degree of awareness of the patient’s consent to perform certain manipulations, as well as the long-term consequences for a person’s life, and, which is equally important, for future generations. At the same time, the problems of the use of gene doping in relation to athletes significantly aggravates and complicates the process of building regulatory approaches. The article notes the particular susceptibility of the athlete's right to health care in the context of the problem of gene doping. The paper studies the features of the implementation and protection of the human right to protect health and the right to privacy, including legislation aspect of biomedicine and bioethics, as well as taking into account the difficulties associated with the identification of the use of gene doping. Conclusions regarding possible areas for improving legal regulation in this area, among which, strengthening or detailing the legal regulation of the provision of high-tech medical care, properly informing athletes, coaches and other sports professionals about the possible risks of applying genetic engineering methods to humans, proper regulation of testing procedures, toughening criminal liability and expansion of the subject matter of such crimes are formulated.

Copyright of Journal of Shanghai Physical Education Institute / Shanghai Tiyu Xueyuan Xuebao is the property of Shanghai Physical Education Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Shanghai Physical Education Institute / Shanghai Tiyu Xueyuan Xuebao is the property of Shanghai Physical Education Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to examine the relationship between psychological status and exercise habits of law college students. This study used literature to develop a theoretical foundation, and a questionnaire survey was carried out for data collection. Furthermore, this study used a statistical tool to analyse the collected data. Thus, this study investigated the relationship between college students' mental health and physical exercise by using a survey. Students majoring in law colleges mainly participate in physical exercise 2 — 3 times a week. Most college students exercise between 16 and 45 minutes each time. The physical exercise load of college students is mainly of medium intensity. The main factors affecting college students' participation in physical exercise are insufficient stadiums, no time and no organisation. Physical exercise is closely related to college students' mental health. Long-term physical activity is conducive to improving College Students' mental health levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though Russian legal science discusses the need to introduce standards of proof in procedural branches of law, different branches of Russian procedural law (civil procedure, sports disputes procedure, criminal procedure) do not directly refer to the standards of proof used. However, this does not mean that this procedural law ignores the doctrine of standard of proof. For the constitution of standards of proof used is either the (1) indirect normative indication of the standard or (2) exemplary decisions of higher courts, sports arbitration. It is necessary to move from indirect, actual use in favor of normatively fixed and defined standard at the level of relevant legal acts. However, there is also a formal obstacle. At all branches of Russian procedural law, the judge (arbitrator) has the right to evaluate evidence freely, according to his inner conviction. This postulate is a two-way street; proving in many ways becomes a subjective procedure with an often not very obvious result for the parties to the dispute. There is also no uniformity within the framework of the procedural branches, which are identical in their legal nature. The branches of civil procedure and sports disputes procedure are private law, but in fact the standards of proof used in them are different. Criminal procedure, as a public branch of legal procedure, uses the strictest standard of beyond reasonable doubt in the trial itself, but resorts to a different standard for resolving issues in the preceding stage of the process. The authors in this article provide a brief overview of the standards of proof in Russian procedural law (civil procedure, sports disputes procedure, criminal procedure) and draw conclusions concerning the current legal regulations of the issue and its possible evolution. The legal establishment of the standard of proof in civil procedure law, sports law, and criminal procedure law needs comparatives. Each of the standards of proof has merits, but their number should not be multiplied in the absence of doctrinal justification. That said differentiation of standards for particular stages of the dispute resolution procedure or types of disputes within civil or sports law procedure is not only permissible but seems inevitable. A similar conclusion can be drawn with respect to differentiating standards of proof for the stages of criminal procedure. The formulation of the content of the standards of proof in civil procedure, sports disputes procedure, and criminal procedure has not been completed to date. It seems that several actions need to be taken. First, to clarify the list of actually used standards of proof. Secondly, to identify the current goals and values of each of the three procedural branches of law (distribution between the parties of the burden of proof). Finally, to formulate the standards of proof for each of the named procedural branches: civil, sports, criminal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Shanghai Physical Education Institute / Shanghai Tiyu Xueyuan Xuebao is the property of Shanghai Physical Education Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The emergence of COVID-19 has been spreading around the world at a vertiginous growth rate. The generality of the countries of the world is affected, and the great majority of them have decided to postpone and/or suspend their sporting events. Without a doubt, the more relevant postponement has been that of the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games. The economic effects on the sports industry that COVID-19 has involved are extremely high. In this paper, we will analyze the most relevant effects on Sports Law. Summary. - I. State Of The Art. Ii. Legal Implications Of Sport As A Socio-Economic Sector. Iii. The Postponement Of The Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games And Its Effects. Iv. Conclusions. V. Bibliography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]