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Voice conversion (VC) is the task of modifying a source speaker's voice to match that of a specific target speaker. Traditional methods use Gaussian mixture models (GMM), but the converted speech quality is often badly degraded due to over-smoothing. More recent approaches such as Dynamic Frequency Warping (DFW) maintain more spectrum details during transformation, but require specific formant frequency estimates, with estimation errors resulting in poor similarity between source and target speakers. This paper proposes a new method for voice conversion called Minimum Distance Spectral Mapping (MDSM), based on a frequency-warped point-to-point mapping that robustly and accurately transforms formant frequencies while also maintaining spectral details. The proposed MDSM method uses a minimum distance alignment between source and target speakers, rather than direct formant estimates, which increases robustness and also preserves other spectral details such as formant bandwidth. Results show that the proposed method offers a good trade-off between voice quality and identity similarity, outperforming traditional GMM and DFW in both subjective and objective evaluations.

In this paper we study some properties of a totally *-paranormal operator (defined below) on Hilbert space. In particular, we characterize a totally *-paranormal operator. Also we show that Weyl’s theorem and the spectral mapping theorem hold for totally *-paranormal operators through the local spectral theory. Finally, we show that every totally *-paranormal operator satisfies an analogue of the single valued extension property for W2(D, H) and some of totally *-paranormal operators have scalar extensions.

In this paper, we show that if T is a hyponormal operator on a non-separable Hilbert space H, then , where is the weighted Weyl spectrum of weight a with . We also give some conditions under which the product of two operators is and its converse implication holds, too. Finally, we show that the weighted Weyl spectrum of a hyponormal operator satisfies the spectral mapping theorem for analytic functions under certain conditions.

We prove that if either T or T ∗ has the single-valued extension property, then the spectral mapping theorem holds for B-Weyl spectrum. If, moreover T is isoloid, and generalized Weyl's theorem holds for T , then generalized Weyl's theorem holds for f ( T ) for every f ∈ H ( σ ( T ) ) . An application is given for algebraically paranormal operators.

This work deals with spectral mapping theorems for neutron transport semigroups in unbounded geometries and L1 setting. The mathematical analysis relies on harmonic analysis of certain measure valued mappings related to Dyson-Phillips expansions and on some functional analytic results on the critical spectrum.

In this paper we present some generalization (at the same time a new and a short proof in the Banach algebra context) of the Weak Spectral Mapping Theorem (WSMT) for non-quasianalytic representations of one-parameter groups.

Intracranial tumors are neoplasias of brain tissue or other tissue inside the skull. Cryosections of the three most frequent primary intracranial tumors—gliomas, meningeomas and schwannomas—were prepared on calcium fluoride windows and studied by both Raman spectroscopy and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. Spectroscopic maps were recorded by sequential acquisition of spectra in a raster pattern. Cluster analyses on selected wavenumber regions were applied for evaluation of these data sets. Raman spectroscopic contributions of proteins including collagen and hemoglobin were identified in cluster centroids, as were nucleic acids and lipids including cholesterol, cholesterol ester (CE) and phosphatidylcholine (PC). Moreover, hydroxyapatite and tricalciumphosphate could be identified as markers for calcification. The spatial distributions of these spectral properties were visualized in pseudocolor Raman and IR maps representing the cluster memberships. The prospects of both methods are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

We give spectral mapping theorems for general neutron transport semigroups on unbounded convex domains. The mathematical analysis relies on the critical spectrum, some related stability results and Fourier analysis of transport equations.

The effect of the addition of extracts of agro-industrial wastes to the culture media on the production of s-glucosidase, xylanase, laccase, manganese-dependent and independent peroxidases by the edible fungus Pleurotus ostreatus was determined. The relationship between cultivation parameters and the enzyme activities was assessed by spectral mapping technique combined with non-linear mapping. It was proved that extracts enhanced markedly the activities of laccase, manganese-dependent and independent peroxidases. Multivariate mathematical-statistical methods indicated that the enzyme activities were the highest in culture containing pepper extract. It was further demonstrated that the selectivity of the enzyme production was negligible up till 14 days of fermentation and reached the maximum at the 28 th day.

Let G be a compact abelian group and 1< p < ∞. It is known that the spectrum σ (Tψ) of a Fourier p–multiplier operator Tψ acting in Lp(G), may fail to coincide with its natural spectrum ψ(Г) if p ≠ 2; here Γ is the dual group to G and the bar denotes closure in C. Criteria are presented, based on geometric, topological and/or algebraic properties of the compact set σ(Tψ), which are sufficient to ensure that the equality σ(Tψ) = ψ(Г)holds.

Spectral mapping (SPM) technique has been employed for the separation of the strength and selectivity of interaction among 13 steroidal drugs and 7 different cyclodextrins (CDs) or CD derivatives. The potency values were considered as the best indicators of the capacity of drugs and CDs to interact with each other. Both drugs and CDs show marked differences in their capacity to form inclusion complexes. Because of the larger diameter of the cavity τ‐CDs showed higher interactive forces than β‐CD derivatives did. Substituents on the CD ring also modified the strength and selectivity of interaction. Stepwise regression analysis proved that the electron withdrawing power of substituents exerted the highest impact on both strength and selectivity of interaction. The data suggest that the interaction between steroidal drugs and CDs depends on the sterical correspondence between the dimensions of the CD cavity and the bulky ring structure of drugs and on the polar interactions between the hydrophilic s...

I present two-band HST STIS imaging, and WIYN spectral mapping, of ongoing mass transfer in the interacting galaxy pair NGC 1409/10 (where NGC 1410 is the Seyfert galaxy also catalogued as III Zw 55). Archival snapshot WFPC2 imaging from the survey by Malkan et al. showed a dust feature stretching between the galaxies, apparently being captured by NGC 1409. The new images allow estimates of the mass being transferred and rate of transfer. An absorption lane typically 0.25" (100 pc) wide with a representative optical depth tau_B = 0.2 cuts across the spiral structure of NGC 1410, crosses the 7-kpc projected space between the nuclei, wraps in front of and, at the limits of detection, behind NGC 1409, and becomes a denser (tau_B = 0.4) polar feature around the core of NGC 1409. Combination of extinction data in two passbands allows a crude three-dimensional recovery of the dust structure, supporting the front/back geometry derived from colors and extinction estimates. The whole feature contains of order $10^6$ solar masses in dust, implying about 2x10^7 solar masses of gas, requiring a mass transfer rate averaging ~1 solar mass per year unless we are particularly unlucky in viewing angle. Curiously, this demonstrable case of mass transfer seems to be independent of the occurrence of a Seyfert nucleus, since the Seyfert galaxy in this pair is the donor of the material. Likewise, the recipient shows no signs of recent star formation from incoming gas, although NGC 1410 has numerous luminous young star clusters and widespread H-alpha emission.

Let T be an algebraically paranormal operator acting on Hilbert space. We prove : (i) Weyl’s theorem holds for f(T) for every f $\in$ H(σ(T)); (ii) a-Browder’s theorem holds for f(S) for every S $\prec$ T and f $\in$ H(σ(S)); (iii) the spectral mapping theorem holds for the Weyl spectrum of T and for the essential approximate point spectrum of T.

unavailable at this time... Mathematics Subject Classification (2000): 47D06, 34G10, 34C27 Quaestiones Mathematicae 25 (2002), 191-211

The degradation of a thermal barrier coating is closely linked to the microstructural and chemical stability of the complex system and of its interfaces. The coating in the as-received condition as well as the modifications during isothermal oxidation at 1100 °C were characterized using TEM and spectral mapping. Significant modifications (precipitation, phase transformations) occurred as a consequence of the oxidation process and interdiffusion phenomena.

We prove a spectral mapping theorem for semigroups solving partial differential equations with nonautonomous past. This theorem is then used to give spectral conditions for the stability of the solutions of the equations.

The fungicidal activity of 10 trityl dyes and six reference compounds was determined on 36 fungal strains, and the data matrix was evaluated separately by principal component analysis (PCA) and by spectral mapping technique (SPM). The dimensionality of the maps of the principle component loadings and variables and the selectivity maps were reduced to two by varimax rotation and by nonlinear mapping. Calculations proved that both the strength and selectivity of the fungicidal activity of trityl dyes considerably depended on the chemical structure of the dye and on the type of fungi. Both PCA and SPM were suitable for evaluation of the antifungal activity of dyes; however, the strength and selectivity of the fungicidal effect can be separated only by SPM. Due to its advantageous application parameters, use of SPM in future quantitative structure-activity relationship studies is highly recommended.

We review the evidence that spectral curvature in the extended emission of radio galaxies is caused by synchrotron losses, and that the spatial variation can be interpreted to yield ages and expansion speeds. One of the biggest worries has been the true value of the magnetic field, but X-ray detections of inverse-Compton radiation are beginning to suggest that “minimum energy” estimates are remarkably accurate. A critical test is to compare model and observed spectra over a broad frequency range; to date this has has only been done for Cygnus A, and the results proved controversial. Here we discuss several more cases and begin to draw some general conclusions.Hotspots are usually well fitted by continuous injection models, as expected. In two cases the implied injection index is flatter than 0.5, too flat to be produced by standard Fermi acceleration in a non-relativistic shock. The bridge spectra are reasonably fitted by single-burst models, but in some objects the injection index is not constant across the lobes, showing instead a tendency to steepen in the inner bridge, where the break frequencies are lowest. The true spectral shape may be a more gradual curve than the standard models, possibly because of mixing of electron populations with different ages. Our results are limited by the inaccuracy of the absolute flux density scale, especially at low frequencies, and a fresh attack on the flux scale would be timely.

By adding a transmission grating into the optical path of our photon emission system and after calibration, we have completed several failure analysis case studies. In some cases, additional information on the emission sites is provided, as well as understanding of the behavior of transistors that are associated to the fail site. The main application of the setup is used for finding and differentiating easily related emission spots without advance knowledge in light emission mechanisms in integrated circuits.

International audience; Community detection is of great importance for understand-ing graph structure in social networks. The communities in real-world networks are often overlapped, i.e. some nodes may be a member of multiple clusters. How to uncover the overlapping communities/clusters in a complex network is a general problem in data mining of network data sets. In this paper, a novel algorithm to identify overlapping communi-ties in complex networks by a combination of an evidential modularity function, a spectral mapping method and evidential c-means clustering is devised. Experimental results indicate that this detection approach can take advantage of the theory of belief functions, and preforms good both at detecting community structure and determining the appropri-ate number of clusters. Moreover, the credal partition obtained by the proposed method could give us a deeper insight into the graph structure.

We prove the spectral mapping theorem $\sigma_e(A_\phi) = \phi(\sigma_e(A_z))$ for the Fredholm spectrum of a truncated Toeplitz operator $A_\phi$ with symbol $\phi$ in the Sarason algebra $C+H^\infty$ acting on a coinvariant subspace $K_\theta$ of the Hardy space $H^2$. Our second result says that a truncated Hankel operator on the subspace $K_\theta$ generated by a one-component inner function $\theta$ is compact if and only if it has a continuous symbol. We also suppose a description of truncated Toeplitz and Hankel operators in Schatten classes $S^p$., Comment: 10 pages, 1 conjecture

The objective of this work is to study the suitability of existing spectral mapping methods for enhancement of throat microphone (TM) speech, and propose a more elegant method for spectral mapping. Gaussian mixture models (GMM) and neural networks (NN) have been used for spectral mapping. Though GMM-based mapping captures the variability among speech sounds through multiple mixtures, it can only provide a linear map between the source and the target. On the other hand, NN-based mapping is capable of providing a nonlinear map but a single mapping scheme may not handle variability across different speech sounds. Incorporating the advantages from these approaches, we propose a spectral mapping method using multiple neural networks. Speech data is clustered using k-means algorithm, and a separate neural network is employed to capture the mapping within each cluster. Objective evaluation has shown that proposed method is better than both GMM-base and NN-base mapping schemes.

The spectral mapping theorem in a unital Banach algebra is examined for its constructive content.

The retention behaviour of seven monotetrazolium and nine ditetrazolium salts was studied in seven different mobile phases on alumina and impregnated alumina stationary phases. The strength and selectivity of the components of mobile phases were separately calculated by the spectral mapping technique. It was established that tetrahydrofuran (THF) has the highest solvent strength while the differences among ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol and dioxane were relatively low. The selectivity of THF was also considerably different from those of other solvents. Hydrophobicity and electronic parameters were equally involved in the retention strength and selectivity of tetrazolium salts, indicating the mixed character of their interaction with the alumina stationary phase. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Abbreviations used: SPM spectral mapping technique THF tetrahydrofuran

Let X be a complex infinite dimensional Banach space. We use σ_a(T) and σ_{ea}(T) , respectively, to denote the approximate point spectrum and the essential approximate point spectrum of a bounded operator T on X . Also, \pi _a(T) denotes the set {\rm{iso} σ_a(T)\backslash σ_{ea}(T)} . An operator T on X obeys the a -Browder's theorem provided that σ_{ea}(T) =σ_a(T\,)\backslash π_a(T) . We investigate connections between the Browder's theorems, the spectral mapping theorem and spectral continuity.

In this report a new approach for the identification of pathological changes in scrapie-infected Syrian hamster brains using Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy is discussed. Using computer-based pattern recognition techniques and imaging, infrared maps with high structural contrast were obtained. This strategy permitted comparison of spectroscopic data from identical anatomical structures in scrapie-infected and control brains. Consistent alterations in membrane state-of-order, protein composition, carbohydrate and nucleic acid constituents were detected in scrapie-infected tissues. Cluster analysis performed on spectra of homogenized medulla oblongata and pons samples also reliably separated uninfected from infected specimens. This method provides a useful tool not only for the exploration of the disease process but also for the development of rapid diagnostic and screening techniques of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.

For a strongly continuous semigroup (T(t))t⩾0 with generator A we introduce its critical spectrum σcrit(T(t)). This yields in an optimal way the spectral mapping theorem σ(T(t))=etσ(A)∪σcrit(T(t)) and improves classical stability results.

We consider a strongly continuous semigroup $(T(t))_{t \geqq 0}$ with generator A on a Banach space X, an A-bounded perturbation B, and the semigroup $(S(t))_{t \geqq 0}$ generated by A + B. Using the critical spectrum introduced recently, we improve existing spectral mapping theorems for the perturbed semigroup $(S(t))_{t \geqq 0}$ .

Orthogonal polynomials on the unit circle are determined by their reflection coefficients through the Szegő recurrences. In the present paper we examine two particular classes of measures on the unit circle. The first one consists of measures whose reflection coefficients tend to the unit circle. For such measures we give complete description of their supports (up to the set of isolated masspoints) in terms of reflection coefficients. The supports of measures from the second class have finitely many limit points. We prove the unit circle analogue of M. G. Krein's characterization for the similar class of measures on the real line. The examples of measures from both classes are given.

The retention time of some model compounds was determined on various reverse-phases high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) columns (polyethylene-coated silica, alumina, zirconia, and octadecyl-coated silica and alumina). The retention capacity and retention selectivity of the columns was separated by the spectral mapping technique followed by two-dimensional nonlinear mapping. Calculation indicated that both the retention capacity and selectivity of the columns considerably depends on the type of the original uncoated support and on the quality and quantity of the hydrocarbon ligand. The result suggest that spectral mapping technique can be successfully used for the separation and determination of retention capacity and retention selectivity of various HPLC columns.

The notion of regularity in a Banach algebra was introduced and studied in [KM] and [MM]. A non-empty subset R of a unital Banach algebra A is called a regularity if it satisfies the following two conditions: (i) if a ∈ A and n ∈ N, then a ∈ R ⇔ a ∈ R, (ii) if a, b, c, d are mutually commuting elements of A satisfying ac + bd = 1A then ab ∈ R ⇔ a, b ∈ R. The axioms of regularities are weak enough so that there are plenty of examples that appear naturally in Banach algebras and operator theory. On the other hand they are strong enough so that they have interesting consequences, especially the spectral mapping theorem for the corresponding spectrum σR(a) = {λ ∈ C : a− λ / ∈ R}. In fact the axioms (i) and (ii) of regularities can be divided in two halves, each of them implying a one-way spectral mapping theorem. The aim of this paper is to study systematically semiregularities defined in this way. There are many natural examples of such classes that satisfy only one half of the axioms of regularities. The corresponding spectra include the exponential spectrum, the Weyl spectrum, T -Weyl spectrum, Kato essential spectrum, various essential spectra etc. All Banach algebras considered in this paper are complex and unital.

Experimental and computational methods of infrared microspectroscopy (IRI-MSP) and infrared spectral mapping (ISM) are presented. These methods are subsequently applied to the analysis of cirrhotic liver tissue. The sensitivity of infrared spectral mapping toward spectral changes caused by disease will be demonstrated. In addition, the excellent agreement between ISM data and histopathological information will be discussed. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopolymers (Biospectroscopy) 57: 282-290, 2000

The growth inhibitory effect of 38 thiophosphorylglycinamide (TPGA) derivatives against 25 fungal species (test organisms) belonging to various taxonomic groups was determined. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used for the elucidation of similarities and dissimilarities between TPGAs and between fungi. The strength (potency) and selectivity of the fungicidal effect were separated by the spectral mapping technique (SPM). The dimensionality of the matrices of PC loadings and variables and the selectivity maps were reduced to two by the nonlinear mapping technique. PCA and SPM were compared by calculating linear relationships between the potency values and the corresponding coordinates of maps calculated by PCA and SPM. The relationship between fungicidal effect and molecular structure was elucidated by stepwise regression analysis. It was established that the coordinates of maps are orthogonal and the results of PCA and SPM are similar but not identical. The advantage of SPM is the separation of the strength and selectivity of fungicidal effect facilitating the rational design of new TPGA derivatives. Stepwise regression analysis indicated that the position of substituents in the TPGA molecule, its bulkiness and hydrophobicity exert the highest impact on both the strength and selectivity of fungicidal effect. No relationship was found between sensitivity of fungal species towards TPGAs and their taxonomic position.

(Theta,mu;X), 1≤p

Colour pigments of paprika powders of different origin were separated and quantitatively determined by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. The standard deviations were included in the matrices of retention data and the matrices were evaluated by spectral mapping technique followed by two-dimensional nonlinear mapping. The resuls indicated that the distribution of paprika samples on the two-dimensional selectivity map is a better indicator of the origin of the samples, compared to what the potency values do, and the inclusion of the standard deviation of raw data may be employed as a useful tool to enhance the reliability of the authenticity test of paprika samples.

The lipophilicity and specific hydrophobic area of 56 surfactants having different hydrophobic moiety and different length of ethylene oxide chain were determined by reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography and the strength and selectivity of the effect of sodium chloride and pH on the hydrophobicity parameters was elucidated using spectral mapping technique followed by two-dimensional nonlinear mapping. In each instance significant linear correlations were found between the lipophilicity and specific hydrophobic surface area of surfactants suggesting that from a chromatographic point of view they behave as a homologous series of solutes. It was established that the strength of the effect of both salt concentration and pH is relatively low and the selectivity of their influence on the hydrophobicity parameters is markedly different.

The effect of storage conditions and the addition of seeds on the stability of the colour pigments of paprika (Capsicum annuum) was studied. Pigments were separated by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography, and the influence of the storage conditions on the rate and selectivity of the decomposition was assessed by spectral mapping technique followed by two-dimensional nonlinear mapping and stepwise regression analysis. It was established that the length of storage exerts the highest impact on the decomposition rate whereas the selectivity of decomposition depends on both the concentration of the added seeds and on the length of storage. The lipophilicity of pigments did not influence their decomposition rate.

Spectral mapping technique has been used for the separation of the strength and selectivity of the relative strength of interaction between 18 commercial anticancer drugs and 7 cyclodextrin derivatives. The potency values of the spectral map was considered as indicators of the capacity of anticancer drugs and cyclodextrins to interact with each other taking all the data into consideration simultaneously. The multidimensional selectivity map was visualized by the two-dimensional nonlinear mapping technique, the iterations was carried out to the point when the difference between the last two iterations was lower than 10 −8 . It has been established that both the diameter of the cyclodextrin cavity and the number and type of substituents on outer sphere of the cyclodextrin molecules influence the complex forming capacity.

Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images acquired on 17 February 1986, and 28 February, 1993, respectively, were used to demonstrate their usefulness for both surface/spectral mapping and temporal change detection in Kuwait City and environs. High pass spatial filters with a relatively large kernel (201 pixels by 201 pixels) were used to enhance high frequency information in both the bright desert and dark urban areas. The filtered results were edge enhanced to sharpen the local textural information. Colour composites were made for analyses using the TM bands-2, -3, -4 and-2, -4, -7. The two multi-temporal images were geometrically and radiometrically calibrated to each other and used as input to an automatic change detection procedure. The 'change image' composite, made from the individual change image results generated using TM bands -2, -4, and-7, detected and mapped temporal changes dealing with urban development, vegetation, coastal wetlands, and sand sheet surface differences caused by the large oil spil...

The separation of non‐ionic surfactants such as α‐(1,1,3,3‐tetramethylbutyl)phenyl ethylene oxide oligomers according to the length of the ethylene oxide chain was achieved on precoated alumina thin‐layer plates using various n‐hexane — ethyl acetate, n‐hexane — dioxan and n‐hexane — tetrahydrofuran mixtures as the eluent. Ethylene oxide oligomers were well separated in each eluent systems, a higher concentration of the stronger component in the eluent was needed for the separation of oligomers with longer ethylene oxide chain. Spectral mapping technique established that the solvent strength of tetrahydrofuran is the highest followed by dioxane and ethyl acetate, and the selectivity of ethyl acetate differs considerably from those of the other two solvents.

The Herschel SPIRE Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) performs spectral imaging in the 447-1546 GHz band. It can observe in three spatial sampling modes: sparse mode, with a single pointing on sky, or intermediate or full modes with 1 and 1/2 beam spacing, respectively. In this paper, we investigate the uncertainty and repeatability for fully sampled FTS mapping observations. The repeatability is characterised using nine observations of the Orion Bar. Metrics are derived based on the ratio of the measured intensity in each observation compared to that in the combined spectral cube from all observations. The mean relative deviation is determined to be within 2%, and the pixel-by-pixel scatter is ~7%. The scatter increases towards the edges of the maps. The uncertainty in the frequency scale is also studied, and the spread in the line centre velocity across the maps is found to be ~15 km/s. Other causes of uncertainty are also discussed including the effect of pointing and the additive uncertainty in the continuum., 12 pages, 9 figures, accepted for publication in Experimental Astronomy

We present ~2'x2' spectral-maps of Orion BN/KL outflows taken with Herschel at ~12'' resolution. For the first time in the far-IR domain, we spatially resolve the emission associated with the bright H2 shocked regions "Peak 1" and "Peak 2" from that of the Hot Core and ambient cloud. We analyze the ~54-310um spectra taken with the PACS and SPIRE spectrometers. More than 100 lines are detected, most of them rotationally excited lines of 12CO (up to J=48-47), H2O, OH, 13CO, and HCN. Peaks 1/2 are characterized by a very high L(CO)/L(FIR)~5x10^{-3} ratio and a plethora of far-IR H2O emission lines. The high-J CO and OH lines are a factor ~2 brighter toward Peak 1 whereas several excited H2O lines are ~50% brighter toward Peak 2. A simplified non-LTE model allowed us to constrain the dominant gas temperature components. Most of the CO column density arises from Tk~200-500 K gas that we associate with low-velocity shocks that fail to sputter grain ice mantles and show a maximum gas-phase H2O/CO~10^{-2} abundance ratio. In addition, the very excited CO (J>35) and H2O lines reveal a hotter gas component (Tk~2500 K) from faster (v_S>25 km/s) shocks that are able to sputter the frozen-out H2O and lead to high H2O/CO>~1 abundance ratios. The H2O and OH luminosities cannot be reproduced by shock models that assume high (undepleted) abundances of atomic oxygen in the preshock gas and/or neglect the presence of UV radiation in the postshock gas. Although massive outflows are a common feature in other massive star-forming cores, Orion BN/KL seems more peculiar because of its higher molecular luminosities and strong outflows caused by a recent explosive event., 21 pages, 11 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJ (english not edited)

The MESSENGER spacecraft’s Mercury Atmospheric and Surface Composition Spectrometer (MASCS) obtained more than 1.6 million reflectance spectra of Mercury’s surface from near-ultraviolet to near-infrared wavelengths during the first year of orbital operations. A global analysis of spectra in the wavelength range 300–1450 nm shows little regional variation in absolute reflectance or spectral slopes and a lack of mineralogically diagnostic absorptions. In particular, reflectance spectra show no clear evidence for an absorption band centered near 1 μm that would be associated with the presence of ferrous iron in silicates. There is, however, evidence for an ultraviolet absorption possibly consistent with a very low iron content (2–3 wt% FeO or less) in surface silicates and for the presence of small amounts of metallic iron or other opaque minerals in the form of nano- or micrometer-sized particles. These findings are consistent with MESSENGER X-ray and gamma-ray measurements of Mercury’s surface iron abundance. Although X-ray and gamma-ray observations indicate higher than expected quantities of sulfur on the surface, reflectance spectra show no absorption bands diagnostic of sulfide minerals. Whereas there is strong evidence of water ice in permanently shadowed craters near Mercury’s poles, MASCS spectra provide no evidence for hydroxylated materials near permanently shadowed craters.

The biological activity of 27 nonionic surfactants with different hydrophobic moiety and with different length of ethylene oxide chain was determined on 10 microbiological objects. Spectral mapping technique and stepwise regression analysis were used for the separation of the strength and selectivity of the biological effect of surfactants, and for the elucidation of the relationship between molecular structure and activity. It was found that both the strength and selectivity of the biological effect of surfactants differ considerably from each other and considerably depend on the molecular structure. It was established that the strength of the effect mainly depends on the hydrophobicity of surfactants whereas both the hydrophobicity and the length of polar ethylene oxide chain exert a significant influence on the selectivity indicating the involvement of hydrophobic and hydrophilic forces in the surfactant-target interaction.