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1. During the formation of delayed spatial choice in cats against the background of electrical stimulation (ES) of the frontal cortex with a frequency of 80 Hz, testing the manifestations of this form of behavior in the absence of ES resulted in an increase in the number of incorrect responses. 2. Lowering the effectiveness of conditioned stimuli on the discontinuation of ES, during performance of DSC, must be regarded as disturbance of the systemic organization created in a different state of the brain. 3. Stimulation of the frontal cortex by a current with a frequency of 3 Hz causes an increase in the number of incorrect responses in cats trained in DSC, both when ES at 80 Hz was applied to this region of the brain and in the absence of such ES. 4. Integral activity of the brain is manifested as its ability to reorganize under the influence of functional shifts in individual structures.

Random utility models are now in widespread use for analyzing decisions such as mode to work. However, their application to problems of spatial choice have been far fewer and have faced some methodological obstacles specific to choices among numerous alternatives. This paper reviews both the major problems and the alternative solutions which have been developed. Particular attention is given to uses of multinomial logit analysis and its variants primarily because of their potential for dealing with large choice sets without imposing unrealistic computational burdens on the model estimation process.

The purpose of this paper is to outline a conceptual model of consumer spatial decision making and choice behaviour and to investigate the use of various combination rules of consumer's evaluations of attributes of shopping centres to predict spatial choice behaviour. The research findings indicate that the linear combination rules perform as well as the multiplicative rules and that both types of rules perform quite acceptably. The paper concludes by discussing some implications for future research on spatial decision making and choice.

A recurring issue in the discourse about choice modelling is the role of consideration sets. Many scholars have proposed that consumers will follow a two-stage decision process. This paper argues that in spatial choice contexts the role of the consideration set may largely depend on the decision maker's level of access to the alternatives. It is proposed that in conditions where the decision maker's accessibility toward alternatives is constrained–for example as a result of time space feasibility–a two-stage model will perform better than a on-stage model. The more restrictive the constraints, the more important the role of the consideration set. The paper presents a simulation analysis of the effects of geographical accessibility on consideration and choice in the context of motorists' decisions where to refuel. It simulates a grid road network where the motorists' access to petrol stations is constrained by the geographical location of the alternatives, the availability of network connections between them and the decision makers' time budgets. In this hypothetical spatial environment the study simulates consideration and choice processes for refuelling options under different conditions of petrol station access, (non-spatial) station attractiveness, and heterogeneity in the decision maker's time budget.

The problem addressed in this analysis is whether « routine activities » of drug dependent criminals are associated with the spatial concentration of crime committed by these criminals. This problem is tested in a series of analyses including an investigation of the spatial pattern of the residential burglaries committed by drug dependent burglars using W.A.V. Clark's spatial choice housing search models. While Clark used the home and work place as nodes in the housing search, we use the home and drug market place as nodes in the criminal search of drug addicts. If the addict supports his or her habit with property crime, these nodes are expected to be a focal point for criminal activity in a distance minimizing scenario. The data indicate that the spatial concentration of property crime about drug market places means that a « crime containment » policy practiced by many police agencies is doomed to failure. Property criminals will continue to probe outward from a containment area which encompasses a drug market place. In fact, drug dependent property criminals may act as a vanguard for spatially expanding drug markets. Drug sellers and drug dependent property criminals seem to operate in a symbiotic relationship.

This article represents an attempt to reformulate the spatial economics of consumer behavior. It is apparent that alternative approaches toward the explanation of consumer choice of destinations for the journey-to-shop are needed at this point in the development of theory in geography.

A general framework is presented which integrates destination choice and travel behavior with a more general model of the behavior of households. The general approach treats households as producers which use tangible goods as inputs to produce the more abstract commodities which are the direct objects of utility. The approach is adapted for spatial choice behavior by defining the inputs to household production as place-bound entities. Consumption of these inputs requires expenditures of both time and money at particular locations. Households' choices are subject to time constraints as well as monetary constraints, and additional constraints ensure that the necessary travel takes place. Household equilibrium involves the selection of places and the associated demand theory accommodates statements about the demand for places and the demand for travel.

A family of surrogate spatial interaction models is developed and tested. The family consists of eight separate but related models: four classes with two models per class. The surrogate models differ from conventional models with respect to structure, numbers of parameters, and computational complexity. The first section of the paper draws the distinction between conventional and surrogate spatial interaction models. The second section presents the family of surrogate models being considered. The third section of the paper is devoted to an empirical test of the models in analyzing data from three spatial systems: an outdoor recreation system, a university enrollment system, and a professional society system. Issues relevant to selecting the most appropriate class of model are discussed.