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Dissertação de mestrado em Economia Monetária, Bancária e Financeira, O estudo tem como objetivo uma análise sobre as Necessidades de Saúde não satisfeitas e as estratégias de financiamento dos gastos de saúde diretos pelas famílias em Portugal. Apesar de o Serviço Nacional de Saúde oferecer cobertura universal e uma vasta gama de benefícios, a literatura sugere que persistem dificuldades e desigualdades no acesso e no financiamento dos gastos de saúde em Portugal. Dois indicadores fundamentais para avaliar as dificuldades no acesso e as desigualdades em saúde são as necessidades não satisfeitas da população e a proporção dos gastos diretos em saúde. Dado o elevado custo de oportunidade dos gastos de saúde, importa também conhecer como é que as famílias lidam com os gastos diretos. O estudo contou com a divulgação de um inquérito a adultos residentes em Portugal, respondido eletronicamente, ao qual foram obtidas 284 respostas. Todos os questionários foram considerados válidos. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório, sendo privilegiada a análise descritiva dos resultados. Os resultados estão em linha com estudos anteriores que sugerem uma elevada percentagem de necessidades não satisfeitas em Portugal, em particular no que concerne a consultas de especialidade e cuidados primários. As necessidades não satisfeitas estão em particular associadas a elevados tempos de espera e às dificuldades de suportar os custos. Indivíduos de agregados com maiores dificuldades financeiras e com prevalência de doença reportam mais frequentemente necessidades não satisfeitas. As conclusões estão em linha com as de estudos anteriores. O estudo indica os gastos em saúde, têm um peso elevado no seu rendimento. Os resultados indicam ainda que os indivíduos recorrem principalmente a poupanças para custear as despesas. O recurso ao crédito bancário é pouco usado. Uma importante limitação é que a amostra do estudo é pequena e não probabilística. O método de administração dos questionários resultou numa amostra que diverge das características médias da população portuguesa., The study aims to analyse the unmet health needs of Portuguese, and their strategies for financing direct health expenditures. Although the National Health Service offers universal coverage and a wide range of benefits, the literature suggests that difficulties and inequalities persist in accessing and financing health expenditures in Portugal. Two fundamental indicators to assess difficulties in access and inequalities in health are the population's unmet needs and the proportion of out-of pocket health expenditures. Given the high opportunity cost of health care expenditures, it is also important to know how families manage to pay the out-of-pocket health expenditures. The study included the disclosure of a survey to adults residing in Portugal, answered electronically, to which 284 responses were obtained. All surveys were considered valid. This is an exploratory study, with a descriptive analysis of the results. The results are in line with previous studies that suggest a high percentage of unmet needs in Portugal, in particular regarding specialty consultations and primary care. Unmet needs are main due to high waiting times and difficulties in bearing costs. Individuals from households with greater financial difficulties and with prevalence of disease more often report unmet needs. The conclusions are in line with those of previous studies. The study indicates that health spending has a high weight in their income. The results also indicate that individuals mainly use savings to cover expenses. The use of bank credit is little used. A main limitation is that the study sample is small and non-probabilistic. The questionnaire administration method resulted in a sample that deviates from the average characteristics of the Portuguese population.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Primer sequences used for molecular identification of mosquito species collected in Cape Verde islands. Table S2. Primers used for PCR detection of Wolbachia and genotyping of wPip I–V groups by PCR-RFLP. Table S3. Primers used for Wolbachia MLST loci and wsp hypervariable region amplification and sequence analysis.

Additional file 2: Table S4. Mosquito species collected on each island and tested for Wolbachia using wsp.

Games have been effective in helping people to interact with one another and learning more about the culture they inhabit (Piaget, 1962). The importance of games and their centrality to culture is pointed out by Huizinga (1944) who suggested using them as a medium to organise our lived experience and as an escape from their pragmatic focus (Ruckenstein, 1992). The “playful” nature of games results in escapism because it often hides the seriousness of their outcomes (Bateson, 2014; Henricks, 2006). For instance, games can be implemented in war where they are viewed as a deadly sort of game, with elaborate rules, strategies, and codes of sportsmanship. Furthermore, the widespread use of games has gained traction as a rapidly evolving teaching and learning tool in the educational sector as well. This rapid growth in the use of games as an educational tool has led to the creation of an immense number of diverse games, aiding teaching and learning in a multitude of disciplines from economics to art, and numerous encyclopaedic websites of previously developed games have been created. Despite this rapid growth, it is debatable whether this is due to increased effective learning from games, or simply the increased engagement and enjoyment observed in comparison to traditional pedagogical methods. To that end, the current paper explores the practices of analogue GBL across European Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) and the challenges and opportunities associated with Game-Based Learning (GBL) from the perspective of educators and game designers. Gamification – including simple game mechanics, such as points for correct answers (Hidi & Renninger, 2006; Kim, Song, Lockee, & Burton, 2018; Rotgans & Schmidt, 2011) – is often used as a teaching aid to increase student engagement and enjoyment. However, simply adding a game mechanic into classic, lecture-based teaching does not necessarily assist in cognitive retention in classrooms, or develop 21st-century skills. As a matter of fact, more academics are seeing the benefits of GBL (Qian & Clark, 2016), in which games are specifically designed to enhance learning and the development of a certain skillset. It may also involve adapting a game that is already designed for use in the classroom, such as using open world-based board games to teach the interaction between geopolitical groups, or the use of LEGO® blocks to help improve comprehension of city planning. A good GBL intervention will ensure that the central mechanic of a game is linked to the expected learning outcomes of the module (Arnab et al., 2014).

TEGA toolkit that aims to support educators in creating inclusive educational games and enhancing game-based learning experiences.

Cartilha Para Descentralização Da Prep no municipio de Belém

Protocolo para descentralização da Prep no município de Belém

The goal of this revision is to clarify if CHCs use can be related to metabolic alterations which may have influence in metabolic syndrome occurrence.

Liver cancer is called the fifth most incident type of neoplasm and fourth with prominence in the causes of death worldwide, within this branch the hepatocellular carcinoma stands out, being mostly asymptomatic. From this, active methodologies are extremely relevant during learning in health courses. Therefore, the objective of this work was to approach an experience report of the performance of a multidisciplinary team of undergraduates in the health area in the resolution of a fictitious clinical case about a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma using an active methodology. The experience of the activities took place in September 2021 during a theoretical class in which the resolution of a contextualized clinical case was proposed for the formulation of a multidisciplinary therapeutic plan. In view of this, it was possible to design a unique multiprofessional therapeutic plan, making the appropriate choice of treatment according to the clinical case in question, highlighting the contribution of active methodologies in the training of undergraduates in the health area. In short, such methods are of great value in amplifying knowledge about the subject in question, thus appropriating the teaching-learning axis within oncology, in addition to encouraging critical and reflective thinking in undergraduates. El cáncer de hígado se denomina el quinto tipo de neoplasia más incidente y el cuarto con protagonismo en las causas de muerte a nivel mundial, dentro de esta rama se destaca el carcinoma hepatocelular, siendo en su mayoría asintomático. A partir de esto, las metodologías activas son extremadamente relevantes durante el aprendizaje en cursos de salud. Por ello, el objetivo de este trabajo fue abordar un relato de experiencia de la actuación de un equipo multidisciplinario de estudiantes del área de la salud en la resolución de un caso clínico ficticio sobre un paciente con hepatocarcinoma utilizando una metodología activa. La experiencia de las actividades se llevó a cabo en septiembre de 2021 durante una clase teórica en la que se planteó la resolución de un caso clínico contextualizado para la formulación de un plan terapéutico multidisciplinario. Ante ello, se logró diseñar un plan terapéutico multiprofesional único, efectuando la elección del tratamiento adecuado según el caso clínico en cuestión, destacando el aporte de las metodologías activas en la formación de los estudiantes de grado en el área de la salud. En definitiva, tales métodos son de gran valor para ampliar el conocimiento sobre el tema en cuestión, apropiándose así del eje de enseñanza-aprendizaje dentro de la oncología, además de fomentar el pensamiento crítico y reflexivo en los estudiantes de pregrado. O câncer de fígado é denominado o quinto tipo de neoplasia mais incidente e quarto com destaque nas causas de óbito em todo o mundo, dentro dessa ramificação destaca-se o carcinoma hepatocelular, sendo em sua maioria assintomático. A partir disso, as metodologias ativas são de extrema relevância durante a aprendizagem nos cursos da área da saúde. Sendo assim, o trabalho objetivou-se abordar um relato de experiência da atuação de uma equipe multiprofissional de graduandos da área da saúde na resolução de um caso clínico fictício sobre um paciente com carcinoma hepatocelular utilizando-se de metodologia ativa. A vivência das atividades ocorreu no mês de setembro de 2021 durante uma aula teórica na qual foi proposta a resolução de caso clínico contextualizado para formulação de um plano terapêutico multidisciplinar. Diante disso, foi possível traçar um plano terapêutico singular multiprofissional, realizando a escolha adequada do tratamento de acordo com o caso clínico em questão, destacando a contribuição das metodologias ativas na formação dos graduandos da área da saúde. Em suma, tais métodos são de grande valia na amplificação dos conhecimentos acerca do assunto em questão, dessa forma, se apropriando do eixo ensino-aprendizagem dentro da oncologia, além de incentivar o pensamento crítico e reflexivo dos graduandos.