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This 3-wave longitudinal study investigated the developmental trajectories of instrumental helping, sharing and empathic helping across toddlerhood, and how socialisation processes (i.e., parents' and teachers' practices) contribute to these developments. Participants were 50 18-months-olds and 62 24-months-olds, their parents, and daycare teachers, who were followed 6 months and 12 months later. At each wave, toddlers' prosocial behaviours were observed through three laboratory tasks, and socialisation processes were examined through parents' and teachers' self-report at the first and second waves. Instrumental helping increased from 18 to 36 months. Sharing increased from 18 to 30 months. Empathic helping increased from 24 to 36 months. Both parental and teachers' practices predicted prosocial behaviours at the ages when they are still emerging, but the relationship varied by types of behaviour examined. These findings confirm the developmental trajectories proposed in cross-sectional studies and add evidence to the role of socialisation processes in the early development of prosocial behaviour.

In recent years, the phenomenon of optical second harmonic generation (SHG) has attracted significant attention as a pivotal nonlinear optical effect in research. Notably, in low-dimensional materials (LDMs), SHG detection has become an instrumental tool for elucidating nonlinear optical properties due to their pronounced second-order susceptibility and distinct electronic structure. This review offers an exhaustive overview of the generation process and experimental configurations for SHG in such materials. It underscores the latest advancements in harnessing SHG as a sensitive probe for investigating the nonlinear optical attributes of these materials, with a particular focus on its pivotal role in unveiling electronic structures, bandgap characteristics, and crystal symmetry. By analyzing SHG signals, researchers can glean invaluable insights into the microscopic properties of these materials. Furthermore, this paper delves into the applications of optical SHG in imaging and time-resolved experiments. Finally, future directions and challenges toward the improvement in the NLO in LDMs are discussed to provide an outlook in this rapidly developing field, offering crucial perspectives for the design and optimization of pertinent devices.

Abstract Phosphoserine aminotransferase 1 (PSAT1) has been associated with the occurrence and development of various carcinomas; however, its function in uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC) is unknown. We aimed to explore the relationship between PSAT1 and UCEC using The Cancer Genome Atlas database and functional experiments. PSAT1 expression levels in UCEC were employed using the paired sample t-test, Wilcoxon rank-sum test, the Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium database, and the Human Protein Atlas database, while survival curves were constructed using the Kaplan–Meier plotter. We performed Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis to explore the possible functions and related pathways of PSAT1. Furthermore, single-sample gene set enrichment analysis was performed to detect the relationship between PSAT1 and tumor immune infiltration. StarBase and quantitative PCR were used to predict and verify the interactions between miRNAs and PSAT1. The Cell Counting Kit-8, EdU assay, clone formation assay, western blotting and flow cytometry were used to evaluate cell proliferation. Finally, Transwell and Wound healing assays were used to assess cell invasion and migration. Our study found that PSAT1 was significantly overexpressed in UCEC, and this high expression was associated with a worse prognosis. A high level of PSAT1 expression was associated with a late clinical stage and, histological type. In addition, the results of GO and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that PSAT1 was mainly involved in the regulation of cell growth, immune system and cell cycle in UCEC. In addition, PSAT1 expression was positively correlated with Th2 cells and negatively correlated with Th17 cells. Furthermore, we also found that miR-195-5P negatively regulated the expression of PSAT1 in UCEC. Finally, the knockdown of PSAT1 resulted in the inhibition of cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro. Overall, PSAT1 was identified as a potential target for the diagnosis and immunotherapy of UCEC.

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is one of the most lethal gynecologic malignancies, and effective treatments are still lacking due to drug tolerance and tumor recurrence. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of sonodynamic therapy (SDT) on ovarian cancer and its potential mechanism. Folate receptor-targeted and ultrasound-responsive nanoparticles (NPs) were constructed using PLGA-PEG-FA (PLGA: poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid, polyethylene glycol (PEG), FA: folate), the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generating sonosensitizer IR780 and the oxygen-carrying material perfluorohexane (PFH), termed IRO@FA NPs. The antitumor effect of NPs triggered by ultrasound (US) was measured by an apoptosis assay in a C57/BL6 mouse model. Immunochemistry and flow cytometry were used to detect the proportion of CD3+ T, CD4+ T, CD8+ T cells and activated dendritic cells (DCs) in spleens and tumor tissues to assess variation in the immune response. Moreover, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and immunogenic cell death (ICD) markers (high mobility group protein box-1, ATP and calreticulin) were detected to identify potential mechanisms. The results showed that IRO@FA NP-mediated SDT promoted ID8 cell apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo. The densities of CD3+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes and inflammatory markers were upregulated in tumor tissues. IRO@FA NP-mediated SDT prompted DC maturation and T lymphocyte infiltration by inducing ID8 cell ICD.