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To determine trends, mortality rates, and costs of antimicrobial resistance in invasive bacterial infections in hospitalized children, we analyzed data from Angkor Hospital for Children, Siem Reap, Cambodia, for 2007–2016. A total of 39,050 cultures yielded 1,341 target pathogens. Resistance rates were high; 82% each of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were multidrug resistant. Hospital-acquired isolates were more often resistant than community-acquired isolates; resistance trends over time were heterogeneous. K. pneumoniae isolates from neonates were more likely than those from nonneonates to be resistant to ampicillin–gentamicin and third-generation cephalosporins. In patients with community-acquired gram-negative bacteremia, third-generation cephalosporin resistance was associated with increased mortality rates, increased intensive care unit admissions, and 2.26-fold increased healthcare costs among survivors. High antimicrobial resistance in this setting is a threat to human life and the economy. In similar low-resource settings, our methods could be reproduced as a robust surveillance model for antimicrobial resistance.

The article deals with the content of selected mineral substances in Czech liturgical wines and compares them with common wines. Sulphur, phosphorus, boron, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, cadmium and lead were selected as evaluated minerals, and they were all found in all the analyzed varieties - Pinot Noir, Red Traminer and Chardonnay. Mineral substances were determined using a quadrupole mass spectrometer in the inductively coupled plasma variant of the Thermo Scientific ICAP Q ICP-MS. Generally, measured results did not show significant differences between the mineral content in liturgical and common wines. Therefore the influence of specific production technologies of liturgical wines on the mineral contents was not proved either. One of the highest mineral concentration was in communion Red Traminer, which, besides beneficial minerals, also contained a high amount of toxic elements. On the contrary, common Red Traminer had one of the lowest concentrations of toxic compounds. The content of permitted lead levels was exceeded in a single case, namely in the Chardonnay kosher sample. For cadmium, no sample exceeded the allowed limit.

Garlic contains important biologically active compounds such as phytoncides, antioxidants and others. There belong organosulfur compounds, allyl thiosulfinates and phenolic compounds (phenolic acids, flavonoids), vitamins (E and C) and some minerals, that all have several positive effects on human health. In the work five types of raw garlic (Allium sativum) of Czech, Chinese and Spanish origin, and bear's garlic (Allium ursinum), and two dried garlic products, were evaluated for polyphenols content and antioxidant capacity. The highest values of total polyphenols (TP), analyzed by spectrometric method with Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, had fresh samples of bear's and Spanish garlic; the lowest ones were evaluated for Czech garlic bulbs (92.2 - 119.6 mg GAE.100g-1 fw) and dry garlic products (70.1 - 84.5 mg GAE.100g-1). The total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was determined by spectrometric methods with DPPH and ABTS reagents. To types of fresh garlic with the best values of antioxidant capacity, evaluated by both methods, belong bear's and Spanish garlic, followed by Chinese and Czech garlic samples. These values are in agreement with polyphenols content in garlic bulbs. Dry garlic products had the highest values of TAC. Content of polyphenols and antioxidant capacity values were positively correlated, higher correlation value was detected for TP and TAC-ABTS (0.973) than for TP and TAC-DPPH (0.873). Bear's garlic and garlic belong to the vegetable types with high amount of biologically active compounds such as antioxidants.

Background and objective: Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) are two techniques that can measure white matter integrity of the spinal cord. Recently, DTI indices have been shown to change with age. The purpose of this study is (a) to evaluate the maturational states of the entire pediatric spinal cord using DTI and DTT indices including fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), mean length of white matter fiber tracts and tract density and (b) to analyze the DTI and DTT parameters along the entire spinal cord as a function of spinal cord levels and age. Method: A total of 23 typically developing (TD) pediatric subjects ranging in age from 6 to 16 years old (11.94 ± 3.26 (mean ± standard deviation), 13 females and 10 males) were recruited, and scanned using 3.0 T MR scanner. Reduced FOV diffusion tensor images were acquired axially in the same anatomical location prescribed for the T2-weighted images to cover the entire spinal cord (C1-mid L1 levels). To mitigate motion induced artifacts, diffusion directional images were aligned with the reference image (b0) using a rigid body registration algorithm performed by in-house software developed in Matlab (MathWorks, Natick, Massachusetts). Diffusion tensor maps (FA and MD) and streamline deterministic tractography were then generated from the motion corrected DTI dataset. DTI and DTT parameters were calculated by using ROIs drawn to encapsulate the whole cord along the entire spinal cord by an independent board certified neuroradiologist. These indices then were compared between two age groups (age group A = 6–11 years (n = 11) and age group B = 12–16 years (n = 12)) based on similar standards and age definitions used for reporting spinal cord injury in the pediatric population. Standard least squared linear regression based on a restricted maximum likelihood (REML) method was used to evaluate the relationship between age and DTI and DTT parameters. Results: An increase in FA (group A = 0.42 ± 0.097, group B = 0.49 ± 0.116), white matter tract density (group A = 368.01 ± 236.88, group B = 440.13 ± 245.24) and mean length of fiber tracts (group A = 48.16 ± 20.48 mm, group B = 60.28 ± 23.87 mm) and a decrease in MD (group A = 1.06 ± 0.23 × 10−3 mm2/s, group B = 0.82 ± 0.24 × 10−3 mm2/s) were observed with age along the entire spinal cord. Statistically significant increases have been shown in FA (p = 0.004, R2 = 0.57), tract density (p = 0.0004, R2 = 0.58), mean length of fiber tracts (p

Streptococcus suis represents a primary health problem (such as meningitis, septicemia and arthritis in piglets and fatteners) in the swine industry worldwide and also an emerging zoonotic pathogen. In the Czech Republic, many pig farms repopulated their herds over the past decades to reduce morbidity and minimize treatment. The study analysed serotypes, sequence types and antimicrobial susceptibility in 39 S. suis isolates obtained from organs of diseased pigs from selected 16 repopulated farms with a history of S. suis-associated diseases and routine antimicrobial treatment with tulathromycin and/or amoxicillin. The analysis revealed diversity of collected isolates with regular occurrence of more than three serotypes per farm. The serotypes identified were 1/2 and 7, each in six isolates, followed by serotype 2 and 3 found in five isolates each, other serotypes were less frequent. Seven isolates were not typable by multiplex PCR and we also found sequence type of unknown type in thirteen isolates. The majority of S. suis isolates were resistant to clindamycin (n = 31), tetracycline (n = 29) and tilmicosin and tulathromycin (n = 28). On the other hand, with the exception of two isolates that were intermediately susceptible to penicillin and ampicillin, all isolates were susceptible to all three tested subgroups of beta-lactam antibiotics.

Abstract Background Central nervous system (CNS) infections are an important cause of childhood morbidity and mortality. The aetiologies of these potentially vaccine-preventable infections have not been well established in Cambodia. Methods We did a one year prospective study of children hospitalised with suspected CNS infection at Angkor Hospital for Children, Siem Reap. Cerebrospinal fluid specimens (CSF) samples underwent culture, multiplex PCR and serological analysis to identify a range of bacterial and viral pathogens. Viral metagenomics was performed on a subset of pathogen negative specimens. Results Between 1st October 2014 and 30th September 2015, 284 analysable patients were enrolled. The median patient age was 2.6 years; 62.0% were aged

Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di KPH Cianjur Jawa Barat pada tahun 2005. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui peningkatan pemanfaatan kayu rasamala yang dihasilkan dari penerapan teknik penebangan serendah mungkin dan konvensioal sikap tubuh penebang (jongkok dan membungkuk). Data yang dikumpulkan adalah: waktu kerja, volume kayu, produktivitas, efisiensi, tinggi tunggak dan biaya penebangan. Data dianalisis dengan Rancangan Acak Lengkap faktorial split plot. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: (1) Dengan menerapkan teknik serendah mungkin dapat meningkatkan efisiensi sebesar 28.5% (jongkok) atau 28,2% (membungkuk); (2) Teknik penebangan dan sikap tubuh penebang berpengaruh nyata terhadap produktivitas dan biaya penebangan; (3) Rata-rata tinggi tunggak untuk teknik penebangan serendah mungkin adalah 9.18 cm (jongkok) dan 9.64 cm (membungkuk); sedangkan untuk teknik konvensional adalah 15.83 cm (jongkok) dan 16.41 cm (membungkuk).

Implementation of felling technique in the timber estate is not yet practiced efficiently and appropriately. Study on the lowest possible felling technique (LPFT) is considered important to increase fellingproductivity and felling efficiency. This study was carried out at a timber estate in iambi in 2003. The aim of this study was to determine the effectof LPFT on fellingproductivity and efficiency. Data collected in this regard were: working time, wood volume, productivity, efficiency, stump height and felling cost. Two-categories data were analyzed with respect to their possible differences using a t-test. Results revealed that implementation of LPFT brought out more convenient impacts in comparison to the conventional felling technique (CFT), as follows: (1) Felling productivity increased at 3.177 m3/hr; (2) felling efficiency increased approximately 7.4%; (3) felling cost decreased by some Rp 159.1; and (4) the average stump height were 21.14 cm for LPFT and 32.83 cmforCFT

An investigation on working conditions of three plywood factories in South Sumatra was conducted in 1987; The objective is to find out the workers judgement about their working conditions in terms of conveniences. The total of 265 respondents from plywood factories employed in the processing steps of wood preparation, peeling, reeling, unreeling, veneer drying, veneer preparation, gluing, pressing, finishing, quality control, packaging, workshops and laboratories were interviewed. The results showed that in each processing step, more than 60% respondents felt their working space conditions were far from being convenient due to inappropriate air circulation, dust, bad smell noise, and vibration.

Pembalakan yang berdampak minimal terhadap lingkungan merupakan isu sentral dalam era ekolabel dan perdagangan bebas. Untuk itu penelitian ini telah dilakukan di satu perusahaan hutan di Kalimantan Timur pada tahun 1997. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk menciptakan kondisi tegakan tinggal yang menjamin tercapainya pemanfaatan yang berkelanjutan dengan cara untuk meminimalkan kerusakan tegakan tinggal yang terjadi. Data yang dikumpulkan: (1) pohon ditebang, pohon berdiameter 20 cm dan ke atas, pohon yang rusak; (2) jumlah dan keadaan tiang; (3)jumlah dan keadaan pancang; (4) jumlah dan keadaan semai. Analisis data dilakukan dengan membandingkan kerusakan tegakan tinggal yang diakibatkan oleh teknik pemanenan konvensional dengan teknik terkontrol. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata kerusakan tegakan tinggal tingkat pohon, tiang, pancang dan semai berturut-turut adalah 11,2%; 4,9%; 4,5% dan 5,7% untuk yang terkontrol. Sedangkan untuk konvensional besaran tersebut adalah 13, l %; 11, 9%; 12, 9% dan 14,4%. Telah terjadi penurunan kerusakan berturut-turut untuk tiang, pancang dan semai sebesar 7, l %; 8, 4% dan 8, 7% (berbeda sangat nyata pada taraf 99%). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, maka dalam pelaksanaan pemanenan kayu seyogyanyalah menggunakan teknik terkontrol yang sesuai dengan aturan TPTl karena dapat meminimalkan kerusakan yang terjadi.

Tulisan ini mengetengahkan hasil-hasil penelitian tentang produktivitas penebangan dan tingkat pemanfaatan kayu yang terjadi dengan teknik penebangan serendah mungkin. Penelitian dilakukan di dua perusahaan hutan di Kalimantan Timur pada tahun 1996. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari penerapan teknik penebangan serendah mungkin terhadap produktivitas dan tingkat pemanfaatan kayu yang terjadi. Hasil penelitian dibandingkan dengan teknik penebangan konvensional. Hasil-hasil penelitian menunjukkan sebagai berikut : 1. Rata-rata produktivitas penebangan adalah 42,16 m3/jam untuk teknik penebangan serendah mungkin dan 49,96 m3/jam untuk teknik penebangan konvensional. Terjadi penurunan produktivitas sebesar 7,8 m3/jam. 2. Rata-rata tinggi tunggak pada teknik penebangan serendah mungkin adalah 37,6 cm dan teknik penebangan konvensional adalah 56,6 cm. 3. Rata-rata volume limbah tunggak pada teknik penebangan serendah mungkin adalah 0,21 m3/pohon (3,34%) dan pada teknik penebangan konvensional adalah 0,40 m3/pohon (4,54%). Rata-rata volume kayu yang dimanfaatkan adalah 6,08 m3/pohon (96,66% dari rata-rata volume pohon yang ditebang sebesar 6,29 m3/pohon) untuk teknik penebangan serendah mungkin dan 8,41 m3/pohon (95,45% dari rata-rata volume pohon yang ditebang sebesar 8,81 m3/pohon) untuk teknik penebangan konvensional. Terjadi peningkatan pemanfaatan kayu sebesar 1,20%. 4. Teknik penebangan serendah mungkin sebaiknya diterapkan di lapangan karena dapat meningkatkan pemanfaatan kayu.

This paper presents study results of residual stand damages caused by felling and skidding activities. The case study was carried out at PT Dwi Marta in Riau in 1993. The aims are : (1) tofind the impact of felling and skidding on residual stand damages, (2) to know the factors influencing the residual stand damages and (3) tofind the way of reducing residual stand damage. Data on the number of trees with diameter 20 cm and up, trees damages were collected. The data was analised by using the multiple regression. The result of study shows : 1.The residuol stand damage caused by felling ranged between 2.7-10. 6% with an average of 6.6%/ha. 2.The residual stand damage caused by skidding with crawler tractor varied from 2. 7% to 22.3% with an average of 12. 7%ha. 3.Both the number of trees felled and the slope in had highly significant effect to residual stand damages. The greater the number of trees felled and the slope, the greater the residual stand damages.

Penelitian tentang cara penyaradan kayu telah dilakukan pada tahun 1998 di dua perusahaan hutan di Riau. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh penyaradan kayu dengan cara manual dan eksavator terhadap kerusakan tegakan tinggal dan keterbukaan lahan. Data yang dikumpulkan adalah jumlah pohon ditebang, jumlah tiang dan pohon berdiameter 20 cm ke atas, tiang dan pohon yang rusak dan luas lahan terbuka. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji-t. Basil penelitian menunjukkan ha! sebagai berikut: 1. Kerusakan tegakan tinggal rata-rata pada sistem manual untuk tingkat tiang sebesar 38,66% dan untuk tingkat pohon 28,54%. Pada sistem eksavator besamya kerusakan tersebut adalah 20,92% untuk tiang dan 15,78% untuk pohon. Terjadi penurunan kerusakan untuk tiang sebesar 17,74% dan pohon sebesar 12,76%. 2. Keterbukaan lahan rata-rata yang terjadi pada sistem manual 19,84% dan untuk eksavator 13,5%. Terjadi penurunan keterbukaan lahan sebesar 6,34%. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, maka penyaradan kayu di hutan rawa, seyogyanyalah menggunakan sistem eksavator, sebab dapat meminimalkan kerusakan tegakan tinggal dan keterbukaan lahan yang terjadi.

The damages of soil and vegetation caused by felling and yarding operations are unavoidable eventhough the operations are done very carefully. The conclusions of several previous studies related to the problem showed that residual stand damages and ground exposure are influenced by logging operation, because felling and yartling operations are carried out without proper planning. The aim of the study is to find the level of residual stand damage, total trees felled per unit area, and ground exposure caused by felling and yarding operations. The study was carried out in a forest concession of PT Kayu Tribuana Rama in Central Kalimantan in 1991. the gathered data were analysed by simple linier regression analysis. 1.The average . of residual stand damage caused by felling and yarding operations is 11.1% for the average total trees felled of 5.9 trees/Ha. 2. the effect of total trees felled per unit area on residual stand damage is highly significant. logging operations in Sleeper slope could increase residual stand damage. 3. The average of ground exposure caused by logging operation is 19. 7% .for the average total trees felled of 5. 9 trees/ha. 4. The effect of total trees felled per unit area cm ground exposure is not significant. logging operations in the company is not planned to comply with TPTI regulations.

This paper presents the results of the study on ground exposure caused by skidding. The case study was carried out at two forest companies in Riau in 1995. The aim of the study were : I. to find the road skidding condition that shows by the ground exposure caused by skidding, 2. to know the factors influencing the ground exposure and 3. to find the way of reducing ground exposure. Data collected were the number of trees felled/skidded, the number of trees with diameter 20 cm and up. length and area of skidding road. The data was analized by using the multiple regression. The study showed the following results : 1. The average of non-productive skidding road is 13.4 % from the number of productive skidding road; 2. The extravagant of tractor operation was 2680 hours; 3. The forest damage was 154.4 m2 per ha; 4. The ground exposure caused by skidding was 14.1 %; and 5. The number of trees felled/skidded was highly significant to ground exposure. Keywords : skidding, skidding road, ground exposure.

Tulisan ini mengetengahkan hasil-hasil penelitian tentang kerusakun tegakan tinggal akibat kegiatan penyaradan yang direncanakan. Penyaradan dengan traktor meskipun hati-hati dilaksanakan, namun kerusakan terhadap tegakan tinggal tidak dapat dihilangkan sepenuhnya. Dengan teknik penyaradan yang direncanakan, diharapkan dapat meminimalkan kerusakan tersebut. Penelitian telah dilaksanakan di dua perusahaan hutan di Kalimantan Timur. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk meminimalkan kerusakan tegakan tinggal yang terjadi. Data yang dikumpulkan adalah jumlah pohon ditebang/disarad, kerapatan tegakan berupa jumlah pohon berdiameter 20 cm dan ke atas, kemiringan lapangan dan jumlah pohon yang rusak. Data dianalisis dengan uji-t dan regresi berganda. Penelitian menghasilkan hal-hal sebagai berikut : Rata-rata kerusakan tegakan tinggal akibat penyaradan yang direncanakan adalah 8,4% dan untuk yang konvensional sebesar 13,47%. Terjadi penurunan kerusakan sebesar 5,07%. Adapun faktor dominan yang mempengaruhi terjadiuya kerusakan tegakan tinggal pada teknik penyaradan yang direncanakan adalah kemiringan lapangan (sangat berbeda nyata pada taraf 99%). Sementara itu untuk penyaradan konvensional faktor dominan yang sangat berpengaruh adalah kerapatan tegakan dan kemiringun lapangan (sangat berbeda nyata pada taraf 99%). Teknik penyaradan yang direncanakan dapat mengurangi kerusakan tegakan tinggal yang terjadi (5,07%).

Tulisan ini mengetengahkan hasil penelitian tentang penggeseran lapisan tanah atas dan keterbukaan lahan akibat kegiatan penyaradan kayu terkendali. Penelitian telah dilakukan di satu perusahaan hutan di Kalimantan Tengah pada tahun 1998. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemanenan terkendali terhadap penggeseran lapisan tanah atas dan keterbukaan lahan. Data yang dikumpulkan adalah : jumlah pohon ditebang, jumlah pohon berdiameter 20 cm dan ke alas, kedalaman penggeseran lapisan tanah atas dan keterbukaan lahan. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan uji-t. Penelitian menghasilkan hal-hal sebagai berikut: 1. Penggeseran lapisan tanah atas rata-rata akibat penyaradan terkendali untuk kelas kelerengan: 0-15%; 15-25% dan > 25% berturut-turut adalah 8,1 mm; 11,7 mm dan 16,8 mm per 100 m panjang jalan sarad. Untuk penyaradan konvensional adalah 9,7 mm; l2,84 mm dan l8,7 mm per 100 m panjang jalan sarad. Terjadi pengurangan sebesar 1,6 mm pada kelas kelerengan 0-15 mm (berbeda sangat nyata). 2. Derajat keterbukaan lahan rata-rata akibat penyaradan terkendali adalah 15,81% dan 21,21% untuk penyaradan konvensional. Terjadi pengurangan keterbukaan lahan sebesar 5,4% (berbeda nyata).

Tulisan ini mengetengahkan hasil penelitian tentang pemanenan berwawasan lingkungan dan pemanenan konvensional. Penelitian telah dilakukan di suatu perusahaan hutan di Kalimantan Barat pada tahun 1999. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemanenan berwawasan lingkungan terhadap terjadinya kerusakan tegakan tinggal. keterbukaan lahan, penurunan lapisan tanah atas, produktivitas traktor sarad dan biaya produksi penyaradan. Data yang dikumpulkan adalah: jumlah pohon ditebang, jumlah pohon berdiameter 20 cm ke atas, tiang yang rusak, lahan terbuka, penurunan lapisan tanah atas, produktivitas traktor sarad dan biaya produksi penyaradan. Data dianalisis dengan uji-t. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat kerusakan tiang dan pohon pada sistem pemanenan berwawasan lingkungan lebih rendah daripada tingkat kerusakan tiang dan pohon pada sistem konvensional. Lebih lanjut, penurunan lapisan tanah atas dan keterbukaan lahan pada sistem pemanenan berwawasan lingkungan lebih rendah daripada penurunan lapisan tanah konvensional. Berdasarkan pertimbangan lingkungan, disarankan agar sistem pemanenan berwawasan lingkungan diterapkan.

This paper presents the results of the study of wood harvesting productivity and efficiency when practicing the lowest possible felling technique. The case study was selected in three logging companies in Central Kalimantan in 1994. Then, the results are compared lo those obtained from conventional felling technique. the results of the study are as follow : 1.The results of wood harvesting productivity is 25,2 m3/hr for lowest possible felling technique and 28,8 m3/hr for conventional felling. This difference is statisticallv significant. 2.The average of wood harvesting efficiency is 86, 1 % for lowest possible felling technique and 82,1 % for conventional felling technique. This difference of 1,28 m3/tree is highl significant. 3.The average of stwnp height when practicing the lowest possible felling technique is 0,45 m, while for conventional felling technique is 1,21 m.

The study was carried out at a timber estate company in South Sumatera in 1999. The aim of the study is to know the effect of selective thinning to residual stand damage and work productivity. Data collected were: thinned and damaged trees; residual stand; thinning time; diameter and length of thinned trees. The data was analyzed by tabulation. The results of the study showed that the average of residual stand damaged and the average of work productivity in selective thinning are respectively 6.22% and 56.167 m3/hour. Key words : Selective thinning, residual stand damaged, work productivity.

Anthropometric data of the workers are essential in the practice of ergonomics, especially for the design of work places, machines and equipment in order to attain work comfort and increased work productivity. Anthropometric measurements were carried out to 18 teak loggers aging between 20-35 years. The measurements included: body, shoulder, elbow and hip height; shoulder and hip width; length of arm and. hand, length of upper arm, lower arm and hand;upper reach and arm span (measurements in standing position). In sitting position, the body measurements comprised sitting, elbow, hip and knee height; length of upper and lower log. The result shoures that elbow height of teak logger has high variability and decreo,se their working comfort and productivity. Lenght of arm and hand which are longer than axe handle on the other hand speed up working fatique and infficient work.

One of heavy work in the forestry activity in Indonesia is manual tree felling of the teak. This work needs much physical labor. Grandjean (1982) states that an extreem physical exertion needs energy about 4,500 kcal/day. In order to continue teak production it is needed to improve welfare of the laborer by giving a better nutrition. A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of calorie intake on the performance of the laborer and data were analyzed by using tabulation. The result showed that eating frequency are highly significant for teak tree fellers productive working hour, age group of 18-40 years with their average productive working hours were 5 hours, 9 minutes and 29 seconds for two times eating frequencies. Further the average of 6 hours, 21 minutes and 41 seconds for three times eating frequencies, and for age group 40 years up were 4 hours, 37 minutes and 25 seconds for two times eating frequencies and 5 hours, 10 minutes and 36 seconds for three times eating frequencies

The KPH2 a type of equipment for wood loading into truck was designed by Forest Engeenering and Forest Harvest Divition Forest Products Research Centre Bogor. An operation trial has been done in BKPH Gunung hatu, Bandung Selatan Forest District, Perum Perhutani Unit III West Java. The objective of this study is to see the productivity and operation cost of loading rasamala log ( Altingia excelsa) into truck. using a helper KPH2 and by manual system. The results showed that productivity of KPH2 equipment and manual were 0.02 m3 minute/m and 0,04 m/minute/m, with operation cost of Rp 18.523,00/m3 and Rp 2.000,00/m3 respectively.

Pengeluaran kayu dengan menggunakan sistem ongkak atau kuda-kuda menghabiskan banyak batang kayu untuk konstruksi jalannya sehingga mengancam kelestarian sumberdaya hutan. Tulisan ini mengetengahkan hasil penelitian mengenai produktivitas dan biaya pembuatan kanal serta kerusakan tegakan tinggal akibat pembuatan kanal. Melalui sistem kanal diharapkan kelestarian sumberdaya hutan dapat terjamin. Penelitian telah dilakukan di satu perusahaan hutan di Riau pada tahun 1995. Tujuan dari penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui kemungkinan pengeluaran kayu dengan sistem kanal di hutan rawa ditinjau dari segi teknis dan lingkungan. Data yang dikumpulkan adalah dimensi kanal, jumlah tenaga kerja, waktu kerja efektif. upah tenaga kerja dan kerusakan tegakan tinggal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan hal-hal sebagai berikut: I. Pembuatan kanal secara manual di hutan rawa dapat dilakukan oleh satu regu kerja yang terdiri dari 6 orang dengan alat tradisional. 2. Ukuran kanal di hutan rawa dalam penelitian ini adalah lebar 2 m dan dalam I m dan panjang 1OO m. Untuk keperluan praktek pengeluaran kayu, dalamnya kanal disesuaikan dengan genangan air, yaitu genangan air minimal I meter. 3. Waktu kerja pembuatan kanal secara manual adalah kurang lebih 7 jam per hari sedang biaya upah dalam pembuatan kanal tersebut adalah Rp 120. 00 / regu atau Rp 20. 000/ orang. 4. Produktivitas pembuatan kanal per regu berkisar antara 5. 72 -11. 72 m3/jam- regu kerja dengan rata-rata 9, 71 m3/ jam-regu kerja atau berkisar antara 2.86 - 5. 71 m /jam regu kerja dengan rata-rata 4,86 m /jam- regu kerja. Sedangkan produktivitas pembuatan kanal per orang berkisar antara 0.95 -1,90 m3/ jam- orang dengan rata- rata 1,60 m3/jam - orang atau antara 0.48 - 0,98 m/ Jam - orang dengan rata-rata 0,81 m /jam - orang. 5. Biaya pembuatan kanal secara manual berkisar antara Rp 2.996 - Rp 3.002 / m3 dengan rata-rata Rp 3.000/ m3 atau antara Rp 5.952 - Rp 6.024/m dengan rata-rata Rp 6.006 m. 6. Rata-rata biaya pembuatan kanal hasil penelitian lebih rendah bila dibanding dengan biaya pembuatan kanal oleh masyarakat setempat akan tetapi lebih tinggi (Rp 6.006 /m) bila dibanding dengan biaya pembuatan kanal di Kecamatan Tanjung Satai, Propinsi Kalimantan Barat (Rp 2.500/ m ). 7. Kerusakan tegakan tinggal akibat pembuatan kanal secara manual untuk tingkat semai, pancang, tiang dan pohon bertuntt-turut berkisar anrara 95,0- 97,0 % dengan rata-rata 95,8 % . antara 83.0 - 84.5 % dengan rata-rata 83.8 %. antara 43,3 - 64,3 % dengan rata·rata 47.8 %, dan antara 5.0 11.5 % dengan rata-rata 8,3 %. Dalam jangka panjang kerusakan tegakan tinggal akibat pembuatan kanal Jauh lebih kecil dibanding dengan kerusakan tegakan tinggal akibat pembuatan Jalan rel, yaitu secara berurutan 8,3 % dibanding 27.3 %. 8. Penggunaan sistem kanal umuk pengeluaran kayu di hutan rawa mempunyai prospek yang menjanjikan ditinjau dari segi teknis, ekonomis dan lingkungan.

This paper presents the results of the study of the impact of buttress cutting in tree felling on harvestring efficiency. The case study was carried out in PT Kurnia Kapuas Plywood in West Kalimantan in 1994. 771e aim of the study is to know the influence of buttress cutting on wood haversting efficiency. the data were analysed by using the I-test. the result of study shows that average of wood harvesting efficiency by cullting buttress is 68.1 % and without cutting buttress is 66.7 %

Log skidding activities using tractors usually caused high residual stand damages. To reduce the residual stand damages, the factors influencing them must be identified. A study was carried out at two forest concessions in Riau in 1995. The aims of the study are : 1) to find the level of residual stand damages caused by felling ang skidding, 2) to identifY the factors influancing the residual stand damages and 3) to find the way of reducing residual stand damages. Data collected were the number of felled tress, trees with diameter 20 cm and up and damaged trees. The data was analysed by using the multiple regression. The results of the study show : 1) The average of residual stand damages caused by fellingis 11.5 %; 2) The average of residual stand damages caused by skidding is 15.4 %; and 3) The influence of the number of felled tress, stand density and the slope were highly significant to residual stand damages. Knowing the factors influencing the residual stand damages, ones should be easy to find the way of reducing that damages. Key words : felling, skidding, felled trees, residual stand damage

This paper is presenting the results of the study on conversion factor of log production of Pine (Pinus merkusii) from natural forest. Study carried out at a logging company in Aceh in 1991. The aim of the study was to know the conversion factor of Pine log production from natural forest including volume and mass units of measurement. The data were analised statistically by t-test. The results of this study showed that the conversion factor of Pine log production unit were : (1) for fresh cut, 1 month and 2 months duration was 0.985 m3/ton or 1.0152 ton/m3, (2)for 3 and 4 months was 1.086 m3/ton or 0.9208 ton/m3 and (3)for 1 year was 1.239 m3/ton or 0.8071 ton/m3.

An investigation of skidding performance was conducted at one Forest company in Riau, in 1988. The results showed that stand density rangea from 126 to 190 trees with an average of 158 trees/ha, soft soil .without any rock, land slope ranges from 6,8 to 20,0 % and the trees felled from 2 to 8 with an average of 5 trees/ha. Also it was found that the length of productive skidding road ranges from 91,0 m to 329,8 m with an average of 210,4 m /ha while the length of unprodue- tive skidding road vanes from 2,5 m to 49,9 m with an average of 26,2 m/ha. The ratio between the lengths of unproductive and productive skidding road is 12,5 %. By considering tractor's life time 20.000 hours, around 2.500 hours of them are unproductiue, Relating this figure with owning and operating costs, those unproductive skidding road surely cause quite large loss. Besides, the unproductive tractor movements also cause land exposure to the amount of 122,5 m2/ha. All the above disadvantages can be minimized by planning akidding roads ahead and strictly controlling the operation.

Dewasa ini, untuk kegiatan penebangan di hutan tanaman industri (HTI) telah menggunakan chainsaw, tetapi belum diketahui secara pasti jumlah chainsaw yang sebaiknya digunakan agar hasilnya efisien. Oleh karena itu informasi mengenai penggunaan chainsaw ditinjau dari jumlah kebutuhannya perlu disampaikan. Dalam tulisan ini disajikan hasil penelitian penggunaan chainsaw untuk menebang tanaman mangium dan gmelina dan hasil tersebut selanjutnya digunakan untuk mengetahui jumlah kebutuhan penggunaan chainsaw yang tepat dan efisien dalam penebangan pohon mangium dan gmelina. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penentuan jumlah kebutuhan chainsaw yang efisien adalah berdasarkan rencana produksi perusahaan, yaitu 21 unit untuk penebangan mangium dan 5 unit untuk penebangan gmelina. Penggunaan chainsaw sesuai jumlah yang ada di lapangan akan mempersingkat waktu pekerjaan. Cepatnya waktu ini mengakibatkan alat tersebut tidak beroperasi lagi pada bulan berikutnya sehingga mengakibatkan tingginya biaya untuk menutupi semua biaya tetap.

The study was carried out at a forest company in West Kalimantan in 2000. The aim of the study is to know the effect of controlled and conventional felling to residual stand damage and work productivity. Data collected were: felled and damaged trees, trees with diameter of 20 cm and up, diameter and length of log, and felling time. The data was analyzed by t-test. The results of the study showed: I) The average of residual stand damaged is 7.05% for the controlled felling and 11.75% for conventional felling. This difference of 4.70% is significant. 2) The average of work productivity were 17.462 m3/hr for the controlled felling and 24.094 m3/hr for conventional felling. This difference of 6.632 m3/hr is highly significant. Key words: residual stand damages, felling productivity, controlled felling technique, conventional felling technique

Disturbed soil and vegetation caused by logging operation is difficult to be avoided, even in good logging operation. Past studies related to this problem. shows that forest concessions in Sumatera and Kalimantan used Indonesia Selective Cutting System (TPTI) as a basic activity in logging operation. However, because of the weakness of goverment control activity, most of the companies were looking for financial benefit only and neglect the sustainability of the forest. The aim of this study is to assess the number of commercial trees (diameter 20 m and up) damaged during logging operation. The study was carried out in two forest concessions: PT. Batasan/A and PT. Tanjungpura Bhakti/B in West Kalimantan,The results shows that : 1. The average percentage of commercial trees damaged of diameter 20. cm and up during logging operation are 4. 6 % in A concession and 5. 6 % in B concession. 2. The average number of trees in concession A are 8. 9 trees/ha while in concession B is 7. 8 trees/ha.

Tulisan ini mengetengahkan hasil penelitian tentang keterbukaan lahan akibat kegiatan penyaradan yang direncanakan. Penyaradan kayu dengan traktor betapapun hati-hatinya dilakukan, akan tetap menimbulkan kerusakan berupa keterbukaan lahan. Dengan penyaradan yang direncanakan diharapkan dapat meminimalkan kerusakan tersebut. Penelitian telah dilakukan di dua perusahaan hutan di Kalimantan Timur pada tahun 1996. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh penyaradan yang direncanakan terhadap terjadinya keterbukaan lahan dengan sasaran untuk meminimalkan terjadinya jalan sarad tidak produktif. Data yang dikumpulkan adalah: jumlah pohon ditebang/disarad, jumlah pohon berdiameter 20 cm dan ke atas, kemiringan lapangan dan luas lahan terbuka. Analisis data menggunakan uji-t dan analisis regresi berganda. Penelitian menghasilkan hal-hal sebagai berikut : • Rata-rata jalan sarad tidak produktif yang disebabkan oleh penyaradan yang direncanakan adalah 4,4% dari jumlah jalan sarad produkiif dan 9,9% untuk konvensional. Terjadi penurunan jalan sarad tidak produktif sebesar 5,6% (sangt berbeda nyata pada taraf 99%). • Rata-rata keterbukaan lahan yang disebabkan oleh penyaradan yang direncanakan adalah 11,2% dan untuk konvensional sebesar 15,2%. Terjadi penurunan keterbukaan lahan sebesar 4,0% (berbeda nyata pada taraf 95%). • Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi terjadinya keterbukaan lahan dan jalan sarad tidak produktif secara positif adalah jumlan pohon ditebang/disarad dan kerapatan tegakan serta factor yang berpengaruh negative adalah kemiringan lapangan untuk penyaradan yang direncanakan sedangkan terhadap keterbukaan lahan pada penyaradan konvensional kemiringan lapangan berpengarun positif (sangat berbeda nyata pada taraf 99%). Penyaradan yang direncanakan dapat meminimalkan terjadinya keterbukaan lahan berupa jalan sarad tidak produktif.

This paper deals with the results of study on implementing reduced impact logging (RIL) as well as conventional logging (CL), which was carried out in natural production forest under the concession operation of a forest company in Riau in 2001. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of reduced impact logging on possible improvement or securing the stand damage, level of ground exposure, top soil displacement, and cost related skidding productivity. The data collected in this regard were the number of felled trees (stands), number of trees with the diameter of 20 cm or greater, number of damaged trees and poles, ground exposure, top soil displacement, skidding cost, and skidding productivity. The data as such consisted of two main categories, i. e. the one and the other one that resulted consecutively from the implementation of RIL and CL systems. The two-category data were analyzed with respect to their possible differences using at-test. Results of study revealed that the implementation of RIL system brought out more convenient impacts in comparison to the CL, as follows: (1) Level of tree (stand) damage would decrease by about 5.4% (highly significant); (2) Ground exposure decreased by around 9 percent (significant); (3) the decrease in top soil displacement by about 2.4 mm (highly significant); (4) Skidding cost decreased by some Rp 398.98 per m3. With respect to skidding productivity using RIL (compared to CL), there was apparently an increase by about 2.6 m3 per hour. However, such an increase was not significantly different. Based on environmental, technical and economical considerations, the RIL system for future logging operation can be recommended in preference to the CL.

This paper present the results of the study on logging waste caused by forest road construction and shadow cutting. The study carried out at six logging companies in East Kalimantan in 1990. The aim of the study are : (1) to determine the wood waste caused by forest road construction and shadow cutting, (2) to find the factors influencing the wood waste and (3) to find the way of reducing the wood waste. The results of this study shows that the average wood waste from trees felled caused by forest road construction and shadow cutting is 1.16 m3/ha for commercial wood species and 2. 76 m3/ha for non-commercial wood species. Keywords : wood waste, forest road, shadow cutting

Penggunaan jumlah alat yang tepat dalam pemanenan kayu perlu dilakukan agar waktu dan biaya produksi pemanenan kayu menjadi efisien. Tulisan ini mempelajari jumlah peralatan pemanenan kayu yang tepat berdasarkan rencana produksi. Penelitian dilaksanakan di areal kerja hutan tanaman PT. Surya Hutani Jaya, Provinsi Kalimantan Timur pada tahun 2010. Data yang dikumpulkan berupa produktivitas alat, biaya pemilikan, dan operasi alat, jumlah alat, dan rencana produksi. Data ditabulasikan dan dihitung rata-ratanya. Data pengaruh jumlah alat dengan produktivitas dan biaya produksi dianalisis menggunakan regresi linier berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jumlah alat pemanenan kayu dari tahapan kegiatan penebangan sampai pengangkutan terdapat kelebihan atau kekurangan alat yang digunakan. Alat pemanenan kayu yang efisien berdasarkan rencana produksi terdiri atas 21 unit chainsaw untuk penebangan, 9 unit alat ekskavator untuk penyaradan, 10 unit loader untuk bongkar, 2 unit ekskavator untuk bongkar, dan 31 unit truk untuk mengangkut. Jumlah alat pemanenan kayu berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap produktivitas pemanenan kayu dan biaya produksi.

Paprika spices (Capsicium annuum) and black pepper spices (Piper nigrum) are very popular seasonings for culinary and industrial utilization due to the change of sensory quality (taste, aroma, color) of foods and meals with their addition; their health promoting properties; and also, relevant antioxidant activity. Polyphenols are often responsible for the antioxidant capacity of plant products therefore in our study the content of polyphenols (TP) and antioxidant activity (TAA) were assessed in two common culinary spices - paprika spices (12, ground powder spices) and pepper spices (20, unground and ground, black, green, white and colored spices) of Czech, Austrian, and Slovak producers. These parameters were determined using spectrometric method, for total polyphenols method with Folin-Ciocaulteu reagent; the antioxidant activity (TAA) of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of spices was measured by DPPH method with IC50 evaluation. For paprika the total polyphenol content ranged from 14.67 to 28.78 mg GAE.g-1. However, there is only weak connection between the pungency of the spices and the polyphenolic amount, the hotter samples of paprika spices have slightly higher values of TP than sweet types. Also, more pungent paprika products showed a higher potency in scavenging of DPPH free radical than sweeter ones; and ethanolic extracts had slightly higher TAA values (8.73 to 16.17 mg AAE.g-1) than aqueous spice extracts (4.45 to 16.24 mg AAE.g-1). Phenolic amount for pepper spices was assessed in the range of 12.03 to 22.88 mg GAE.g-1. Generally, paprika spices contained more polyphenols than pepper spices. The values of TAA of pepper spices were in the range from 7.07 to 15.81 mg AAE.g-1 for aqueous extracts and from 8.25 to 15.93 mg AAE.g-1 for ethanolic extracts respectively. The highest TAA values were observed for white ground pepper and unground black pepper spices. Unground black pepper samples had higher TAA than ground black pepper. The extent of antioxidant activity of paprika and pepper spices was quite similar. The total phenolics contents in spices were correlated to antioxidant activity only slightly.

Introduction: Valproic acid (VPA) is an acidic compound that is commonly used as an anticonvulsant and mood-stabilizing agent in the treatment of epilepsy, mania and bipolar disorders as well as the prevention of migraine headaches. But, it can affect metabolic and endocrine system resulting in hormonal disturbances and incidence of some metabolic disease, especially in pediatric patients. In this study, we aimed to systematically review the literature wherein metabolic and endocrine effect of valproic acid has been studied in pediatric patients with epilepsy.Methods: To evaluate the relationship between VPA consumption and metabolic diseases, a systematic literature search was performed through searching for related documents in the PubMed and Scopus as two known databases using the following key terms “valproic acid”, “metabolic disease” and “pediatrics” in the title, keywords, and abstract of literatures. Data were then extracted and described.Result: Nearly 934 documents were collected and reviewed based on the main purpose of this study. Of the collected articles, 918 documents were excluded in several step by step processes of article selection, and only 16 relevant documents were included for further data assessment. The results showed that VPA can cause significant increase in plasma concentration of thyroid hormones and therefore increase the risk of metabolic disease in patients with epilepsy.Conclusion:The results of included documents in this review showed that VPA may induce metabolic and hormonal disturbances in pediatric patients, who were on treatment with VPA.

We present herein the first case report of identical triplets who developed systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The children were diagnosed as having SLE in reverse birth order at ages 8, 9, and 11 years. Although genetically identical, each sibling manifested different clinical signs and symptoms; however, all 3 children did manifest skin rash, fatigue, and biopsy-proven glomerulonephritis at different ages. Findings of laboratory studies were similar, including positivity for antinuclear antibodies, anti–native DNA, and anti–double-stranded DNA, as well as low levels of complement. These findings confirmed SLE in each sibling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical and Demographic Analysis of Health Status of the Population of Some Countries Worldwide

Here, we present the first record of Demicryptochironomus (Irmakia) neglectus Reiss, 1988 in Slovakia. Samples were taken using the Chironomid Pupal Exuviae Technique (CPET) from two reservoirs. Two pupal exuviae (out of the 500 ind. collected) were recorded in Kráľová reservoir and in one individual was found in Sĺňava reservoir (out of the total 514 ind. collected). Since the CPET method mostly allows species level identification of chironomids, its usage is helpful in discovering the real chironomid diversity of Slovakia. Moreover, it helps to define ecological requirements of species we have little information about, such as the present one.

This article deals with the comparison of biologically active substances (antioxidant capacity, content of polyphenols and flavonoids) in samples of common and liturgical wines. For determination were chosen these varieties Pinot Noir, Red Traminer and Chardonnay. The total content of polyphenols and flavonoids were found by visible diode array spectrophotometer. For determination of total antioxidant capacity was used the DPPH test. Results of this paper did not prove a general difference between liturgical and common wines, although between individual samples a statistically significant difference was found. Furthermore, the results show considerably higher values of biologically active substances in red wines Pinot Noir against white wine Red Traminer and Chardonnay – the total antioxidant capacity was considerably in excess of values up to 30 times, the total content of polyphenols up to 50 times and the total content of flavonoids up to 50 times. From the content of biologically active substances point of view, the red wine is recommended for human health.

Based on the study of general knowledge of biochemical and all subsequent developmental studies of organic matter, especially products of grapevine and selected fruit products, a comprehensive study of processing technologies is prepared. Use of a combination of vine products and fruit products in the form of natural grapes. Beverages are researched and developed to be purely natural on the basis of grape musts, blue and white, either individually and again separately in targeted combinations, both biochemically, organoleptically and colorfully, with fruit sources. The core of grape value of biologically active substances is an integral and essential new part and condition of designing these beverages. Their increased biological values, which create the preconditions for containment and if properly managed on the basis of scientific knowledge, may in some cases almost result in the elimination of synthetic additives. It should be noted that 20 – 25% of the adult population suffers from many unexpected allergies, for example, to the sulphite content, although its content in the final product does not exceed the health-approved normatives. And there are many other, interrelated relationships. Beverages are technologically dealt with both without alcohol fermentation and with this fermentation, but only based on their compositional natural resources. They are therefore suitable for the entire population profile. The whole set contains 7 variants and a combination of natural beverages from different fruits. Including natural beverages with or without alcoholic fermentation from the must of white wine grapes, the juice of apple puree with those of biologically active substances from the products grapevine. Three months of monitoring and determination of basic (oenological) values and biologically active substances were performed on these products. The high-performance liquid chromatography method with a refractometric detector determined amount of sugar and alcohol, whilst titrating determined total and volatile acids and free sulfur dioxide. Yeast assimilable nitrogen, total anthocyanins and polyphenols were determined by spectrophotometry, antioxidant activity by DPPH and ABTS methods.

Honey contains important bioactive compounds (enzymes, phenolic compounds, vitamins, and minerals) with several positive health effects for humans. In the study six types of honey (acacia, rape, floral, multi flower, forest, and honeydew honeys), of Czech and Slovak origin, were evaluated for bioactive compounds by means of color, polyphenols and antioxidant capacity analyses. The brightest color of honeys, the lowest values measured spectometrically, had acacia and rape honeys, followed by floral, and darker multi flower and forest honeys, and honeydew honeys. Polyphenols (PP) amount, determined by spectrophotometric method with Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, was highest for the darkest honeydew honeys, followed by multi flower and forest honey, brighter floral honeys, and rape and acacia honey. Honeys polyphenols were in the range from 54.0 to 254.2 mg GAE.100g-1. The total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was analyzed by spectrometric methods with ABTS and DPPH reagents. Antioxidant capacity values are in agreement with the PP contents order. They were highest also for honeydew honeys (59.2 - 89.6 and 73.1 - 118.7 mg TE.100g-1), followed by multi flower (66.0 and 56.7 mg TE.100g-1) and forest honey (56.0 and 49.1 mg TE.100g-1), then floral honeys (33.0 - 49.2 and 27.8 - 38.7 mg TE.100g-1) and the lowest values for rape (19.0 and 28.1 mg TE.100g-1) and acacia (15.5 and 11.3 mg TE.100g-1) honey. A positive correlation between color, PP amount and TAC was evaluated for analyzed honeys. Darker honey samples showed higher values of phenolic compounds and antioxidant potential, therefore they belong to the honey types with higher amount of bioactive compounds such as antioxidants.

Pyomyositis is a severe bacterial infection of skeletal muscle, commonly affecting children in tropical regions, predominantly caused by Staphylococcus aureus. To understand the contribution of bacterial genomic factors to pyomyositis, we conducted a genome-wide association study of S. aureus cultured from 101 children with pyomyositis and 417 children with asymptomatic nasal carriage attending the Angkor Hospital for Children, Cambodia. We found a strong relationship between bacterial genetic variation and pyomyositis, with estimated heritability 63.8% (95% CI 49.2–78.4%). The presence of the Panton–Valentine leucocidin (PVL) locus increased the odds of pyomyositis 130-fold (p=10-17.9). The signal of association mapped both to the PVL-coding sequence and to the sequence immediately upstream. Together these regions explained over 99.9% of heritability (95% CI 93.5–100%). Our results establish staphylococcal pyomyositis, like tetanus and diphtheria, as critically dependent on a single toxin and demonstrate the potential for association studies to identify specific bacterial genes promoting severe human disease.

IMPORTANCE: Postoperative bleeding is a common and potentially life-threatening complication. Precise identification of risk factors in addition to the basic ones, such as coagulation parameters, is certainly very desirable. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to identify other possible risk factors for bleeding after adenoidectomy in children. DESIGN: This observational prospective study enrolled children undergoing adenoidectomy from October 2019 to February 2020, then evaluated the influence of possible risk factors for bleeding. SETTING: Tertiary pediatric otorhinolaryngology center. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 288 children aged 0–18 years undergoing adenoidectomy for recurrent upper respiratory tract infections, recurrent acute otitis media, secretory otitis media, and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Increased blood pressure and time of surgery were identified as risk factors for bleeding after adenoidectomy. RESULTS: Elevated systolic (p = 0.046), diastolic (p = 0.012), and mean arterial blood pressure (p = 0.007) (Mann–Whitney U test) as adjusted for age-specific distributions and with corrections for height and weight, as well as time length of surgery (p < 0.001) (Fisher’s exact test) were revealed as statistically significant risk factors for postoperative bleeding. Atmospheric pressure, surgeon’s level of experiences, chronic inflammatory content in adenoid vegetation (AV), size of AV, recidivism of AV, recurrent infections of the upper respiratory tract, type of anesthesia, long-term using of drugs, and positive coagulation questionnaire or pathology in standard coagulation tests were not found to be risk factors for bleeding after adenoidectomy. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this prospective study within a well-defined population of children, we evaluated increased blood pressure and time of surgery as risk factors for bleeding after adenoidectomy. These data bring new information that complements current knowledge in this field.

Dalam pemanfaatan kayu, pemanenan hutan merupakan tahap kegiatan utama yang dilakukan agar potensi pohon dapat dikeluarkan dari dalam hutan. Banyak atau sedikitnya limbah yang terjadi selama proses pemanenan kayu dapat dijadikan tolok ukur faktor eksploitasi (FE). Selama ini, pemerintah menetapkan angka FE sebesar 0,7. Padahal, paradigma pengelolaan hutan alam sudah semakin baik dengan diterapkannya pembalakan berdampak rendah (reduced impact logging/ RIL) dan/atau berdampak rendah karbon (RIL-C). Dilihat dari aspek ekonomis, nilai FE mempunyai peranan sangat penting karena digunakan sebagai pengali didalam menentukan jatah produksi tahunan (JPT) dan dasar untuk menjadi memperkirakan penerimaan besarnya provisi sumberdaya hutan (PSDH). Sedangkan dari aspek ekologis, penetapan nilai FE yang lebih besar dapat mengurangi terjadinya kerusakan hutan. Hasil penelitian yang dilakukan di 5 IUPHHK-HA di Kalimantan Timur menunjukkan besarnya bilangan FE berkisar antara 0,77 - 0,89. Besar kecilnya bilangan FE lebih dipengaruhi oleh faktor ketrampilan penebang dibandingkan dengan factor kompetensi manajemen IUPHHK-HA.