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Indonesia has the potential for large solar power plants. It has relatively constant solar radiation because it is close to the equator. Besides, solar energy includes renewable energy that is more environmentally friendly and easier to apply in office areas, especially Wonogiri. However, it turns out that the solar power plant projects that have been built are not yet fully functional, and some have even failed. A lack of responsibility and maintenance causes this carried out after the project is complete. For this reason, it is necessary to estimate the reliability of these components and determine the maintenance schedule before the project is carried out. So that later they have a picture and be better prepared when this project is already underway. The fault tree method's failure factors are expected to create a picture to maintain reliability and determine the prioritized components for maintainability. For the results obtained to be more appropriate, apart from seeing the quantitative analysis output, the fault tree also needs to be adjusted to the component manual or datasheet to determine the replacement of spare parts and their maintenance. So that the resulting schedule for maintenance and replacement of spare parts. Thus, the solar power plant project that has been built will be more reliable and can be appropriately utilized.

• Solar irradiance variability was determined using solar heterogeneity and the umbrella effect index (UI) • Solar heterogeneity in the Asia-Pacific region is approximately 0–135 W/m2. • The umbrella effect index in the Asia-Pacific region was approximately 0–0.34–a year. • The locations that have low heterogeneity and a low umbrella effect index were approximately 39.17% of the total. • The area that has high heterogeneity and low umbrella effect index was approximately 1.65% of the total. This study discusses solar irradiance variability in the spatial and temporal domains for the active use of solar energy. The spatial domain was calculated using the difference between one location and another in a focused small tile area. The principal component analysis (PCA) was used for this analysis in the spatial and temporal domain. The Umbrella Effect Index (UI) was calculated to determine the probability of an umbrella effect event within a specific time range. This study discusses solar irradiance variability using solar irradiance data analyzed every 10 min from high-temporal observations of geostationary satellites in the Asia-Pacific region. This study shows that solar heterogeneity around the Asia-Pacific ranges from 0–135 W/m2 with a high tendency in the area around the equator and highlands. In addition, this study also shows that the Asia Pacific region has umbrella effect events of approximately 50–2224 h/year with an index ranging approximately 0–0.34. This study presents the annual analysis and seasonal trends of solar irradiance variability over the entire study area. Determining seasonal trends is important because electricity demand fluctuates significantly as seasons progress. An integrated analysis of heterogeneity and UI revealed trends in spatiotemporal variations in solar irradiance. This approach provides useful information for optimizing and managing the locations for installing solar power plants. Moreover, an evaluation of existing solar power plants is presented. Evaluations based on spatiotemporal data reveal impossible characteristics using traditional approaches that use long-term simple averages or typical solar irradiance data. This research shows the distributed photovoltaic (PV) system in wide area can increase the stability of solar energy supply to the grid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to the environmental concerns and fossil fuel shortage, power generation from renewable energy source is becoming an alternative source and lead to hybrid power generations in the modern power system. The hybrid power systems are operated for efficient exploitation of clean and renewable energy. Consequently, optimal economic generation planning of hydrothermal plants with renewable energy sources constitutes the main thoughts of this research work. The novelty of this paper is to propose a new quasi-oppositional turbulent water flow optimization for the solution of hydrothermal generation scheduling problem with the integration of pumped storage and solar power systems, and to develop a hybrid power system model by taking into account the spillage effects of hydro plants, and the valve point loading effects, transmission losses and multi-fuel sources of thermal power plants. The effectiveness of the developed model is examined on a small, medium and realistic large-scale hybrid power systems and compared with the performance of other erstwhile approaches. Conclusively, the simulation studies show that: (1) the developed model affirms the maximum utilization of clean energy production, (2) the quasi-oppositional learning strategy unified with turbulent water flow optimization approach offers superior optimal solutions and computational efficiency in contrast with other whilom metaheuristic algorithms, and (3) precisely, the pollutant emissions can be reduced by 11.62 and 12.90% when thermal power generation is backed down by pumped storage power generation, and combined pumped storage and solar power generation respectively for the realistic large-scale hybrid power system. Critics of this study is that the proposed approach can offer better optimal solutions than other erstwhile approaches with regard to the solution quality and computational efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Military Engineer / Hadmérnök is the property of National University of Public Service and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There is a need for non-renewable energy sources in generation of power for almost every domestic and commercial purposes. This source of energy helps in the development of a country. Because of the increasing usage of the fossil fuels and depletion of these resources, our focus has been shifted towards the renewable sources of energy like solar, water and wind. Therefore, in the present scenario, the usage of renewable sources has been increasing rapidly. Selection of a solar power plant (SPP) requires environmental factor, local terrain, and local weather issues. Thus, a large amount of investment is required for installation. Multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) is a method that identifies one in choosing the best sites among the other proposed options. This paper gives a detailed study of optimal ranking of SPP site using analytical hierarchy process (AHP), multiple layer perceptron (MLP) neural network trained with back propagation (BP) algorithm and genetic algorithm (GA). Three SPP sites of India were considered and various important criteria like local weather, geographical location, and environmental factors are included in our study as SPP site selection is a multi-criteria problem. A precise comparison of these three methods is listed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electricity demand is increasing mainly due to population expansion and the continuous supply of electricity in the residential, industrial, and service sectors. This energy is a critical factor of economic growth, and clean energy resources must be utilized and substituted to reduce the effects of climate change and move toward sustainable development. Site selection and construction of renewable power plants help to diversify the country's energy basket. This study aims to locate and evaluate a photovoltaic solar power plant's potential in Khuzestan province, using Fuzzy-Boolean logic and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) decision analysis based on GIS. The main criteria for selecting the optimal locations include climatic (annual horizontal solar irradiance, sunshine hours, air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed), economic (the proximity to roads, transmission lines, substations, urban areas, and villages), orography (slope, orientation, and altitude) and the environment (land use). According to the results, 0.12% of the province's total area has excellent suitability, 25.66% has suitable suitability, and 59.46% lacks any suitability for installing a photovoltaic system. The annual electric power generation potential using single-crystalline silicon panels and polycrystalline silicon panels is calculated as 3189.54 and 2453.49 TWh, respectively. Izeh, Bandar-e Mahshahr, and Bagh-e Malek cities are the most suitable areas for photovoltaic solar farms in the province. • Application of fuzzy-boolean logic, AHP multi-criteria decision making, and GIS for selecting the optimal solar PV sites • The main criteria include climatic, economic, environmental, and orography and nine exclusion zones are considered. • The theoretical and technical potential of solar energy in each city of the province have been evaluated. • Electricity generation using both single-crystalline and polycrystalline silicon cell technology is assessed and compared. • 25.78% of the province's area has the best suitability for the solar farm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the pandemic era, most of the livelihoods of the people of Guha Kulon Village, Leuwikaret, Klapanunggal District, Bogor Regency are farming and odd jobs. Unfortunately, the land around the village is not appropriate for growing vegetables and fishponds. The condition of the village soil is rocky and calcareous soil, so that sources of water needs are difficult to obtain, especially in the dry season. Because of this condition, it is difficult for residents to provide their economic and nutritional needs. So that in community dedication based the Lecturer Group, it will carry out the application of aquaponics based on solar power plants (PLTS). The results of this activity show that grown vegetables such as bok choy and water spinach can be harvested in about 3 weeks and catfish in 40 days. And by using PLTS the community can also save the cost of electrical energy by 20 thousand rupiahs per month. Thus, it is hoped that the solar panel energy-based aquaponic system can help improve the economy and nutritional adequacy, where the energy is sourced from sunlight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar Power Plant investments are increasing on a daily basis, as part of a strategy to maximize the use of Turkey's domestic and renewable energy resources. One of the factors affecting the efficiency of a photovoltaic (PV) panel is also surface pollution. It is inevitable to increase the surface pollution of PV panels with environmental factors. Many parameters such as the location of PV panels, fixing patterns, the structural/chemical properties of the pollutants affect the frequency of cleaning periods of the PV panels. In this study, a PV panel surface cleaning robot is developed. It performs autonomously cleaning of substances including dirt, dust on PV panel surfaces. Some features of the developed autonomous robot are; (i) switching to autonomous operating mode if it is needed on rainy days, (ii) pure water-saving thanks to the cleaning decision based on the meteorological data, (iii) determining the cleaning operation based on the dust sensor data, (iv) condition monitoring and control via the developed mobile application. Moreover, the cleaning interval on the PV panel efficiency was investigated. Thus, optimum cleaning intervals were determined in terms of both PV panel energy efficiency and pure water-consuming of the designed robot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, as the demand for electricity increases in all sectors, there is an urgent need to introduce alternative renewable energy sources into modern energy systems. Renewable energy sources, which consist of solar (photovoltaic, PV), wind and hydro power, are key alternative sources of "green energy" energies, but it can also be used to produce "green" hydrogen. Thanks to scientific and technological progress, the cost of photovoltaic solar radiation converters is constantly decreasing at a high rate, which makes it possible to build solar power plants of sufficiently large capacity. In the coming decades, solar energy will become an incentive for the economic development of countries that have the maximum "solar" resource. The Republic of Tajikistan is one of these countries with a high potential for solar energy. The article presents an analysis of the resources and potential of solar energy in the Republic of Tajikistan. The study of electromagnetic transients in networks with photovoltaic solar power plants is performed. The main equations, simulation model and calculations of transients are presented, taking into account changes in voltage on DC buses. An algorithm for controlling the system of automatic control of output parameters is proposed. The analysis of dynamic and static modes in parallel operation of a solar power plant with the grid is carried out. A block diagram and computer model is constructed in the MATLAB package together with Simulink and Power System Blockset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze many efficiency-enhancing and improvement activities such as manual and natural cleaning, a PV power plant type rainwater harvesting system, thermal monitoring, and snow load removal in a 600 kW grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) power plant. The study shows that up to 5.66% power reduction can occur for PV modules that have been dirty for close to one year. It was determined that the dust removal effect of the rain was up to 0.94%. This study showed that the potential for collecting rainwater from a small part of the PV plant is approximately 118 m3/year and that the harvesting system will reach 1646 m3/year when applied to the whole plant. A snow load of 0.117 kN per m2 was removed. On the basis of three days, 50–75% higher energy production was achieved compared to the other power plant with snow load. Snow removal on PV arrays both prevented PV degradation and resulted in increased power generation, while panel cleaning improved energy efficiency. This study an innovative approach with rainwater harvesting from solar power plants with large surface area for the use in panel cleaning and agriculture of the obtained water, which is a novel idea in increasing the efficiency of the power plants, combating climate change and drought. [Display omitted] • Investigating the effects of natural and manual cleaning on the performance of PV arrays. • An efficiency loss of up to 5.66% in a pollution period close to one year. • Rainfall after a long drought provides about 1% performance improvement and can be harvested at the same time. • Snow removal reduces stress and increases production. • Since a six-month or annual cleaning cycle will suffice for the studied plant, the cycle cost will low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct steam generating parabolic trough power plant is an important technology to match future electric energy demand. One of the problems related to its emergence is energy storage. Solar-to-hydrogen is a promising technology for solar energy storage. Electrolysis is among the most processes of hydrogen production recently investigated. High temperature steam electrolysis is a clean process to efficiently produce hydrogen. In this paper, steam electrolysis process using solar energy is used to produce hydrogen. A heat recovery steam generator generates high temperature steam thanks to the molten carbonate fuel cell's waste heat. The analytical study investigates the energy efficiency of solar power plant, molten carbonate fuel cell and electrolyser. The impact of waste heat utilization on electricity and hydrogen generation is analysed. The results of calculations done with MATLAB software show that fuel cell produces 7.73 MWth of thermal energy at design conditions. 73.37 tonnes of hydrogen and 14.26 GWh of electricity are yearly produced. The annual energy efficiency of electrolyser is 70% while the annual mean electric efficiency of solar power plant is 18.30%. The proposed configuration based on the yearly electricity production and hydrogen generation has presented a good performance. • Utilization of waste heat to support solar PTC power plant. • Recovery heat is used to generate steam for hydrogen production. • Minimum yearly energy efficiency of the SOEC is 70%. • Solar PTC/ST/MCFC has a good potential in term of hydrogen production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluated the economic potential of three different photovoltaic energy technologies at a selected site, Wa, in the Upper West region of Ghana. The cost of energy and net present value metrics were used to ascertain the cost-effectiveness of these technologies (fixed, single and double axis tracker systems). From the analysis, all three technologies are economically viable at the selected site, however, a sensitivity analysis shows that the fixed axis tracker is unviable at a discount rate above 2 % whiles that of the single and double axis power plants also become impracticable at a discount rate above 6 % using the financial input parameters adopted for the study. This is an indication that, even though the selected site may have the required solar radiation for the development of large-scale PV power plant, there is the need to create the necessary conducive financial environment to enable such projects to become viable. The double axis tracking system was identified as the optimum system that should be deployed at the selected site to get the best in terms of affordability of electricity to consumers and equity payback.

Currently, renewable energy is under review so that its use can be more widespread in the future. One of the renewable energy sources that are commonly used is solar energy through solar cell technology that can convert solar energy into electrical energy and then becomes one of the components that makes up the solar power plant. The use of the solar power plant can be interconnected with distribution networks in electric power systems, both medium-voltage networks and low voltage networks. In this study, a 3 MWp capacity of solar power plant was conducted with the medium-voltage network system of X City. This interconnection study consisted of power flow and short circuit studies using ETAP 12.6.0 software. The results of the power flow study show the voltage level of each bus has increased by 0.293%-0.926% after interconnection with the solar power plant system, with a value that still matches the SPLN 1:1978 standard of 90% to 105%. Besides, the results of short circuit study show the value of the three-phase short circuit fault current experienced a change in value that is not too significant, with an increase of 1-37 A and a decrease of 1-5 A, with a value that is still according to the protection component rating standard of 25 kA.

The purpose of the work is to develop the design of a mobile solar power plant with automatic biaxial positioning of solar cells. The authors have developed the algorithm for the operation of a mobile solar power plant and the design of the control unit for the solar cell positioning system. Research and development of a solid-state model of the mobile solar power plant were done using the SolidWorks computer-aided design system. The design optimization for the solar power plant was carried out using computer engineering research. The design optimization of the parts was carried out by the method of generative design. Optimization of the control unit layout was carried out according to the results of studying the thermal processes that occur during steady-state operation using the Flow Simulation SolidWorks research module. It is established that the natural air cooling of the electronic control unit of the mobile solar power plant with this arrangement of elements is optimal and sufficient to ensure its operation in climatic zone B1. The design of the control unit housing ensures IP66 protection. The effect of wind load on the strength characteristics of load-bearing structures has been investigated. The research has established pressurized and turbulence zones, the value of equivalent stresses and deformations in load-bearing structures when exposed to wind speeds of up to 8 points (15 m/s) on the Beaufort scale. The design and materials of the supporting structures of the mobile solar power plant are determined taking into account minimum weight and dimensions, strength characteristics and ease of transportation. Using generative design, a topological analysis of the load-bearing elements of the mobile solar power plant was carried out, which allowed the reduction of their mass by 30 % while maintaining the required design strength.

In this paper, modeling and analysis of a hybrid solar power plant are presented. Within a theoretical framework, thermodynamic modeling of several components of the cycles has been conducted through simultaneous consideration of energy, exergy, and emissions. The energy and exergy of the combined cycle of the solar-gas turbine and organic Rankine cycle (ORC) have been investigated. Heat loss from the solar receiver has been studied considering essential factors such as wind speed, air pressure, and ambient temperature. The emissions, mass flow rate of working fluids, pressure ratio, and concentration ratio are evaluated and compared with a standard fossil-fueled power plant. The results show that the energy efficiency and exergy of the overall system are substantially improved as the solar radiation intensity increases. Furthermore, the output power of the ORC is reported to be higher than that of the Rankin steam cycle. Consequently, when solar energy is used, the carbon dioxide emission is reduced by 150%.

Mathematical models to characterize and forecast the power production of photovoltaic and eolian plants are justified by the benefits of these sustainable energies, the increased usage in recent years, and the necessity to be integrated into the general energy system. In this paper, starting from two collections of data representing the power production hourly measured at a solar plant and a wind farm, adequate time series methods have been used to draw appropriate statistical models for their productions. The data are smoothed in both cases using moving average and continuous time series have been obtained leading to some models in good agreement with experimental data. For the solar power plant, the developed models can predict the specific power of the next day, next week, and next month, with the most accurate being the monthly model, while for wind power only a monthly model could be validated. Using the CUSUM (cumulative sum control chart) method, the analyzed data formed stationary time series with seasonality. The similar methods used for both sets of data (from the solar plant and wind farm) were analyzed and compared. When compare with other studies which propose production models starting from different measurements involving meteorological data and/or machinery characteristics, an innovative element of this paper consists in the data set on which it is based, this being the production itself. The novelty and the importance of this research reside in the simplicity and the possibility to be reproduced for other related conditions even though every new set of data (provided from other power plants) requires further investigation.

Among the various renewable energy generation systems, the solar photovoltaic occupies a leading position today due to its simple structure. However, increasing the efficiency of solar photovoltaic systems is a highly researched topic. In this study, possible connection failures in maximum power inverters and other failures, which decrease the efficiency in solar power plants, are examined. Furthermore, the possible consequences of these losses and their effects on the performance of solar power plants are explained. Some missing-failure processes were identified and corrected in the field analysis of the solar power plant in Turkey. Detected missing failures include connection failures of solar inverters, incorrect network configuration of camera system, fixing lighting time settings. The inverter string connection failure made during the projecting and assembly phase was eliminated and the maximum output was determined as 584.25 kW after the DC string arrangement. An increase of approximately 10% was achieved in production. In the project and application phase, the connection details of the inverters should be drawn and given to the field application personnel as a full-fledged project. In this way, incorrect connections that are not shown in the project and made in the field are prevented. This ensures that the installed power plant operates more efficiently, and the budgetary payback period of the investments made is shortened.

This study has made the site response and liquefaction analysis of a solar power plant site in the northern part of Bangladesh. The site is situated in an area that is near to Himalayan thrust and home to numerous large earthquakes including the 1885 Bengal, the 1897 Great Indian, the 1930 Dhubri, the 1934 Bihar–Nepal, the 2011 Sikkim, and many other relatively smaller earthquakes. Because of the past seismicity and significance of the power plant site, seismic investigation has been performed in the seismic control region within a radius of 300 km from the center of the plant site. The peak ground acceleration (PGA) value at the bedrock level for a return period of 475 years for the site has been estimated to be 0.23 g. For the last few decades, the site coefficients are generally estimated from the mean shear wave velocity for the top 30 m of a location. The surface PGA of a location is equal to the product of the bedrock PGA and the estimated site coefficient. If the bedrock is located at a depth greater than 30 m below the ground, the site effect estimated from Vs30 cannot appropriately represent the site coefficient. For the study site, the bedrock is approximately 150 m below the ground. For loose sedimentary deposits of this site, the site coefficient based on Vs30 to assess the PGA on the surface is not suitable. In this research, site amplification factor based on Vs30, equivalent-linear, and nonlinear methods has been carried out to estimate the PGA at the surface of the site. In this site, the susceptibility of liquefaction has been estimated by utilizing 66 boreholes having SPT-N values at every 1.5 m distance from the surface to a depth of 20 m. Here liquefaction susceptibility has been assessed by applying Seed and Idriss' simplified method, the Japanese method, and the Chinese method. The estimated LPI contours show that the soil up to a depth of 20 m for almost all the boreholes is highly susceptible to liquefaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Tamil Nadu, India, the old wind turbines installed in 1988 have to be repowered and replaced by modern/advanced technological wind turbines. A solar power plant can be set up using the vast area between the wind turbines on the farm. The economic evaluation must be carried out to determine whether this hybrid project is economically beneficial. This article aims to examine the financial viability of repowering old wind turbines with solar power plants' inclusion. According to the initial investment costs specified within fixed areas and the distance between turbines, the issue is articulated as optimizing the net present value (NPV) of the project. In this study, the economic investigation on the wind farm located in Kayathar was explored by replacing 30 numbers of 200 kW old wind turbines with modern wind turbines of 2000–3000 kW and installing the solar power plant between wind turbines, excluding the shadow region of wind turbines. The HOMER Pro software and Excel spreadsheet were used to analyze the optimal allocation, economic, electricity production, and sensitivity analyses of the effective hybrid systems. The value of electricity prices was measured using the levelized cost of energy and NPV methods. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis of the chosen parameters for the internal rate of return and debt service coverage ratio was estimated for wind and solar hybridization. The economic analysis suggests satisfactory profitability for the project, even without depending on subsidies. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis helps one see the consequences of the risk on the life of the wind farm and its impact on the project's productivity and performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the aviation industry is one of the significant contributors to greenhouse gas emissions. An optimum solution to this concern is the substitution of conventional electricity consumption with clean energy sources. Barren lands are available in airport sites as buffer zones. These lands can be utilized to generate electricity from clean energy sources like solar, wind, and others. This study proposed a 5 MW grid-connected solar power plant at airport sites by utilizing the substantial barren area of the airport. The targeted airports for this study are Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport, Dhaka, and Shah Amanat International Airport, Chittagong, Bangladesh. Mathematical and simulation analyses have been performed for this purpose. Besides, sustainability analysis has also been incorporated for the grid-connected solar power plant. The energy efficiency varies from 18.74 to 7.79% for the Shah Amanat International Airport, and for the Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport, it ranges from 17.71 to 7.45%. Based on the project outcome, the revenue earned was 25% higher if the total cost was invested in power plants rather than keeping it in the bank as a deposit. On the other hand, emission analysis presented that a gross reduction of 3827.5 tons of CO2/MWh can be achieved from the Shah Amanat International Airport, while 3926 tons of CO2/MWh can be removed from the Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport. Based on the sustainability analysis, the energy depletion ratio for Shahjalal Airport varies from 0.82 to 0.93, while for Shah Amanat Airport, it is in the range of 0.81 and 0.92. The findings of this study suggested that investment in grid-connected solar power plants is economically viable and environmentally benign. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy is an important resource for the future of human beings. It is an indicator of development and sophistication. With the increase in the population and the development of technology, the need for energy has also increased. Because of limited fossil resources in energy production and in order to keep environmental pollution at minimum, renewable and environmentally compatible resources should be preferred and developed. Solar energy is one of the energy sources with high potential among renewable energy sources. Location selection is very important issue for solar energy as negative effect of a wrong location selection will be high because of high investment costs and agricultural land invasion. The aim of this study is to determine the most suitable location for the solar power plant within the boundaries of Karaman Başyayla, Konya Taşkent ve Niğde Bor. 8 criteria that affect the right location selection have been determined and criterion weights were found with Entropy. By using TOPSIS, MOOSRA and ARAS methods, it has been tried to determine the most suitable location for the solar power plant planned to be built in the regions above. Konya Taşkent alternative ranked first in all methods, while Karaman Başyayla alternative ranked second and Niğde Bor alternative ranked third. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Renewable Energy / Vidnovluvana Energetyka is the property of Institute of Renewable Energy of NAS of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the process of creating a prediction model using artificial intelligence by utilizing a deep neural network, it is of utmost significance to know the amount of insolation that has an absolute effect on the quantity of power generation of a solar cell. To predict the power generation quantity of a solar power plant, a deep neural network requires previously accumulated power generation data of a power plant. However, if there is no equipment to measure solar radiation in the internal facilities of the power plant and if there is no record of the existence of solar radiation in the past data, it is inevitable to obtain the solar radiation information of the nearest point in an effort to accurately predict the quantity of power generation. The site conditions of the power plant are affected by the geographical topography which acts as a stumbling block while anticipating favorable weather conditions. In this paper, we introduce a method to solve these problems and predict the quantity of power generation by modeling the power generation characteristics of a power plant using a neural network. he average of the error between the actual quantity and the predicted quantity for the same period was 1.99, that represents the predictive model is efficient to be used in real-time.

The production forecast error for an experimental photovoltaic installation in Moscow and an autonomous solar power plant (SPP) in Yailyu village, Altai Republic, has been estimated by dynamic simulation of SPP operation. It is shown that the root-mean-square error of the production forecast according to numerical weather prediction data (NWP, ICON model) for the considered installations is 16–24% (normalized to the installed capacity of the SPP). A weak and spatially nonuniform seasonal dependence of the error has been found. A statistical forecasting method using artificial neural networks (ANNs) was tested the effectiveness of which was compared with dynamic simulation based on ICON data. Statistical models showed more accurate results of production forecast for the Moscow region, while for the Yailyu SPP the situation is the opposite: dynamic simulation using NWP showed higher efficiency in terms of the root-mean-square error of the forecast. The analysis of the economic effect of errors shows that for an error of 13–14%, the economic losses of the SPP from not complying with the dispatch schedule are 15–20%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Investigating a solar power plant in the climatic condition of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. • Using molten salt nano-fluid and two preheaters in the steam cycle. • Solar power plant generates the highest power in June and July. • Molten salt nano-fluid instead of the pure molten salt could improve the heat transfer. Solar towers use heliostat to direct a lot of sunlight into a receiver. When concentrated solar radiation is converted to heat, it can drive a steam turbine connected to a power generator, which generates electricity. The purpose of this research is to design and analysis of a solar power plant in the climatic condition of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Both TRANSYS and THERMO FLEX software are applied for such purpose. The intended power plant is composed of two sections of a solar cycle with molten salt as working fluid and a Rankine cycle with working fluid of water for power generation. COMSOL software is applied to simulate the preheater heat exchangers. The results of this study indicated that the solar power plant generates the most electricity during June and July. The efficiency during these two months is 25% for molten salt nanofluid and 24% for molten salt. In addition, the use of molten salt nanofluid can improve the heat transfer in the solar receiver and produce more electricity in the power plant compared to the use of molten salt. Moreover, the use of two preheaters instead of one increases the efficiency of the cycle by up to 3%. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-mining land usage (PMLU) is a critical concern in Indonesia as the country needs to figure out alternatives for repurposing mined land into productive activities which could utilize the available potential. This paper analyzed the technical feasibility, economic viability, socioeconomics, and environmental impact of building a solar power plant as a post-mining land use option. Solar energy generation potential near the equator line can complement the land availability after coal mining operations cease. The technical analysis, financial model, and Monte Carlo simulation were conducted for the techno-economic analysis. The 300 MWp project was estimated to be able to generate 464 gigawatt-hours annually with a setup cost of around 3.1 trillion Rupiah (USD 200 million). The base case net present value (NPV) was 437 billion rupiah (USD 28 million), while the discounted payback period (DPP) was 13 years, suggesting the viability of the project. The simulation results returned 93.99 % certainty that the NPV would be positive, and 94.71 % certainty the DPP would be <25 years. The sensitivity analysis revealed that the top financial risk factors are loan interest, tax rate, feed-in tariff, operating cost, structure cost, array efficiency, solar irradiance, and inflation rate. Solar irradiance and inflation rate are systematic risks that cannot be controlled internally, and array efficiency is limited by 100 %. Five risk factors could be internally managed: loan interest, tax rate, feed-in tariff, operating cost, and structure cost. Furthermore, this system would offer additional socio-economic and environmental benefits such as job creation, biodiversity preservation, and pollution reduction. The system would generate 281,780 tCO 2 annual GHG emission savings. • Post-mining land usage analysis for renewable energy plant is an essential part of the mining plan. • The techno-economic analysis of the solar plant for post mining land usage was investigated. • The optimization combinations are obtained through financial model and Monte Carlo analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Güneş enerjisi bakımından zengin olan ülkemizde Güneş Enerjisi Santralleri (GES) ile ilgili önemli yatırımların yapıldığı bilinmektedir. Ancak bu yatırımların fizibilitelerinin çok doğru yapıldığını söylemek oldukça zordur. GES santrallerinin projelendirilmesi, kurulması ve işletilmesi aşamalarında birçok yanlışların yapıldığı ve bunun sonucu santrallerin verimsiz çalıştığı görülmektedir. Bu santrallerin projelendirilmesinde dikkat edilmesi gereken önemli noktalar olduğu gibi, kurulum ve işletmesinde de dikkat edilmesi gereken hususlar bulunmaktadır. Projelendirme esnasında yer seçimi, panel doğrultusu, panel açısı ve gölgeleme önemli parametreler arasındadır. GES santrallerinde panel sıcaklığının, rüzgarın ve kirliliğin panel verimini önemli ölçüde etkilediği bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmada; GES santrallerinin panel açısı, panel yönü, gölgeleme, sıcaklık, nem, rüzgar, kirlilik gibi parametrelerin panel verimine etkileri literatürde verilen çalışmalarla ortaya konulup, konunun tartışması yapılmıştır. Ayrıca, güneş takip sistemlerinin fotovoltaik sistemlerin verimleri üzerine etkileri tartışılmıştır. GES santrallerinin projelendirilmesi, kurulumu ve işletilmesi ile ilgili öneriler sunulmuştur.

Dünya üzerinde oldukça geniş bir alana hızlı bir yayılım gösteren çevre kirliliğine karşı alınabilecek tedbirlerin başında yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının enerji üretimin-deki payını arttırmak gelir. Yenilenebilir enerji yatırımla-rının değerlendirilmesi ise teknik, ekonomik, çevresel ve sosyal bir dizi kriterden etkilendiği için karar alması kar-maşık bir konudur. Yaşam seyri analizi, fayda-maliyet analizi ve çok kriterli karar verme yöntemleri yatırım pro-jelerinin değerlendirilmesi için yaygın olarak kullanılan yöntemlerdir. Bu çalışmada, bir kısmı veya tamamı Akdeniz Bölgesi’nde yer alan şehirlerin güneş enerjisi santrali yatırımına uygunlukları değerlendirilmiştir. De-ğerlendirme için MULTIMOORA ve Geliştirilmiş MULTIMOORA yöntemleri kullanılmış, kriter ağırlıkları ise Entropi Yöntemi ile belirlenmiştir. 13 il için 12 kriter kullanılarak yapılan değerlendirmeler Kahramanmaraş ili-nin her iki yöntem için de en uygun şehir olduğunu gös-termiştir. Uygunluk açısından ilk beş içerisinde bulunan iller ise sıralamaları farklı olsa da her iki yöntem için ay-nıdır. Bu şehirler Kahramanmaraş, Mersin, Burdur, Gazi-antep ve Osmaniye illeridir. Sonuç olarak, güneş enerji santrali yatırımı yapacak olan firmaların farklı ve ken-dilerine has kriterler ve çalışma kapsamında kullanılan yöntemleri ön planlama çalışmalarında proje seçimi için kullanabileceği değerlendirilmektedir.

The issue of water and energy crisis has been turned into the global matters which need to be tackled jointly. Accordingly, as a reliable solution, floating solar power plants, in which photovoltaic modules are used on the surface of water infrastructures such as reservoir dam, has recently been attracting much interest. In addition to energy generation, this system provides some additional advantages over the land-based system such as conserving the land and the water and increasing the efficiency of the modules. This study first comprehensively reviews the literature and then proposes a practical framework to evaluate the potential of using floating solar photovoltaic (FSPV) systems, taking important factors into account. To this end, as a specific application of the proposed framework, five important reservoir dams in Iran are selected, and the performance of the FSPV plant is analyzed in terms of energy generation, evaporation reduction, economic efficiency and environmental improvement factors considering different coverage percentages of reservoirs' surfaces. Based on the cost-benefit analysis, results show the FSPV outperforms other alternatives for energy generation and water-saving. It takes 5–6 years for the investment cost to be returned. Given Iran's vast potential for solar radiation, and its huge energy demand and critical water situation, results indicate that Iran can effectively harness solar energy through FSPV systems which help conserve the water in addition to support sustainable energy production. • A comprehensive literature review of the floating solar photovoltaic system (FSPV). • A practical framework to evaluate the governing factors that justify using FSPV. • Analyzing the FSPV in terms of energy, evaporation, economy, and environment. • Comparing FSPV with land-based system and evaporation mitigation technologies. • Applying the methodology to the five important reservoir dams in Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, real-time monitoring, control and operation of the power generation of Şenyurt (Erzurum/Turkey) Solar Power Plant (SPP) with a three-phase central inverter topology is discussed. In the study, firstly, the power generation model of Şenyurt SPP with direct grid feed and central inverter topology was examined. Secondly, the data obtained by means of solar radiation sensor, Photovoltaic (PV) panel temperature sensor, outdoor temperature sensor and wind speed sensor, which are vital for monitoring and controlling the power generation of SPP, were evaluated. Real-time data obtained from these sensors were obtained with the help of a remote monitoring interface compatible with the Central Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system in the SPP. With the data of the sensors, the graphs obtained regarding the change of one-day active power generation of the SPP are interpreted. Thus, the operational inspection of the SPP for uninterrupted active power generation was carried out. Finally, practical field applications such as cleaning the snow accumulated on the PV panel surface, detection of hot zone faults in PV panels, measurement of current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of PV panel arrays, which are necessary for efficient power generation in the solar power plant, are also included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various telecommunication channels are used in the interaction between the monitoring and dispatching system of the solar power plant and the central power system. It can be a satellite channel, a mobile communication system channel, a radio channel. The solar power plant control system contains transceiver and radiation modules. The design of the emitting module depends on the type of telecommunication channel. In most cases, terrestrial telecommunication links have an advantage over satellite links in terms of economy. In addition to the standard designs of the radiating devices of the monitoring system, the use of a low-profile antenna, namely a planar F-shaped antenna, has been proposed. An antenna of this type can also be used in a control system to organize interaction between a distributed solar power plant and a maglev line. The calculation of a planar inverted-F antenna for the monitoring and dispatching system of a solar power plant has been carried out. A mathematical model of a planar inverted-F antenna has been created. Optimization of the geometric dimensions of such an antenna was carried out according to the criterion of the minimum reflection coefficient at the antenna input. It is obtained that the reflection coefficient at the input of such an antenna does not exceed 0.15. The optimal position of the radiating surface relative to the screen is calculated. The choice of the optimal position of the grounding plate in such a radiating structure is carried out. For the operating frequency of 2.4 GHz, the general radiation characteristics of this antenna are calculated: radiation pattern, operating frequency band. To organize two telecommunication channels with one antenna, it is proposed to use a planar inverted-F antenna with an L-shaped cutout. The radiation characteristics of a planar inverted-F antenna with an L-shaped cutout are calculated. This modification of the antenna provides two operating frequency bands, namely 0.9 and 1.8 GHz. The geometric dimensions of the F-shaped antenna with an Lshaped cutout are optimized. Ref. 6, fig.7. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study identified the meteorological variables that significantly impact the power generation of a solar power plant in Samcheonpo, Korea. To this end, multiple regression models were developed to estimate the power generation of the solar power plant with changing weather conditions. The meteorological data for the regression models were the daily data from January 2011 to December 2019. The dependent variable was the daily power generation of the solar power plant in kWh, and the independent variables were the insolation intensity during daylight hours (MJ/m2), daylight time (h), average relative humidity (%), minimum relative humidity (%), and quantity of evaporation (mm). A regression model for the entire data and 12 monthly regression models for the monthly data were constructed using R, a large data analysis software. The 12 monthly regression models estimated the solar power generation better than the entire regression model. The variables with the highest influence on solar power generation were the insolation intensity variables during daylight hours and daylight time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A low-computation cost procedure is proposed to assess the solar receiver lifetime. • The lifetime of a solar receiver similar to Gemasolar power plant is investigated. • The stress relaxation effect has a strong impact on the receiver lifetime. • The receiver operation based on UTS/3 stress limit leads to a huge economic penalty. One of the major uncertainties in the design of molten-salt solar receivers is the estimation of the lifetime because solar receivers have to withstand high temperature, thermal stress and corrosive-media in addition to daily star-up and shutdown. The first step to estimate the receiver damage and therefore, to monitor and manage the receiver life cycle, is to obtain properly the tube stresses under daily operating conditions. Whit this aim, we propose a straightforward low-computational cost procedure to determine the stresses under elastic-plastic regime. In addition, the stress relaxation due to visco-elastic behavior of the material, is also calculated. The analytical thermo-elastic, elastic-plastic and relaxation stress models for the high-nickel alloy Haynes 230 were verified against finite element simulations showing a good accuracy with a low-computational cost. For exemplification purposes, a reference operation day of a molten-salt solar receiver like Gemasolar is investigated. A receiver creep-fatigue damage assessment was developed for a flat aiming strategy. The results showed that the fatigue damage is 0.03% of the total damage. The average-field-receiver efficiency was 42.18% with a predicted lifetime higher than the expected. On the contrary, the receiver lifetime increases unnecessarily and the field-receiver efficiency drops to 26.25% when the receiver is operated limiting the stress as one third of the ultimate tensile strength (UTS/3). This limit results in a loss of revenues of around 250,000€ per month. Hence, the excessive level of conservatism produced by stress limit methods are not suitable for solar receivers due to the resulting economic penalties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focus of this paper is the analysis of the solar power plant operation in the emergence at occurance of short-circuits on high-voltage line that connects the power plant to the transmission network. The paper analyzes the response of the solar power plant in the event of a fault on line and the solar plant contribution to the short-circuit currents. The operation of the relay protection system of the transmission line has been analyzed, taking into account the short-circuit currents characteristics of the solar power plant and the contribution of the transmission network to the totlal short-ciruit (fault) current. Additionally, suggestions are provided for the setting of protective functions in order to get the adequate response from the protection system. Network modeling and analysis are performed using the DlgSILENT PowerFactory software package.

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Due to the rapid development of recycling technologies in recent years, more data have appeared in the literature on the environmental impact of the final stages of the life cycle of wind and solar energy. The use of these data in the eco-design of modern power generation systems can help eliminate the mistakes and shortcomings when planning wind and solar power plants and make them more eco-efficient. The aim of this study is to extend current knowledge of the environmental impacts of most common renewables throughout the entire life cycle. It examines recent literature data on life cycle assessments of various technologies for recycling of wind turbines and photovoltaic (PV) panels and develops the recommendations for the eco-design of energy systems based on solar and wind power. The study draws several general conclusions. (i) The contribution of further improvements in PV's recycling technologies to environmental impacts throughout the entire life cycle is insignificant. Therefore, it is more beneficial to focus further efforts on economic parameters, in particular, on achieving the economic feasibility of recycling small volumes of PV-waste. (ii) For wind power, the issue of transporting bulky components of wind turbines to and from the installation location is critical for improving the eco-design of the entire life cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, modeling and analysis of a hybrid solar power plant are presented. Within a theoretical framework, thermodynamic modeling of several components of the cycles has been conducted through simultaneous consideration of energy, exergy, and emissions. The energy and exergy of the combined cycle of the solar-gas turbine and organic Rankine cycle (ORC) have been investigated. Heat loss from the solar receiver has been studied considering essential factors such as wind speed, air pressure, and ambient temperature. The emissions, mass flow rate of working fluids, pressure ratio, and concentration ratio are evaluated and compared with a standard fossil-fueled power plant. The results show that the energy efficiency and exergy of the overall system are substantially improved as the solar radiation intensity increases. Furthermore, the output power of the ORC is reported to be higher than that of the Rankin steam cycle. Consequently, when solar energy is used, the carbon dioxide emission is reduced by 150%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar energy is the most widespread renewable energy source due to the modular structures of PV modules and low main- tenance requirement. In this study, a sun tracking system is proposed with a view to achieving a generated energy output than with a fixed PV system. There are two different con- trol structures and algorithms are proposed to control the sun tracking system to increase efficiency. The tracking system uses algorithms to determine the exact position of the sun at any time during the day and to turn the PV modules to a position perpendicular to the sun. In the first control circuit, the posi- tion of the sun is precisely found with two identical LDRs and an angle sensor. In the second control circuit, the position of the sun is tracked by using a real time clock and an angle sen- sor to limit the platform. Greater energy generation is achieved by turning existing solar panels to face the sun. Furthermore, a data acquisition device stores and monitors daily irradiation data on a computer and the data entered in the database are used to produce graphic interfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]