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Good characterization of raw water quality and subsequent identification of the most appropriate pre-treatment are not sufficient to ensure successful functioning of a reverse osmosis plant. The Tan Tan demineralization plant was set up in July 2003 for 20 l/s production capacity. The brackish water with total dissolved salt (TDS) of 3 ppm is supplied from Khang Lahmam underground water located 70 km from the plant. Since it started working, the main problem encountered in the Tan Tan demineralization plant was the continuous presence of a membrane biofouling problem which provokes high pressure drop values and requires an increased washing frequency, as often as twice a month. The diagnosis undertaken to remedy this anomaly has concerned all the pre-treatment steps including the raw water, quality of the applied chemical reagent types and concentrations, and the composition of the biofilm. Collected data confirm the good raw water quality specially the absence of heterotrophic bacterium (aerobic-anaerobic analyzed at 37°C+1°C and to 22°C+1°C) and low oxydation values (

The use of sodium bisulfate for field preservation of soil samples collected for the analysis of volatile organics (VOCs) can result in the formation of acetone. The work was performed at Camp Edwards, Massachusetts, as part of a multi-year investigation of the effects of training activities on the local environment. Preservation with sodium bisulfate was initiated in 1999 under regulatory mandate. The frequency of acetone detection and the quantities reported increased immediately thereafter. Correlation of duplicate sample results and a side-by-side comparison of six sample handling methods involving two analytical laboratories suggest the interaction of sodium bisulfate with naturally occurring organic matter in samples from Camp Edwards cause the formation of acetone. The data also indicate that a higher content of natural organic matter results in a greater production of acetone, and more acetone is formed the longer the sodium bisulfate is in contact with the soil.

The impact of impregnation and bleaching on the hardness of varnish layers on oak (Quercus petraea L.) wood was investigated. A number of solutions [sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2); NaOH, calcium hydroxide, and H2O2; NaOH, magnesium sulfate, and H2O2; sodium bisulfate and H2C2O4 · 2H2; sodium silicate and H2O2; and potassium permanganate, sodium bisulfate, and H2O2] were applied at a concentration of 18% to bleach both impregnated [Tanalith-CBC (T-CBC) or Imersol-WR 2000 (I-WR 2000)] and unimpregnated (natural) wood panels. Subsequently, a water-based varnish (WB) was coated over the samples, and the hardness of the varnished layers was determined in accordance with ASTM D 4366. Among the samples that were varnish-coated without bleaching, T-CBC/WB yielded the highest hardness (59.50), whereas I-WR 2000/WB exhibited the lowest (49.17). However, among the samples varnish-coated after bleaching, the highest (56.50) and lowest (40.83) varnish hardness values were obtained with T-CBC/solution 2/WB and I-WR 2000/solution 4/WB, respectively. All the chemicals used for the bleaching process reduced the surface hardness. However, after the varnish coating, except for solutions 4 and 6, all the solutions showed hardness values similar to those of varnish-coated natural (control) samples. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 498–504, 2004

Acrylamide was grafted to an xanthate mixture of carboxymethylcellulose with a sodium bisulfate/ammonium persulfate redox initiator system in water, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and dioxane at 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80°C during a reaction period of 2 h. The grafted polymer and homopolymer were isolated with diethyl ether from the reaction mixture, dried, and weighed. The grafted polymer was characterized with IR and mass spectrometry methods, and the microscopic morphology was detected with electron scanning microscopy. The graft level percentage distinctly increased with the use of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and dioxane over that of a reaction carried out completely in an aqueous medium. Also, the graft level decreased as the reaction temperature increased. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 271–278, 2004

We previously reported that in long-term studies on residual ratios of insulin added to high-calorie infusions, the ratio decreased daily in some formulations but did not in other formulations.In the present study, the reasons for the above difference were investigated by measuring long-term residual insulin ratios in specimens that contained sodium bisulfate and saccharides in the same ratios as in high-calorie infusions (Unicaliq® L. Unicaliq® N, Aminotripa® No.1 and Aminotripa® No.2), those in which glucose, fructose or xylitol was substituted for the saccharides in these infusions and those in which substitute saccharides were added in the same ratios as the saccharides in Aminotripa® No.1 and Aminotripa® No.2 (glucose : fructose : xylitol =4 : 2 : 1).The results indicated that the residual ratio of insulin added to high-calorie infusions was not influenced by types of saccharides or their combination ratios but by the relative quantities of sodium bisulfate and saccharides. The residual insulin ratio decreased when the gram amount of saccharide per 1g of sodium bisulfate (G/g) was 364.8 or below and there was a marked decrease when G/g was particularly small. There was no decrease in residual insulin ratio when G/g was 466.0 or above.The above results could be used as reference indices in the selection of high-calorie infusions for HPN that will demonstrate high stability when insulin is added.

The polymerization kinetics of DL- and L-aspartic acid, either in the absence or presence of sodium bisulfate were studied with thermogravimetric analysis. The results revealed that the polymerization of both types of aspartic acids proceeds through the dehydration in two steps, the loss of one water molecule in each step, and the presence of sodium bisulfate effectively catalyzed the polymerization.

Two commercially available acidifying litter treatments, aluminum sulfate (alum) and sodium bisulfate, were tested to determine their effects on Campylobacter and Salmonella colonization frequencies and populations associated with broilers raised on treated pine litter. To produce contaminated litter, broiler chicks were inoculated with two bacterial cocktails (multistrain mixtures of campylobacters and salmonellae) and were allowed to shed on the litter for about 6 wk. Upon bird removal, litter in duplicate pens was immediately treated with two levels of aluminum sulfate [3.63 or 7.26 kg/4.6 m2 (8 or 16 lb/50 ft2)] or sodium bisulfate 1.13 or 1.81 kg/4.6 m2 (2.5 or 4 lb/50 ft2)]; untreated pens served as controls. Immediately after treatment, day-of-hatch chicks were released in the pens. Frequency and populations of Campylobacter and Salmonella associated with ceca and whole carcass rinse (WCR) samples were determined for each duplicate pen at Weeks 1, 4, and 6. Both levels of the aluminum sulfate and sodium bisulfate litter treatments tested significantly (P < 0.05) reduced Campylobacter colonization frequency and populations in the ceca. Significantly, no Campylobacter was recovered from WCR samples associated with high level aluminum sulfate-treated pens at any time; although control pens were 95, 78, and 38% positive at Weeks 1, 4, and 6, respectively. Salmonella colonization frequency and populations in the ceca were not significantly decreased by any of the treatments investigated. Although effective pathogen control will most likely require a combination of interventions, acidifying treatment of litter in poultry production may serve as a means to help control Campylobacter and to reduce horizontal transmission of pathogens in broiler flocks.

Evaluations were conducted to determine the efficacy of two litter amendments in reducing or eliminating Salmonella recovery from kiln-dried pine shaving based broiler litter. The litter had been exposed to one and three flocks of birds for Trials 1 and 2, respectively. Litter was placed at a 2-in. depth in 1-ft 2 baking pans and autoclaved. In Trial 1, the pans were inoculated with 100 mL of 10 4 cfu/mL nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella typhimurium (NAL-SAL). In Trial 2, all pans were inoculated with 50 mL of 10 5 cfu/mL. In Trial 1, a granulated sulfuric acid litter treatment was applied at 100 and 150 lb/1,000 ft 2 . In Trial 2, a sodium bisulfate amendment, or a granulated sulfuric acid litter treatment, was applied at 25, 50, 75, and 100 lb/1,000 ft 2 . Samples were collected 24 h postinoculation and then enumerated on XLT 4 agar containing nalidixic acid. In Trial 1, the NAL-SAL control recovery rate was 4.4 log 1 0 per sample with zero recovery for the two rates of litter treatment. Litter pH for the control samples was 6.47. Litter treatment decreased the pH to 1.95 and 1.53 for the 100 and 150 lb/1,000 ft 2 rates, respectively. In Trial 2, control levels of NAL-SAL were 2.77 logic per sample. NAL-SAL levels increased to levels greater than those observed for the control at the litter treatment rate of 25 lb/1,000 ft 2 for both treatments. A treatment level of 100 lb/1,000 ft 2 was required for both litter treatments to decrease NAL-SAL to levels significantly different from the control. In Trial 2, the treatment of 100 lb/1,000 ft 2 decreased litter pH to 2.67 and 3.47, respectively, for the granulated sulfuric acid and sodium bisulfate treatments.

The metastable zone width of cephradine in a 0.5% sodium bisulfate (W/V) solution was determined at different values of pH and temperatures by using dynamic laser monitoring under atmospheric pressure. As the pH increased, the metastable zone width of cephradine decreased before increasing, with a minimum value at the isoelectric point. The effect of temperature was less pronounced. The induction periods of cephradine in the 0.5% sodium bisulfate (W/V) solution were investigated as a function of the supersaturation ratio. By applying classical homogeneous nucleation theory, we deduced the crystal-liquid interfacial tension and the following fundamental nucleation parameters: the Gibbs free energy change for the formation of the critical nucleus, the radius of the critical nucleus, and the number of molecules in the critical nucleus.

Application of 1,3-di-tert-butylpentan-1,3-dione as the diketone or 2-(hydroxy-tert-butyl-methyl)phenol as the o-hydroxybenzylic alcohol fails to give the desired chromenes.

Cellulose acetate (CA) was successfully synthesized by the acetylation of TCF cellulose pulp from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) at room temperature, using acetic anhydride as the acetylating agent and acetic acid as the solvent in the presence of sulfuric acid/sodium bisulfate as catalysts. Degree of substitution (DS) was controlled by the variables of acetylation time and acetic anhydride to cellulose ratio, under the heterogeneous state. The product (CA) obtained was characterized through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicate that the CA obtained has characteristics similar to commercial CA, and DS is significantly dependent on acetylation time and the acetic anhydride-to-cellulose ratio.

A simple and environmentally friendly protocol for the direct transformation of benzamide to corresponding benzoquinone derivatives is reported.

A rapid, one-step, novel approach for the conversion of benzamides into benzoquinones using (diacetoxyiodo)benzene(III) and sodium bisulfate has been developed in aqueous acetonitrile at room temperature. The developed protocol is applicable to several types of substituted benzamide derivatives to get the corresponding benzoquinone products. The developed methodology offers mild reaction condition, short reaction time, and moderate to excellent yields. This is one of the most simple and environmentally benign protocols for synthesis of benzamide derivatives. [Supplementary materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Synthetic Communications® for the following free supplemental resource(s): Full experimental and spectral details.]

Gd2O3 nanoparticles and their agglomerates from approximately 10 to 80 nm in size suspended in an organic liquid were synthesized via polyol route. The reaction between diethylene glycol and added acetic acid, which occurred simultaneously with the synthesis of Gd2O3 nanoparticles, was catalyzed by sodium bisulfate to transform as much as possible diethylene glycol in corresponding ester at the end of complete reaction. The produced nanosized material of gadolinium oxide was investigated by TEM, DLS, FTIR spectroscopy, and NMR relaxometry. Biological evaluation of this material was done by MTT and crystal violet assays to determine the cell viability. Longitudinal and transverse relaxivities of water-diluted Gd2O3 nanoparticle suspensions estimated to be r 1 = 13.6 and r 2 = 14.7 s−1 mM−1 are about three times higher compared to the relaxivities obtained for standard contrast agent Gd-DTPA (Magnevist). Good MRI signal intensities of the water-diluted Gd2O3 nanoparticle suspensions were recorded in the Gd concentration range 0.2–0.3 mM for which the suspensions were not toxic exhibiting simultaneously higher signal intensities than those for Magnevist in the Gd concentration range 0.4–1 mM for which this standard contrast agent was not toxic. These properties make the produced Gd2O3 nanoparticle material promising for potential application as MRI contrast agent.

The plywood was prepared using the UF resin modified with isocyanate blocked by sodium bisulfate in this paper. And the effects of the ratio of UF resin and blocked isocyanate, hybrid method and the additive on the properties of the plywood were also studied. The results showed that under the condition of BPI / UF =5%, the order of urea-formaldehyde resin mixed mode curing agent, additive and finally joined the BPI , the bonding strength of the plywood was improved obviously and the formaldehyde release of the plywood could achieve the demand for the national standard.

Objective—To evaluate the safety of sodium bisulfate for use in horse barn environments by determining its irritant effect on skin and hooves. Animals—6 female mixed-breed ponies. Procedure—Sodium bisulfate was applied to clipped intact skin of 6 ponies to evaluate its irritant effect after single (48 hours) and repetitive (6 h/d for 10 days) applications; similar areas of skin were used as untreated control sites. In addition, sodium bisulfate was applied to the sole of both front hooves of each pony and covered with wet gauze, and the entire hoof was covered with adhesive tape for 48 hours. Results—Contact with moistened sodium bisulfate for 48 hours had no effect on pony skin. Contact with sodium bisulfate for 6 hours on 10 consecutive days did not cause gross changes but did cause mild to moderate microscopic changes including epidermal necrosis, hyperkeratosis, capillary congestion, edema, and diffuse mixed inflammatory cell infiltrate. All changes were limited to the epidermis and superficial dermis. Gross changes in hoof sole, signs of lameness, and increase in digital pulse pressure or pulse intensity were not detected. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Duration of contact with sodium bisulfate in this study was in excess of that expected under typical husbandry conditions. Despite this fact, gross changes in skin and hooves were not detected. Microscopic lesions were confined to the epidermis and superficial dermis. Results suggest that contact with sodium bisulfate under these conditions is safe. (Am J Vet Res 2000;61:1418–1421)

Samples (5 g) of an organic soil spiked with a standard volatile organic compound mixture were collected by two methods. One group of samples was weighed upon transfer with a spatula into vials, an aqueous sodium bisulfate solution and a magnetic stirring bar were added and the vial was immediately capped. The other group of samples was obtained with a coring sampler that collected a volume of soil equivalent to 5 g. The sample was immediately transferred into similarly prepared vials. The vials were then sealed with septum-sealed screw caps. Analytes were extracted from the soil matrix using a purge-and-trap technique, SW-846 EPA Method 5035, and then separated, identified, and quantitated by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry SW-846 EPA Method 8260. Samples obtained by means of the coring sampler consistently gave lower recoveries than did those samples that were manually weighed and placed in a sample vial.

An efficient synthesis of various substituted Hantzsch 1,4-dihydropyridines (1,4-DHPs) using silica gel-supported sodium bisulfate as heterogenous catalyst for the first time from an aldehyde, β-keto ester and ammonium acetate in acetonitrile is described. This novel method consistently has the advantage of excellent yields (75–90%) and short reaction time (5–8 h) at ambient temperature.

Graphene-based materials were prepared by chemical reduction of covalently functionalized graphene oxide with environmentally friendly agents. Two varying stoichiometry of graphene oxide (GO) induced by using different chemical preparation conditions, further covalent functionalization of the GO materials with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride / N-hydroxysuccinimide and ascorbic acid and sodium bisulfite as reducing agents were exploited in order to obtain controllable properties of the final solution-based graphene materials. The obtained materials were characterized by thermo-gravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The results showed successful functionalization of the GO materials, while a comparison of the deoxygenation efficiency of the two-type functionalized graphene oxide suspensions by the different reducing agents has been made, revealing the strong dependence of their properties on the GO structure and reducing agents., {"references":["","K. S. Kim, Y. Zhao, H. Jang, S.Y. Lee, J.M. Kim, J.H. Ahn, P. Kim, J. Y. Choi, B. H. Hong, \"Large-scale pattern growth of graphene films for stretchable transparent electrodes\" in Nature 457, 2009, pp. 706 – 710.","X. Li, X. Wang, L. Zhang, S. Lee, H. Dai, \"Chemically Derived, Ultrasmooth Graphene Nanoribbon Semiconductors\" in Science 319, 2008, pp. 1229-1232.","E. Kan, Z. Li, J. Yang, J. G. Hou, \"Will zigzag graphene nanoribbon turn to half metal under electric field?\" in Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 2008, pp. 243116.","B. Huang, F. Liu, J. Wu, B. L. Gu, W. Duan, \"Suppression of spin polarization in graphene nanoribbons by edge defects and impurities\" in Phys. Rev. B 77, 2008, pp. 153411.","X. Wang, L. Zhi, K. Müllen, \"Transparent, conductive graphene electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells\" in Nano Lett. 8, 2007, pp. 323.","J. S. Bunch, A. M. van der Zande, S. S. Verbridge, I. W. Frank, D. M. Tanenbaum, J. M. Parpia, H. G. Craighead, P. L. McEuen, \"Electromechanical resonators from graphene sheets\" in Science 315, 2007, pp. 490-3.","G. Eda, M. Chhowalla, \"Graphene-based composite thin films for electronics\" in Nano Lett. 9, 2009, pp. 814.","A. Pruna, D. Pullini, D. Busquets, \"Influence of synthesis conditions on properties of green-reduced graphene oxide\" in J. Nanopart. Res. 15, 2013, pp. 1605.","F. He, J. Fan, D. Ma, L. Zhang, C. Leung, H. L. Chan, \"The attachment of Fe3O4 nanoparticles to graphene oxide by covalent bonding\" in Carbon 48, 2010, pp. 3139-3144.\n[10] X. G. Mei, J. Y. Ouyang, \"Ultrasonication-assisted ultrafast reduction of graphene oxide by zinc powder at room temperature\" in Carbon 49, 2011, pp. 5389–97.\n[11] S. Park, J. An, I Jung, R. D. Piner, S. J. An, X. Li, A. Velamakanni, Aruna, R. S. Ruoff, \"Colloidal Suspensions of Highly Reduced Graphene Oxide in a Wide Variety of Organic Solvents\" in Nano Lett 9, 2009, pp. 1593–7.\n[12] S. Stankovich, R. D. Piner, S. T. Nguyen, R. S. Ruoff, \"Synthesis and exfoliation of isocyanate-treated graphene oxide nanoplatelets\" in Carbon 44, 2006, pp. 3342–3347.\n[13] C. Zhu, S. Guo, Y. Fang, S. Dong, \"Reducing sugar: new functional molecules for the green synthesis of graphene nanosheets\" in ACS Nano 4, 2010, pp. 2429–2437.\n[14] K. N. Kudin, B. Ozbas, H. C. Schniep, R. K. Prud'homme, I. A. Aksay, R. Car, \"Raman Spectra of Graphite Oxide and Functionalized Graphene Sheets\" in Nano Lett. 8, 2008, pp. 36.\n[15] T. Zhou, F. Chen, K. Liu, H. Deng, Q. Zhang, J. Feng, Q. Fu, “A simple and efficient method to prepare graphene by reduction of graphite oxide with sodium hydrosulfite” in Nanotechnology 22, 2011, pp. 045704.\n\n "]}

Ammonia (NH 3 ) in broiler houses can degrade bird performance. Acidifier such as, sodium bisulfate (SBS) applied to litter inside broiler houses can reduce NH 3 release and thus improve bird performance. While there are multiple studies on acidifier effects on inside NH 3 concentrations in broiler houses, there are no studies in roaster houses where big broiler birds are grown for 8 to 12 wk. The impact of different SBS application rates - High (1.46 kg/m 2 , whole house), Medium (0.73 kg/m 2 , whole house), Low (0.49 kg/m 2 , whole house), and Control (0.49 kg/m 2 , brood chamber) on inside NH 3 concentrations was evaluated over six flocks of roaster chickens (~4 kg ea.). Ammonia concentrations were measured with acid scrubbers that sampled air at two locations (mid-house, end-house) 0.15 m above the litter. Inside NH 3 concentrations were much higher in the cool-season versus warm-season flocks. Generally, higher acidifier application rates provided better NH 3 suppression. Ammonia concentrations were ≤10 ppm during brooding, as well as for the entire duration of most warm-weather flocks with the High and Medium treatments. In the Low treatment, NH 3 concentrations were ≤25 ppm during brooding but approached or exceeded 25 ppm with the Control treatment. During brooding, the High, Medium, and Low treatments resulted in significantly lower mid-house NH 3 concentrations of 3, 6, and 14 ppm, respectively, versus the Control treatment (24 ppm). For a 62-d flock, mid-house NH 3 concentrations were significantly lower in the High and Medium treatments versus the Control treatment; concentrations in the High, Medium, and Low treatments were reduced by 47%, 32%, and 20%, respectively, versus the Control treatment.

Litter amendments have been used to control the ammonia (NH3) emission from the broiler litter during the brooding period. One of the commercially available litter amendments, sodium bisulfate, was frequently applied on the litter with two different rates on weekly basis in a laboratory setup and with a single rate on biweekly basis under field conditions. Repeated application ofsodium bisulfate led to significant reduction in NH3 emissions from broilers. The magnitude of NH3 emission reduction increases with the application rate of sodium bisulfate. The reduction rates of cumulative emissions with 366 g/wk-m2 (75 lb/wk-1000 ft) rate (from 14% to 64.5%) were higher than the reduction rate of 183 g/wk-m2 (37.5 lb/wk-1000 ft2) rate (from 0% to 55%) from 28 to 61 days of age. The cumulative NH3 emission was reduced by 51.7% with 244 g/2 wk-m2 (50 lb/2 wk-1000 ft2) rate over a three-flockperiod (8-wk average grow-out per flock) under field production conditions. Sodium bisulfate application showed no significant difference on body weight and feed conversion efficiency. However, footpad quality was significantly improved by sodium bisulfate application. Litter pH and ammonia nitrogen level of the litter were decreased by sodium bisulfate application with both rates. Organic and total nitrogen contents in the litter were higher, whereas less nitrogen was emitted as NH3. The laboratory-scale findings of emission reduction by the additives should be considered to be preliminary if the additives are to be applied under commercial production settings.This work demonstrated that frequent litter amendment application can be used to reduce NH3 emissions from broiler houses, with no adverse effect on the animal production performances. The NH3 reduction rates could vary with different application frequencies and rates. Using litter amendment during broiler grow-out to lower NH3 emissions should be applicable to boiler production systems. The results of this study also contribute to the baseline data for improving the national air emissions inventory for livestock and poultry production facilities.

Sodium sulfate, Na2SO4, is principally used as a filler in soaps and detergents and in the manufacturing process of kraft paper. These uses consume about 80% of the world’s production. It is also used in glassmaking, in textiles, glass, and carpet fresheners. Both sodium sulfate and sodium bisulfate, NaHSO4, are used to adjust the pH of various solutions and to dilute certain dyes. Sodium bisulfate is a mild acid safe for household cleaning and where a mild acid is needed. About half of the sodium sulfate production is derived from naturally occurring salts and brines. The other half is produced as a by-product in the manufacture of rayon, sodium dichromate, resorcinol, and silica pigments. Sodium hydrosulfide, sodium sulfide, and sodium tetrasulfide are somewhat interchangeable in many applications. Uses range from ore flotation to leather tanning and from pulp processing in kraft pulping to lubricant manufacture. The processes used to manufacture these compounds are described. Sulfide solubilities are discussed. Keywords: sodium sulfate; soap; rayon; sodium sulfite; sodium sulfate; sodium sulfate decahydrate; sodium bisulfate; minerals; glauber’s salt; paper; detergents; sodium hydrosulfide; sodium sulfide; sodium tetrasulfide; pulp processing; ore flotation

Laboratory protocols are necessary for assessing the concentration stability of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in site-specific soil matrices, because refrigeration (4 °C) alone does not prevent microbiological degradation. An experimental approach was developed using hermetically sealed vials for storage and in-vial analysis. This technique avoids volatilization losses while assessing the apparent rate of microbiological degradation and enables an assessment of the effectiveness of chemical preservation. Using this approach, concentrations of most of the chlorinated compounds tested were unaffected by storage temperature and/or chemical preservation over a 28-day holding period. Aromatic compounds, however, were rapidly degraded (>95% loss) when stored at 22 °C over this same period and often showed a substantial reduction (30% or greater loss) when stored at 4 °C. Chemical preservation with either sodium chloride (NaCl) or sodium bisulfate (NaHSO4) sup pressed the microbiological degradation of these...

Silicagel supported sodium bisulfate catalyzes efficiently the three component condensation reaction of aldehyde, β-ketoester and urea in refluxing acetonitrile to afford the corresponding dihydropyrimidinones. Compared to the classical Biginelli reaction conditions, this new approach consistently has the advantage of excellent yields (84–93%) and short reaction times 1–2.5 h.

An efficient and convenient solid state reaction using Fe(N03) 3 .9H 2 O/NaHSO 4 .H 2 O to oxidize aryl-substituted semicarbazides for preparing azo compounds has been reported. Eight N-aryl-2-phenyldiazene-carboxamides have been synthesized in excellent yields at room temperature. The method is efficient and rapid.

Studies determined the effect of sodium bisulfate (NaHSO4) on the phytotoxicity, retention, uptake, and translocation of the suspension concentrate formulation of imazamethabenz in wild oats. NaHSO4 completely solu- bilized this herbicide formulation when added in an equimo- lar concentration and did not affect herbicidal activity at NaHSO4 concentrations below 28 mM when used in a carrier volume of 100 L ha-'. NaHSO4 improved phytotoxicity at a carrier volume of 33 L ha-'. NaHSO4 at 28 mM increased the efficacy of imazamethabenz applied as individual drops on growth chamber-grown wild oats. The herbicide retention was not changed but foliar absorption and acropetal translo- cation were increased, while basipetal translocation was decreased. The increase in phytotoxicity of imazamethabenz with NaHSO4 was related to absorption of imazametha- benz by the target plants. Nomenclature: Imazametha- benz, (?)-2-(4,5-dihydro4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo- 1H-inmidazol-2-yl)-4(and 5)-methylbenzoic acid (3:2); wild oats, Avena fatua L. #3 AVEFA. Additional index words. Sodium bisulfate, phytotoxicity, re- tention, uptake, translocation, AVEFA.

The title reaction is first order each in vanadium(V) and Os(VIII) and fractional order with respect to DMSO. The rate is found to decrease with increasing concentrations of sulfuric, perchloric and acetic acid, whereas the rate increases with the increasing concentrations of sodium bisulfate and sodium perchlorate. Thermodynamic parameters like Ea, ΔH≠, ΔS≠ and ΔG≠ were evaluated. A suitable mechanism consistent with the observed kinetics is proposed.

2,3-Dihydro-4(1H)-quinazolinones are a class of heterocycles that have drawn much attention due to their biological activities. 1 – 3 However, the conventional methods for their synthesis require d...

Controlling Salmonella populations on commercial broiler grow out farms is a crucial step in reducing Salmonella contamination in processing plants. Broiler litter harbors many species of pathogenic bacteria including Salmonella. Sodium bisulfate has been shown to reduce concentration of bacteria in broiler litter. In experiments 1 and 2, sodium bisulfate was applied to broiler litter at rates that are comparable to what is commonly used by the poultry industry: 22.7, 45.4, and 68.0 kg/92.9 m(2). After application, sodium bisulfate was mixed into the litter. In experiments 3 and 4, sodium bisulfate was applied at 45.4 kg/92.9 m(2) to the surface of the litter. For all experiments, a cocktail of 5 Salmonella serovars was applied to the litter. Ammonia, pH, moisture, and water activity measurements were taken; additionally, total aerobic, anaerobic, enteric, and Salmonella concentrations were determined at 0, 24, and 96 h. In experiments 1 and 2, Salmonella concentrations were higher for treated litter than the control at 24 and 96 h (P < 0.001). In experiments 1 and 2, litter pH was lower for treated litter at 24 and 96 h; lowest pH was observed with the 68.0 kg/92.9 m(2), with a pH of 5.95 (P < 0.001). In experiments 3 and 4, litter pH was lowered for treated litter to 2.1 (P < 0.001). Even this lower pH did not reduce Salmonella concentrations compared with the control (P = 0.05). The decreased litter pH appeared to be responsible for increased viability of Salmonella. This research shows that the lowering of litter pH, which decreases litter ammonia production, could actually lead to an increased survivability of certain bacteria, such as Salmonella.

The interaction of sodium bisulfate molecules with one and two graphene layers is studied using density functional theory calculations. Equilibrium configurations, electron transfers, binding energies, and densities of states are presented for two different concentrations and for both (cis and trans) molecule isomers. The adsorption of sodium bisulfate on monolayer graphene does not alter its unusual electrical conducting properties (it is a zero-band-gap semiconductor) when the concentration is low but when the concentration increases the system becomes a very weak conductor. The intercalation of sodium bisulfate inside bilayer graphene decouples the electronic behavior of the two graphene sheets and when the concentration of sodium bisulfate is high the system becomes a zero-band-gap semiconductor like monolayer graphene. Besides the intercalation of the molecules separates the two layers, reducing the interaction between them and making easier their separation. This fact explains the surfactant effect of molecules containing a sulfuric head with a sodium atom on carbon nanostructures, which helps to exfoliate graphene layers from graphite and to separate the nanotubes in a bundle.

Effects of dietary adipic acid (0 vs. 1%) and corn dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS; 0 vs. 20%) were evaluated on hen performance and egg characteristics from 26 to 34 wk of age. Four isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets were randomly assigned to blocks of 6 consecutive cages (36 cages per diet; 2 hens per cage). On wk 2 and 7 of the experiment, excreta were collected by cage block, mixed, and equally split into 2 containers. Sodium bisulfate (SBS) was spread (8.8 kg/100 m(2)) on the top surface of half of the containers. All containers were stored uncovered for 14 d at room temperature. Excreta pH, DM, and N content were measured on d 0, 7, and 14 of storage. Feed intake (112 g/d per hen), egg production (96.1%), and egg specific gravity (1.079 g/g) were not affected by diet. On excreta collection day, a synergy (P = 0.014) between dietary adipic acid and DDGS was detected, as the lowest excreta pH was obtained with the diet including both adipic acid and DDGS. On d 7 of storage, excreta pH was still reduced by dietary adipic acid (P = 0.046) and DDGS (P0.001), but a week later, only dietary DDGS decreased excreta pH (8.91 vs. 9.21; P0.001). Whereas dietary adipic acid had no influence on excreta N loss, excreta from hens fed 20% DDGS lost 19.7% more N (P = 0.039) during storage than hens not eating DDGS. Surface amendment of excreta with SBS increased excreta DM content, with the effect being even more marked on d 14 of storage (increase of 6.7 percentage units; P0.001), consistently decreased excreta pH during storage (P0.001) and reduced N loss by 26.1% for the 14 d of storage period.

A new polymer-supported hypervalent iodine reagent, polystyrene-supported iodosylbenzene sulfate (PS-IBS), can be conveniently prepared by the reaction of polystyrene-supported (diacetoxyiodo)benzene (PS-DIB) with sodium bisulfate monohydrate under solvent-free conditions. This new recyclable reagent effects clean and efficient oxidation of a wide range of alcohols and sulfides to the corresponding carbonyl compounds or sulfoxides in high conversions under mild conditions. The final products are conveniently separated from the polymeric byproduct by simple filtration and isolated in good purity after evaporation of solvent. Recycling of the resin is possible with minimal loss of activity after several reoxidations.

In this study, acute toxicity monitoring and toxicity identification evaluation procedures were applied to identify causative toxicants in industrial effluents. Effluents from a metal plating factory and a rubber products factory were acutely toxic toward Daphnia magna and the toxicity varied over different sampling events (2.9-5.9 and 1.7-7.6 TU, respectively). For the rubber products effluent, it was confirmed that zinc (5.65-13.18 mg L(-1)) was found to be a major cause of toxicity, which is likely originated from zinc 2-mercaptobenzothiazole and zinc diethyldithiocarbamate used as vulcanization accelerators. For the metal plating effluent, it appeared that the presence of high concentrations of Cl(-) and SO(4)(2-) (8,539-11,400 and 3,588-4,850 mg L(-1), respectively) caused the observed toxicity. These toxicants likely originated from sodium bisulfate (NaHSO(3)) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) used as reducing and oxidizing agents. Though copper was found to be present in levels much higher than the EC(50) (50% effective concentration) value, this was not attributable to the toxicity of metal plating effluent likely due to complexation with dissolved organic matter.

The efficient esterification of primary and secondary alcohols with aliphatic carboxylic acids in the presence of a catalytic amount of sodium bisulfate monohydrate to afford the corresponding esters in high yields.

In response to environmental and occupational health concerns, many poultry operations treat the litter in their animal buildings with chemicals that decrease its pH, and therefore decrease ammonia (NH3) gas production. However, the possible increase in hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production that may result from a decreased pH has not been adequately studied. An in-lab apparatus was developed to measure the effect of pH and volumetric water content (VWC) changes on the production of NH3 and H2S production from chicken litter. An NH3 analyzer and H2S sensor were used to monitor gas concentrations. The litter was gathered from one of the poultry buildings at the Stephen F. Austin State University (SFASU) Poultry Research Center in Nacogdoches, Texas and had been reused for six flocks over the course of the year. Litter pH was altered using sodium bisulfate. Three pH levels (6.0, 7.0, and 8.0) and three moisture levels (20, 30, and 40%) were tested. The experiment determined that there was no significant difference in NH3 or H2S production between the three pH treatments and no significant difference in H2S production between the three VWC treatments. However, significantly higher concentrations of NH3 were produced in the 40% VWC treatments than in the 20% VWC treatments. Additionally, NH3 production without the sodium bisulfate treatment approached OSHA TWA ceiling levels (22 ppm) in some tests, but were always far below the OSHA requirements once treated, regardless of the pH level. H2S production never approached the OSHA 8-hour TWA of 10 ppm.

Sodium bisulfate (SBS) is extensively used in the poultry industry to reduce ammonia and bacterial levels in litter. It is also used in the dairy industry to reduce bacterial counts in bedding and ammonia emissions, preventing environmental mastitis and calf respiratory stress. The present study measured the effect of SBS on the air emission of ammonia, amine, and alcohol from a dairy slurry mix. Amine flux was undetectable (

The stability of volatile organic compounds in environmental water samples has been studied, particularly with respect to the establishment of preanalytical holding times. Methods have been developed for the preparation of standard samples containing known concentrations of volatile organics. Three water samples were used: distilled water, surface water, and groundwater. Samples were stored at both room temperature and under refrigeration. Data were collected over a 365-day period by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. In water samples containing low chloride content (distilled water), rapid dehydrohalogenation of tetrachloroethane to trichloroethylene occurred. Such degradation was also evident in the surface water and groundwater samples stored at room temperature. A less rapid conversion of trichloroethane to dichloroethylene occurred in distilled water samples stored at 25{degree}C. Subsequently, experiments were conducted to determine the value of reduced pH in sample preservation. It was shown that acidification with hydrochloric acid effectively prevented degradation and allowed indefinite storage. However, sampling and analytical considerations make the use of HCl impractical. Therefore, a study was carried out using sodium bisulfate and ascorbic acid as preservatives. Both substances effectively preserved the samples, but sodium bisulfate proved to have several advantages over ascorbic acid. Samples preserved with either acid were stable over the 112-daymore » experimental period.« less

Methyl Ester Sulfonate (MES) is an anionic surfactant that be used for making cleansing products. MES is a biodegradable product because it is made from vegetable oil. MES can replace LAS (Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate) and AS (Alcohol Sulfate) that made from petrochemical substances. Process synthesis of MES was required the source of SO3 which can be obtained from sodium bisulfite. Various of process variables such as temperature and mole ratio between SO3 and methyl ester was required to get the optimal condition of sulfonation process using falling film reactor. In this research was obtained optimal temperature at 900C and mole ratio between sodium bisulfate and methyl ester was 1.6 : 1 giving active matter 32%. The qualities of obtained MES have near to the quality of MES of Chemithon and of LAS. Iod value and color of MES of Chemithon were 0.1–1 and 100 klett respectively while in this research was 6.11 for iod value and 135 klett for the color. Surface tension of LAS was 31.6 dyne/cm while MES as the experimental product rest at 50 dyne/cm.

With an aim to prepare a magnet-induced injectable gel composing of magnetic nanocores with biodegradable polyelectrolytes outside, the magnetite nanoparticles were synthesized by the co-precipitation of ferric chloride and sodium bisulfate under an ultrasonic stir, and the magnetic particles were then encapsulated with layer-by-layer deposition of the opposite charged polymers-alginic acid (AA) (or dextran sulfate, DS) and chitosan (methylated chitosan, MCS or low-molecular-weight chitosan, LMCS) in sequence The composite nanoparticles can be dispersed in water, and are also biocompatible and biodegradable TEM photographs have shown that the nanoparticles can be dispersed in aqueous solution, displaying tens to hundreds nanometers in diameter based on various polymer coating layers. DS and LMCS particles pair showed well dispersion and high absolute value of zeta potentials. Magnetic-induced gel-forming tests showed the gel morphology can be controlled by blending different ratios ofcationic and anionic nanoparticles.

Litter amendments for ammonia control have been used extensively by the poultry industry. They are applied prior to chick arrival and are critical in maintaining proper air quality during the brooding period when ventilation rates are the lowest. While effective, these amendments generally are depleted by the time the birds are 10-14 days of age. The objective of this study was to examine whether litter amendment effectiveness can be extended by increasing application rates to reduce overall broiler house ammonia emissions and whether the effect is additive as multiple applications are applied to built-up litter. The study was conducted on a 6-house commercial broiler farm. At the beginning of the study all litter was removed from the houses and clean shavings were applied. A commercial litter amendment (PLT) a product with sodium bisulfate as the active ingredient was applied at the rates of 50, 100, and 150 lbs per 1000 ft2. House temperature, relative humidity and ventilation rates were monitored by the house controller and a computer placed on the farm. Ammonia concentrations were measured with GasTech Dosi-Tubes, Rae draw tubes, and Draeger electrochemical sensors. Litter samples were taken at the end of each flock for mineral analysis. Results indicate that the duration of reduced ammonia production appears to be positively correlated with the amount of sodium bisulfate applied to the house. Litter in the higher treatments retained more N in the form of ammonium than the control indicating that less N had been volatilized as ammonia The addition of increased amounts of litter treatment at the beginning of the flock may reduce ammonia production for an additional week, but additional applications or other solutions will be necessary to control ammonia during the last weeks of production.

A test chamber was designed and constructed and prechill chicken carcasses inoculated with Salmonella typhimurium were treated in it. They were sprayed with tap water, 0.85% sodium chloride (NaCl), 5% or 10% trisodium phosphate (TSP), 5% or 10% sodium bisulfate (SBS), 0.1% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), or 1% lactic acids (LAC) at 207, 345 or 827 kPa pressure for either 30 or 90 sec exposure time. Samples were taken from carcass wash water to determine the most probable number of Salmonella. Compared to tap water spraying, 0.85% NaCI spraying did not significantly reduce Salmonella. The greatest reductions of S. typhimurium, by 10% TSP, 10% SBS, 0.1% CPC or 1% LAC spraying, were 3.7, 2.4, 1.6 or 1.6 log in 90 sec treatments, respectively.

NaBH 4 in the presence of sodium bisulfate (NaHSO 4 .H 2 O), a weakly acidic reagent, efficiently reduces a variety of carbonyl compounds such as aldehydes, ketones, a, β-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones, α-diketones and acyloins to their corresponding alcohols in acetonitrile under heterogeneous condition. Reduction reactions were accomplished at room temperature or under reflux condition.

Oxidation presents a constant challenge for formulation scientists trying to develop stable dosage forms. Antioxidants are commonly used in formulation to alleviate the oxidation problem but they do not always achieve the desired results. In this study, a case of antioxidant-accelerated oxidation degradation in formulation is reported. The oxidation mechanism of a development drug candidate (1S,2S)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(4-hydroxy-4-phenylpiperidino)-1-propanol (1) in solution was investigated under various oxidative conditions, which include at different oxygen level, with transition metal ion spiking, and under light exposure with presence of photosensitizer. Oxidative degradation products and kinetics were monitored by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Kinetic solvent isotope effects of I oxidation in formulation, under metal ion catalysis, and upon photocatalysis were obtained. Metal ion spiking, exposure to stainless steel, as well as introduction of antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, thioglycerol, and sodium bisulfate, accelerated the oxidative degradation. Treatment of the solution with metal chelating resin inhibited oxidation. Kinetic solvent isotope effects are in agreement with a metal-catalyzed oxidation mechanism and inconsistent with a singlet oxygen pathway. On the basis of kinetic data, an oxidative fragmentation mechanism initiated by a metal ion catalyzed active oxygen species is suggested as the primary pathway for the oxidative degradation of I. Other oxidative species may be implied in the long-term oxidative degradation. Because many antioxidants act as pro-oxidants in metal-catalyzed oxidation, controlling metal ion contamination level in the excipients and limiting available molecular oxygen are recommended for formulation development.

Objective—To determine application rate and effectiveness of sodium bisulfate to decrease the fly population in a horse barn environment. Sample Population—12 privately owned farms in southeastern Pennsylvania. Procedure—Application rates of sodium bisulfate were approximately 2.3 kg/stall, 1.1 kg/stall, and 0.5 kg/stall. Two or 3 stalls were treated, and 1 or 2 stalls were not treated (control stalls) at each farm. Farm personnel applied sodium bisulfate in treated stalls daily for 7 days. Fly tapes were hung from the same site in treated and control stalls. After 24 hours, the fly tape was removed, flies adhering to the sticky surface were counted and recorded, and a new fly tape was hung. This procedure was repeated daily during each of the testing periods. Results—Following the application of 2.3 kg of sodium bisulfate/stall, the numbers of flies collected on the fly tape were significantly decreased in treated stalls, compared with control stalls during the same time periods on 9 of the 12 farms evaluated. Following the application of 1.1 kg of sodium bisulfate/ stall, fly numbers were significantly decreased in treated stalls on 6 of the 9 farms evaluated. Following the application of 0.5 kg of sodium bisulfate/stall, fly numbers were significantly decreased in the treated stalls on 3 of the 4 farms evaluated. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Our findings suggest that sodium bisulfate would be effective for fly control in horse barns. (Am J Vet Res 2000; 61:910–913)

The process of producing diesel-like fuel from combination of catalytic cracking with catalytic esterification was studied. The optimal technological conditions were obtained as follows: CaO as cracking catalyst, distillation temperature 320 – 350 °C, cracking temperature 480 – 500 °C, adding rate of waste oil feedstock 35 g/h, and sodium bisulfate as esterification catalyst with the amount 3 wt. % of pyrolytic product, and molar ratio 0.4 (methanol to pyrolytic product). Results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated that the fraction distribution of product was modified by catalytic cracking process, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed the esterification products consist of alkanes, alkenes, aldehyde, and fatty acid methyl ester of short chains below C16. And the acid value of pyrolytic product from the esterification process decreased remarkably from 40 mg KOH/g to 1.6 mg KOH/g. The properties of the final fuel product were measured as follows: density of 850 kg/m3, viscosity of 3.05 mm2/s, freezing point of −9 °C, and cold filter plugging point of −4 °C, indicating that the fraction distribution, properties, and applicability of the product from combination process were also further improved.

A new and rapid solid-state method for the preparation N-aryl-2-phenyl-diazenecarboxamide azo compounds from aryl substituted semicarbazides is reported. With this method, nine diazenecarboxamide c...