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To address exposure to secondhand smoke, which is highly prevalent in Korea, local governments have implemented smoking bans at open public places (parks, bus stops, and school zones) since 2011. Exploiting temporal and spatial variation in the implementation dates of these bans, this study estimates their causal effects on individual smoking behavior. The individual-level longitudinal data from the 2009-2017 Korean Labor and Income Panel Study are linked to the smoking ban legislation information from the National Law Information Center. I find robust evidence that outdoor smoking bans increased the probability of making a quit attempt by 16%. This effect appears immediately after a ban goes into effect and lasts for three or more years. People who spend more time outdoors are more likely to change smoking behavior. I also find heterogeneity in effects across the amount of monetary penalty. Whereas the policy change did not affect the prevalence of smoking overall, higher penalties had stronger impacts on reducing the intensity of smoking and increasing the propensity to try to quit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Smoking, especially among adolescents, is considered a serious public health concern worldwide being associated with increased mortality. The present study was designed as the first systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of current and former smoking behavior among adolescents in Iran.Methods: Seven international scholarly databases, namely Scopus, Embase, Pubmed/Medline, ISI/Web of Science (WOS), the Cochrane Library, Psyc Info and Cinahl, were extensively searched from January 2000 to September 18, 2019. Google Scholar was also mined. Iranian databases were searched as well (namely, MagIran, Scientific Information Database (SID), and Barakatkns). The DerSimonian-Laird's approach, via the Freeman-Tukey double arcsine method, was used to synthesize the prevalence estimates.Results: The prevalence of current smokers among Iranian adolescents was estimated to be 9% (95% CI: 7 to 10). Stratifying based on gender, the prevalence was 12% among boys (95% CI: 10 to 14) and 6% among girls (95% CI: 5 to 8). The prevalence of former smokers among Iranian adolescents using the random-effect model was computed to be 24% (95% CI: 21 to 27).Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that the prevalence of current and former smoking behavior among Iranian adolescents is a relevant public health concern. The country's young population should be given more attention by health policy- and decision-makers and implementation of ad hoc prevention and control policies should be on their agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the relationship between suicidality and smoking behavior. Specifically, it examines how and the degree to which suicide ideation and plan are associated with the probability of being a regular smoker among school-based children. Data come from Lao Student Health Survey (2017), a project funded by the National Research Foundation of Korea. Using primary hierarchically nested data (students clustered in classrooms across schools), we investigate the complex interplay between suicidality and smoking behavior in Lao PDR, a low-income country located in Southeast Asia. Results from fitting two-level random intercept models show that net of controls (e.g., gender, age, parental regulation, self-rated health, household SES), the likelihood of daily smoking is higher among students who have seriously considered committing suicide or have planned a suicide attempt. Controlling for individual-level factors, significant classroom-level contextual effects are also found with respect to peer relations. Finally, we observe a cross-level interaction: the positive association between suicide intent and odds of smoking is weaker in classrooms with better peer relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study's goal was to characterize physical and social environments of stand-alone bars associated with indoor smoking despite California's smokefree workplace law. In a random sample of 121 stand-alone bars in San Francisco, trained observers collected data on patrons, staff, neighborhood, indoor settings and smoking behaviors. Using bivariate (chi-square) and hierarchical linear modeling analyses, we identified four correlates of patrons' indoor smoking: 1) bars serving predominantly Asian or Irish patrons, 2) ashtrays, 3) bartender smoking, and 4) female bartenders. Public health officials charged with enforcement of smokefree bar policies may need to attend to social practices within bars, and heighten perceptions of consistent enforcement of smokefree workplace laws.

Executive Summary The California Tobacco Surveys (CTS), along with other data sources, have helped document the progress and success of over a decade of tobacco control efforts in California. Some of the most important findings are highlighted below, with reference to Selected Key Findings (KF) appearing on the following pages that provide more detail. Since young people are the focus of this report, findings pertaining to adolescents and young adults are presented first.

Background:Adolescence is an important period in which many individuals are vulnerable to onset and progression of smoking. Peers are strongly associated with adolescent smoking initiation. This study is conducted to determine whether there is a relationship between peer pressure and smoking behavior in male elementary school students. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in October 2014. Respondents were male students from grade four and five from state elementary schools (SDN) in Jatinangor district who voluntarily followed the research procedure. The sampling method used in this study was two-stage cluster sampling. A validated questionnaire was provided after getting informed consent from the respondents. The data analysis was performed using chi-square test. Results: As much as 110 male subjects were included in the study. Data showed that 57 students (51.8%) which were more than half of the number of students ever smoked and 53 students never smoked. Out of 110 students, 69 students (62.7 %) experienced peer pressure and 41 students (37.3%) never experienced peer pressure. The result of chi-square test from the study showed that the p-value is 0.000. Conclusions: There is a relationship between peer pressure and smoking behavior in male elementary school students in Jatinangor district. [AMJ.2017;4(1):1–5]

Smoking is one of the health risk behaviors that increasingly threatens young and even teenagers. Not only in public schools, but also the increasing number of Islamic boarding schools. Even in some Islamic boarding school activities, in addition to serving food, the boarding school also provides treats for cigarettes. This is a challenge that is still difficult to resolve, because the age of smokers is getting younger. This study aims to find out the relationship between knowledge and attitude with smoking behavior of students in Surabaya Al Jihad Islamic Boarding School. Method: This study was an analytic observational study with crossectional design. The population of this research is all students who live in Al Jihad Islamic Boarding School Surabaya. The study sample was 97 respondents who were selected by random sampling. Data collection is done by interviewing using a questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the chi square test. This study shows that there is no significant relationship between knowledge (p = 0.885) and santriwan smoking behavior. But there is a significant relationship between attitudes and santriwan smoking behavior (p = 0.025). Strengthening the knowledge and attitudes of santrians regarding smoking is important, because this can affect the smoking behavior of santri in Islamic boarding schools. It is expected that the leaders and managers of Islamic Boarding Schools are committed to implementing a non-smoking area by providing warning bans on smoking around Islamic boarding schools

Introduction Exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) has been proven to be detrimental to health. However, there is little information on SHS exposure among Malaysian adolescents. This study aims to assess the magnitude of and factors associated with SHS exposure among school-going adolescents in Malaysia. Methods We performed secondary analysis on data from 25461 respondents of the Global School Health Survey in Malaysia. Descriptive analyses and multivariable logistic regression were performed to determine factors associated with SHS exposure. Results Respondents were adolescents of mean age 14.84 (SD=1.45) years, 50.2% of which were male and 49.8% female. Approximately four in ten respondents were exposed to SHS in the past week (41.5%). SHS exposure was significantly higher among respondents who smoked than among non-smokers (85.8% vs 35.7%, p

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the causal impact of common modifiable lifestyles on obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), which is beneficial for recommendations to prevent and manage OSA., Method: Published genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics were used to perform two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR). Variants associated with each exposure of smoking, drinking, and leisure sedentary behaviors at the genetic level were used as instrumental variables (IVs). Then, inverse-variance weighting (IVW) was considered the primary result for causality. Moreover, several complimented approaches were also included to verify the observed associations. MR-PRESSO and MR-Egger intercept were applied to test the horizontal pleiotropy. To assess heterogeneity, Cochran's Q test by IVW and MR-Egger were applied., Results: Regular smoking history increased OSA risk in all applied approaches [OR (95% CI) IVW = 1.28 (1.12, 1.45), p = 1.853 × 10 -4 ], while the causality of lifetime smoking index [OR (95% CI) IVW = 1.39 (1.00, 1.91), p = 0.048], alcohol intake frequency [outliers removed OR (95% CI) IVW = 1.26 (1.08, 1.45), p = 0.002], and coffee intake behavior [OR (95% CI) IVW = 1.66 (1.03, 2.68), p = 0.039] on OSA risk were not always consistent in other approaches. In addition, no robust causal associations were observed for the effect of sedentary leisure behaviors on OSA risk. In sensitivity analysis, we observed no sign of horizontal pleiotropy or heterogeneity., Conclusion: Ever regularly smoking has a robust causal role in increasing OSA risk, which should be discouraged as precautions from developing OSA., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Liu, Zang, Wang, Liu, Chen, He, Liu, Su, Zhang and Yi.)

Background: Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) is an increasingly used tool for data collection in behavioral research, including smoking cessation studies. As previous addiction research suggests, EMA has the potential to elicit cue reactivity by triggering craving and increasing behavioral awareness. However, there has been limited evaluation of its potential influence on behavior., Objective: By examining the perspectives of research participants enrolled in a tobacco treatment intervention trial, this qualitative analysis aims to understand the potential impact that EMA use may have had on smoking behaviors that may not have otherwise been captured through other study measures., Methods: We performed a qualitative analysis of in-depth interviews with participants enrolled in a pilot randomized controlled trial of a tobacco treatment intervention that used SMS text messaging to collect EMA data on smoking behaviors. In the pilot randomized controlled trial, combustible cigarette and e-cigarette use and smoking-related cravings were measured as part of an EMA protocol, in which SMS text messaging served as a smoking diary. SMS text messaging was intended for data collection only and not designed to serve as part of the intervention. After a baseline assessment, participants were asked to record daily nicotine use for 12 weeks by responding to text message prompts that they received 4 times per day. Participants were prompted to share their experiences with the EMA text messaging component of the trial but were not directly asked about the influence of EMA on their behaviors. Transcripts were coded according to the principles of the framework for applied research. The codes were then examined, summarized, and grouped into themes based on the principles of grounded theory., Results: Interviews were analyzed for 26 participants. The themes developed from the analysis suggested the potential for EMA, in the form of an SMS text messaging smoking diary, to influence participants' smoking behaviors. The perceived impacts of EMA text messaging on smoking behaviors were polarized; some participants emphasized the positive impacts of text messages on their efforts to reduce smoking, while others stressed the ways that text messaging negatively impacted their smoking reduction efforts. These contrasting experiences were captured by themes reflecting the positive impacts on smoking behaviors, including increased awareness of smoking behaviors and a sense of accountability, and the negative impacts on emotions and smoking behaviors, including provoking a sense of guilt and triggering smoking behaviors., Conclusions: The collection of EMA smoking behavior data via SMS text messaging may influence the behaviors and perceptions of participants in tobacco treatment interventions. More research is needed to determine the magnitude of impact and mechanisms, to account for the potential effects of EMA. A broader discussion of the unintended effects introduced by EMA use is warranted among the research community., (© Elizabeth R Stevens, Rina Li, Grace Xiang, Rachel Wisniewski, Sidney Rojas, Katherine O'Connor, Olivia Wilker, Mahathi Vojjala, Omar El-Shahawy, Scott E Sherman. Originally published in JMIR mHealth and uHealth (https://mhealth.jmir.org).)

Both inflammation and smoking can influence a drug’s pharmacokinetic properties, i.e., its liberation, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. Depending on, e.g., pharmacogenetics, these changes may alter treatment response or cause serious adverse drug reactions and are thus of clinical relevance. Antipsychotic drugs, used in the treatment of psychosis and schizophrenia, should be closely monitored due to multiple factors (e.g., the narrow therapeutic window of certain psychotropic drugs, the chronicity of most mental illnesses, and the common occurrence of polypharmacotherapy in psychiatry). Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) aids with drug titration by enabling the quantification of patients’ drug levels. Recommendations on the use of TDM during treatment with psychotropic drugs are presented in the Consensus Guidelines for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Neuropsychopharmacology; however, data on antipsychotic drug levels during inflammation or after changes in smoking behavior—both clinically relevant in psychiatry—that can aid clinical decision making are sparse. The following narrative review provides an overview of relevant literature regarding TDM in psychiatry, particularly in the context of second- and third-generation antipsychotic drugs, inflammation, and smoking behavior. It aims to spread awareness regarding TDM (most pronouncedly of clozapine and olanzapine) as a tool to optimize drug safety and provide patient-tailored treatment.

Parent–adolescent communication is assumed to be an important factor affecting adolescent smoking behavior. However, the inner mechanism accounting for this association has still not been clarified in research. Our purpose in this study was to examine the relationships between parent–adolescent communication, adolescent smoking behavior, and depression, as well as gender differences in the relationship between depression and adolescent smoking behavior. Participants were 1,134 students at 6 junior high schools in China who completed the Parent–Adolescent Communication Scale, the Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, and the Smoking Behavior Test. Results showed that parent–adolescent communication had a significant negative effect on adolescent smoking behavior and depression partially mediated the relationship between parent–adolescent communication and adolescent smoking behavior. In addition, gender moderated the relationship between depression and adolescent smoking behavior. Overall, these findings may help to promote better understanding of the relationship between parent–adolescent communication and adolescent smoking behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study was conducted to compare conventional cigarette and dual smokers (users of both conventional and e‐cigarettes) with respect to the stages of smoking cessation behavior change and psychosocial factors and coping strategies for smoking cessation among college students. Methods: Using convenience and snowball sampling methods, 300 college student smokers were recruited. The data were collected from July to December, 2016. The data included the general characteristics of the participants, information related to smoking and smoking cessation, the stages of smoking cessation behaviors, self‐efficacy in, and barriers to, smoking cessation, and adoption of coping strategies for smoking cessation. Results: The prevalence of e‐cigarette use in the cohort was 19.3%. Nicotine dependence in the dual smoker group was significantly higher than that in the conventional cigarette smoker group. No significant intergroup differences were observed for the stage of smoking cessation behavior and self‐efficacy in, and perceived barriers to, smoking cessation. However, the dual smokers had a significantly higher prevalence of quit attempts and were more likely to adopt smoking cessation coping strategies. Conclusions: The findings indicated that the dual smokers had higher levels of nicotine dependence, but were more likely to attempt to quit smoking and adopt smoking cessation coping strategies. This implies that dual smokers might find it more difficult to quit smoking related to higher nicotine dependence, despite having a higher motivation for smoking cessation. These characteristics should be considered when developing smoking cessation strategies for e‐cigarette smokers. In addition, different approaches to smoking cessation education should be used for e‐cigarette and conventional cigarette smokers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study attempted to identify the smoking behavior, smoking motivation, stress and health promoting behaviors of college students and to analyze basic physical condition and to provide basic data for smoking cessation program of college students. The subjects of this study were 135 college students who were willing to quit smoking. Data collection period was collected from February 1, 2018 to June 30, 2018. Statistical methods used were frequency, mean, standard deviation, t-test and ANOVA. Also Pearson's correlation analysis and regression analysis were used. Smoking motives are smoking behavior, key. Systolic blood pressure, hemoglobin, and smoking behavior were significantly correlated with CO2 concentration. Body weight was significantly correlated with height, SBP, DBP, AST, ALT, T-GTP, and CO2 concentration and stress. There was a statistically significant correlation between SBP, DBP, ALT, hemoglobin, and hematocrit. Leukocyte was significantly correlated with hematocrit, and stress and T-GTP were also significantly correlated. Health promotion activities showed a significant negative correlation with smoking motivation. Blood pressure, hemoglobin, platelet, and stress were found to have a significant effect on health promotion behaviors. Therefore, in order to prevent smoking of college students and help smoking cessation, basic physical condition is checked to promote health promotion, smoking cessation program should be developed to reduce smoking motivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first smoking regulation in Macau was marked in 1983. Due to the rising annual tourist arrival to around 30 million, a new smoking ordinance was implemented in 2012 and underwent transitions in 2013 and 2016, with the most current one in 2018, which heads to a full smoking ban. Under the intensive pace of implementation, the government and business segments have expressed controversial views on the impacts to tourists. More insight is required about the smoking behavior of tourists, which is still an under-explored area in contemporary researches. The current research has constructed a structural equation model based on an extension of the Theory of Planned Behavior that consists of the five variables, attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavior control, past behavior and moral norms. It is found that attitude and past behavior of tourists imposed the strongest positive correlations with their smoking intention, whilst past behavior and moral norms can mediate the effect of attitudes and perceived behavior control on smoking intention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This publication is part of a series of 3 publications and describes the clinical assessment performed to fulfill the regulatory requirement per Art. 6 (2) of the EU Tobacco Products Directive 2014/40/EU under which Member States require manufacturers and importers of cigarettes and Roll Your Own tobacco containing an additive that is included in the priority list established by Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2016/787 to carry out comprehensive studies (European Union, 2016). In our clinical study, two distinct end points were investigated, namely measuring plasma nicotine pharmacokinetics as a measure of nicotine uptake, and analyses of changes in smoker puffing behavior as a measure of cigarette smoke inhalation. This clinical study indicated that the inclusion of none of the priority additives either as single additive or as part of a chemical mixture, facilitated nicotine uptake. Furthermore, the data did not suggest that differences in the inhalation pattern of cigarette smoke of any of the Priority Additives tested occurred when compared to the additive-free reference cigarette. Finally, it is concluded that neither the scientific literature nor our study gave circumstantial indications of increased addictiveness for cigarettes containing these priority additives. • Data on 13 priority additives is presented per requirements (2014/40/EU). • Cigarettes containing priority additives were compared to additive free cigarette. • No significant difference in PK for cigarettes with priority additives versus no additives. • Study indicates inclusion of priority additives does not facilitate nicotine uptake. • No changes in the inhalation pattern with priority additives versus no additives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Investigation of the attitudes of teachers who smoke and those who do not smoke is important in terms of their status for being a role model for their students and for intervention and prevention of smoking in a society. This study investigated the behavior and attitudes about smoking among teachers in a province (Şanlıurfa) in Turkey. Subjects and methods: The data were collected from 546 teachers from public schools. The participants consisted of 291 female (53.3%) and 255 male (46.7%) teachers. These data were collected by convenience sampling. We used the attitude scale towards smoking. Results: This study indicates that half of the participants were smokers and there were more male smokers than female smokers. Smoker teachers had more positive inclination towards smoking than the non-smokers. Male teachers displayed more favorable attitudes towards smoking than female teachers. Conclusion: The attitude of teachers towards smoking varied according to their cigarette smoking status. Their behavior and attitudes about smoking corresponded well with cognitive dissonance theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Our objective was to improve understanding of the differences in cigarette use behavior and exposure for participants smoking their own brand of cigarettes in a clinical setting versus smoking under natural conditions. Methods: Adult daily smokers (N = 163) attended 2 clinic visits where they smoked through a CReSS™ topography device. Participants collected cigarette butts smoked without a CReSS™ device and completed a diary of location, mood, and activity for each cigarette smoked. Cigarette butts were used to determine mouth level nicotine (MLN). Least square means (LSMs) were estimated from mixed effects models. Results: The LSM for MLN was higher among participants who smoked cigarettes in the clinical setting. LSM MLN was 1.589 [95% CI: 1.312, 1.924] mg/cig for cigarettes smoked in the clinic and 1.087 [95% CI: 0.902, 1.310] mg/cig for cigarettes smoked outside of the clinic; we found differences between race and sex. Conclusions: Our results show nicotine intake and some smoking behavior are significantly biased upwards when studied in a clinical setting. Therefore, tobacco smoke exposure determinations in a clinical setting may not be completely generalizable to smoke exposure determinations in naturalistic settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heritability of nicotine dependence based on family studies is substantial. Nevertheless, knowledge of the underlying genetic architecture remains meager. Our aim was to identify novel genetic variants responsible for interindividual differences in smoking behavior. We performed a genome-wide association study on 1715 ever smokers ascertained from the population-based Finnish Twin Cohort enriched for heavy smoking. Data imputation used the 1000 Genomes Phase I reference panel together with a whole genome sequence-based Finnish reference panel. We analyzed three measures of nicotine addiction-smoking quantity, nicotine dependence and nicotine withdrawal. We annotated all genome-wide significant SNPs for their functional potential. First, we detected genome-wide significant association on 16p12 with smoking quantity (P = 8.5 × 10-9 ), near CLEC19A. The lead-SNP stands 22 kb from a binding site for NF-κB transcription factors, which play a role in the neurotrophin signaling pathway. However, the signal was not replicated in an independent Finnish population-based sample, FINRISK (n = 6763). Second, nicotine withdrawal showed association on 2q21 in an intron of TMEM163 (P = 2.1 × 10-9 ), and on 11p15 (P = 6.6 × 10-8 ) in an intron of AP2A2, and P = 4.2 × 10-7 for a missense variant in MUC6, both involved in the neurotrophin signaling pathway). Third, association was detected on 3p22.3 for maximum number of cigarettes smoked per day (P = 3.1 × 10-8 ) near STAC. Associating CLEC19A and TMEM163 SNPs were annotated to influence gene expression or methylation. The neurotrophin signaling pathway has previously been associated with smoking behavior. Our findings further support the role in nicotine addiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Policies that promote the social unacceptability of smoking may also result in smoking-related stigma. The aim of this study is to evaluate how norms against smoking and socioeconomic status (SES) are associated with stigma among smokers. We used data from a panel of adult smokers who participated in the 2008-2012 administrations of the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Survey in Mexico (n = 6670 observations) and Uruguay (n = 3296 observations). Generalized estimating equations were used to account for correlations in the outcomes over time within individuals. We evaluated if injunctive smoking norms (i.e. significant other norms and societal norms), descriptive smoking norms (i.e. number of smoking friends), and two markers of SES (i.e. education and income) were associated with different aspects of smoking-related stigma (i.e. feeling uncomfortable, negative stereotype of smokers, and perceived marginalization). We found that stronger anti-smoking injunctive norms were associated with higher levels of all indicators of perceived stigma in Mexico and Uruguay. Having fewer smoking friends was associated with feeling uncomfortable and perceived marginalization in Mexico. Higher income and education were associated with a stronger negative stereotype of smokers in Mexico. Lower income and education were associated with a stronger negative stereotype of smokers in Uruguay. Study results suggest that factors that drive the social unacceptability of tobacco may stigmatize smokers, although further research is needed to determine whether policy-promoted stigmatization produces undesirable outcomes (e.g. lower cessation rates). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The World Health Organization reported that smoking is a primary health risk factor. The prevalence of e-cigarette use in adolescents has increased recently. However, the association of e-cigarette use with smoking intentions and behaviors is unconfirmed. Through PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Airiti Library, this study systematically reviewed studies published in English or Chinese language that have examined the association of adolescentʼs e-cigarette use with smoking intentions and behaviors from January 2014 to February 2018. We identified 18 empirical studies satisfying the respective criteria. Most of the studies had cross-sectional designs and were from the United States; only a few longitudinal studies had follow-up periods of less than 1 year. Based on the Theory of Reasoned Action, this systematic review provided some evidence of positive associations between e-cigarette use and smoking intentions, smoking behavior, and smoking frequency among adolescents. Future research must investigate the association of e-cigarette use with smoking-related behaviors by using longitudinal designs with long-term follow-ups to determine the respective causality for informing subsequent policymaking and research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: As Latinos acculturate, they are assumed to smoke at higher rates. This study investigated the relationship between acculturation level, educational attainment, and cigarette smoking by gender and national background among Latinos.Methods: Data from the 2009-2012 National Health Interview Survey were analyzed and participants included 1,111 Cubans, 813 Dominicans, 13,281 Mexicans, and 2,197 Puerto Ricans. Multivariable logistic regression was used to model acculturation and educational predictors of current smoking, stratified by gender and national background. Acculturation level was categorized into less acculturated, bicultural, and more acculturated by combining birthplace and language preference. Current cigarette smoking was defined by self-reported use every day or some days among those who ever smoked at least 100 cigarettes.Results: Most respondents were interviewed in English (62%) and had a high school education or less (60%), but only 39% were US-born. Overall, 17.8% of men and 9.6% of women reported current smoking. By national background, smoking prevalence was highest among Puerto Ricans (16% of women and 23% of men) and lowest among Dominicans (6% of women and 10% of men). More acculturated Mexican women and men had significantly higher odds of current smoking (OR=2.94; 95% CI=2.01, 4.31 and OR=1.88; 95% CI=1.39, 2.55; respectively). Mexican men who were more acculturated and had greater levels of educational attainment had lower odds of smoking (OR=.84; 95% CI=.74, .96).Conclusions: The relationship between acculturation and health behaviors among Latinos is influenced by education and should be considered by public health and clinician stakeholders when developing or adapting tobacco control strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increases in smoking behavior among people in the community can cause health problems. Current smoking behavior changes in the younger generation and spreads to children. This condition is a concern for elementary school-age children. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships between risk factors for smoking behavior in primary school-aged children in Karawang. Descriptive research method with cross-sectional design was used; a random sampling technique obtained a sample of 356 respondents aged 9–12 years in Karawang. This study used a smoking behavior questionnaire with validity (0.469–0.872) and reliability (0.92). Data were analyzed using linear correlation and multiple linear regression. The results of study show a relationship between age risk factors for the first-time smoking, family of smokers, and following trends and wanting to be cool with smoking behavior of primary school-age children. Multivariate analysis of multiple linear regression showed that the most dominant factor related to smoking behavior was sex (R square = 0.159). Risk factors for smoking and sex affect smoking behavior in primary school-aged children in Karawang Regency. The findings of this study indicate the need to control risk factors that influence school-age children to start smoking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION Exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) has been proven to be detrimental to health. However, there is little information on SHS exposure among Malaysian adolescents. This study aims to assess the magnitude of and factors associated with SHS exposure among school-going adolescents in Malaysia. METHODS We performed secondary analysis on data from 25461 respondents of the Global School Health Survey in Malaysia. Descriptive analyses and multivariable logistic regression were performed to determine factors associated with SHS exposure. RESULTS Respondents were adolescents of mean age 14.84 (SD=1.45) years, 50.2% of which were male and 49.8% female. Approximately four in ten respondents were exposed to SHS in the past week (41.5%). SHS exposure was significantly higher among respondents who smoked than among non-smokers (85.8% vs 35.7%, p<0.001). The likelihood of exposure to SHS was higher among smoking adolescents (Adjusted OR=1.66, 95% CI: 1.07--2.56) and non-smoking adolescents (AOR=3.15, 95% CI: 1.48--4.71) who had at least one smoking parent/guardian regardless of their own smoking status. Male adolescents had higher risk of SHS exposure compared to their female counterparts (current smoker AOR=1.66, 95% CI: 1.07--2.56; non-smoker AOR=1.50, 95% CI: 1.12--2.00) and increased with age, regardless of their smoking status. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that prevalence of exposure to SHS among school-going adolescents in Malaysia is high. Parents should be advised to stop smoking or abstain from smoking in the presence of their children. Education programmes are recommended to increase awareness on avoidance of SHS as well as smoking cessation interventions for both adolescents and their parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Compared to the general population, cigarette smokers report poorer sleep quality. Poor sleep quality in cigarette smokers is associated with greater nicotine dependence. While exercise is known to improve sleep quality in the general population, less is known about how exercise effects sleep in those who smoke. The goal of this study was to explore the relationships between exercise, sleep, and smoking in cigarette smokers.Methods: Data on sleep quality (Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)), smoking-related outcomes (e.g., cigarettes/day, Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence, Minnesota Nicotine and Withdrawal Scale, and Questionnaire of Smoking Urges) and exercise (Fitbit activity measures) were collected for 32 participants (63% female, mean age 30.3 ± 1.0 years) participating in a 12-week clinical research study. Analyses included simple linear regression models.Results: Overall, participants reported poor sleep quality at baseline (PSQI > 5). Poorer sleep quality at baseline was associated with increased withdrawal (β = 1.63 ± 0.53, p = 0.0043), craving (β = 0.51 ± 0.43, p = 0.2471), and total smoking urges (β = 1.10 ± 0.41, p = 0.0118). During follow-up (i.e., from baseline to week 12), a daily increase in exercise was associated with improved sleep quality over the same time period (PSQI: β = -0.82 ± 0.35, p = 0.0379).Conclusion: Our data suggest that better sleep quality may be associated with lower levels of withdrawal, craving, and smoking urges. Further, exercise may be associated with better sleep quality in cigarette smokers. Future work should explore how increasing exercise and improving sleep quality could inform future smoking cessation interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Executive SummaryPREFACE The California Department of Health Services contracted with the University of California, San Diego, to conduct a series of California Tobacco Surveys and to provide an independent and scientific assessment of the progress of the California Tobacco Control Program. Any interpretations of data or conclusions expressed in this report are those of the authors and may not represent the views of the State of California.A primary goal of the Tobacco Control Program is to reduce smoking among California adults and adolescents. Assessment of Program progress in meeting this goal involves an examination of trends in per capita cigarette consumption and smoking prevalence. Program effects must be distinguished from differences resulting from changes in the demographic profile of the California population. Standardized prevalence estimates were computed to adjust for demographic changes. An effective program would lead to a more rapid decline in smoking than existed previously or that occurred in the rest of the United States. Moreover, the effect should persist over time.The analysis considered two periods in the Tobacco Control Program, suggested by changes in per capita cigarette consumption trends, standardized adult smoking prevalence estimates from the California Tobacco Surveys, and the relative level of funding for the Program and what the tobacco industry spends to promote smoking. Before fiscal year 1992-1993, the ratio of spending was 5: 1 in favor of the tobacco industry and subsequently it was 10:1. The higher ratio resulted from reduced funding for the Tobacco Control Program and increased tobacco industry expenditures.The first part of this executive summary presents a brief overview of the main evaluative outcomes relative to the California Tobacco Control Program: smoking behavior and exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke. Following this brief overview, trends in smoking behavior are discussed in more detail. Finally, other important findings, including those relating to secondhand smoke, are summarized under the five main tobacco control strategies identified by the Tobacco Education, Research, and Oversight Committee (TEROC).OVERVIEW The trends in per capita cigarette consumption and adult smoking prevalence indicate that the introduction of the California Tobacco Control Program led to an acceleration of the rate of decline in smoking, but that this effect was not maintained between 1993 and 1996.Over the course of the Program, there has been a continued major decline in the level of exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke among Californians.BEHAVIOR In Period 1, from the start of the Program in January 1989 through June 1993, adult (18+years) smoking prevalence and per capita cigarette consumption declined over 50% faster than previously, and over 40% faster than in the rest of the United States.In Period 2, July 1993 through December 1996, the rate of decline in per capita cigarette consumption and adult prevalence slowed, consumption to only 34% of the rate of decline in Period 1, and prevalence to only 15% of the Period 1 rate. In Period 2, California no longer showed a greater rate of decline in prevalence than the rest of the United States. However, per capita cigarette consumption was constant in the rest of the United States. The 1996 California Tobacco Survey estimated that adult smoking prevalence was 18.1 %.Adolescent (12-17 years) smoking prevalence in California remained stable in Period 1, but it increased 26.3% during Period 2 to 12.0% in 1996? A detailed analysis of California data suggests that adolescent smoking prevalence will continue to increase through 1999.Between 1993 and 1996, California smokers made considerable progress towards future successful cessation by decreasing consumption levels and increasing their quitting activity. A strong motivational tobacco control program may produce another major reduction in smoking prevalence.

Background: Smoking behavior is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Nicotine is the major addictive substance in cigarettes. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are thought to play an important role in nicotine addiction of smokers. One of the genes, α-4 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (CHRNA4) gene was reported to be associated with smoking behavior in many populations. Aim: The aim of this study is to determine association between α-4 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor single nucleotide polymorphism (rs2236196 and rs2273502 loci) and smoking behavior among Malay Males. Methods: The study was conducted in Malay smokers (n = 248) and non-smoking controls (n = 248). DNA was extracted from leucocytes and the two SNPs were determined by a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. The PCR product was digested with restriction enzymes AfeI and Sau96I, respectively. Results and conclusion: We found that the AA genotype frequency for CHRNA4 rs2236196 polymorphism in the smoker group was 80.6% while in nonsmoker 77.0%. No mutation (GG genotype) was detected in both groups. The AG genotype for the smoker group was 19.4% while in the nonsmoker group 23.0%. There was no significant difference observed in the genotype (χ2 = 5.106, p = 0.078) and allele frequencies between both study groups. On the other hand, no mutation of CHRNA4 rs2273502 (TT genotype) was detected in the non-smoker group while the frequencies of genotype CC and heterozygous CT in non-smokers were 75.8% and 24.2%, respectively. In the smoker group, the frequencies were 73.4%, 2.0% and 24.6%, for TT, CC and CT, respectively. There was no significant difference observed in rs2273502 (χ2 = 5.16, p = 0.078) and smoking behavior of the subjects. In conclusion, the results revealed that CHRNA4 rs2273502 and rs2236196 gene polymorphisms are not statistically significantly associated with smoking behavior in our population.

Indonesia is the real champions of smoking with nearly 32% of the adult populations are smokers. The prevalence of youth smoking has jumped more than fourfold during last two decades. This calls for serious effort on tobacco controlling. A high prevalence of tobacco consumption may have an adverse consequence for the future socioeconomic condition of household especially for children development. Since tobacco is addictive consumption, household often reduce other consumption to fulfil the elderly’s consumption of tobacco. As many cases that children are likely powerless in the household decision making, elderly who over controlled consumption’s decision might prioritize their tobacco consumption instead of investing on children development such as education, health, quantity and quality of food. This study utilize a longitudinal dataset of Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) aims at evaluating the impacts of parent smoking behavior on stunting indicated by children’s weight and height growth. An increase in tobacco consumption around two percentage point (1997-2014) has been compensated by a decrease in expenditure share of rice, protein and fat sources of food and education. These kinds of expenditure will significantly influence the children’s future development in terms of weight, height and cognitive ability. Based on our observation of children (

Executive Summary This report reviews evidence of progress in achieving the goals set for the California Tobacco Control Program that was funded by the voter sponsored Tobacco Tax Initiative (Proposition 99 of 1988). In addition, this report provides information about influences on adolescent smoking behavior; these data have become available as part of the evaluation of this Program. Three overall conclusions are presented on the impact of the Tobacco Control Program though 1992 and the major barriers to the Program’s success with adolescents. These conclusions are followed by summary of the findings for each topic considered in this report. Detailed analyses of the findings are included in the chapters indicated.