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Aims: This study aims to evaluate the microleakage (ML) of the newer generations bonding agents in Class V Cavity. Materials and Methods: Thirty six mandibular premolars were randomly divided into three groups: Group I (n = 12)‑bonded with GlumaBond5, Group II (n = 12) with G-Bond and Group III (n = 12) with Single Bond Universal Adhesive. Class V box cavity was prepared on the buccal surface and restored with composite resin with recommended each groups specific bonding protocol for each adhesive. ML testing were conducted, Rhodamine B and stereomicroscope was used to measure microleakage and data analyzed. Kruskal–Wallis analysis was done to statistically differentiate the ML between the three experimental groups. Intergroup comparison was made using the Mann–Whitney U test and the level of significance was set at p

Synovial chondromatosis of the shoulder is a rare entity that is generally mono-articular and uncommon in diarthrodial joints. Treatment of synovial chondromatosis of the shoulder includes open arthrotomy retrieval of loose bodies and synovectomy. With advances in arthroscopy, the same could be achieved using arthroscopic techniques. This case report describes a case report of a 35-year-old male patient who presented with complaints of pain and restriction of movement for 6 months. The MRI of the patient was suggestive of multiple loose bodies in the shoulder joint, in the subdeltoid region, and subscapularis muscle with subacromial bursitis. Arthroscopically more than 100 loose bodies were retrieved with subacromial decompression. Shoulder synovial chondromatosis has been rarely reported in the literature. The malignant transformation although rare, but it is still a possibility. The recurrence rate varies from 3.2% to 22.3%. Open arthrotomy, synovectomy, and retrieval of loose bodies cause delayed recovery and more morbidity with high chances of subscapularis insufficiency due to the need of subscapularis tenotomy. Arthroscopic treatment although have limitations such as limited visualization, limited synovectomy, and difficult interventions around the axillary recess or biceps sheath, but provides with the advantage of lesser morbidity and early rehabilitation. Synovial chondromatosis can be successfully treated arthroscopically as it provides intra-articular and extra articular access with early rehabilitation, lesser morbidity, and early recovery.

Remotely sensed spectral vegetation indices (VIs) are widely used and have benefited numerous disciplines interested in the analysis of biomass, vegetation, plant stress, plant health, crop production, and change detection. This study’s objective is to propose a vegetation index based on short wave infrared (SWIR) for detecting the changes in geographical features using multi-temporal and multi-spectral satellite imagery. The proposed a vegetation index SWIR based normalized difference vegetation index (SNDVI) can play a significant role in monitoring vegetation plant’s health and growth and also increase the accuracy of classification and change detection. In this study, Landsat satellite imagery of different periods (1996, 2003, 2010 and 2017) has been used to develop the vegetation index. The proposed vegetation index is useful for increasing the accuracy of classification and change detection of geographical features. Using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) method, the accuracy of classification of orchards, vegetation and rangelands has been obtained at 96.90%, 94.68% and 92.29% in 2017. While using the SNDVI method, higher accuracy of 98.09%, 95.50% and 92.02% has been obtained in the classification of orchards, vegetation and rangelands. The proposed SNDVI method can be significant in monitoring the health and growth of vegetation plants and detecting the changes in orchards biomass and other vegetation plants.

The change detection (CD) methods explore the potential of remote sensing (RS) spatial datasets in various land use/land cover (LU/LC) applications. These methods are used to analyze the LU/LC dynamics using various high and medium-resolution multi-spectral remote sensing satellite datasets (Landsat-TM/ETM+/OLI, IRS LISS-3 & 4, Sentinel-2, SPOT, and ASTER). The study’s objective is to summarize multiple changes in the last two decades in land use applications at the regional and international levels using traditional and advance change detection methods. Mapping of LU/LC dynamics at regional and global scales is essential for various land use applications (vegetation monitoring, crop cultivation monitoring, urban planning, landslide, and socio-economic dynamics). The review study showed that machine learning and deep learning techniques play an essential role in classification and change detection applications. The deep learning methods more effectively identify the changes in LU/LC (due to human activities and natural phenomena) than other traditional methods. The present study analyzes the conventional and advanced methods of change detection methods and various challenges and problems facing during the change detection.

PurposeThe operational activities of manufacturing organizations are continuously degrading the environment. Circular economy adoption can help industries optimize their resources along with minimal waste generation. The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the barriers that hinder the adoption of circular economy (CE) in the manufacturing sector.Design/methodology/approachThe barriers are extracted from a critical review of the literature and listed into three categories as social, economic and environmental. The barriers in each category are then analyzed using the fuzzy-based analytic hierarchy process method. The approach is capable to consider the fuzziness in the preference of barriers and determine their priority.FindingsThe pairwise comparison and weight of all the main and sub-criteria are computed, which helps in deciding the ranking of barriers. The results show that social criteria are having the highest importance followed by economic and environmental criteria. Among all the sub-criteria, low demand and acceptance of remanufactured products is at the highest level followed by lack of government support and legislation barrier.Originality/valueThe outcome of this study would be helpful for the decision makers and business managers in the manufacturing sector to focus on the barriers in each category and accordingly formulate strategies for CE adoption.

GIS based groundwater uranium and other physico-chemical parameters pH, electrical conductivity, oxidation reduction potential, temperature, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, sulphate, phosphate, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate were analyzed in the alluvial soil region of Gunnaur tehsil of India. A comprehensive study of spatial distribution, spatial autocorrelation, uranium speciation, bi-variate spatial correlation and multi-variate cluster variable analysis assessment were conducted in order to determine uranium linkages with other water parameters. The minimum, mean and maximum values of uranium concentration were found to be below detection level, 9.33 µg/L and 51.5 µg/L, respectively. 92.85% of the samples had uranium concentration below 30 µg/L, which was within WHO prescribed limit. Ca2UO2(CO3)3 was found as dominating uranium species. Spatial distribution and bi-variate analysis showed linkages between uranium with calcium and bicarbonates. Cluster analysis showed that pH, oxidation reduction potential and fluoride levels were the driving factors of uranium with a 43.3092 similarity level.

Wellbore stability in shale is a recurring crisis during oil and gas well drilling. The adsorption of water and ions from drilling fluid by shale, which causes clay swelling, is the primary cause of wellbore instability. Nanomaterials have been a subject of interest in recent years to be an effective shale inhibitor in drilling fluid, intending to minimize clay swelling. This article presents a comprehensive review of the current progress of nanoparticle role in water-based drilling fluid with regards to wellbore stability, reviewing the experimental methods, the effect of nanoparticles in drilling fluid, the mechanism of shale stability and the outlook for future research. This paper employed a systematic review methodology to highlight the progress of nanoparticle water-based drilling fluids in recent years. Previous studies indicated the current trend for drilling fluid additives was nanoparticles modified with surfactants and polymers, which minimize colloidal stability issues and enhance shale stability. A review of experimental methods showed that the pressure transmission test benefits shale stability assessment under reservoir conditions. Parametric analysis of nanoparticles showed that parameters such as concentration and size directly affected the shale stability even in high salinity solution. However, there is a lack of studies on nanoparticle types, with silica nanoparticles being the most popular among researchers. Nanoparticles enhance shale stability via physical plugging, chemical inhibition, and electrostatic interactions between surface charges. To better comprehend the influence of nanoparticles on shale stabilization, it is necessary to evaluate a wider range of nanoparticle types using the proper experimental techniques.

The main aim of this case report was to report the clinical efficacy of decompression for treating large periapical lesions. Tooth with large periapical cystic lesions were treated with decompression after root canal treatment. A conventional decompression technique such as aspiration/irrigation technique was used in this case. An 18-G needle with a syringe was used to aspirate the cystic lesion. Two needles were then inserted into the lesion copious saline irrigation was delivered from 1 needle and until clear saline was expressed from the other. Complete enucleation and root-end surgery was not done in the case. Healed lesions or lesions in healing were observed after 14 months. On the basis of the presented case and published case reports regarding large periapical cystic lesions, conservative decompression may be used for certain cases before or in lieu of apical surgery. Decompression enables healing of large, persistent periapical lesions after root canal treatment.

Composites are widely accepted in design, structural and automotive applications but metal matrix composite have an edge due to its excellent design properties. Various Metal Matrix Composite (MMCs) such as Titanium, Magnesium based, are widely used but, MMCs based on aluminium provide light weight to strength ratio and of course due to this novel property it is widely accepted in automobile and space industries. In AHMMC both matrix and reinforcement material play a significant role to achieve required design properties. Therefore, to obtain better results aluminium hybrid metal matrix composite (AHMMCs) are required to fabricate with best quantity of matrix material. Fuzzy AHP and TOPSIS are the MCDM tool which are widely used for complex problem solving. In this paper, parameter such as tensile strength, hardness, melting point, density and cost are selected and optimize using MCDM. The hybrid matrix material is 7XXX series of aluminium alloys. Using Fuzzy AHP and TOPSIS, all criteria are comparing among them pairwise for fabricating a suitable matrix. After obtain proper results, it has been found that AA7075 are considerable and appropriate matrix material.

Extraction of various distinct features from speech, Gaussian mixture models (GMMs) have been employed as classifiers. Age estimation performance has been inferred by employing excitation source features (LPCCs). The detected age of a speaker is deemed to belong to any of the 9 age groups of 5–10, 10–15, 15–20, 20–25, 25–30, 30–35, 35–40, 40–45 and 45–50. An age group speech corpus has been collected in this work by recording voice of speakers of Hindi language of different age groups and dialects using ten text prompts in neutral speech. Textually neutral Hindi words have been used to construct text prompts which have been recorded in neutral emotion. Different age group has been characterized by using these texts prompt. The average age performance of multispeaker (male + female) is around 94%. In this research, classification of different group of speakers has been done on the basis of excitation source in human speech.

Metal matrix composite is widely accepted in many new engineering applications due to its superior design properties. Among all, MMC based on aluminium adds an advantage of lightweight to strength ratio. Aluminium hybrid metal matrix composite is used in many structural applications such as aerospace, automobile, space, etc. In AHMMC matrix material and reinforcement material together play a vital role to achieve the desired mechanical and physical properties. Therefore, to achieve optimum results aluminium hybrid metal matrix composite (AHMMCs) needs to fabricate with the optimum matrix material. Fuzzy AHP and Topsis are one of the tools among many MCDMS for solving complex problems. In this research, parameters are selected such as tensile strength, hardness, density and cost and optimize it for fabricating AHMMCs using MCDM. The hybrid matrix material is 5XXX of aluminium alloys. Using Fuzzy AHP and Topsis a pairwise comparison is carried out for all criteria for fabricating a suitable matrix. After analysing it has been found that AA5083 is the suitable matrix materials for achieving desired property among all aluminium hybrid metal matrix composite.

Increasing energy demands and various environmental stringent laws are the factors which give thrust area to the scientist to develop clean and green energy for future and sustainable developments. Biofuel (Biodiesel) seems like an alternative that can meet several energy requirements. Biodiesel from Non-edible vegetable oil is getting more attention day by day compared to edible vegetable oil. Jatropha Biodiesel is promoted as a sustainable and renewable source of energy that can be used as a replacement to diesel fuel in the compression ignition engine. The present research is carried out to find the suitability and sustainability of Jatropha biodiesel in the diesel engine. The trans-esterification process is used for the production of Jatropha oil biodiesel and different samples of biodiesel are prepared. Physio-chemical properties of fuels, its sustainability, performance, and emissions characteristics of the CI engine are experimentally investigated, followed by energy and cost analysis to explore the operational and economic feasibility. Fuel properties determined in this study conform to the ASTM D6751 standard. The outcomes of the study indicate that the viscosity of different blends of biofuel is close to pure diesel. With the increase in the percentage of prepared biodiesel in fuel, specific fuel consumption increased whereas, the thermal efficiency of the engine falls. The maximum thermal efficiency of the engine is found to be 29.8% and 19.2% for pure diesel and biodiesel respectively. There is an improvement seen in the hydrocarbon emissions but with the rise in percentage of biodiesel in different composition of blends, NOx emission increases. Results conclude that the blend of a 10–20% of Jatropha biodiesel with mineral diesel (B10 and B20) is suitable to use as fuel in CI engines.

Now days, manufacturing of new products using composite materials is in trend. In the present work alkali treated walnut shell powder is consider as a reinforcement material which is reinforce in epoxy matrix composite. Walnut shell powder (5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) by weight is added as a particulate matrix to prepare test samples. Test samples were prepared as per ASTM standard. Ultimate tensile strength, Compressive and Flexural strength of composite are determined. Through the mechanical tests of alkali treated walnut shell powder (WSP), it has been found that the tensile, compressive and flexural strength increases up to 15% by weight and then starts to decrease and the optimum value of tensile, compressive and flexural strength of chemical treated walnut shell powder found at 15% by weight.

Drag and lift are two important parameters to evaluate the aerodynamic performance of a passenger vehicle. Lesser drag and lesser lift (greater downward force) is required for satisfactory performance of a car. The addition of spoiler at rear part of car is used to achieve the requirements. Lip-type spoiler is frequently used for small car. A small car with lip-type spoiler at different directions is investigated computationally. Computational fluid dynamics is applied to obtain drag and lift. Decreasing trend of drag is found with increase in spoiler angle, while lesser lift is found at small spoiler angle and further increase in lift is found with increase in spoiler angle. However the lift at greater spoiler angle is less than the lift of base car (car without spoiler). A compromise of drag and lift is required to achieve satisfactory performance of car in term of power requirement and fuel economy (due to drag force) as well as stability of the car (due to lift). The spoiler angle 60-100 is found optimal one to use benefits of both reduced drag and lift.