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Computer-generated Holograms (CGHs) are widely used for constructing optical wave fronts from numerically objects. In this paper, we propose a novel type of speckle elimination method for Lohmann-type CGHs, which is called Iterative Speckle Reduction Algorithm (ISRA). This algorithm is proposed for the speckle reduction in the reconstruction of digital holograms. The speckles can be reduced by avoiding the isolated zeros among the sampled points of the reconstructed image. The results show that the speckle elimination method highly improved the traditional Lohmann-type method for image reconstruction.

Based on 2012 Chinese polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) diagnosis criteria, we detect the serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels in PCOS patients, to evaluate the diagnosis value of AMH for PCOS.Totally 217 PCOS patients were chosen as study group and 204 non-PCOS women were as controls. Their clinical information (body weight, score for acne and hirsutism), ultrasonography for ovarian volume and the number of small follicle, and blood sample detected for hormonal and metabolic parameters were obtained. Spearman's analysis and the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve) were used to assess relevance and the diagnostic efficiency of AMH in PCOS.Serum AMH level was significantly higher in PCOS group compared with the control group (105.46 versus 26.28 pmol/L, P0.01). Serum AMH were positively related to Ferriman and Gallwey (F-G) score (r=0.526, P0.01), global acne grading system (GAGS) score (r=0.359, P0.01), total testosterone (r=0.514, P0.01), LH/FSH ratio (r=0.542, P0.01), fasting plasma glucose (r=0.373, P0.01), fasting insulin (r=0.168, P=0.008), homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index (r=0.182, P=0.004), total cholesterol (r=0.247, P0.01), triglyceride (r=0.235, P0.01), total ovarian volume (r=0.204, P=0.008), and mean number of small follicle (r=0.693, P0.01). The area under the ROC curve for PCOS diagnosed by AMH was 0.954 (P0.01). the threshold of AMH for PCOS diagnosis was 57.76 pmol/L, diagnostic efficiency was high (sensitivity 95.1%, specificity 89.3%).Based on 2012 Chinese PCOS diagnosis criteria, serum AMH level elevated in PCOS, and correlated with women's hormonal imbalance and abnormal follicular development.

CGH (Computer generated hologram) can reconstruct clearly the image by reducing the sampling interval of the original object. However, for that it is necessary to sufficiently increase the number of pixels holograms. Intended small number of pixels can’t be reproduce clearly image. In addition, the sampling interval is increased when the slope of the three-dimensional object increases. By sampling interval increases, the reproduced image will change. In this paper, we describes the influence that occurs in the reproduced image of the computer-generated hologram by that the sampling interval of a three-dimensional object to change.

This paper describes a new approach for controlling an autonomous mobile robot indoors. In recent years, many studies are being done in order to solve the problem of an autonomous mobile robot indoors. The position detection of a mobile robot requires many artificial landmarks. Thus, the conventional method have to create landmark database which is stored large amount of landmark data. As a result, the conventional method takes much time to detect the position of a mobile robot. Moreover, preparation of many artificial markers is a cumbersome task for the user. Therefore, we propose the new landmark system which is able to detect position simply, quickly and accurately. In recent years, Light Emitting Diode (LED) lighting is spreading rapidly as an indoor lighting. So, the proposal method uses frequency modulated LED lightings as landmarks indoors. It can distinguish between LED lightings quickly and accurately by difference of the frequency. The measurement system consists of a light projecting unit and a light receiving unit. The light projecting unit consists of a frequency modulation circuit and LEDs. The light receiving unit can detect the position of the mobile robot quickly from the receiving amount of a photodiode mounted on the mobile robot without the image processing. We verified the accuracy of the position detection. The proposal method could distinguish between multiple LED lightings accurately. In addition, the maximum error of the position detection was 2.70 cm. The maximum error rate was 1.45 %. The accuracy was considerably high. Measurement time was only 55 msec. The efficacy of the proposal method was confirmed by the experiment.

In recent years, the places where a robot plays an active part in various scenes increase, we think that the places which need robot increase in the future. Position detection of the moving objects such as robots itself is very important. The method of the conventional position detection uses Global Positioning System (GPS) and a camera. Each method has some disadvantages. For example, large error, long processing time, and usable place. Therefore, we propose a new method of position detection of the moving objects using a two-dimensional Position Sensitive Device (2D PSD) and the ceiling Light Emitting Diode (LED) lighting in this study. In this method, we establish the LED whose frequency is modulated in a room, and defines positional coordinates of each LED in advance. 2D PSD can receive plural light at the same time by getting the spectrums every frequency using FFT. The plural light is incident on PSD during movement in various places. We choose four LED which are the nearest to PSD from that and perform position detection using them. Accordingly, we can relatively detect the position of the 2D PSD by detecting the position of the LED with a 2D PSD. This method is accurate and available under various situation. We performed the experiments of position detection and showed the effectiveness of this method.

Pb0.99(Zr0.95Ti0.05)0.98Nb0.02O3 (denoted as PZT 95/5) ceramics were prepared according to the nominal composition of Pb0.99+x (Zr0.95Ti0.05)0.98Nb0.02O3+x (−0.01 ≤ x ≤ 0.04). The electrical properties as a function of lead oxide (Pb) stoichiometry were evaluated. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that all the as-synthesized PZT 95/5 powders are pure perovskite phase and the unit cell volume increases with the addition of Pb. SEM micrographs indicate the fracture mode tends to be predominately intergranular and grain size gets bigger with the increase of Pb content. The coercive field decreases with the increase of Pb till x = 0.02 and then increases when the excess Pb is over x = 0.02. The remnant polarization first increases and then decreases with the increasing amount of excess Pb. Sample with excess Pb x = 0.03 has the biggest value of remnant polarization.

The structural properties of x La 2 O 3 –(100 − x )(0.4Fe 2 O 3 −0.6P 2 O 5 ) ( x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 mol%) glasses have been investigated by XRD, DTA, IR and Raman spectroscopy. XRD analysis has confirmed that the majority of samples are X-ray amorphous, and crystallization occurs when the glass containing 6 mol% La 2 O 3 , the crystalline phase is LaPO 4 . The IR spectra show that the glass structure does not produce any fundamental change with addition of La 2 O 3 in the glass formation range, which consists predominantly of pyrophosphate, Q 1 units. However, Raman spectra indicate that depolymerization of the phosphate network with the addition of La 2 O 3 content. The glass transition temperature ( T g ) increased with increasing La 2 O 3 content for the glasses, which indicates that the addition of La 2 O 3 increases the thermal stability of glasses in this series.

Glasses with nominal molar composition of x Na 2 SO 4 –(1 − x )(0.4Fe 2 O 3 –0.6P 2 O 5 ) (0 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.45) were prepared, and the structure of the glasses was investigated by Raman spectroscopy. No crystalline phases were detected by XRD in all samples. From the sodium sulfate-free iron phosphate glass, Q 0 (in the Q n terminology, n represents the number of bridging oxygens (BO) per PO 4 tetrahedron), Q 1 and Q 2 groups were observed. But the Raman spectra imply that Q 1 groups are the predominant structural units. Addition Na 2 SO 4 content result in the conversion of Q 1 to Q 0 groups, indicating that depolymerization of the phosphate network with the addition of Na 2 SO 4 content. The bands of sulfate vibrational modes increase with addition higher Na 2 SO 4 content, indicating that sulfate is incorporated into the glass matrix.

The structural properties of xLa2O3 (40 − x)Fe2O3 60P2O5(x = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 mol%) glasses have been investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The FTIR spectra show that the replacement of up to 6 mol% Fe2O3 by La2O3 does not produce any fundamental change in the glass structure, which consists predominantly of pyrophosphate, Q1 units. XRD analysis has confirmed that the majority of samples are X-ray amorphous, and crystallization occurs when the sample containing 8 mol% La2O3, the crystalline phase is LaPO4. The XRD analysis indicates that the solubility of lanthanum oxide in these iron phosphate melts is less than 8 mol%. Glass transition temperature (Tg) and (Tr − Tg) increase as the lanthanum content of the glass is increased. This result suggests that the glass network is strengthening and the thermal stability is improved with the addition of La2O3.

The structure of x Gd 2 O 3 (40 − x )Fe 2 O 3 60P 2 O 5 (0 ⩽ x ⩽ 12 mol%) glasses have been investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) for the samples containing 9 mol% Gd 2 O 3 show the presence of a unique crystalline phase, GdPO 4 , embedded in an amorphous matrix. These results suggest that the solubility of gadolinium in these iron phosphate melts is less than 9 mol% Gd 2 O 3 . FTIR data suggest that the replacement of up to 6 mol% Fe 2 O 3 by Gd 2 O 3 in the 40Fe 2 O 3 60P 2 O 5 (mol%) glass does not produce any fundamental change in structure of the phosphate network, which consists of predominantly pyrophosphate groups with a small proportion of metaphosphate and orthophosphate groups. This suggests that Gd is substituted into Fe sites in phosphate network. From all these considerations we can conclude that Gd 2 O 3 enters in the structure of studied glasses as a network modifier.

Remote sensing of position detection and motion detection plays an important part in the welfare filed of human social life. Privacy is a serious problem when detecting human position and motion. A position sensitive device (PSD) only detects the position of a light target without detailed image of human. For detecting multiple light targets, there are various problems such as synchronized light source and noise in daily life space. In this study, we suggest a method using modulated light targets to separate different light targets and eliminate the noise in daily life space for motion detection of a PSD. The target light intensity is modulated with different high frequency source for different targets, so that the noise in daily life space can be eliminated and the positions of different targets can be separated by using band-pass filters. Experimental results showed this method is effective.

People living in the information age, are more and more attention to their own lives. It is also said, social life is more important in present and future. The social life contains three fields. In this paper, we will propose a new method for adjunctive therapy in social life. Recent years, as the bandelets transform has some benefits, many scholars are interested in this field. They proposed many methods to solve different problems in different fields. In this paper, we propose a new maximum local energy method to calculate the low coefficients of images. And then adopt the sum modified laplacian method to select the high coefficients of images. Later, we compare the results with wedgelets transform. In our experiments, we take wedgelets transform, bandelets transform, and LE-wedgelets transform for comparing the results. Beside the human vision, we also compare the results by quantitative analysis. The numerical experiments state clearly that the maximum local energy is an effect way for image fusion, which can get well performance in visual effect and quantitative analysis. During 100 clinic CT/MR fusion experiments in practice, compare with previous methods, the PSNR of our method is improved respectively 5.836, 5.337, 0.035.

People living in the information age, are more and more attention to their lives. It is also said, social life is more important in present and future. The social life contains three fields. In this paper, we propose a new model for active contours to detect objects in a given medical image, in order to facilitate people to have medical treatment. The proposed method is based on techniques of piecewise constant and piecewise smooths Chan-Vese Model, semi-implicit additive operator splitting (AOS) scheme for image segmentation. Different from traditional models, our model uses the level set which are corresponding to ordinary differential equation (ODE). Our model has more improved characteristics than traditional models, such as: less sensibility of noise; unnecessary of re-initialization and high speed by the simplified ordinary differential function. Finally, we validate the proposed model by numerical synthetic and real images. The experimental results demonstrate that our model is at least two times more efficient than the widely used methods.

Calcium phosphate glasses, in which part of calcium oxide was replaced by lanthanum oxide, were prepared by using the conventional melt quench method. The structures of xLa2O3 · (50-x)CaO · 50P2O5 ...

Science of dealing with the prevention and treatment of disease is important for the maintenance of health in human social life. Laser technology plays an important part in various fields of medical science. In general, a spot laser light is used in laser therapy because of the limitation of laser output. Therefore, the operator has to move the spot position by hand when the treatment area is larger then the laser light spot. We propose a method to convert a laser light to match the target treatment surface using time-divided computer-generated hologram (CGH). In order to get a high laser light efficiency, we consider the phase-only type CGH. We use discrete reconstruction CGH to overcome the speckle problem in the generation CGH. A spatial continuous laser light distribution can be obtained by superimposing the discrete reconstruction from several time-divided CGHs.

Recently, various user interfaces are developed. However the operation of user interface is very difficult for the physically handicapped persons who cannot move their hand. The stationary user interface we are proposing uses head tracking via a camera and a display. It is portable and can operate household appliances. It is also operated intuitively in head tracking.

Digital X/γ-ray imaging technology has been widely used to help people deliver effective and reliable security in airports, train stations, and public buildings. Nowadays, luggage inspection system with digital radiographic/computed tomography (DR/CT) represents a most advanced nondestructive inspection technology in aviation system, which is capable of automatically discerning interesting regions in the luggage objects with CT subsystem. In this paper, we propose a new model for active contours to detect luggage objects in the system, in order to facilitate people to identify the things in luggage. The proposed method is based on techniques of piecewise constant and piecewise smooths Chan-Vese Model, semi-implicit additive operator splitting (AOS) scheme for image segmentation. Different from traditional models, the fast implicit level set scheme (FILS) is ordinary differential equation (ODE). Characterized by no need of any pre-information of topology of images and efficient segmentation of images with complex topology, the FILS scheme is fast more than traditional level set scheme 30 times. At the same time, it performs well in image segmentation of DR images in our experiments.

Recently, various remote controllers are developed. However the operation of remote controller is very difficult for the physically handicapped persons who cannot move their hand. The wearable multiremote controller we are proposing uses head tracking via a camera and a head-mounted display. It is portable and can operate household appliances. It is also operated intuitively in head tracking.

The effect of WO3 additions on the sintering ability and electrical properties of Pb(Zr0.95Ti0.05)O3 ferroelectric ceramics (PZT 95/5) was investigated. Pure and W-doped PZT 95/5 ceramics were prepared by the usual ceramic technique from raw oxides. The bulk density, microstructure, electrical properties of ceramics as a function of WO3 content were characterized. The results showed that the WO3 addition was benefit for the sintering densification of PZT, and the ceramics with 2.0 mol% WO3 addition exhibited the maximum value for the density (7.8 g/cm3) at a sintering temperature of 1250 °C. Moreover, piezoelectric constant (d33), relative dielectric constant (εr), dielectric loss (tanδ) and ferroelectric hysteresis loop of PZT 95/5 ceramics at the sintering temperature of 1250 °C all altered regularly with the change of WO3 doping level, whose optimum values were all obtained by doping 2.0 mol% WO3. The best values obtained for these parameters were: d33 = 65 pC/N, εr =314, tanδ = 0.028, Pr = 24.80 µC/cm2 and Ec = 1890 V/mm, respectively. These results show that tungsten doped Pb(Zr0.95Ti0.05)O3 ferroelectric ceramics can be hopefully used for the pulsed power devices.

In the present work, cerium iron phosphate glasses were studied to examine the effect of the CeO 2 composition on the structure of the iron phosphate glasses system. Cerium iron phosphate samples with the compositions, I: x CeO 2 (40 − x )Fe 2 O 3 60P 2 O 5 and II: x CeO 2 (100 − x )(40Fe 2 O 3 60P 2 O 5 ) ( x = 0–30 mol%) have been prepared. The structure of glasses has been studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectrum, Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FT-IR) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), especially focusing on the structure dependence on the CeO 2 content. The glass formation occurs at series I; at series II, the crystalline phases are detected in the samples. The Q 1 groups are the predominant structural units in glasses with the cerium-free and 10 mol% CeO 2 content. With increasing CeO 2 content in glass compositions, the P O P network get extensively depolymerised, resulting in the systematic conversion of Q 1 to Q 2 structural units. The Q 0 units can be detected in the all glasses compositions. The glass transition temperature ( T g ) linearly increase with the addition of CeO 2 content, indicating an increase in thermal stability tendency with increasing CeO 2 content. The change of T g is consistent with structural modification of glass.

We propose a hierarchical Markov random field model-based method for image denoising in this paper. The method employs a Markov random field (MRF) model with three layers. The first layer represents the underlying texture regions. The second layer represents the noise free image. And the third layer is the observed noisy image. Iterated conditional modes (ICM) is used to find the maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation of the noise free image and texture region field. The experimental results show that the new method can effectively suppress additive noise and restore image details.

With a cylindrical shock-wave-loading technique, the single perovskite-phase Pb(Zr0.95Ti0.05)O3 powders (PZT 95/5) were synthesized by shock-induced chemical reactions in heterogeneous multi-material powder mixtures of Pb3O4, ZrO2 and TiO2. The phase and crystal structure of as-synthesized powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis. And the microstructure and electrical properties of PZT 95/5 ceramics prepared with as-synthesized PZT powders at different sintering temperature were analyzed. The results showed that the shock-wave-induced a large quantity of lattice defects and distortion of the crystal structure in the shock-synthesized PZT powders, which could enhance the sintering activity. Thus, the optimal density and electrical properties of PZT ceramics prepared with as-synthesized powders could be obtained at a sintering temperature of 1200–1225 °C for 3 h, significantly lower than the sintering temperature of PZT 95/5 ceramics prepared by conventional solid-state reaction.

In this study, we propose a sensor system to improve the performance of distance measurement using multiple paralleled position sensitive detector (PSD) sensors. The PSD sensor uses a light emitted diode (LED) to illuminate an object and measures the distance to the object by the position on the PSD of the gathered light from the object. The proposed sensor system uses two symmetrically paralleled PSD sensors to increase the measuring distance extent and accuracy. Experimental results showed that the proposed PSD sensor system has an enlarged measuring extent, and has a measuring accuracy better than or equal to the conventional one.

In this study, we propose a new sensor to detect medicines using electric capacity for the prevention of forgetting to take medicines. When medicines are put into the sensor, the electric capacity of the sensor will be changed. According to the value of electric capacity of the sensor, it can be easily judge medicines with a proper threshold value. Highly accurate monitoring system of forgetting to take medicines can be constructed by using this sensor.

Electrochemical methods have been widely used in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries, which require accurate concentration measurements, chemical reaction detections and analyses. The electrochemical potentiostat, the core element in electrochemical instruments, have been discussed as a hot topic addressing the difficulty of applying high-precision constant voltage and picoampere current measurements. Meanwhile, reliable potentiostats are in demand for complicated industrial environments with noises as well as requirements of remotemonitors. This paper describes a potentiostat for industrial glucose measurement that is not only accurate but also fault tolerant to guarantee high reliability in industrial environments. The instrument uses standard industrial communication protocols, profibus, and a 4–20 mA current loop, for remote control and monitoring. Experimental results show that this design has 0.01% accuracy with 1 mV resolution for voltage applications and 0.01% accuracy with 1 pA resolution for current measurements. The design is also shown to be highly reliable in noisy environments.

A digital imaging based method for measuring the velocity of pneumatically conveyed particles is described in this paper. The measurement system consists of a laser sheet for illumination, a CCD camera for particle image acquisition, and bespoke image processing software. By controlling the exposure time of the camera, blurred images of moving particles are captured, which contain velocity information of the particles. The relationship between the motion blur length and the particle velocity is established using a lens model of the camera. To improve the robustness of the system to noise in the acquired particle images, a traveling wave equation (TWE) method is used to estimate the motion blur length and then deduce the particle velocity. In addition to computer simulations experimental work on a free fall particle flow rig and pneumatically conveying test rig is carried out. The results indicate that the proposed method is feasible for the velocity measurement of pneumatically conveyed particles.

Register allocation in high-level circuit synthesis is important not only for reducing area, delay, and power overheads, but also for improving the testability of the synthesized circuits. This paper presents an improved register allocation algorithm that improves the testability called weighted graph-based balanced register allocation for high-level circuit synthesis. The controllability and observability of the registers and the self-loop elimination are analyzed to form a weighted conflict graph, where the weight of the edge between two nodes denotes the tendency of the two variables to share the same register. Then the modified desaturation algorithm is used to dynamically modify the weights to obtain a final balanced register allocation which improves the testability of the synthesized circuits. Tests on some benchmarks show that the algorithm gives a higher fault coverage than other algorithms with less area overhead and even less time delay.

Testing is a critical stage in integrated circuits production in order to guarantee reliability. The complexity and high integration level of mixed-signal ICs has put forward new challenges to circuit testing. This paper describes an oscillation-based combined self-test strategy for the analog portion and analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) in integrated mixed-signal circuits. In test mode, the analog portion under test is reconfigured into an oscillator, generating periodic signals as the test stimulus of ADC. By analyzing the A/D conversion results, a histogram test of ADC can be performed, and the oscillation frequency as well as amplitude can be checked, and in this way the oscillation test of the analog portion is realized simultaneously. For an analog benchmark circuit combined with an ADC, triangle oscillation and sinusoid oscillation schemes are both given to test their faults. Experimental results show that fault coverage of the analog portion is 92.2% and 94.3% in the two schemes respectively, and faults in the ADC can also be tested.

Scheduling is an important step in high-level synthesis and can greatly influence the testability of the synthesized circuits. This paper presents an efficient testability-improved data path scheduling scheme based on mobility scheduling, in which the scheduling begins from the operation with least mobility. In our data path scheduling scheme, the lifetimes of the I/O variables are made as short as possible to enlarge the possibility of the intermediate variables being allocated to the I/O registers. In this way, the controllability/observability of the intermediate variables can be improved. Combined with a weighted graph-based register allocation method, this scheme can obtain better testability. Experimental results on some benchmarks and example circuits show that the proposed scheme can get higher fault coverage compared with other scheduling schemes at little area overhead and even less time delay.

Balanced wrapper scan chains are desirable for system-on-chip (SoC) testing because they minimize the time required to transport the test data. A new heuristic algorithm is proposed based on mean-value approximation and implement fast re-optimization as a subsequence of an earlier best-fit-decrease (BFD) method. The mean length of each scan chain was introduced as an approximation target to balance different scan chains and hence saved testing time. Experimental results present both for assumed arbitrary cores and cores from ITC'02 benchmark and show the effectiveness of the algorithm. The proposed algorithm can provide more balanced wrapper design efficiently for the test scheduling stage.

A test strategy for analog filters was proposed. The output voltage and supply current of the circuit were monitored when using the oscillation test technique. The frequency, average value, maximum value and amplitude of both output voltage and supply current were taken as test parameters. Tolerance bands of test parameters were analyzed. Fault detectabilities of test parameters were compared and combined, and optimal parameter sets were derived. Experimental results show that both the output voltage and supply current give significant contribution to fault detection. Considering catastrophic, single and double parametric faults, the fault coverage in testing the benchmark circuit can be raised from 90.6% for traditional voltage-only oscillation test strategy to 97.2% by monitoring both output voltage and current parameters.

This paper presents a fault-tolerant computer system. It is designed as a double 2-out-of-2 architecture based on component redundant technique. Also, a quantitative probabilistic model is presented for evaluating the reliability, availability, maintainability and safety (RAMS) of this architecture. Hierarchical modeling method and Markov modeling method are used in RAMS analysis to evaluate the system characteristics. The double 2-out-of-2 system is compared with the other two systems, all voting triple modular redundancy (AVTMR) system and dual-duplex system. According to the result, the double 2-out-of-2 system has the highest dependability. Especially, the system can satisfy the safety integrity level (SIL) 4, which means the system's probability of catastrophic failure less than or equal to 10 −8 per hour, therefore, it can be applied to life critical systems such as high-speed railway systems.

Fault diagnosis is very important for development and maintenance of safe and reliable electronic circuits and systems. This paper describes an approach of soft fault diagnosis for analog circuits based on slope fault feature and back propagation neural networks (BPNN). The reported approach uses the voltage relation function between two nodes as fault features; and for linear analog circuits, the voltage relation function is a linear function, thus the slope is invariant as fault feature. Therefore, a unified fault feature for both hard fault (open or short fault) and soft fault (parametric fault) is extracted. Unlike other NN-based diagnosis methods which utilize node voltages or frequency response as fault features, the reported BPNN is trained by the extracted feature vectors, the slope features are calculated by just simulating once for each component, and the trained BPNN can achieve all the soft faults diagnosis of the component. Experiments show that our approach is promising.

This letter presents a formal stochastic convergence analysis of the standard particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, which involves with randomness. By regarding each particle's position on each evolutionary step as a stochastic vector, the standard PSO algorithm determined by non-negative real parameter tuple {@w,c"1,c"2} is analyzed using stochastic process theory. The stochastic convergent condition of the particle swarm system and corresponding parameter selection guidelines are derived.

Lead zirconate titanate (PZT 95/5) nanocrystalline powders were prepared by a modified sol–gel method. Water and a little absolute ethanol were used as solvents and inorganic salts as raw materials. The effects of lead precursor, gelatinous agent and stabilizer on the crystallization behavior were studied. Phase segregation caused by using water as solvent could be avoided by adding polyethylene glycol as a stabilizer. Uniform single-phase PZT powders were obtained after having been annealed at 700 °C for 2.5 h and its average particle size is 70 nm. These easily controlled processes could lead to an attractive industrial fabrication method for PZT materials.

Study question Do microRNAs (miRNAs) contribute to aberrant progesterone receptor (PGR) expression in the eutopic endometrium of women with endometriosis? SUMMARY ANSWER: miR-196a upregulates MEK/ERK signalling, mediating a downregulation of PGR expression in the eutopic endometrium of women with minimal or mild endometriosis. What is known already Implantation failure is strongly suggested as an underlying cause for the observed infertility in minimal or mild endometriosis. Progesterone resistance, which is mainly caused by aberrantly expressed progesterone receptor in the eutopic endometrium, is considered as a key factor of decreased endometrial receptivity; thus far, epigenetics, but not miRNA, has been shown to affect PGR expression in the endometrium. Study design size, duration Microarray analysis was used to analyse the eutopic endometrium. The differential expression of miR-196a was validated. Bioinformatics analysis predicted that miR-196a targets the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of the PGR. The relationship between the miR-196a level and PGR expression was studied and the role of the MEK/ERK signal pathway was investigated. Participants/materials, setting, methods Total RNA was extracted from eutopic endometrium samples in three infertile women with mild/minimal endometriosis and three disease-free control subjects. The miRNA and mRNA expression levels were analysed by microarray analysis. The miR-196a expression was validated by qRT-PCR [endometriosis (n = 22) and control (n = 20)], while functional analysis utilised in vitro transfection of endometrial stromal cells (ESCs), induction of decidualization of ESCs, and luciferase reporter assays in 293 T cell lines. Main results and the role of chance A total of 66 dysregulated miRNAs and 357 dysregulated mRNAs were screened by microarray analysis. miR-196a and P-MEK/P-ERK were both found to be significantly upregulated in the eutopic endometrium in patients with mild/minimal endometriosis. PGR and PGR-B mRNA were inhibited by miR-196a overexpression and upregulated by miR-196a inhibition. Luciferase reporter failed to confirm the target regulation of miR-196a on PGR. Transfection of ESCs with a miR-196a mimic led to an increase in the P-MEK/P-ERK protein levels, decrease in the PGR protein levels, and atypical decidualization. Following miR-196a inhibition, the P-MEK/P-ERK protein was downregulated and the PGR protein was upregulated. Inhibition of P-MEK/P-ERK also increased PGR expression. Large scale data Data are presented in Supplementary Tables SI and SII. Limitations reasons for caution This study focused on the role of miR-196a, and therefore does not involve other miRNAs; hence, it is possible that other miRNAs may also be responsible for progestin resistance in endometriosis. Wider implications of the findings Our data revealed altered miRNA expression and activated MEK/ERK signalling in the eutopic endometrium in minimal or mild endometriosis. We showed that the miR-196a level is associated with reduced expression of PGR isoforms through MEK/ERK, suggesting that miR-196a and MEK/ERK are both potential biomarkers of endometriosis. These results provide a novel approach to target the mechanisms behind progesterone resistance in endometriosis. Study funding/competing interests This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81370693). The authors have no conflicts of interest.

The many companies have been developing the various products relating to robots in the recent decades. Despite the market range of robots have enlarged, robots are not spread yet. There are a lot of problems to be solved and we focused on the charging method. If this is solved, the robots will become more widespread than now. In this paper, we will introduce the overview of new contact-type charger needless the positioning which we already developed. In addition to that, we are going to introduce and explain the device which can communicate with charger using only two lines.

Power MOSFET plays an increasingly important role in power electric system and safety critical field. Study on reliability and prognostic method of power MOSFET is critical in ensuring safety. This pape r proposes a reliability analysis method for power MOSFET based on multi-physics simulation. Electric-thermal — structure models are studie d for the construction of health state dictionary, which records the health working state of online power MOSFET under certain working condition. Based on the health state dictionary and in-situ monitoring data, a health criterion function is used to evaluate the state of device. The methodology can be served as the bases for further prognostic study and remain useful life prediction.

Study Objective To evaluate the use of bilateral uterine artery chemoembolization in combination with surgical evacuation or systemic methotrexate (MTX) in the conservative treatment of cervical pregnancy (CP). Design Clinical case series (Canadian Task Force classification II-3). Setting Tertiary university hospital. Patients Women with a CP who were treated at West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University between January 2006 and January 2013. Intervention Bilateral uterine artery chemoembolization in combination with surgical evacuation or systemic MTX. Measurements and Main Results β-Human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG), cervical mass, blood transfusion, length of hospital stay, future menstruation, and fertility were assessed. Thirty-nine patients were successfully treated by chemoembolization in combination with surgical evacuation or systemic MTX. All massive bleeding was controlled after chemoembolization, and the 35 subsequent evacuation surgeries were uneventful. Nine patients received blood transfusions. The time for serum β-hCG normalization was 28.7 ± 9.8 days (range, 7–60). The time for CP mass disappearance by ultrasonography was 27.0 ± 6.9 days (range, 11–48) days. The length of hospital stay was 7.7 ± 4.9 days (range, 3–33). Complications were mainly fever and pain, which were alleviated with symptomatic treatment. Thiry-eight patients had recovered their normal menstruation, and 7 patients had future pregnancies at follow-up. Conclusion Bilateral uterine artery chemoembolization is effective in controlling and preventing massive hemorrhage associated with CP. It is proved to treat CP with optimal recovery time, few outpatient follow-ups, and efficient fertility preservation when combined with surgical evacuation or systemic MTX.

In this paper, we describe the simulation results of improving the resolution of the reconstructed image using the phase freedom in the original image in the Fourier transform amplitude hologram. Since the thing that is recorded in the amplitude hologram is the amplitude information, the phase of the original image is possible to arbitrarily specify. Utilizing the phase freedom can reconstruct an image more clearly by reducing the error of reconstructed image. Therefore, we can expected to improve the resolution of the reconstructed image.

Absorption, scattering, and color distortion are three major issues in underwater optical imaging. In this paper, we propose a novel underwater imaging model that compensates for the attenuation discrepancy along the propagation path. In addition, we develop a fast weighted guided filtering algorithm for enhancing underwater optical transmission map. The final enhanced images are characterized by a reduced noised level, better exposure in dark regions, and improved global contrast, by which the finest details and edges are enhanced significantly. Our experiments show that with the use of our proposed algorithm, the peak signal-to-noise ratio is improved by at least 2 dB compared to existing state-of-the-art methods. The structural similarity index is improved by about 0.01.

In this paper, we referred to the simulation results for improving the resolution of the reconstructed image using a phase freedom on the original image in the interference type Fourier transform computer-generated hologram. We are able to arbitrarily specify the phase because the humans can not recognize the slight differences in the phase of the light. We can reconstruct the image more clearly and it can be expected to improve the resolution of the reconstructed image by reducing the errors between the reconstructed image and the original image using this phase freedom. To reduce the influences of the reference light in the prior study, we used a complex amplitude hologram. However, it is difficult to output the complex amplitude holograms and the creation of this hologram is not realistic. So, we created the hologram that can be output to the outside by adapting the proposed method to the interference type hologram that is relatively easy to be create. We must consider the effect of the reference light because of using the reference beam in the interference type hologram. Hereby, the practical hologram using the phase freedom can be generated.

In recent years, technologies related to laser has been advances, processing technology using the laser has been used in a variety of situations. In this case, the diode lasers is superior to other lasers in efficiency to convert energy. In addition, shaping the wavefront of the lasers is ideal in the laser processing. In this paper, we describe the generation of Kinoform for controlling the intensity distribution of the laser diode. Kinoform is a phase type Computer-generated hologram that does not modulate the amplitude of the light, the utilization efficiency of the light source can be improved. Finally, this study can be expected to obtain the intensity necessary for laser processing by controlling using a Kinoform optical intensity distribution of the laser diode array.

With the appearances of information time based on digital techniques and methods, people often concert on many kinds of machines in order to receive, transact and transfer information. As computers are wildly used, it is becoming true that the natural communication between people and machines without using keyboard or mouse, which is the goal by people for a long time. Multimedia era requests speech recognition system to put into practical from laboratory. Isolated word speech recognition system will bring advantages for people in daily life. However, because of the ambient noise, such as Gaussian noise and non-Gaussian noise, the product capability of isolated word speech recognition system is hard to gain a good demand. Even the isolated word recognition systems are quite mature, there are lots of problems existed and many fields need to be improved. This paper focuses on the problems of isolated word speech recognition systems as follows: 1) The problem of Pre-treatment in noisy environment. Generally, researchers consider the Gaussian Noise, but usually in our life the non-Gaussian noise are not neglected. Then we can do a good endpoint. Studies showed that a speech system utilizing an isolated word recognizer, more than 50% of error rate was credited to the endpoint detector. 2) The problem of Yangzhou dialectal. To do speech recognition of Yangzhou language by way of phonetic introduction and to establish common-used model is practical for information-exchange between dialects and speech recognition.

In recent years, the three-dimensional (3D) measurement is used in various fields. However, the conventional 3D measurement method has various problems such as complicated pre-set, slow processing and high price. In this study, in order to achieve the 3D measurement with simple preset, high speed processing and low price, we propose the 3D measurement method based on the new principle. It is the 3D position detection using a two-dimensional (2D) Position Sensitive Device (PSD) and a marker composed of two light sources. The major characteristics of the proposed method are as follows: Simple preset High speed detection Low price Not influenced by the reflectance of the object We can convert from the 2D coordinate of the spot lights on the photosensitive area to the 3D coordinate of the marker by the proposed conversion formula. Moreover, the 2D PSD can receive the lights at the same time by using the light sources which is modulated frequency. We performed experiments of four types to verify the measurement accuracy. We compared the experimental result of accuracy standard with the experimental results in the case of setting wide interval of light sources, using the high luminance light sources and controlling the photographing magnification. From four experiments, we show that the proposed method is an effective 3D measurement method and measurement accuracy is largely improved by three proposed solutions

In recent years, technologies related to laser has been advances, processing technology using the laser has been used in a variety of situations. In this case, the laser diode is superior to other lasers in luminous efficacy. But the power of laser diode is lower. So we use a laser diode array module to obtain the necessary power for laser processing. In addition, shaping the wavefront of the lasers is ideal in the laser processing. In this paper, we describe error reduction algorithm for the Generation of a Kinoform with Laser Diode Array. Kinoform which is a phase type Computer-generated hologram that does not modulate the amplitude of the light, the utilization efficiency of the light can be improved. Finally, this study can be expected to obtain the intensity necessary for laser processing by controlling the intensity distribution of the laser diode array with Kinoform produced by error reduction algorithm.

In recent years, the three-dimensional (3D) measurement method is used in various fields. However, the conventional 3D measurement method has various problems such as complicated pre-set, slow processing and high cost. In this study, in order to achieve the 3D measurement with high speed and low cost, easy preset, we propose the 3D measurement method with a two-dimensional Position Sensitive Device (2D PSD) using a pair of light sources.