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Length-weight relationship (LWR) of five species of the genus Labeo (Family: Cyprinidae) namely L. rohita (Hamilton,1822), L. calbasu (Hamilton,1822), L. bata (Hamilton,1822), L. dyocheilus (McClelland, 1839) and L. porcellus (Heckel, 1844), based on 214 specimens collected from Cauvery River in Peninsular India, were established. Sampling was carried out from December 2017 to December 2018 at around three months interval. The value of regression coefficient (b) ranged from 2.6147 ( L. bata ) to 3.2855 ( L. dyocheilus ). A new maximum length of 41 cm for L. porcellus has been recorded. For L. porcellus, LWR is established for the first time while for other species (except L. rohita ); it is estimated for the first time from a peninsular river in India. Relative condition factor estimated for the five fish species did not show large scale variation (1.001 to 1.019). Keywords: Cauvery, Condition factor, Labeo , Length-weight relationship

This paper introduces a novel haptic interface for use as a general-purpose sensory substitution device called the Low Resolution Haptic Interface (LRHI). A prototype of the LRHI was developed and tested in a user study for its effectiveness in conveying information through the sense of touch as well as for use in interactive applications. Results are promising, showing that participants were able to accurately discriminate a range of both static and dynamic haptic patterns using the LRHI with a composite accuracy of 98.38%. The user study also showed that participants were able to sucessfully learn to play a completely haptic interactive cat-mouse game with the device.

This paper presents a generalized framework to solve m-pose, n-path-points mixed synthesis problems, known as the Alt-Burmester problems, using a task-driven motion synthesis approach. We aim to unify the path and motion synthesis problems into an approximate mixed synthesis framework. Fourier descriptors are used to establish a closed-form relationship between the path and orientation data. This relationship is then exploited to formulate mixed synthesis problems into pure motion synthesis ones. We use an efficient algebraic fitting based motion synthesis algorithm to enable simultaneous type and dimensional synthesis of planar four-bar linkages.

In this paper, we demonstrate a novel Source Drain Extension (SDE) approach to enable NMOS device scaling along with improved performance. For the first time, SDE formation with epitaxially grown As doped Si (Si:As) has been examined and compared to the current state-of-the-art SDE formation in FinFET at 10nm logic ground rules. It is found that a Si:As layer based SDE provides a clear improvement in the short channel effect and a significant device performance increase. It is also shown that a careful co-optimization of the Si:As layer and Source / Drain (S/D) lateral recess is required to achieve the optimum device gain. This paves the way for the ultimate nSDE formation for current and next generation CMOS devices.

Background: The purpose of this study is to assess the functional outcome of the cases with advanced thumb carpometacarpal (CMC) arthritis treated with trapeziectomy and ligament reconstruction tendon interposition (LRTI) in terms of visual analogue scale (VAS), disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) score, Kapandji score, range of motion (ROM) of radial and volar abduction of the thumb, grip power, key pinch and the height of the trapezial space.Methods: In a prospective before and after interventional study of 30 patients with the advanced thumb CMC joint arthritis underwent the procedure. An average follows up period was 17.9 months.Results: The mean VAS decreased from 8.17 to 2.70. The mean Kapandji score and DASH score improved from 3.47 and 71.62 preoperative to 8.23 and 14.46 postoperative. Mean ROM for radial and volar abduction increased from 42.57° and 48° to 61°and 64.73° respectively. Mean key pinch power and grip power increased from 2.80 kg and 3.47 kg to 4.70 kg and 9.01 kg respectively. There was a significant decrease in height of the trapezial space. Three patient complaint of the persistent pain at the surgical site and not much improvement in the DASH score.Conclusions: Trapeziectomy with LRTI using flexor carpi radialis (FCR) transfer is an effective treatment for the advanced thumb CMC arthritis. This procedure stabilizes thumb metacarpal and provide enough support which prevents the collapse of metacarpal into dead space.

Excimer laser micromachining of thin metal films with a sacrificial polymer coating is a novel technique that produces features with smooth edges. Using this technique, oblique microchannels are fabricated by workpiece dragging and using a square laser spot, where the axis of traverse of the workpiece is not parallel to the edges of the square laser spot. The microchannels have serrated edges that are particular to the shape of the mask producing the spot. The edge roughness of the channels, machined with a square laser spot of side 100 μm, is found to be most affected by the fluence–spot overlap interaction, and the channel width by spot-overlap and the angle of tilt of the traversed path. Polymer coated metal films underwent close to ideal machining, aided by the clamping action of the polymer layer. Through this technique of machining post polymer coating, the edge roughnesses of the microchannels have been curtailed to less than 10 μm, and channel widths to 150 μm. This technique may be used in fabrication of oblique and circular patterns using excimer laser micromachining with rectangular and square laser spots.

The increase in road accidents is one of the biggest issues in the present society. This problem relies heavily on the use of private vehicles, especially VRUs, which have created social problems due to loss of lives, and this is due to complete failure of transport system. In the field of accident analysis and formulation of accident strategies, accident data becomes a starting point. The main objective of the study is to find accident prone area on the Rohtak – Kharkhoda section of SH-18 from First Information Report and to study the traffic conditions on this road stretch andto identify safety measures and provide recommendations for solving deficiencies on this road. The road selected for the study is 30.6 km stretch of SH-18 in Haryana from Shiela Bypass to Kharkhoda. From the data analysis, it can be analyzed that more number of accidents have occurred in the year 2013 and mostly occurred during 8a.m to 10a.m and 4p.m to 6p.m.From analysis, it is found that the trucks and two wheelers contribute more accidents. It was observed that road width, fade markings, broken shoulder, high traffic (PCUs),high speed, heavy cross movement of pedestrian, unauthorized median opening, absence of curve indicators on curve, trees by road side, erosion of shoulders due to cart tracks and footpaths or cattle crossing, places of worships, wayside bus stop without bus bays and poor road conditions causing accidents. From the result analysis, it can shows that road needs upgradation. Provide sufficient roadway width, change the alignment of road on horizontal curves to enhance adequate sight distance, remove illegal constructions from the road, provide necessary traffic rules and pedestrian crossing and median opening were redesigned to provide better facility for VRUs and road users.

Road safety is important and has become a major concern now a day. Road accidents stop social and economic development of the society. Accidents trends are on the rise and issues should be addresse factors resulting in road accidents on Panipat 1(Toll-Tax-Sanjaychowk), Stretch -2 (Gohanamor involves the collection of F.I.R data (2011-2013) from various Police Stations i.ePanipat City (Stretch 2), Samalkha (Stretch-3) Police Station t they constitute 26% of total crashes in Panipat city,42% of all cra in Chandnibagh section and 41% crashes in Samalkha section. A truck constitutes 2 crashes in Chandnibagh& 35% of crashes in Samalkha section.The main victims of road crashes are (34.1%), bikers etc. The spot speeds observed towards higher side of posted speed lim

Background Pump thrombosis is a major adverse event in patients supported with a left ventricular assist device (LVAD). Treatment approaches include device exchange, lytic therapy, or augmentation of anticoagulation or antiplatelet therapy. The optimal strategy in the HeartWare HVAD Ventricular Assist System (HeartWare, Framingham, MA) is uncertain, and because few large studies have examined differing treatment outcomes, we have reviewed findings from the Mechanical Circulatory Support Research Network registry. Methods Between March 2009 and August 2014, 175 patients (133 male) underwent implantation of the HeartWare HVAD at institutions that comprise the Mechanical Circulatory Support Research Network. Median age at implant was 59 years (range, 18–76 years). Follow-up was available in all patients for a median of 6 months (maximum, 61 months) and for a total of 163 patient-years of support. There were 36 pump thromboses (using Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support criteria) in 21 patients for a total event rate of 0.22 events/patient-year of support; 13 patients had 1 event, 4 had 2, 2 had 3, 1 had 4, and 1 had 5. The median time to the first thrombosis was 6.4 months, and to each subsequent thrombosis was 4, 3, 2, and 2 months, respectively. Primary treatment success was defined as the patient remaining alive and within the first 30 days of the initial treatment be free from stroke, recurrence of pump thrombosis, device exchange, or urgent transplantation (United Network of Organ Sharing Status 1A). Medical treatment was defined as tissue plasminogen activator, heparin plus glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor, or heparin alone, not followed by surgical treatment within 72 hours. Results Initial medical treatment was used in 29 episodes (tissue plasminogen activator in 24, heparin alone in 4, and heparin plus glycoprotein IIb/IIIa in 1) and surgical (device exchange) in 7. Medical treatment was successful in 14 of 29 episodes (48%). Complications of medical treatment included hemorrhagic stroke in 6 patients (21%), need for urgent device exchange/transplant in 6 (21%), and death in 3 (10%). Surgical treatment was successful in all 7 patients (100%). No significant early complications or early deaths occurred after device exchange. Conclusions In this large multicenter analysis, we observed that medical therapy, as the initial treatment strategy for HeartWare HVAD thrombosis, is associated with low success (48%) and a significant risk of hemorrhagic stroke (21%) and death (10%). However, initial treatment with device exchange was uniformly successful and not associated with significant early morbidity or death. Although the optimal treatment approach for HeartWare HVAD pump thrombosis remains undecided, these data do not support the routine use of medical therapy as an initial treatment strategy.

Background Psychosocial factors impact survival in patients undergoing cardiac transplantation, but it is unclear whether they affect outcomes in patients undergoing left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation as destination therapy (DT). Methods Patients undergoing DT LVAD at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN, from February 2007 to December 2013 were included. Psychosocial characteristics at the time of LVAD implantation were abstracted from the medical record. Andersen-Gill and Cox models were used to examine the association between psychosocial characteristics and all-cause readmission and death, respectively. Patients were censored at death or last follow-up through September 2014. Results Among 136 patients (mean age. 64 years; 17% female), most were married/living with a partner (82%), half (55%) had post-high school education, and a history of depression was common (32%). Although most patients were former tobacco users (60%) only a small proportion were current tobacco users (10%) and had a history of alcohol abuse (16%) or illegal drug use (7%). After a mean follow-up of 2.2 ± 1.8 years, 78% of patients had been readmitted (range, 0-14 per person) and 49% had died. There were no statistically significant differences in the risk of death according to psychosocial characteristics. However, current tobacco users had lower risk of readmission (adjusted HR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.38-0.88), while illegal drug use (HR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.01-2.35) and depression (HR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.40-2.22) were associated with higher readmission risk. Conclusions Psychosocial characteristics are not significant predictors of death but are associated with readmission risk after DT LVAD.

Green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using plant extract is an alternative method to traditional chemical synthesis method. In the present work, we report the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO) synthesized by two methods, first by green synthesis by using zinc acetate and leaves extract of Ocimum Tenuiflorum (Tulsi leaves) and secondly by chemical route method using organic capping agent. The effect of synthesis methods on structural, optical, and photoluminescence property of ZnO nanoparticle were analyzed. Formation of zinc oxide nanoparticles has been confirmed by UV-Visible absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The Scanning Electron Microscope reveals non spherical morphology of nanoparticles. The particle sizes of nanoparticles were calculated experimentally using XRD and SEM. The particle size measured by XRD pattern was found to be 63nm for chemically synthesized ZnO and 38nm for ZnO sample prepared by green synthesis. SEM images showed interesting flower like structure and agglomeration of nanoparticles. The blue-shift in absorption spectra was observed with reducing size of the nanoparticles. The FTIR spectra inferred that the stabilizing agent passivated the surface of the particles. The PL spectra showed blue shift for the sample prepared by green synthesis. The results suggest that ZnO sample synthesized be green route is better in comparison to the chemically synthesized samples.

Fourier descriptor (FD)-based path synthesis algorithms for generation of planar four-bar mechanisms require assigning time parameter values to the given points along the path. An improper selection of time parameters leads to poor fitting of the given path and suboptimal four-bar mechanisms while also ignoring a host of mechanisms that could be potentially generated otherwise. A common approach taken is to use uniform time parameter values, which does not take into account the unique harmonic properties of the coupler path. In this paper, we are presenting a nonuniform parametrization scheme in conjunction with an objective function that provides a better fit, leverages the harmonics of the four-bar coupler, and allows imposing additional user-specified constraints.

This paper presents a generalized framework to solve m-pose, n-path points mixed synthesis problems, known as Alt-Burmester problems, using a task-driven motion synthesis approach. We aim to unify the path and motion synthesis problems into an approximate mixed synthesis framework. Fourier descriptors are used to establish a closed-form relationship between the path and orientation data. This relationship is then exploited to formulate mixed synthesis problems into pure motion synthesis ones. We use an efficient algebraic fitting based motion synthesis algorithm to enable simultaneous type and dimensional synthesis of planar four-bar linkages.

Fourier descriptor based path synthesis algorithms rely on harmonic decomposition of four-bar loop closure equation to split the design space into smaller subsets. The core of the methodology depends on calculation and fitting of Fourier descriptors. However, a uniform time parametrization is assumed in existing literature. This paper aims to explore the use of non-uniform time parametrization of input data and calculation of an optimal parametrization. Additionally, design-centric constraints have been proposed to give user enhanced control over coupler speed. As a result, this work improves the existing algorithm tremendously.

In organization numbers are increasing day by day with a drastic pace which prefers the extraction of the workflow of processes to interpret the operational processes. For a viably and sorted out approach to drive the development in the realm of digitization is utilized by the approach of work process extraction. The work process extraction/mining is otherwise called process mining. The goal of workflow mining is to get the extraction of data of an association’s method of business by changing over the logs of occasion information recorded in association’s frameworks. This impact to the enhance conformation of processes to organization regulation where workflow mining approach for analysis is actualized. Work process mining strategies absolutely rely upon the nearness of framework occasion log information. We accept to involve setting various endeavors on building our strategies or frameworks to record the greater part of the old information. The urge to comprehend and expand their procedures of businesses entails the process exploration practices. This paper displays a philosophy how programming occasion log information is analyzed to grasp and advance the product work process by utilizing arrangement which best in class utilized as a part of the product code clone streamlining for the human services area application.

Multi-class analysis, as the term suggest is the classification of the data in more than two classes. However not much studies were focused on such analysis and researchers often confined themselves to the binary sentiment classifiers. In this paper, we proposed machine learning algorithm as an approach to predict the sentiment classification. The experiments are conducted on public data sets combined with ensemble method named BAGGING, an abbreviation for Bootstrap aggregation with 10-cross fold validation technique is used to obtain the classification accuracy. The result accuracy suggested the exploring further improvement using the combination of the multi-class sentiment classifiers.

Extending tungsten contact for the most advanced nodes (≤ 7 nm) is challenging due to the growing impact of contact resistance on the overall resistance of a device and to the increasing difficulty of gapfill in features with < 20 nm critical dimensions. The paper presents a gapfill material using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MO-CVD) cobalt for contact plug. Highlights of new gapfill material include proven seamless, voidless gapfill and contact resistance reduction. CVD Cobalt anneal parameters are discussed that can be optimized in combination with the deposition process to achieve desired gapfill. A proprietary electron-beam imaging technology was used to qualify the cobalt fill for void-free performance. Various process flows are discussed that lead to the best-known fill and resistance reduction values.

Organizations are increasing day by day at a drastic pace which prefers the extraction of the workflow of processes to interpret the operational processes. For an adequately and sorted out approach to drive the advancement in the realm of digitization is utilized by the approach of work process extraction. The work process extraction/mining is otherwise called process mining. The target of workflow mining is to get the extraction of data of an association’s strategy of business by changing over the logs of occasion information recorded in association’s frameworks. This effect to the improve adaptation of procedures to association direction where work process digging approach for investigation is completed. Work process mining methods absolutely rely upon the nearness of framework occasion log information. We accept to involve setting various endeavors on building our techniques or frameworks to record the greater part of the ancient information. The desire to appreciate and extend the systems of organizations involves the procedure investigation rehearses. This paper shows a procedure how programming occasion log information is inspected to fathom and advance the product work process by utilizing the order which is best in class and utilized as a part of the product code clone streamlining for the medicinal services space application.

In organization numbers are increasing day by day with a drastic pace which prefers the extraction of the workflow of processes to interpret the operational processes. For a viably and sorted out approach to drive the development in the realm of digitization is utilized by the approach of work process extraction. The work process extraction/mining are otherwise called process mining. The goal of Workflow mining is to get the extraction of data of an association's method of business by changing over the logs of occasion information recorded in association's frameworks. This impact to the enhance conformation of processes to organization regulation where workflow mining approach for analysis is actualized. Work process Mining strategies are absolutely rely upon the nearness of framework occasion log information. We accept to involve setting various endeavors on building our strategies or frameworks to record the greater part of the old information. The urge to comprehend and expand their procedures of businesses entails the process exploration practices. This paper displays a philosophy how programming occasion log information is analyzed to grasp and advance the product work process by utilizing arrangement which best in class utilized as a part of the product code clone streamlining for the human services area application.

The present communication reports a new method for the potentiometric determination of adsorbent efficiency of coconut shell powder for removal of lead and cadmium from water. A three-electrode system containing metal-coated copper wire electrode was used as a working electrode. At equilibrium Open Circuit Potential (OCP) values represents metal ion concentration in solution. With the addition of coconut powder an appreciable decrease in the OCP was observed, which is associated with the reduction of the metal ion concentration due to the uptake of metal ions by the coconut powder. Chemical modification of coconut biomass was carried out by graft co-polymerization of acrylic acid. Modified biopolymer has been characterized using FTIR technique. An increase in the adsorbent efficiency of the biomass was observed by graft-copolymerized biopolymer i.e. from 54.4 mg/g to 122.1 mg/g and 58.8 mg/g to 141 mg/g respectively for Pb (II) and Cd (II) ions. The OCP based method provides an easy and simple app...

Graph algorithms play a prominent role in several fields of sciences and engineering. Notable among them are graph traversal, finding the connected components of a graph, and computing shortest paths. There are several efficient implementations of the above problems on a variety of modern multiprocessor architectures.It can be noticed in recent times that the size of the graphs that correspond to real world datasets has been increasing. Parallelism offers only a limited succor to this situation as current parallel architectures have severe short-comings when deployed for most graph algorithms. At the same time, these graphs are also getting very sparse in nature. This calls for particular solution strategies aimed at processing large, sparse graphs on modern parallel architectures.In this paper, we introduce graph pruning as a technique that aims to reduce the size of the graph. Certain elements of the graph can be pruned depending on the nature of the computation. Once a solution is obtained on the pruned graph, the solution is extended to the entire graph. Towards, this end we investigate pruning based on two strategies that justifies their use in current real world graphs.We apply the above technique on three fundamental graph algorithms: breadth first search (BFS), Connected Components (CC), and All Pairs Shortest Paths (APSP). For experimentations, we use three different sources for real world graphs. To validate our technique, we implement our algorithms on a heterogeneous platform consisting of a multicore CPU and a GPU. On this platform, we achieve an average of 35% improvement compared to state-of-the-art solutions. Such an improvement has the potential to speed up other applications reliant on these algorithms. Processing real world graphs in an efficient manner through input pruning.Two different pruning strategies based on 1-degree nodes and articulation points.Improvements upto 35% or 1.57x over current best known results.Experimental evaluation of algorithms proposed on several real world graphs.Heterogeneous multicore implementation provides better performance efficiency.

Mobile manipulation is a hot topic of research due to the increased flexibility in tasks they offer. However, ‘true’ mobile manipulation, that is seamless integration and synchronization of mobility and manipulation is rarely performed in a standard industrial or service robotics scenario. Even though, there is huge demand for such applications for example, a mobile robot applying sealant on a large aircraft wing, off the shelf solutions are missing. The reason being, basic challenges like positioning of mobile platform for a task, dealing with redundancies from a planning and control point of view, a repeatable fast inverse kinematics and dealing with high dimensional Configuration space of the highly redundant mobile robot are still not solved. In this paper we present a novel and generalized algorithm to solve inverse kinematics for mobile manipulators in closed form. We also define reusable, generalized redundancy parameters which have meaning in the task space. The algorithm is implemented on the real-time KUKA Sunrise robot controller and Nullspace motions have been performed on our 12 DOF Valeri robot.

We investigate a novel Ti Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD Ti) technique for source/drain and trench contact silicidation. This work is a first demonstration of a highly selective, superconformal Ti process that exhibits a low p-type CVD Ti/SiGe:B contact resistivity (pc) down to 2.1×10−9 Ω.cm2 (a 40% reduction vs. PVD Ti), matching the lowest published values [1-5]. A competitive n-type CVD Ti/Si:P with a ρ c at 2.6×10−9 Ω.cm2 is measured. We demonstrate up to 90% superconformality for this process, with a tunnel silicidation at lengths up to 500nm, showing an exceptional selectivity to oxide. This process is an enabler for the next generation of area-enhanced contact CMOS architectures.

The word Petroleum is derived from the Petra-Rock and Oleum-Oils. Hence it can be define as Natural occurring material composed of mainly by hydrocarbons, in gaseous and liquid state and residual mass which cannot be distilled without decomposition.

The proper estimation of time since death sometimes gives important hints for solving the crime to the investigating agencies and punishing the true offender and proper administration of justice. Numerous cells in blood show varying degree of post-mortem changes and these changes vary with regards to the post-mortem interval. Therefore, this hospital based descriptive observational study were carried out at the Department of Forensic Medicine, SMS Medical College, Jaipur to study the estimation of time since death by morphological changes in red & white blood cells. The present study proposes that lymphocytes are the most resistant blood cells as regards to degeneration after death. Other white blood cells and also red blood cells also show certain pattern of degradation which can be correlated to the time passed since death. Although a single cell change viewed in isolation may not do wonders in framing opinion of time elapsed since death but a study of morphological appearance of various cells at the time of examination may lead to meaningful inferences. Thus we concluded that the present study proves that changes in the morphology of red blood cells & white blood cells can be helpful as supplementary procedure for estimating time since death.

Fin Doping by Hot Implant for 14nm FinFET Technology and Beyond B. Wood, F. Khaja, B. Colombeau, S. Sun, A. Waite, M. Jin, H. Chen, O. Chan, T. Thanigaivelan, N. Pradhan, H.-J. Gossmann, S. Sharma, V. Chavva, M-P Cai, M. Okazaki, S. Munnangi, C-N Ni, W. Suen, C-P Chang, A. Mayur, N. Variam, and A. Brand Applied Materials, Silicon Systems Group, Sunnyvale, CA 96085 The transition from a planar to a FinFET device structure has changed device doping requirements. The fin sidewall doping and activation, crystallinity control of the fin, junction profile and leakage control on the fin are new challenges. With continuous scaling of FinFET technology, the narrower fins become more prone to crystallinity damage by ion implant, and lead to increases in junction leakage and fin parasitic resistance. We have introduced hot implant as a superior doping technique to room-temperature implant for arsenic source drain extension (SDE) and halo implants on vertical narrow fins. We have demonstrated for the first time that hot SDE implant on 6nm CD vertical fins produced single crystalline fins and enabled 5x improvement in fin line resistance and more than 10x reduction in junction leakage compared with a room-temperature SDE implant. Introduction FinFET technology has been introduced starting at the 22nm technology node to suppress device short channel effects (SCE) (1). The fin and the gate critical dimensions (CD) will continue to scale in each technology node and the channel material may move to group IV other than Si and III-V materials in the future. The narrow fins improve device SCE control. To achieve optimal device drive current, the SDE sheet resistance needs to be minimized. Ion implantation is the leading candidate for junction formation with the advantages of precision dose and energy control, which enable precision tuning of transistor performance and reduced device variability. The traditional arsenic ion implant for n-SDE with low energy and high dose can fully amorphize the narrow fin, resulting in damaged fin crystallinity upon activation anneal (2), and lead to high parasitic resistance and junction leakage. The amorphization is the result of a critical balance between damage generation and annihilation (3). Increasing substrate temperature during ion implant enhances defect annihilation or dynamic anneal, which increases the dose threshold for the onset of amorphization. We have introduced hot implant for damage-free arsenic (As) fin SDE doping and halo doping. Below a fin width threshold at about 15nm where the RT arsenic implanted fin became polycrystalline after activation anneal, hot implant improved fin conductance by 5x and junction leakage by >10x. Hot As

Robust clustering techniques are real life clustering techniques for noisy data. They work efficiently in the presence of noise. Fuzzy C-means (FCM) is the first clustering algorithm, based upon fuzzy sets, proposed by J C Bezdek but it does not give accurate results in the presence of noise. In this paper, FCM and various robust clustering algorithms namely: Possibilistic C-Means (PCM), Possibilistic Fuzzy C- means (PFCM), Credibilistic Fuzzy C-means (CFCM), Noise Clustering (NC) and Density Oriented Fuzzy C- Means (DOFCM) are studied and compared based upon robust characteristics of a clustering algorithm. For the performance analysis of these algorithms in noisy environment, they are applied on various noisy synthetic data sets, standard data sets like DUNN data- set, Bensaid data set. In comparison to FCM, PCM, PFCM, CFCM, and NC, DOFCM clustering method identified outliers very well and selected more desirable cluster centroids.

Si n–i–p tunnel field-effect transistor (TFET) fabricated by plasma implantation and laser annealing is proposed. This TFET has sharp lateral source doping profile, which can reduce the tunneling distance and improve carrier tunneling. Enhanced on-current (12 μA/μm) and improved I ON / I OFF ratio (6 × 10 6 ) are observed in this TFET [ V DS = ( V GS − V BTBT ) = −1.1 V; V BTBT is the V GS at the lowest subthreshold current observed at given V DS ] at T = 300 K. In addition, the TFET fabricated by laser annealing shows improved subthreshold characteristics, reduced tunneling resistance and smaller threshold voltage than TFET fabricated by rapid thermal annealing. Low-temperature measurements of this TFET were also performed to confirm the carrier injection mechanism of band-to-band tunneling. Plasma implantation and laser annealing are effective and suitable to be applied in current CMOS technology for low power devices.

Mobile devices play an important role in the wireless network environment for providing different services over internet. The business transactions over wireless electronic devices are not secure and hence the messages are prone to be intercepted and modified by an intruder. So, devices supporting wireless internet must be guaranteed at the same level of security as the wired network. PKI (Public Key Infrastructure) used in the wired environment is not suitable for wireless environment because of the less powerful processor and small memory. This arises a need for the development of a Wireless Public Key Infrastructure (WPKI) that provides the similar security level as the wired PKI suitable for mobile phone. In this paper, a discussion of public key infrastructure and an experimental set up for Wireless Public key Infrastructure for mobile phones are made.

Background: Sleep studies at St.Peter9s Hospital are performed upon request of the respiratory and bariatric health departments. There are a finite number of sleep study kits, that can fail to meet the demand, and results in delays in diagnosis and treatment. Subjectively, in those with high body mass indexes (BMI), the oxygen desaturation index (ODI) was thought to be closely related to the apnoea-hyponeic index (AHI), suggesting that a diagnosis of sleep apnoea in these patients could be made with oxygen saturation monitoring alone. Objective: To qualify the link between ODI and AHI in patients suspected of having sleep apnoea. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 6 months worth of sleep study data at St. Peter9s Hospital. We focused on all studies performed on patients with a BMI of over 40. We focused on the AHI, ODI, Weight/ BMI and age of the patients involved. Results: There were 79 patients with a BMI of over 40 who had a sleep study performed. 74 of these studies were positive for sleep apnoea, and we found a strong correlation between the ODI and AHI (Spearmans Rank correlation = 0.976). Conclusion: Given the strong correlation between ODI and AHI demonstrated, we would consider monitoring oxygen levels alone overnight for the diagnosis of sleep apnoea in people with a BMI of over 40. This would enable us to perform more studies and aim to start people on treatment sooner.

A Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) based power factor correction method for a 3-phase Induction Motor (IM) through switching of shunt capacitors is proposed in this paper. A 3 phase IM has a low power factor (pf) at no load as it draws large magnetizing current and the active power delivered to the motor is low, which is utilized to overcome the no-load losses. The PLC based power factor improvement algorithm is developed and implemented on a 3 Phase laboratory prototype IM coupled to a DC generator and the effectiveness of the algorithm is tested under no-load and loaded condition. Based on the instantaneously measured value of power factor, the PLC switches the appropriate bank of capacitors into the circuit depending on the load condition to improve the pf. Large scale use of PLC in industrial automation, adaptability, simple implementation and economics justified its selection as the switching controller. A significant improvement in power factor under different loading conditions is observed.

We report significant improvement of the TiSi / p-SiGe contact resistance by using a cryogenic (cold) boron implantation technique inside the contact trench of FinFET devices, providing both a source of dopants and a localized amorphization of the source/drain, self-aligned on the contact trench. A record low p-type contact resistivity of 5.9×10−9 ohm-cm2 is demonstrated and a 7.5% performance improvement is achieved. The variation of the implant temperature demonstrates a further improvement of the contact resistance when going to cryogenic (cold) implantation (−100 °C). Using TCAD, we demonstrate that the reduced implant temperature provides a higher degree of amorphization and reduces defects. This is the key to provide an enhanced recrystallization of the doped amorphized region through Solid Phase Epitaxial Regrowth (SPER) low temperature activation. We propose in this paper a novel mechanism for p-type contacts, and demonstrate it for the first time on state-of-the-art FinFET p-type devices using cryogenic (cold) implants and SPER regrowth.

We report a record-setting low NMOS contact resistivity of 1.2×10−9 Ωcm2 compatible with Ti/Si system and dopant segregation Schottky (DSS) based solution. The ultra-low contact resistivity of Ti/Si system is demonstrated with Highly Doped Si:P Epi layer and P implantation using conformal plasma implant followed by millisecond laser anneal. Additionally, we show that short-pulse nanosecond laser as post implant anneal provides a promising pathway to further improve NMOS ρ C to below 1×10−9 Ωcm2 for the post 7 nm nodes.

We report a PMOS contact resistivity (pc) improvement strategy by forming Ge-rich contact interface which is compatible to Ti/Si(Ge) system and CMOS integration flow. Short pulsed (nsec) laser anneal and advanced treatment during pre-clean have shown to be effective to segregate Ge towards SiGe surface resulting in PMOS ρc improvement. With Ge% increasing from 45 to 100%, pc improved three-fold, from 1.2e−8 to 2.8e−9 Ωcm2, due to bandgap modulation and preferred Fermi-level pinning [1]. In the end, we propose a CMOS-integration-compatible contact flow which addresses ρc optimization for both PMOS and NMOS contact.

Fraud in banks has been steadily growing over the past years and is a challenge to banks worldwide. The complexity involved in detection of such fraudulent activities further adds to the problem. A thorough examination of fraud and i ts possibilities is necessary to pinpoint and distinguish the few fraudulent cases within the vast volumes of banking data. In this paper we have discussed various scenarios in which fraud could take place and applied unsupervised learning approaches to de tect fraudulent acts in areas such as credit cards,money laundering and financial statements. We have keenly analyzed various attributes which would be necessary in detection of culprits who may cause a loss to the banks/organizations. Our analysis assist s in discovering anomalous behavior among peer groups to more consistently uncover frauds with lesser amount of false positives https://www.ijiert.org/paper-details?paper_id=140748

The study reveals that sodic conditions resulted in poor bio-synthesis in black gram plants and hence both chlorophyll ‘a’, ‘b’ and reducing and non-reducing sugar contents decreased with increasing levels of RSC water treatments. Incorporation of iron pyrites as an ameliorating agent significantly improved the availability of nutrients and enhanced the chlorophyll and sugar content. The Rhizobium inoculated treatments supplemented with 50 g iron pyrites pot-1 adjusted best among all the treatments and plants could withstand irrigation with 2.5 meL-1 RSC water without being adversely affected. Further, 7.5 meL-1 proved detrimental for plant growth and recorded maximum reduction in sugar and chlorophyll contents in the treatments which were not supplied with pyrites.

In recent times, the ease in availability and usability of digital video editing tools has become a major challenge to video forensic experts, to accurately authenticate any suspected digital video content. Besides, the wide range and rapid advancement in the field of such editing tools and improvements in anti-forensic techniques has enabled any naive user to edit, alter, and modify any digital video with minimal traces/footprints. Recent surveys in the field of digital video forensics highlight the need of research in this field. The requirement of authenticating the integrity of the contents of digital videos ranges from an individual to organizations, defense and security setups to law enforcement agencies. Further to it, the need to explore newer and more effective Passive (or Blind) video forgery detection approaches is gaining importance day by day. This is attributable to the fact that digital videos are accepted as evidences in most of the countries and real life cases involving tampered digital videos, more often than not, rarely get supplemented by any other reference information besides the suspected video. This paper aims at highlighting the challenges and brings out opportunities in the field of Passive or Blind digital video forensics, focusing on spatio-temporal or copy-move attacks on digital videos, by reviewing the existing literature and research work in this field.

Glycosylation is found ubiquitously throughout the central nervous system (CNS). Chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are a group of molecules heavily substituted with glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and are found in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and cell surfaces. Upon CNS injury, a glial scar is formed, which is inhibitory for axon regeneration. Several CSPGs are up-regulated within the glial scar, including NG2, and these CSPGs are key inhibitory molecules of axonal regeneration. Treatment with chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) can neutralise the inhibitory nature of NG2. A gene expression dataset was mined in silico to verify differentially regulated glycosylation-related genes in neurons after spinal cord injury and identify potential targets for further investigation. To establish the glycosylation differential of neurons that grow in a healthy, inhibitory and ChABC-treated environment, we established an indirect co-culture system where PC12 neurons were grown with primary astrocytes, Neu7 astrocytes (which overexpress NG2) and Neu7 astrocytes treated with ChABC. After 1,4 and 8 days culture, lectin cytochemistry of the neurons was performed using five fluorescently-labelled lectins (ECA MAA, PNA, SNA-I and WFA). Usually alpha-(2,6)-linked sialylation scarcely occurs in the CNS but this motif was observed on the neurons in the injured environment only at day 8. Treatment with ChABC was successful in returning neuronal glycosylation to normal conditions at all timepoints for MAA, PNA and SNA-I staining, and by day 8 in the case of WFA. This study demonstrated neuronal cell surface glycosylation changes in an inhibitory environment and indicated a return to normal glycosylation after treatment with ChABC, which may be promising for identifying potential therapies for neuronal regeneration strategies. peer-reviewed

Due to the advent of social media and networking sites, people now have the opportunity to communicate with each other more easily and frequently than ever before. The analysis of the content of these communications can lead to numerous benefits to the governments and corporations across various industries. These will allow them in gauging the public sentiment on a multitude of items and issues, on which they can take necessary actions. However, to do so, one needs to decipher the content which is usually in the form of a complicated mix of multiple languages. In Indian social media, users often combine Romanized English with their mother tongue language for communications. In this paper, we have presented a number of techniques to identify the sentiment of text after normalizing the influence of multiple languages.

The high luminous efficacy of plasma display demands high luminance at reduced discharge power. The discharge power can be reduced by several steps, one of them being reduction of gas breakdown voltage. In this paper, improved discharge cell structures are introduced that favor reduction of the gas breakdown voltage. The simulated electric field profiles for these structures indicate the low voltage requirement with increased electric field concentration in the discharge gap. The experimental measurements of breakdown voltage and discharge delay time in the test panels also support the simulation results. The important features of these discharge cell structures are discussed.

Scaling of semiconductor devices over past decades has been made possible by continuous innovations in materials engineering as well as device geometries and integration [1,2]. Shrinking device features necessitate precise engineering of various materials and interfaces. Thermal processing plays a key role in engineering of ever-evolving materials and processes governed by thermodynamics and kinetics. High-k metal gate (HKMG) and contact to source-drain present key challenges in meeting device performance and yield requirements for continued logic CMOS scaling. In this paper, we will present equipment and process innovations in millisecond annealing that enable HKMG and source-drain contact scaling. Key requirements for HKMG architecture include EOT scaling, device reliability, maintaining desired effective work function, and minimal Vfb roll-off effect. Thermal treatment of HKMG film stack leads to HfO2 crystallization, reaction of HfO2 with the SiO2 interface layer (IL), diffusion of nitrogen (N) and reaction with HfO2, and displacement of oxygen vacancies from HfO2. In addition, nitridation of HfO2 suppresses charge traps, improving reliability. Nitrogen placement in the HKMG stack is a function of annealing conditions, and needs to be controlled precisely to meet device performance and reliability requirements. HKMG integration can benefit greatly from millisecond annealing that offers high temperature processing but in millisecond time scales. In this paper, we will introduce millisecond annealing in ammonia (NH3) ambient. We will demonstrate that millisecond annealing in NH3 ambient offers unique capabilities in controlling the N dose and placement in the HKMG stack. It is extremely important to control the N profile since N penetration to the interface layer degrades PMOS reliability. Fig 1 shows the three film stacks investigated in this work. Millisecond annealing was performed using a scanning continuous wave laser to reach desired surface temperature of a wafer placed on a heated stage. This approach allows for millisecond scale control of thermal energy delivery to the wafer. Fig 2 shows the N concentration as a function of millisecond anneal peak temperature for different heater temperatures. N incorporation increases with peak temperature. Lower heater temperature enables higher N incorporation. As shown in Fig 3, lower heater temperature also results in lesser IL thickening, which is desirable for EOT scaling. Fig 4 shows angle-resolved X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (AR-XPS) profiles for HfO2/IL film stack annealed at the same peak temperature but with different heater temperatures. Clearly, lower heater temperature leads to shallower, Gaussian-like N profile contained within HfO2. In this paper, we will also demonstrate nitridation of other HKMG film stacks such as TiN/HfO2/IL, and TaN/HfO2/IL with excellent control over N dose and depth profile. We will show that this approach leads to conformal nitridation of HKMG film stack. We will also present MOSCAP data complementing the physical characterization and demonstrating device performance and reliability benefits of millisecond annealing in NH3 ambient. Continued CMOS scaling requires geometric shrinking of device features such as contact to source and drain. Smaller contact dimensions necessitate reduction of bulk and interface resistivity of various materials deposited in the contact structure. Advanced logic devices beyond 10nm node are expected to use Cobalt as contact fill metal [3]. Oxidation of barrier TiN is detrimental to the quality of subsequent Cobalt metal fill and introduces an additional contributor to the overall external resistance of the device. Silicidation anneal after Ti liner/TiN barrier deposition results in oxidation of TiN surface due to the presence of trace amounts of O2 in the anneal chamber. Hence, it is paramount to minimize surface oxidation of TiN to enable optimal contact metal fill. In this paper, we will demonstrate that TiN oxidation can be minimized by improving millisecond anneal chamber background O2 level and cooling down wafers in controlled ambient. The importance of ambient control during silicide anneal was investigated by comparing surface oxidation resulting from annealing with various ambient control schemes. Fig. 5 shows that a silicide anneal run with X ppm ambient O2 during the anneal resulted in significant oxidation of TiN, and oxidation was reduced with reduced ambient O2 during anneal. The least degree of TiN oxidation was achieved with improved ambient control during both the anneal process and wafer cooldown. Improvement in chamber O2 level along with cooler wafer extraction also resulted in better Co adhesion to TiN and ~17% reduction in contact resistivity (Fig 6). Enhanced ambient control capability in the millisecond anneal system is expected to provide further benefits in HKMG EOT scaling and reliability in combination with NH3 thermal processing. Figure 1