195 results on '"Shannon, Stephen"'
Search Results
152. Graduate Education For Primary Care Physicians.
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Hoekzema, Grant, Shannon, Stephen C., Buser, Boyd R., and Hahn, Marc B.
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HOSPITAL medical staff , *MEDICAL specialties & specialists , *GENERAL practitioners , *TIME , *GRADUATE education ,STUDY & teaching of medicine - Abstract
A letter to the editor is presented in response to the article "A New Pathway for Medical Education," by Stephen Shannon and co-authors, in the November 2013 issue.
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- 2014
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153. Asynchronous Expression of the Homeodomain Protein CUX1 in Sertoli Cells and Spermatids During Spermatogenesis in Mice1
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Kroll, Melissa R., Viss, Engela S., Lamb, Jonathan, Horstman, Joy, Powell, Alexander, Van Wyk, Andrea, Hinkkala, Kaarlo, Hoogland, Traci, Schippers, Matthew, Shannon, Stephen, Carlton, Carol G., Sharma, Madhulika, Taylor, Aaron, Vanden Heuvel, Gregory B., and Jelsma, Tony N.
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- 2010
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154. The type III histone deacetylase Sirtl is essential for maintenance of T cell tolerance in mice.
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Jinping Zhang, Sang-Myeong Lee, Shannon, Stephen, Gao, Beixue, Weimin Chen, An Chen, Divekar, Rohit, McBurney, Michael W., Braley-Mullen, Helen, Zaghouani, Habib, and Deyu Fang
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IMMUNOLOGIC diseases , *IMMUNOLOGICAL tolerance , *TRANSCRIPTION factors , *HISTONE deacetylase , *T cells , *LABORATORY mice - Abstract
Although many self-reactive T cells are eliminated by negative selection in the thymus, some of these cells escape into the periphery, where they must be controlled by additional mechanisms. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying peripheral T cell tolerance and its maintenance remain largely undefined. In this study, we report that sirtuin 1 (Sirti), a type III histone deacetylase, negatively regulates T cell activation and plays a major role in clonal T cell anergy in mice. In vivo, we found that loss ofSirtl function resulted in abnormally increased T cell activation and a breakdown of CD4+ T cell tolerance. Conversely, upregulation of Sirti expression led to T cell anergy, in which the activity of the transcription factor AP-1 was substantially diminished. Furthermore, Sirti interacted with and deacetylated c-Jun, yielding an inactive AP-1 factor. In addition, Sirti-deficient mice were unable to maintain T cell tolerance and developed severe experimental allergic encephalomyelitis as well as spontaneous autoimmunity. These findings provide insight into the molecular mechanisms ofT cell activation and anergy, and we suggest that activators ofSirtl may be useful as therapeutic agents for the treatment and/or prevention of autoimmune diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2009
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155. Future Doctors of America.
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Shannon, Stephen C.
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LETTERS to the editor , *MEDICAL school admission - Abstract
A letter to the editor is presented in response to the article "Flocking to Med School," by Katherine Mangan from the October 26, 2007 issue.
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- 2007
156. Osteopathic Medicine and Primary Care.
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Shannon, Stephen C.
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LETTERS to the editor , *MEDICAL education - Abstract
A letter to the editors is presented in response to the article "Family-Medicine Posts Are Waning," from the March 30, 2007 issue.
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- 2007
157. A comparison of in vitro cytotoxicity assays in medical device regulatory studies.
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Liu, Xuemei, Rodeheaver, Denise P., White, Jeffrey C., Wright, Ann M., Walker, Lisa M., Zhang, Fan, and Shannon, Stephen
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CELL-mediated cytotoxicity , *MEDICAL equipment , *BIOCOMPATIBILITY , *COMPARATIVE studies - Abstract
Abstract Medical device biocompatibility testing is used to evaluate the risk of adverse effects on tissues from exposure to leachates/extracts. A battery of tests is typically recommended in accordance with regulatory standards to determine if the device is biocompatible. In vitro cytotoxicity, a key element of the standards, is a required endpoint for all types of medical devices. Each validated cytotoxicity method has different methodology and acceptance criteria that could influence the selection of a specific test. In addition, some guidances are more specific than others as to the recommended test methods. For example, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO1) cites preference for quantitative methods (e.g., tetrazolium (MTT/XTT), neutral red (NR), or colony formation assays (CFA)) over qualitative methods (e.g., elution, agar overlay/diffusion, or direct), while a recent ISO standard for contact lens/lens care solutions specifically requires a qualitative direct test. Qualitative methods are described in United States Pharmacopeia (USP) while quantitative CFAs are listed in Japan guidance. The aim of this review is to compare the methodologies such as test article preparation, test conditions, and criteria for six cytotoxicity methods recommended in regulatory standards in order to inform decisions on which method(s) to select during the medical device safety evaluation. Highlights • Paper provides a comparison of cytotoxicity assays for medical devices to inform test selection decisions. • Quantitative cytotoxicity tests are preferred over qualitative methods. • Results are impacted by test article preparation, exposure times, test conditions, and criteria. • The choice of the methods is critical for results and success or failure of a product. • Results should be viewed in a full battery of biocompatibility tests to avoid false positive/negative classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2018
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158. The impact of verbal and physical abuse on distress, mental health, and intentions to quit in sports officials.
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Brick, Noel E., Breslin, Gavin, Shevlin, Mark, and Shannon, Stephen
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VIOLENCE & psychology , *DISMISSAL of employees , *STRUCTURAL equation modeling , *SOCIAL support , *MENTAL health , *VIOLENCE , *SPORTS officials , *PSYCHOSOCIAL factors , *DISEASE prevalence , *INTENTION , *INVECTIVE , *PSYCHOLOGICAL distress - Abstract
Sports officials (e.g., referees, umpires, judges) can experience distress from a multitude of sources, including episodes of verbal and physical abuse from spectators, coaches, and athletes. Little is known about the impact of this abuse on mental health (MH) outcomes and intentions to quit, however. As such, the primary aims of this study were to survey the prevalence and frequency of abuse in sports officials and to examine relationships between abuse, distress, and subsequent MH and intentions to quit outcomes. Survey data were collected from 438 Gaelic Games match officials. Of these, 94.29% and 23.06% had experienced verbal and physical abuse respectively during their career. Verbal abuse was mostly experienced a couple of times a season (reported by 43.83% of officials) or every couple of games (31.48%), whereas physical abuse was predominantly experienced once or twice in a career (85.15%). Structural equation modelling was used to assess three alternative models that proposed the relationship between experiences of abuse, and MH and intentions to quit outcomes to be either 1) direct, 2) indirect, fully mediated by distress, or 3) both direct and indirect, partially mediated by distress. For verbal abuse, only the direct and indirect effects model achieved acceptable fit and significantly explained variance in mental wellbeing (9.4%), anxiety (15.2%), depression (15.6%), and intentions to quit (19.1%). For physical abuse, though higher distress was associated with poorer MH and greater intentions to quit, none of the models fully explained the relationships between all variables. These findings demonstrate, for the first time, relationships between abuse, subsequent distress, and MH outcomes. We highlight the urgent need to develop evidence-based psychological interventions to tackle abuse, manage conflict, and support the MH needs of sports officials. [Display omitted] • Prevalence of verbal and physical abuse experiences were 94% and 23%, respectively. • Less experienced match officials experienced more frequent verbal abuse. • More frequent verbal abuse lowered mental wellbeing and increased intentions to quit. • Abuse-induced distress led to poorer mental health and increased intentions to quit. • There is an urgent need to provide mental health support for sports officials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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159. Measurement of the polarization parameter for the reaction π-p → π0n between 1.03 and 1.79 GeV/c
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Shannon, Stephen [Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)]
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- 1974
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160. Predicting school uptake of The Daily Mile in Northern Ireland- a data linkage study with School Census Data and Multiple Deprivation Measures.
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Breslin G, Hillyard M, Brick N, Shannon S, McKay-Redmond B, Shevlin M, and McConnell B
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Background: Participating in physical activity benefits health, yet a majority of children remain inactive. The Daily Mile™ (TDM) originated in Scotland in 2012 with the aim of increasing primary school children's physical fitness. Despite being a practically feasible and popular initiative, it remains unclear the extent to which schools implement TDM, and whether TDM core principles are adhered to (i.e., run or jog at least 3-days per week). In Northern Ireland it is unknown how many schools regularly participate in TDM, and whether there is an association between TDM participation with school type, school location, size, total number of children attending the school, school deprivation level, and/or motivation as measured by the COM-B model (Capabilities, Opportunities, Motivation model of behaviour). Therefore, this study aimed to quantify the uptake of TDM in Northern Ireland, assess whether schools are following the core principles, and analyse if there is an association between aforesaid demographic factors and TDM participation., Methods: An online cross-sectional survey was sent to all primary and special education schools in Northern Ireland with the support of the Education Authority for Northern Ireland and the Public Health Agency for Northern Ireland. The survey was completed by the school principal or teacher, and was available from 31st August until 16th December 2022. Survey results were linked with the 2021/2022 Northern Ireland School Census Data and Northern Ireland Multiple Deprivation Measure 2017. Quantitative and qualitative questions were included in the survey to assess participation and implementation of TDM., Results: The survey received 609 school responses. After data cleaning, and removal of duplicates from schools a sample of 358 primary schools (45%) and 19 special education schools (47.5%) was analysed. Over half (54.7%) of primary schools and 36.8% of special education schools reported taking part in TDM. More special education needs schools reported taking part in their own version of an 'active mile' rather than TDM formally, and qualitative findings showed TDM was not perceived as appropriate for many children in special educational settings. There was wide variation in adherence to TDM core principles. A multivariate binary logistic regression model was fitted to the data, but it was not statistically significant (χ2(17) = 22.689, p = .160). However, univariate effects showed that increasing levels on COM-B (Capability) was associated with increased likelihood of TDM participation (OR = 2.506), and Catholic Maintained schools were almost twice as likely as Controlled schools to be delivering TDM (OR = 1.919). There was no association found between deprivation and TDM uptake., Conclusion: Encouragingly over 50% of schools in Northern Ireland reported taking part in TDM. However, despite being a low-cost and practically feasible physical activity initiative, further intervention work with sound research methodology is needed to promote adherence to TDM core principles to maximise benefits to children's health. Furthermore, concerted efforts are required to adjust TDM so that it is inclusive for all educational settings, and children's abilities., Competing Interests: I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: All authors are members of The Daily Mile Network Northern Ireland. We can confirm that our membership of the Daily Mile Network Northern Ireland does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials., (Copyright: © 2023 Breslin et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)
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- 2023
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161. Physical activity in childhood and adolescence and future depressive symptoms: an 11-year prospective cohort study.
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Knowles C, Paradis KF, Breslin G, Shannon S, and Carlin A
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Background: Physical activity (PA) can reduce young peoples' risk of depressive symptoms. Associations between PA and depressive symptoms are often investigated over timeframes spanning minutes to weeks. Less is known about whether childhood/adolescent PA can predict depressive symptoms in early adulthood., Methods: Using a nationally representative sample from Ireland, latent growth mixture modelling was performed to investigate the extent to which different PA trajectories existed from ages 9-17, whether gender, weight status, and socio-economic deprivation at age 9, predicted PA trajectories from ages 9-17, and whether trajectory class membership predicted depressive symptoms at age 20., Results: A 4-class solution was the best fit to the data (AIC = 52 175.69; BIC = 52 302.69; ssaBIC = 52 245.49; entropy = 1.00). Classes were labelled according to their baseline PA and slope of their trajectory: 'High-Decreasers'; 'Moderate-Decreasers'; 'Moderate-Stable'; and 'Low-Increasers'. A negative linear association existed between activity trajectory and the likelihood class members were female, overweight or socioeconomically deprived at age 9. The most active class (High-Decreasers) were significantly less likely to report depressive symptoms at age 20 than other classes., Conclusions: Multiple PA trajectories exist throughout childhood and adolescence although differences in PA levels reduced over time. The most/least active children continued to be the most/least active throughout adolescence. Those most active were least at risk of depressive symptoms in early adulthood. Being female, overweight or experiencing deprivation at age 9 were all risk factors for inactivity throughout adolescence. Findings have implications for public health and PA promotion in young people., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Public Health Association.)
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- 2023
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162. Frequency, intensity and duration of muscle strengthening activity and associations with mental health.
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Shannon S, Shevlin M, Brick N, and Breslin G
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- Humans, Female, Adult, Male, Cross-Sectional Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Muscles, Depression, Mental Health, Anxiety epidemiology
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Objectives: Despite growing emphasis on the benefits of physical activity for promoting mental health, inclusion of muscle-strengthening (MS) (e.g., body-weight exercises, resistance machines) activities is limited. Notably, few studies collectively assess MS behavioural frequency, duration, and intensity. To address the gap, the current study examined associations between frequency (days), intensity (rating of perceived exertion in relation to repetitions in reserve [RPE/RIR]), and duration (minutes per typical session) of MS activities on anxiety, depression, and mental well-being., Method: A cross-sectional study of 601 participants (Mean age = 30.92 years [SD = 12.70]; 57.7 % female) across Ireland was conducted. Participants completed a self-report questionnaire containing MS instruments previously used, or adapted from valid and reliable measures (i.e., International Physical Activity Questionnaire IPAQ, RPE/RIR), alongside, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire-8 (PHQ-8) and the Mental Health Continuum- Short Form (MHC-SF). A multivariate regression model was tested in MPLUS, using dummy coding for MS frequency in relation to no activity (i.e., 0-days) non-adherence (i.e., 1-day), adherence (i.e., 2-days) and enhanced adherence (i.e., ≥3 days) to the MS public health guidelines, with the mental health variables representing the dependent variables. Intensity and duration were specified in the model as continuous variables; gender and age were included as statistical controls., Results: Three or more days engaged in MS activities was associated with fewer anxiety (β = -0.12, p < .05) and depression (β = -0.14, p < .01) symptoms. Increased intensity had a negative association with anxiety (β = -0.10, p < .05) and depression (β = -0.15, p < .001). Unexpectedly, adherence to the MS guidelines (2-days) did not predict any of the mental health outcomes, whereas 1-day of MS activity was associated with fewer depression symptoms (β = -0.11). No effects were observed for mental well-being, and MS duration exerted a null effect across all mental health outcomes., Conclusion: Higher frequency and intensity of MS activities may protect against anxiety and depression symptoms. Doing some MS activities (at least 1-day) is likely more beneficial than none for depression. Evidence-based, MS interventions may help curb mental illness rates, and future longitudinal, intervention-based research could consider inclusion of MS frequency, intensity and duration variables to enhance efforts to identify at-risk groups and trends within physical activity and mental illness surveillance., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest All authors confirm that we have no conflict of interest to declare., (Crown Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
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- 2023
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163. A systematic review of the effect of The Daily Mile™ on children's physical activity, physical health, mental health, wellbeing, academic performance and cognitive function.
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Breslin G, Hillyard M, Brick N, Shannon S, McKay-Redmond B, and McConnell B
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- Humans, Child, Exercise psychology, Cognition, Memory, Short-Term, Mental Health, Academic Performance
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Background: A minority of children in the United Kingdom meet the recommended physical activity guidelines. One initiative which has been introduced to try and increase the physical activity levels of school children is The Daily Mile™ (TDM). The aim of this review was to determine the effect of TDM on children's physical activity levels, physical health, mental health, wellbeing, academic performance and cognitive function., Methods: Six databases were systematically searched from TDM's inception (2012) to 30th June 2022. Studies were included if they involved school-aged children (aged 4-12 years), taking part in TDM and measured at least one pre-defined outcome., Results: Thirteen studies were included from the 123 studies retrieved. Longer-term participation in TDM was found to increase moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and physical fitness. None of the studies reported a significant change in Body Mass Index or academic performance. An acute bout of TDM was not found to improve cognitive function, however one good-quality study reported that longer-term participation in TDM increased visual spatial working memory. There was evidence from one fair-quality design study that TDM can improve mental health in the short term. There were no significant effects on wellbeing, however scores on self-perceptions improved mainly for children with low baseline self-perceptions., Conclusion: There is evidence to show that TDM can increase physical activity and physical fitness. However, higher-quality research, with adequate participant randomisation and longer-term, post-intervention follow-up is needed to ensure that any changes accurately reflect the components of TDM and are sustained beyond an intervention time frame. Policy recommendations of TDM increasing PA levels in the short term are supported by the evidence in this review. However, long-term improvement on mental health, wellbeing, academic performance and cognitive function requires further good-to excellent quality research. Promisingly, several protocol articles that include randomised controlled trials with long term follow-up have been published. These higher-quality design studies may provide a stronger evidence-base on the effects of TDM on children's health and should underpin future recommendations in public health policy., Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO CRD42022340303., Competing Interests: I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: All authors are members of The Daily Mile Network Northern Ireland. We can confirm that our membership of the Daily Mile Network Northern Ireland does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials., (Copyright: © 2023 Breslin et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)
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- 2023
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164. Decommission of a Heartmate 3 LVAD in a patient with left ventricular recovery.
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Shannon S, Ghorpade N, and Schaffer SA
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- Male, Humans, Adult, Retrospective Studies, Heart Ventricles surgery, Heart Failure surgery, Cardiomyopathy, Dilated complications, Cardiomyopathy, Dilated surgery, Heart-Assist Devices adverse effects
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Background: Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) have been a significant development in the treatment of patients with advanced heart failure supporting circulation as a bridge to transplant, recovery, or long-term destination therapy. When ventricular recovery occurs, there are multiple described ways of proceeding. HM2 decommissions are well described with varying degrees of explant operations, less so in HM3 due to the novelty of the device. In certain situations, invasive surgery can carry high risk and so a minimally invasive decommission, leaving the LVAD essentially intact in situ can be considered., Case Report: In this report, we describe the case of a 35-year-old male diagnosed with an idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy requiring an LVAD with subsequent identification of cardiac recovery with the asymptomatic thrombosis of the second HM3 device. Investigations demonstrated absent flow through the pump whilst the patient-reported NYHA I functional class symptoms. The Driveline was cut with the remaining internal pump components decommissioned and left in situ. At 1 year, the patient continues to do well with continued features of cardiac recovery with an LVEF of over 40%., Conclusion: LV recovery is well recognized with typical management being LVAD explant surgeries performed. Each case should be analyzed for risks and benefits to the patient and future research showed be directed towards levels of decommissioning surgery and management post-LVAD decommission patient care., (© 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)
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- 2022
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165. Adherence to aerobic and muscle-strengthening components of the physical activity guidelines and mental health.
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Shannon S, Carlin A, Woods C, Nevill AM, Murphy N, and Murphy MH
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- Humans, Female, Young Adult, Adult, Male, Cross-Sectional Studies, Students psychology, Muscles, Mental Health, Exercise physiology
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Despite a clear distinction between aerobic and muscle strengthening (MS) components in the physical activity guidelines, public health surveillance has largely focused only on aerobic components, limiting the reach of epidemiological research on the physical activity guidelines. Hence, this study investigated the association between adherence to both components (i.e. aerobic and muscle-strengthening) of the World Health Organization's physical activity guidelines and mental health among the college student population. A cross-sectional study was conducted among a nationally representative sample of Irish college students (7088 participants, M age: 23.17 years; 50.9% female). Participants were categorized as meeting both components of the guidelines (n = 41%), only the aerobic component (n = 25.3%) or the MS component (n = 7.3%), and neither (n = 26.4%). Group membership effects on mental health was determined through mixed univariate ANOVAs, with a Bonferroni correction for post hoc analyses to assess multiple comparisons. Results revealed that meeting both components of the guidelines was significantly (all p < 0.01) associated with greater self-reported happiness, body image and general health, and less mental ill-being, relative to all other respective groupings. Meeting aerobic or MS components in isolation was significantly (p < 0.05) associated with better happiness, general health and body image compared to not meeting either component. To conclude, 59% of the college-aged population are insufficiently active, and adherence to both guideline components is positively associated with mental health. Co-produced, evidence-based, physical activity interventions are needed in students and could contribute to mental health promotion., (© Crown copyright 2022.)
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- 2022
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166. Systematic review of physical activity interventions assessing physical and mental health outcomes on patients with severe mental illness (SMI) within secure forensic settings.
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Hassan J, Shannon S, Tully MA, McCartan C, Davidson G, Bunn R, and Breslin G
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- Humans, Obesity, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Exercise, Mental Disorders physiopathology, Mental Disorders psychology, Quality of Life
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WHAT IS KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT?: Individuals with a severe mental illness (SMI) are less physically active and have a lower life expectancy than the general population due to increased risks of cardiometabolic diseases (obesity, diabetes and respiratory diseases) and other health risks. Physical activity has been used as an adjunct therapy for individuals with SMI yielding improvements in cognitive functioning, quality of life and a reduction in psychiatric symptoms. Individuals with SMI residing within a secure forensic setting have reduced physical activity opportunities, possibly due to a number of factors including low motivation and restricted access to exercise facilities combined with a lack of knowledge and/or confidence in staff members to assist in physical activity programmes. WHAT THE PAPER ADDS TO EXISTING KNOWLEDGE?: This review demonstrates that little is known around the effects of physical activity for people with SMI who reside in secure forensic settings, with little to no long-term effects reported. Physical activity interventions have shown some positive results through decreasing weight and waist circumference as well as a reduction in negative symptom scores in an exercise group compared with the "no treatment" control group post-intervention. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE?: Service users' reluctance to engage in physical activity may be overcome by improving staff commitment, creating a motivational atmosphere and promoting service user decision making., Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Participating in physical activity has many benefits, yet those with severe mental illness (SMI) living in forensic settings are less likely to be active, and more likely to experience ill-health. The aim of this study was to systematically review the effectiveness of physical activity programmes on mental and physical health and specifically on reducing symptoms of SMI in forensic settings., Method: A systematic search of six databases was conducted, in addition to a grey literature search. Studies were included if they had participants with SMI; were based in a forensic setting; involved a physical activity programme and reported physical and mental health outcomes., Results: A total of 112 participants were included in four studies. One study showed a significant improvement in negative symptom scores in the exercise group compared with a treatment as usual group. Two studies reported improvements in psychiatric symptoms with no significant difference between groups; however, statistically significant changes in weight and waist circumference were evident (p < .001). No adverse effects were reported., Conclusion: Only a small number of studies were included and of limited design and quality, with no follow-up assessments; therefore, more research is needed to determine the true effects of physical activity for improving SMI symptoms in a forensic setting. This review highlights the need for further studies exploring the barriers and facilitators of physical activity in secure forensic settings. Studies are required that include a more thorough research design. Furthermore, interventions if designed with patients and caring staff in mind may lead to lowered psychiatric symptoms and increased physical health benefits for all in forensic settings., (© 2022 The Authors. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
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- 2022
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167. An updated systematic review of interventions to increase awareness of mental health and well-being in athletes, coaches, officials and parents.
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Breslin G, Shannon S, Cummings M, and Leavey G
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- Athletes psychology, Child, Humans, Mental Health, Parents, Mental Disorders, Sports
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Background: Interventions designed to increase mental health awareness in sport have grown substantially in the last 5 years, meaning that those involved in policy, research and intervention implementation are not fully informed by the latest systematic evaluation of research, risking a disservice to healthcare consumers. Hence, our aim was to update a 2017 systematic review that determined the effect of sport-specific mental health awareness programmes to improve mental health knowledge and help-seeking among sports coaches, athletes and officials. We extended the review to incorporate parents as a source of help-seeking and report the validity of outcome measures and quality of research design that occurred since the original review., Methods: Sport-specific mental health awareness programmes adopting an experimental or quasi-experimental design were included for synthesis. Five electronic databases were searched: Psychinfo, Medline (OVID interface), Scopus, Cochrane and Cinahl. Each database was searched from its year of inception to June 2020. As all of the outcomes measured were derived from psychometric scales, we observed statistically significant quantitative effects on the basis of p < .05, and a small, medium or large effect size as d = .2, .5 or .8, respectively. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane and QATSQ tools., Results: Twenty-eight articles were included from the 2048 retrieved, eighteen additional articles since the original review. Eighteen studies targeted athletes, five with coaches, one sport officials (i.e. referees), one 'at-risk children' and three with parents. One of the studies was a combination of athletes, coaches and parents. In terms of study outcomes, health referral efficacy was improved in seven studies; twelve studies reported an increase in knowledge about mental health disorders. Proportionally, higher quality research designs were evident, as three of ten studies within the previous review did not demonstrate a high risk of bias, whereas thirteen of the eighteen additional studies did not display a high risk of bias. However, only one study included a behaviour change model in both the programme design and evaluation., Conclusions: Our updated systematic review provides evidence of the benefits of mental health awareness interventions in sport; these benefits are mainly for athletes and show improvements in the methodological design of recent studies compared to the first review. There was also evidence of the extension of programme delivery to parents. In conclusion, researchers, practitioners and policy makers should consider methodological guidance and the application of theory when developing and evaluating complex interventions., Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO CRD42016040178., (© 2022. The Author(s).)
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- 2022
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168. Longitudinal Associations Between Athletes' Psychological Needs and Burnout Across a Competitive Season: A Latent Difference Score Analysis.
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Shannon S, Prentice G, Brick N, Leavey G, and Breslin G
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- Athletes psychology, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Personal Autonomy, Personal Satisfaction, Seasons, Burnout, Professional psychology, Burnout, Psychological
- Abstract
Participation in sport can paradoxically be a source of psychological needs satisfaction and psychological needs frustration. Self-determination theory was applied to explain temporal relationships of athletes' psychological needs satisfactions and psychological needs frustrations with burnout through a two-wave longitudinal study. Participants included 184 athletes (Mage = 24.04 years, SD = 5.56, 67.9% male) representing a range of competitive levels. A latent difference score model specifying longitudinal relationships between burnout and needs satisfactions and needs frustrations was tested. Significant within-variable changes were observed for all needs-satisfaction and needs-frustration variables. Longitudinal associations were found in Models 3 (autonomy frustration) and 6 (relatedness satisfaction). Higher burnout at baseline predicted an increase in autonomy frustration (β = 0.13, p < .05), whereas higher relatedness satisfaction at baseline reduced burnout levels later in the season (β = -0.22, p < .001). To conclude, continuous tracking of athlete burnout levels and fostering of needs-supportive climates that minimize autonomy-controlling behaviors are recommended for the burnout prevention in athletes.
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- 2022
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169. Barriers and facilitators of physical activity in adolescents with intellectual disabilities: An analysis informed by the COM-B model.
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McDermott G, Brick NE, Shannon S, Fitzpatrick B, and Taggart L
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- Adolescent, Exercise, Humans, Parents, Schools, Students, Intellectual Disability
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Background: Adolescents with intellectual disabilities are insufficiently physically active. Where interventions have been developed and delivered, these have had limited effectiveness, and often lack a theoretical underpinning., Aim: Through application of the COM-B model, our aim is to explore the factors influencing adolescent physical activity within schools., Methods: A qualitative methodology, using focus groups with students who have mild/moderate intellectual disabilities, their parents'/carers' and teachers'. The COM-B model provided the lens through which the data were collected and analysed., Results: We identified of a range of individual, interpersonal, and environmental factors influencing physical activity, across all six COM-B constructs, within the context of the 'school-system'., Conclusion: This is the first study to use the COM-B model to explore school-based physical activity behaviour, for adolescents with intellectual disabilities. Identification of such physical activity behavioural determinants can support the development of effective and sustainable interventions., (© 2022 The Authors. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
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- 2022
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170. Athletes' Psychological Needs and Coaches' Interpersonal Behaviors: A Within-Person Latent Profile Analysis.
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Shannon S, Prentice G, and Breslin G
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- Adult, Athletes, Humans, Male, Psychological Theory, Social Environment, Young Adult, Interpersonal Relations, Sports
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Basic psychological needs theory is limited by variable-centered studies focused on linear relationships between perceived needs-supportive/controlling coach behaviors. Therefore, latent profile analysis was used to determine if heterogenous profiles emerged from the interactive effects of needs-supportive and -controlling coach behaviors and the subsequent association with sport-specific mental health outcomes (i.e., burnout and subjective vitality). A total of 685 athletes took part (age = 23.39 years, male = 71%), and the latent profile analysis revealed five novel, diverse profiles, labeled as "supportive-developmental," "needs-indifferent," "overly critical," "harsh-controlling," and "distant-controlling" coaches. The profiles predicted significant mental health variance (adjusted R2 = .15-.24), wherein the "supportive-developmental" profile scored most favorably on 90% of the outcomes. The largest mean differences were observed against the "harsh-controlling" (n = 5), "overly critical" (n = 3), and "distant controlling" (n = 2) profiles. Overall, latent profile analysis revealed substantial nuance in athletes' social contexts, predicting variance in mental health. Needs-supportive interventions are needed for "overly critical," "harsh controlling," and "distant controlling" athlete profiles.
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- 2021
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171. Testing the factor structure of the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale in adolescents: A bi-factor modelling methodology.
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Shannon S, Breslin G, Prentice G, and Leavey G
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Child, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Disorders diagnosis, Mental Disorders epidemiology, Northern Ireland epidemiology, Psychometrics methods, Reproducibility of Results, Adolescent Behavior psychology, Interpersonal Relations, Mental Disorders psychology, Mental Health standards, Psychometrics standards, Surveys and Questionnaires standards
- Abstract
Aim: Despite extensive use in mental health research and practice, limited evidence exists for the hypothesised unidimensional model of the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale in adolescents. Few studies have assessed competing Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) models, and the instrument has yet to be assessed in younger adolescents in Northern Ireland, a jurisdiction characterised by high rates of mental illness., Subject and Methods: School pupils (n=1,673) aged 13-18 years (M = 14.87, SD = 1.16), including 1,036 females, 997 urban children, and 312 from lower socio-economic status, completed psychometric tests. Seven CFA models based on extant research were tested, including unidimensional, bi-factor, higher-order and clustered., Results: Several models, including the default unidimensional model, did not achieve recommended CFA fit thresholds. Model 6 comprising one strong 'general well-being' factor and three residual factors (i.e., figuratively labelled: 'Affective', 'Psychological Functioning' and 'Social Relationships') was confirmed as the superior model. Most item variance was explained by the general factor, relative to residual factors., Conclusions: Adolescents predominantly conceptualise well-being as a unitary construct that coexists with relatively weak affective, psychological and social relationship domains. Researchers and practitioners should foremost calculate a composite score of well-being, and if appropriate, explore sub-domains to supplement understanding of adolescent well-being., (Crown Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
172. Does Empathy Decline in the Clinical Phase of Medical Education? A Nationwide, Multi-Institutional, Cross-Sectional Study of Students at DO-Granting Medical Schools.
- Author
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Hojat M, Shannon SC, DeSantis J, Speicher MR, Bragan L, and Calabrese LH
- Subjects
- Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Retrospective Studies, Attitude of Health Personnel, Education, Medical methods, Empathy, Osteopathic Medicine education, Physician-Patient Relations ethics, Schools, Medical organization & administration, Students, Medical psychology
- Abstract
Purpose: To examine differences in students' empathy in different years of medical school in a nationwide study of students of U.S. DO-granting medical schools., Method: Participants in this cross-sectional study included 10,751 students enrolled in 41 of 48 campuses of DO-granting medical schools in the United States (3,616 first-year, 2,764 second-year, 2,413 third-year, and 1,958 fourth-year students). They completed a web-based survey at the end of the 2017-2018 academic year that included the Jefferson Scale of Empathy and the Infrequency Scale of the Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire for measuring "good impression" response bias. Comparisons were made on empathy scores among students in different years of medical school using analysis of covariance, controlling for the effect of "good impression" response bias. Also, comparisons were made with preexisting data from students of U.S. MD-granting medical schools., Results: A statistically significant decline in empathy scores was observed when comparing students in the preclinical (years 1 and 2) and the clinical (years 3 and 4) phases of medical school (P < .001); however, the magnitude of the decline was negligible (effect size =0.13). Comparison of findings with MD students showed that while the pattern of empathy decline was similar, the magnitude of the decline was less pronounced in DO students., Conclusions: Differences in DO-granting and MD-granting medical education systems, such as emphasis on provision of holistic care, hands-on approaches to diagnosis and treatment, and patient-centered care, provide plausible explanations for disparity in the magnitude of empathy decline in DO compared with MD students. More research is needed to examine changes in empathy in longitudinal study and explore reasons for changes to avert erosion of empathy in medical school.
- Published
- 2020
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- View/download PDF
173. Identifying vitamin A signaling by visualizing gene and protein activity, and by quantification of vitamin A metabolites.
- Author
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Shannon SR, Yu J, Defnet AE, Bongfeldt D, Moise AR, Kane MA, and Trainor PA
- Subjects
- Embryonic Development, Female, Humans, Pregnancy, Receptors, Retinoic Acid, Signal Transduction, Tretinoin, Vitamin A
- Abstract
Vitamin A (retinol) is an essential nutrient for embryonic development and adult homeostasis. Signaling by vitamin A is carried out by its active metabolite, retinoic acid (RA), following a two-step conversion. RA is a small, lipophilic molecule that can diffuse from its site of synthesis to neighboring RA-responsive cells where it binds retinoic acid receptors within RA response elements of target genes. It is critical that both vitamin A and RA are maintained within a tight physiological range to protect against developmental disorders and disease. Therefore, a series of compensatory mechanisms exist to ensure appropriate levels of each. This strict regulation is provided by a number synthesizing and metabolizing enzymes that facilitate the precise spatiotemporal control of vitamin A metabolism, and RA synthesis and signaling. In this chapter we describe protocols that (1) biochemically isolate and quantify vitamin A and its metabolites and (2) visualize the spatiotemporal activity of genes and proteins involved in the signaling pathway., (© 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
174. 2019 United States Osteopathic Medical Regulatory Summit: Consensus, Recommendations, and Next Steps in Defining Osteopathic Distinctiveness.
- Author
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Gimpel JR, Belanger SI, Knebl JA, LaBaere RJ, Shaffer DC, Shannon SC, Shears T, Steingard SA, Turner MD, and Williams DG
- Subjects
- Consensus Development Conferences as Topic, Humans, United States, Accreditation standards, Education, Medical, Graduate standards, Osteopathic Medicine organization & administration, Osteopathic Medicine standards
- Abstract
Background: Osteopathic distinctiveness is a result of professional education, identity formation, training, credentialing, and qualifications. With the advancement of a single graduate medical education (GME) accreditation system and the continued growth of the osteopathic medical profession, osteopathic distinctiveness and professional identity are seen as lacking clarity and pose a challenge., Summit: To achieve consensus on a succinct definition of osteopathic distinctiveness and to identify steps to more clearly define and advance that distinctiveness, particularly in professional self-regulation, a representative group of osteopathic medical students, residents, physicians, and members of the licensing, GME, and undergraduate medical education (UME) communities convened the 2019 United States Osteopathic Medical Regulatory Summit in February 2019. Key features of osteopathic distinctiveness were discussed. Growth in the profession; changes in health care delivery, technology, and demographics within the profession and patient communities; and associated challenges and opportunities for osteopathic medical practice and patients were considered., Consensus: Osteopathic medicine is a distinctive practice that brings unique, added value to patients, the public, and the health care community at large. A universal definition and common understanding of that distinctiveness is lacking. Efforts to unify messaging that defines osteopathic distinctiveness, to align the distinctive elements of osteopathic medical education and professional self-regulation across a continuum, and to advance research on care and educational program outcomes are critical to the future of the osteopathic medical profession., Recommendations: (1) Convene a task force of groups represented at the Summit to develop a succinct and consistent message defining osteopathic distinctiveness. (2) Demonstrate uniqueness of the profession through research demonstrating efficacy of care and patient outcomes, adding to the public good. (3) Harmonize GME and UME by beginning to align entrustable professional activities with UME milestones. (4) Convene representatives from osteopathic specialty colleges and certification boards to define curricular elements across GME, certification, and osteopathic continuous certification. (5) Build on the Project in Osteopathic Medical Education and Empathy study.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
175. Empathy in Medicine National Norms for the Jefferson Scale of Empathy: A Nationwide Project in Osteopathic Medical Education and Empathy (POMEE).
- Author
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Hojat M, Shannon SC, DeSantis J, Speicher MR, Bragan L, and Calabrese LH
- Subjects
- Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Reference Values, Surveys and Questionnaires, United States, Young Adult, Empathy, Osteopathic Medicine education, Osteopathic Medicine statistics & numerical data, Physician-Patient Relations, Students, Medical psychology, Students, Medical statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Context: National norms are necessary to assess individual scores from validated instruments. Before undertaking this study, no national norms were available on empathy scores. The Project in Osteopathic Medical Education and Empathy (POMEE) provided a unique opportunity to develop the first national norms for medical students., Objective: To develop national norms for the assessments of osteopathic medical students' empathy scores on the broadly used and well-validated Jefferson Scale of Empathy (JSE) at all levels of osteopathic medical school education., Methods: Participants were students from 41 of 48 participating campuses of osteopathic medical schools. Students were invited to complete a web-based survey, which included the JSE, in the 2017-2018 academic year., Results: A total of 16,149 completed surveys were used to create national norm tables. Three national norm tables were developed for first-year matriculants and for students in preclinical (years 1 and 2) and clinical (years 3 and 4) phases of medical school. The norm tables allow any raw score on the JSE for male and female osteopathic medical students from matriculation to graduation to be converted to a percentile rank to assess an individual's score against national data., Conclusions: National norms developed in this project, for men and women and at different levels of medical school education, can not only be used for the assessment of student's individual scores on the JSE, but can also serve as a supplementary measure for admissions to medical school and postgraduate medical education programs.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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176. Navigating Tumultuous Change in the Medical Profession: The Coalition for Physician Accountability.
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Chaudhry HJ, Kirch DG, Nasca TJ, Katsufrakis PJ, McMahon GT, Shannon SC, and Ciccone AL
- Subjects
- Accreditation organization & administration, Certification organization & administration, Humans, Intersectoral Collaboration, Licensure, Medical, United States, Education, Medical, Graduate standards, Physicians standards, Social Responsibility
- Abstract
Collaboration among the national organizations responsible for self-regulation in medicine in the United States is critical, as achieving the quadruple aim of enhancing the patient experience and improving population health while lowering costs and improving the work life of clinicians and staff is becoming more challenging. The leaders of the national organizations responsible for accreditation, assessment, licensure, and certification recognize this and have come together as the Coalition for Physician Accountability. The coalition, which meets twice per year, was created in 2011 as a discursive space for group discussion and action related to advancing health care, promoting professional accountability, and improving the education, training, and assessment of physicians. The coalition offers a useful avenue for members to seek common ground and develop constructive, thoughtful solutions to common challenges. Its members have endorsed consensus statements about current topics relevant to health care regulation, advanced innovation in medical school curricula, encouraged a plan for single graduate medical education accreditation for physicians holding MD and DO degrees, supported interprofessional education, championed opioid epidemic mitigation strategies, and supported initiatives responsive to physician workforce shortages, including the Interstate Medical Licensure Compact, an expedited pathway by which eligible physicians may be licensed to practice in multiple jurisdictions.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
177. The effect of sport for LIFE: all island in children from low socio-economic status: a clustered randomized controlled trial.
- Author
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Breslin G, Shannon S, Rafferty R, Fitzpatrick B, Belton S, O'Brien W, Chambers FC, Haughey T, Hanna D, Gormley R, McCullagh D, and Brennan D
- Subjects
- Accelerometry, Child, Female, Humans, Ireland, Male, Social Class, Surveys and Questionnaires, Exercise, Quality of Life, School Health Services, Sports
- Abstract
Background: School-based interventions offer the opportunity to increase physical activity, health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and nutritional behaviours, yet methodological limitations hinder current research, particularly among under-represented children from low socio-economic status (SES). The aim was to determine the effect of a 12-week physical activity programme, Sport for LIFE: All Island (SFL:AI), on physical activity levels, HRQOL, and nutritional attitudes and behaviours in children of low SES across the island of Ireland., Methods: A 2 (groups) × 4 (data collection points) clustered randomised controlled trial was conducted comprising an intervention group who received SFL:AI for 12 weeks, and a waiting-list control condition. In total 740 children (381 boys, 359 girls) aged 8-9 years (mean = 8.7; SD = .50) from 27 schools across four regions of Ireland (Ulster, Leinster, Connacht and Munster) took part. Physical activity was measured by accelerometers, and children completed a validated questionnaire at baseline, mid (i.e. 6-weeks), post-intervention (i.e. 12 weeks) and follow-up (i.e. 3 months post-intervention)., Results: No significant interaction effects for the intervention were found on any of the study outcomes. Main effects were reported for physical well-being, parental relations and autonomy and financial resources, as well as sweetened beverages, environment and intake, and attitude to vegetables. However, these changes were not statistically attributable to the intervention., Conclusions: It remains unclear if school-based physical activity interventions can improve HRQOL through physical activity with children from low SES. Logistical and methodological considerations are outlined to explore the null effect of the programme, and to provide suggestions for future research and practice., Trial Registration: Trial registration number: ISRCTN76261698 . Name of registry: ICRCTN. Date of registration: 23/08/2017. Date of enrolment: September 2014.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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178. The Jefferson Scale of Empathy: a nationwide study of measurement properties, underlying components, latent variable structure, and national norms in medical students.
- Author
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Hojat M, DeSantis J, Shannon SC, Mortensen LH, Speicher MR, Bragan L, LaNoue M, and Calabrese LH
- Subjects
- Adult, Attitude of Health Personnel, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Personality, Reproducibility of Results, Sex Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Young Adult, Empathy, Osteopathic Medicine economics, Students, Medical psychology
- Abstract
The Jefferson Scale of Empathy (JSE) is a broadly used instrument developed to measure empathy in the context of health professions education and patient care. Evidence in support of psychometrics of the JSE has been reported in health professions students and practitioners with the exception of osteopathic medical students. This study was designed to examine measurement properties, underlying components, and latent variable structure of the JSE in a nationwide sample of first-year matriculants at U.S. colleges of osteopathic medicine, and to develop a national norm table for the assessment of JSE scores. A web-based survey was administered at the beginning of the 2017-2018 academic year which included the JSE, a scale to detect "good impression" responses, and demographic/background information. Usable surveys were received from 6009 students enrolled in 41 college campuses (median response rate = 92%). The JSE mean score and standard deviation for the sample were 116.54 and 10.85, respectively. Item-total score correlations were positive and statistically significant (p < 0.01), and Cronbach α = 0.82. Significant gender differences were observed on the JSE scores in favor of women. Also, significant differences were found on item scores between top and bottom third scorers on the JSE. Three factors of Perspective Taking, Compassionate Care, and Walking in Patient's Shoes emerged in an exploratory factor analysis by using half of the sample. Results of confirmatory factor analysis with another half of the sample confirmed the 3-factor model. We also developed a national norm table which is the first to assess students' JSE scores against national data.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
179. The Effect of a School-Based Intervention on Physical Activity and Well-Being: a Non-Randomised Controlled Trial with Children of Low Socio-Economic Status.
- Author
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Shannon S, Brennan D, Hanna D, Younger Z, Hassan J, and Breslin G
- Abstract
Background: Self-determination theory (SDT) has been used to predict children's physical activity and well-being. However, few school-based SDT intervention studies have been conducted, and no research exists with children of low socio-economic status (SES). Therefore, SDT-derived needs-supportive teaching techniques informed the design and analyses of the Healthy Choices Programme (HCP). The aim was to determine if the HCP could enhance moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and well-being among children of low SES through increasing autonomy-support, needs satisfaction and intrinsic motivation., Method: A mixed factorial two (group) × two (time) wait-list controlled trial was conducted and reported using the TREND guidelines. A total of 155 children (56% females; intervention n = 84, control n = 71) took part and completed measures at baseline (week 0) and post-intervention (week 11). The effect of the intervention on MVPA (model 1) and well-being (model 2) was tested through serial mediation models with three mediators (i.e. autonomy-support, needs satisfaction and intrinsic motivation)., Results: In comparison to the control group, the intervention was related to increases in MVPA (β = .45) and autonomy-support (β = .17). In model 1, analyses revealed partial mediation of the MVPA change through autonomy-support (β = .14), intrinsic motivation (β = .51) and all three SDT mediators in sequence (total r
2 = .34). In model 2, well-being was indirectly enhanced through autonomy-support (β = .38) and autonomy-support and needs satisfaction in sequence (total r2 = .21)., Conclusions: The HCP enhanced MVPA and well-being by engendering a needs-supportive physical activity environment. The scientific and practical contribution of this study was the application of SDT in all aspects of the HCP intervention's design and analyses. Practitioners may consider integrating SDT principles, as implemented in the HCP, for health promotion., Trial Registration: This study is registered on Research Registry (number researchregistry2852 ).- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
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180. New insights and changing paradigms in the regulation of vitamin A metabolism in development.
- Author
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Shannon SR, Moise AR, and Trainor PA
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, Signal Transduction, Embryonic Development physiology, Homeostasis physiology, Vitamin A metabolism
- Abstract
Vitamin A and its active metabolite retinoic acid are essential for embryonic development and adult homeostasis. Surprisingly, excess or deficiency of vitamin A and retinoic acid can cause similar developmental defects. Therefore, strict feedback and other mechanisms exist to regulate the levels of retinoic acid within a narrow physiological range. The oxidation of vitamin A to retinal has recently been established as a critical nodal point in the synthesis of retinoic acid, and over the past decade, RDH10 and DHRS3 have emerged as the predominant enzymes that regulate this reversible reaction. Together they form a codependent complex that facilitates negative feedback maintenance of retinoic acid levels and thus guard against the effects of dysregulated vitamin A metabolism and retinoic acid synthesis. This review focuses on advances in our understanding of the roles of Rdh10 and Dhrs3 and their impact on development and disease. WIREs Dev Biol 2017, 6:e264. doi: 10.1002/wdev.264 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website., (© 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
181. Testing the psychometric properties of Kidscreen-27 with Irish children of low socio-economic status.
- Author
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Shannon S, Breslin G, Fitzpatrick B, Hanna D, and Brennan D
- Subjects
- Child, Child Health Services, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Ireland, Likelihood Functions, Male, Poverty, Reproducibility of Results, Social Class, Quality of Life
- Abstract
Background: Kidscreen-27 was developed as part of a cross-cultural European Union-funded project to standardise the measurement of children's health-related quality of life. Yet, research has reported mixed evidence for the hypothesised 5-factor model, and no confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) has been conducted on the instrument with children of low socio-economic status (SES) across Ireland (Northern and Republic)., Method: The data for this study were collected as part of a clustered randomised controlled trial. A total of 663 (347 male, 315 female) 8-9-year-old children (M = 8.74, SD = .50) of low SES took part. A 5- and modified 7-factor CFA models were specified using the maximum likelihood estimation. A nested Chi-square difference test was conducted to compare the fit of the models. Internal consistency and floor and ceiling effects were also examined., Results: CFA found that the hypothesised 5-factor model was an unacceptable fit. However, the modified 7-factor model was supported. A nested Chi-square difference test confirmed that the fit of the 7-factor model was significantly better than that of the 5-factor model. Internal consistency was unacceptable for just one scale. Ceiling effects were present in all but one of the factors., Conclusions: Future research should apply the 7-factor model with children of low socio-economic status. Such efforts would help monitor the health status of the population.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
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182. The Single Graduate Medical Education Accreditation System.
- Author
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Long A and Shannon S
- Subjects
- Humans, Organizational Innovation, Accreditation methods, Accreditation organization & administration, Education, Medical, Graduate standards, Osteopathic Medicine education
- Published
- 2016
183. Longer term outcomes of voluntarily admitted service users with high levels of perceived coercion.
- Author
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O'Donoghue B, Roche E, Shannon S, Creed L, Lyne J, Madigan K, and Feeney L
- Subjects
- Adult, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Hospitalization trends, Humans, Male, Mental Disorders diagnosis, Middle Aged, Patient Discharge trends, Patient Satisfaction, Treatment Outcome, Coercion, Mental Disorders psychology, Mental Disorders therapy, Patient Admission trends, Perception
- Abstract
Voluntarily admitted service users can report levels of perceived coercion comparable to those admitted involuntarily, yet little is known of this groups longer term outcome. The 'coerced voluntary' had a score of 4 or above on the MacArthur perceived coercion scale and one year after discharge, they had a better therapeutic relationship compared to involuntarily admitted service users. There was no difference between the coerced voluntary, uncoerced voluntary and involuntary groups in engagement, satisfaction and functioning., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
184. Reevaluating osteopathic medical education for the 21st century and beyond.
- Author
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Shannon SC
- Subjects
- Humans, United States, Education, Medical trends, Osteopathic Medicine education
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
185. Perceived coercion in voluntary hospital admission.
- Author
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O'Donoghue B, Roche E, Shannon S, Lyne J, Madigan K, and Feeney L
- Subjects
- Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Department, Hospital, Psychotic Disorders psychology, Coercion, Hospitals, Psychiatric, Patient Admission, Perception, Psychotic Disorders therapy
- Abstract
The legal status of service users admitted to psychiatric wards is not synonymous with the level of coercion that they can perceive during the admission. This study aimed to identify and describe the proportion of individuals who were admitted voluntarily but experienced levels of perceived coercion comparable to those admitted involuntarily. Individuals admitted voluntarily and involuntarily to three psychiatric hospitals were interviewed using the MacArthur Admission Experience Interview and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV diagnoses. One hundered sixty-one individuals were interviewed and 22% of the voluntarily admitted service users had levels of perceived coercion similar to that of the majority of involuntarily admitted service users. Voluntarily admitted service users who experienced high levels of perceived coercion were more likely to have more severe psychotic symptoms, have experienced more negative pressures and less procedural justices on admission. Individuals brought to hospital under mental health legislation but who subsequently agreed to be admitted voluntarily and those treated on a secure ward also reported higher levels of perceived coercion. It needs to be ensured that if any service user, whether voluntary or involuntary, experiences treatment pressures or coercion that there is sufficient oversight of the practice, to ensure that individual's rights are respected., (© 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
186. A rising tide of older patients: preparing future DOs.
- Author
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Shannon SC
- Subjects
- Humans, Clinical Competence, Geriatrics education, Health Services Needs and Demand, Manipulation, Osteopathic education, Osteopathic Medicine education, Osteopathic Physicians standards, Students, Medical
- Published
- 2013
187. The problem with graduate medical education.
- Author
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Shannon SC
- Subjects
- Education, Medical, Graduate trends, Humans, Osteopathic Physicians statistics & numerical data, United States, Clinical Competence, Education, Medical, Graduate standards, Osteopathic Medicine education, Osteopathic Physicians standards
- Published
- 2012
188. Osteopathic medical education in 2011: adapting to changes in the healthcare system.
- Author
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Shannon SC
- Subjects
- Education, Medical trends, Health Care Reform trends, Humans, Education, Medical methods, Health Care Reform methods, Osteopathic Medicine methods, Students, Medical
- Published
- 2011
189. Osteopathic medical education in 2010: another decade of growth.
- Author
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Shannon SC
- Subjects
- Humans, Osteopathic Medicine statistics & numerical data, Osteopathic Physicians statistics & numerical data, Osteopathic Physicians trends, United States, Workforce, Osteopathic Medicine education, Osteopathic Physicians supply & distribution
- Published
- 2010
190. The status and future of osteopathic medical education in the United States.
- Author
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Shannon SC and Teitelbaum HS
- Subjects
- Clinical Competence, Education, Medical, Graduate methods, Education, Medical, Graduate statistics & numerical data, Education, Medical, Undergraduate methods, Education, Medical, Undergraduate statistics & numerical data, Female, Forecasting, Humans, Internship and Residency, Male, Schools, Medical trends, United States, Workforce, Career Choice, Osteopathic Medicine education, Osteopathic Physicians supply & distribution
- Abstract
Osteopathic medical education (OME) developed during the 20th century into a separate system of training U.S. physicians. Doctors of osteopathic medicine (DOs) were educated in osteopathic medical colleges and residencies in osteopathic hospitals, took separate specialty and licensure examinations, and generally practiced in separate clinical environments from those of MDs. Founded more than 110 years ago in the United States to train osteopaths as an alternative to MD training of that time, by midcentury schools of osteopathy became schools of osteopathic medicine with the adoption of public health and biomedical principles, and osteopaths became osteopathic physicians, achieving full practice rights throughout the country. By 2000 there were 19 osteopathic medical schools, 42,000 practitioners, and a parallel system of osteopathic graduate medical education specialty training. Recently, OME's academic and clinical training environment has changed. Heightened accreditation requirements, curriculum innovations, competency-based standards, evidence-based training, increased research on osteopathic manipulative medicine (a distinctive aspect of OME), and new and expanding colleges have occurred (nine new osteopathic campuses developed between 2000 and 2008 and a 30% increase in the first-year osteopathic medical student class). During recent decades, a movement away from osteopathic medicine's traditionally primary-care-focused and separate training/practice system has occurred. Nearly all osteopathic hospitals closed or were integrated into allopathic hospital systems, student clinical training expanded into venues with MD education programs, fewer DO graduates pursued traditional primary care training, 60% entered training programs of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, and DO and MD specialty practice integration became widespread. These developments have triggered a reassessment process for OME and professional organizational leadership.
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
191. Osteopathic medical education in 2009: sails set for improved healthcare?
- Author
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Shannon SC
- Subjects
- Humans, United States, Clinical Competence standards, Osteopathic Medicine education, Osteopathic Medicine standards, Quality of Health Care standards, School Admission Criteria
- Published
- 2009
192. Working to ease debt burdens.
- Author
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Shannon SC
- Subjects
- Costs and Cost Analysis, Financing, Personal, Humans, Schools, Medical, United States, Education, Medical economics, Osteopathic Medicine education
- Published
- 2008
193. Osteopathic medical education in 2008: course corrections and new horizons.
- Author
-
Shannon SC
- Subjects
- Education, Medical, Osteopathic Medicine
- Published
- 2008
194. Osteopathic medical education in 2007: plumbing the depths with the questions we ask.
- Author
-
Shannon SC
- Subjects
- Education, Medical, Graduate trends, Education, Medical, Undergraduate trends, Humans, Osteopathic Medicine trends, United States, Education, Medical, Graduate methods, Education, Medical, Undergraduate methods, Osteopathic Medicine education, Schools, Medical trends
- Published
- 2007
195. Osteopathic medical education in 2006: charting a course for the future.
- Author
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Shannon SC
- Subjects
- Humans, Osteopathic Medicine trends, United States, Education, Medical, Graduate trends, Education, Medical, Undergraduate trends, Osteopathic Medicine education
- Published
- 2006
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