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This webinar, presented by Dr. Paul Westerhoff, discusses the occurrence, removal, sources, and uses of nanomaterials. Detail is given about how nanomaterials end up at water treatment plants as well as how they are detected and removed from those plants. Also addressed are issues that nanomaterials pose to foods, fabrics, and biosolids. The webinar video runs 1:02:26 minutes in length.

[ANGLÈS] High rate algae ponds (HRAP) belong to the systems of unconventional wastewater treatment. These systems achieve the process of depurationby means of symbiosis algae (providing oxygen) and bacteria (decomposing organic matter). The HRAP offers a depuration asefficient as conventional treatments, with the advantage of this treatment is done by (1) low energy demand (2) naturally (symbiotic algae‐bacteria) (3) low investment cost and (4) possibility of separation the algae biomass. The potential of algae biomass about the biofuel production has opened numerous investigations. In this research,the algal biomass produced in two HRAP systems has been characterized qualitatively and quantitatively. It has been workingwith different operating strategies. On the other hand, it has supervised acceptable yields in the elimination of nutrients, organic matter and matter in suspension., [CASTELLÀ] Las lagunas de alta carga (HRAP) pertenecen a los sistemas de depuración de aguas residuales no convencionales (o naturales). Estos sistemas llevan a cabo el proceso de depuración mediante la simbiosis entre algas (aportan oxígeno) y bacterias (degradan la materia orgánica). Las HRAP ofrecen una depuración igual de eficiente que tratamientos convencionales, con la ventaja de que el proceso de depuración se realiza (1) con poca demanda energética (2) de forma natural (simbiosis alga‐bacteria) (3) con bajo coste de inversión y (4) posibilidad de separación de la biomasa algal. El posible potencial energético que tiene la biomasa algal para la obtención de combustible ha abierto numerosas investigaciones en este campo. En la presente tesina se ha caracterizado de forma cualitativa y cuantitativa la biomasa algal producida en dos sistemas de HRAP, funcionando con diferentes estrategias operacionales. Por otro lado, se han asegurando unos rendimientos de depuración aceptables en la eliminación de nutrientes, de materia orgánica y materia en suspensión.

[ANGLÈS] In this thesis a photobioreactor will be constructed in the science and technology Agropolis Park, UPC and the evolution of crops will be studied by feeding the same with wastewater. We will study how long it takes for the partial or total removal of nutrients from the water introduced, the species of microalgae originating in the system and the amount of biomass production generated. The water introduced into the photobioreactor is from the irrigation canal that runs through Agropolis because it closely resembles the secondary effluent of a water treatment plant. For this reason, the system falls within the definition of a tertiary treatment for the elimination of nutrients from the water. With the data obtained we arrive at the conclusion that the photobioreactor is able to remove the nutrients from 1m3 of water from a secondary effluent in only 12 hours, reaching the permitted limit of discharges., [CASTELLÀ] En esta tesina se realizará la construcción de un fotobiorreactor en el Parque científicotecnológico Agrópolis de la UPC y se estudiará la evolución de los cultivos mediante la alimentación del mismo con aguas residuales. Se estudiará cuanto tiempo tarda la eliminación parcial o total de los nutrientes del agua introducida, las especies de microalgas originadas en el sistema y la cantidad de producción de biomasa que se genera. El agua introducida en el fotobiorreactor procede del canal de riego que discurre por Agrópolis, ya que se asemeja bastante al efluente secundario de una depuradora. Por ese motivo, el sistema encaja en la definición de un tratamiento terciario para la eliminación de los nutrientes del agua. Con los datos obtenidos se llega a la conclusión de que el fotobiorreactor es capaz de eliminar los nutrientes de 1 m3 de agua de un efluente secundario en tan solo 12 horas, alcanzando los límites de vertidos permitidos.

Ng, Tsz Wai., Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010., Includes bibliographical references (leaves 86-98)., s in English and Chinese., Acknowledgements --- p.i, p.ii, Table of Contents --- p.vii, List of Figures --- p.xiii, List of Plates --- p.XV, List of Tables --- p.xxi, Abbreviations --- p.xxii, Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1, Chapter 1.1 --- "Pollution, toxicity and environmental impact of azo dye" --- p.1, Chapter 1.2 --- Common treatment methods for dyeing effluent --- p.2, Chapter 1.2.1 --- Physicochemical methods --- p.2, Chapter 1.2.1.1 --- Coagulation/ flocculation --- p.2, Chapter 1.2.1.2 --- Adsorption --- p.3, Chapter 1.2.1.3 --- Membrane filtration --- p.4, Chapter 1.2.1.4 --- Fenton reaction --- p.4, Chapter 1.2.1.5 --- Ozonation --- p.5, Chapter 1.2.1.6 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.6, Chapter 1.2.2 --- Biological treatments --- p.7, Chapter 1.2.2.1 --- Degradation of azo dyes by bacteria --- p.8, Chapter 1.2.2.1.1 --- Anaerobic conditions --- p.8, Chapter 1.2.2.1.2 --- Aerobic conditions --- p.9, Chapter 1.2.2.1.3 --- Combined anaerobic and aerobic conditions --- p.10, Chapter 1.2.2.2 --- Decolourization of azo dyes by fungi --- p.11, Chapter 1.2.2.3 --- Mechanisms of azo dye reduction by microorganisms --- p.12, Chapter 1.3 --- "Chromium species, toxicity and their impacts on environment" --- p.14, Chapter 1.4 --- Common treatment methods for chromium --- p.16, Chapter 1.4.1 --- Chemical and physical methods --- p.16, Chapter 1.4.2 --- Biological methods --- p.17, Chapter 1.4.2.1 --- Chromium reduction by aerobic bacteria --- p.17, Chapter 1.4.2.2 --- Chromium reduction by anaerobic bacteria --- p.18, Chapter 1.5 --- Studies concerning azo dye and Cr(VI) co-treatment --- p.19, Chapter 1.6 --- Response surface methodology --- p.21, Chapter 1.6.1 --- Response surface methodology against one-factor-at-a-time design --- p.22, Chapter 1.6.2 --- Phases of response surface methodology --- p.25, Chapter 1.6.3 --- 2 - level factorial design --- p.26, Chapter 1.6.4 --- Path of steepest ascent --- p.27, Chapter 1.6.5 --- Central composite design --- p.28, Chapter 2. --- Objectives --- p.30, Chapter 3. --- Materials and Methods --- p.31, Chapter 3.1 --- Isolation of bacterial strains --- p.31, Chapter 3.1.2 --- Azo dye decolourization --- p.33, Chapter 3.1.3 --- Chromate reduction --- p.34, Chapter 3.2 --- Identification of selected bacterial strains --- p.35, Chapter 3.2.1 --- Gram stain --- p.35, Chapter 3.2.2 --- Sherlock® Microbial Identification System --- p.35, Chapter 3.2.3 --- 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing --- p.37, Chapter 3.3 --- Optimization of dye decolourization and chromate reduction efficiency with response surface methodology --- p.38, Chapter 3.3.1 --- Minimal-run resolution V design --- p.38, Chapter 3.3.2 --- Path of steepest ascent --- p.40, Chapter 3.3.3 --- Central composite design --- p.41, Chapter 3.3.4 --- Statistical analysis --- p.43, Chapter 3.3.5 --- Experimental validation of the optimized conditions --- p.43, Chapter 3.4 --- Determination of the performance of the selected bacterium in different conditions --- p.43, Chapter 3.5 --- Determination of azoreductase and chromate reductase activities --- p.44, Chapter 3.5.1 --- Preparation of cell free extract --- p.44, Chapter 3.5.2 --- Azoreductase and chromate reductase assay --- p.45, Chapter 3.6 --- Determination and characterization of degradation intermediates --- p.45, Chapter 3.6.1 --- Isolation and concentration of the purple colour degradation intermediate --- p.45, Chapter 3.6.2 --- Mass spectrometry analysis --- p.47, Chapter 3.6.3 --- Atomic absorption spectrometry analysis --- p.48, Chapter 4. --- Results --- p.49, Chapter 4.1 --- Azo dye decolourizing and chromate reducing ability of the isolated bacterial strain --- p.49, Chapter 4.2 --- Identification of selected bacterium --- p.50, Chapter 4.3 --- Optimization of dye decolourization and chromate reduction efficiency with response surface methodology --- p.50, Chapter 4.3.1 --- Minimal-run resolution V design --- p.50, Chapter 4.3.2 --- Path of the steepest ascend --- p.54, Chapter 4.3.3 --- Central composite design --- p.55, Chapter 4.3.4 --- Validation of the predicted model --- p.62, Chapter 4.4 --- Performance of the selected bacterium in different conditions --- p.62, Chapter 4.4.1 --- Chromate and dichromate --- p.62, Chapter 4.4.2 --- Initial pH --- p.63, Chapter 4.4.3 --- Low and high salt concentration --- p.63, Chapter 4.4.4 --- Initial K2CrO4 concentration --- p.63, Chapter 4.4.5 --- Initial Acid Orange 7 concentration --- p.63, Chapter 4.4.6 --- Nutrients limitation --- p.64, Chapter 4.5 --- Chromate reductase and azoreductase activities --- p.67, Chapter 4.6 --- Determination of degradation intermediates --- p.67, Chapter 4.6.1 --- Mass spectrum of the degradation intermediate --- p.68, Chapter 4.6.2 --- Chromium content of the degradation intermediate --- p.70, Chapter 5. --- Discussion --- p.71, Chapter 5.1 --- Characteristic of Brevibacterium linens --- p.71, Chapter 5.2 --- Optimization of dye decolourization and chromate reduction with response surface methodology --- p.72, Chapter 5.3 --- Performance of Brevibacterium linens under different culture conditions --- p.75, Chapter 5.4 --- Postulation of mechanisms --- p.76, Chapter 5.4.1 --- Possible reasons of unexpected results of the effect of initial Acid Orange 7 and K2CrO4 concentration --- p.76, Chapter 5.4.2 --- Properties of the purple colour degradation intermediate --- p.78, Chapter 5.4.3 --- Mechanisms likely responsible for the chromate reduction --- p.80, Chapter 5.4.4 --- Explanation of the unexpected results --- p.80, Chapter 6. --- Conclusions --- p.83, Chapter 7. --- References --- p.86, Chapter 8. --- Appendices --- p.99, Chapter 8.1 --- Definition and calculation of different terms in 2-level factorial design --- p.99, Chapter 8.2 --- Definition and calculation of different terms in ANOVA table --- p.100, Chapter 8.3 --- Aliases of terms and resolution --- p.103, Chapter 8.4 --- Moving of factors in path of steepest ascent --- p.105, Chapter 8.5 --- Estimation of the parameters in linear regression models --- p.106, Chapter 8.6 --- Definition and calculation of different terms in test of fitness --- p.109, http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5896618, Use of this resource is governed by the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International” License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Cai, Qinhong., Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009., Includes bibliographical references (leaves 142-166)., s in English and Chinese., Acknowledgements --- p.i, p.ii, Table of contents --- p.viii, List of figures --- p.xv, List of plates --- p.xix, List of tables --- p.xxi, Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1, Chapter 1.1 --- Pollution generated from dyeing industry --- p.1, Chapter 1.2 --- Occurrence and pollution of chromium azo dyes --- p.2, Chapter 1.3 --- Common treatment methods for dyeing effluents --- p.7, Chapter 1.3.1 --- Physicochemical methods --- p.7, Chapter 1.3.2 --- Chemical methods --- p.9, Chapter 1.3.2.1 --- Ozonation --- p.10, Chapter 1.3.2.2 --- Fenton reaction --- p.11, Chapter 1.3.2.3 --- Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) --- p.12, Chapter 1.3.2.4 --- Photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) --- p.13, Chapter 1.3.3 --- Physical methods --- p.14, Chapter 1.3.3.1 --- Adsorption --- p.14, Chapter 1.3.3.2 --- Membrane filtration --- p.15, Chapter 1.3.4 --- Biological treatments --- p.16, Chapter 1.3.4.1 --- Decolorization of azo dyes by bacteria --- p.16, Chapter 1.3.4.1.1 --- Under anaerobic conditions --- p.18, Chapter 1.3.4.1.2 --- Under anoxic conditions --- p.19, Chapter 1.3.4.1.3 --- Under aerobic conditions --- p.21, Chapter 1.3.4.2 --- Mechanisms of azo dye reduction by bacteria --- p.23, Chapter 1.3.4.3 --- Decolorization of azo dyes by fungi and algae --- p.27, Chapter 1.4 --- Chromium species and their impacts on environment --- p.27, Chapter 1.4.1 --- Chromium toxicology and speciation --- p.28, Chapter 1.4.2 --- Common treatment methods for chromium --- p.31, Chapter 1.5 --- Studies concerning treatment of chromium azo dyes --- p.32, Chapter 1.6 --- Response surface methodology (RSM) --- p.33, Chapter 1.6.1 --- RSM vs. one factor-at-a-time (OFAT) design --- p.36, Chapter 1.6.2 --- Phases of RSM --- p.39, Chapter 1.6.3 --- Two level factorial design --- p.40, Chapter 1.6.4 --- Path of steepest ascent (PSA) --- p.43, Chapter 1.6.5 --- Central composite design (CCD) --- p.44, Chapter 1.6.6 --- Estimation of the parameters in linear regression models --- p.45, Chapter 1.6.7 --- Test of fitness --- p.47, Chapter 2. --- Objectives and significance of the project --- p.49, Chapter 3. --- Materials and methods --- p.50, Chapter 3.1 --- Chemicals --- p.50, Chapter 3.1.1 --- Chemicals for preparation of bacterial culture media --- p.50, Chapter 3.1.2 --- Chemicals for identification of bacteria --- p.50, Chapter 3.1.3 --- Chemicals for chromium speciation --- p.51, Chapter 3.1.4 --- Chemicals for immobilization of bacterial cells --- p.52, Chapter 3.2 --- Sludge samples --- p.53, Chapter 3.3 --- Characterization of Acid Yellow 99 --- p.54, Chapter 3.4 --- Monitor of azo dye decolorization --- p.55, Chapter 3.5 --- "Isolation of bacterial strains, which can degrade Acid Yellow 99" --- p.55, Chapter 3.6 --- Identification of selected bacterial strains --- p.58, Chapter 3.6.1 --- Gram stain --- p.58, Chapter 3.6.2 --- Sherlock® microbial identification system --- p.58, Chapter 3.6.3 --- Biolog® microstation system --- p.59, Chapter 3.6.4 --- Selection of the most effective bacterial strains --- p.59, Chapter 3.6.5 --- 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing --- p.60, Chapter 3.7 --- Chromium speciation with interferences of chromium organic complexes --- p.60, Chapter 3.7.1 --- Instrumentation --- p.60, Chapter 3.7.2 --- Column preparation --- p.61, Chapter 3.7.3 --- Determination of percentage retained and recovery --- p.62, Chapter 3.7.4 --- "Speciation of Cr(VI), ionic Cr(III) and chromium azo dye" --- p.63, Chapter 3.7.4 --- Preparation of Cr(III)-organic complexes --- p.65, Chapter 3.7.5 --- Preparation of a microbial degraded chromium azo dye sample --- p.65, Chapter 3.8 --- Chromium distribution in a treated solution --- p.66, Chapter 3.9 --- Distribution of AY99 in a treated solution --- p.68, Chapter 3.10 --- Optimization of decolorization process with response surface methodology (RSM) --- p.70, Chapter 3.10.1 --- Correlation of cell mass and cell density of selected bacteria --- p.70, Chapter 3.10.2 --- Preliminary investigation of the optimum conditions --- p.70, Chapter 3.10.3 --- Minimal run resolution V (MR5) design --- p.71, Chapter 3.10.4 --- Path of steepest ascent (PSA) --- p.74, Chapter 3.10.5 --- Central composite design (CCD) and RSM --- p.75, Chapter 3.10.6 --- Statistical analysis --- p.76, Chapter 3.10.7 --- Experimental validation of the optimized conditions --- p.77, Chapter 3.11 --- Immobilization of bacterial cells --- p.77, Chapter 3.11.1 --- Immobilization by polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) gels --- p.77, Chapter 3.11.2 --- Immobilization by polyacrylamide gels --- p.78, Chapter 3.11.3 --- Performance of immobilized cells and free cells --- p.79, Chapter 3.11.5 --- Storage stabilities of immobilized cells and free cells --- p.80, Chapter 3.12 --- Performance of a laboratory scale bioreactor --- p.80, Chapter 3.12.1 --- Chromium distribution in the bioreactor --- p.82, Chapter 3.12.2 --- Distribution of AY99 in the bioreactor --- p.82, Chapter 3.12.3 --- Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis of suspended particles in the treated solution --- p.84, Chapter 4. --- Results --- p.85, Chapter 4.1 --- Characterization of AY99 --- p.85, Chapter 4.2 --- Identification of isolated bacterial strains --- p.86, Chapter 4.3 --- Selection of the most effective bacterial strains --- p.89, Chapter 4.4 --- Chromium speciation with interferences of chromium organic complexes --- p.91, Chapter 4.4.1 --- Effect of pH --- p.91, Chapter 4.4.2 --- Speciation of Cr(VI)，ionic Cr(III) and chromium azo dye --- p.92, Chapter 4.4.3 --- Effect of other Cr(III)-organic complexes --- p.93, Chapter 4.4.4 --- Limit of detection --- p.94, Chapter 4.4.5 --- Capacity of Amberlite XAD-4 resin --- p.94, Chapter 4.4.6 --- Determination of Cr(VI) in a microbial degraded chromium azo dye solution --- p.95, Chapter 4.5 --- Chromium distribution in a free cells treated solution --- p.95, Chapter 4.6 --- Distribution of AY99 in free cells treated solution --- p.96, Chapter 4.7 --- Optimization of decolorization process with RSM --- p.98, Chapter 4.7.1 --- Correlation of cell mass and cell density of selected bacteria --- p.98, Chapter 4.7.2 --- MR5 design --- p.100, Chapter 4.7.3 --- Path of steepest ascent (PSA) --- p.102, Chapter 4.7.4 --- Central composite design (CCD) and RSM --- p.103, Chapter 4.8 --- Immobilization of bacterial cells --- p.106, Chapter 4.8.1 --- Performance of immobilized cells and free cells --- p.106, Chapter 4.8.2 --- Storage stabilities of immobilized cells and free cells --- p.108, Chapter 4.9 --- Performance of the laboratory scale bioreactor --- p.108, Chapter 4.9.1 --- Treatment efficiencies of the bioreactor --- p.108, Chapter 4.9.2 --- Performance stability of the bioreactor in 5 consecutive runs --- p.111, Chapter 4.9.3 --- Chromium distribution in the bioreactor --- p.114, Chapter 4.9.4 --- Distribution of AY99 in the bioreactor --- p.115, Chapter 4.9.5 --- FT-IR analysis of suspended particles in the treated solution --- p.115, Chapter 5. --- Discussion --- p.117, Chapter 5.1 --- Chromium speciation with interferences of chromium organic complexes --- p.117, Chapter 5.2 --- Chromium distribution --- p.117, Chapter 5.3 --- Distribution of AY99 --- p.122, Chapter 5.4 --- Optimization of decolorization process with RSM --- p.124, Chapter 5.4.1 --- MR5 design --- p.124, Chapter 5.4.2 --- Path of steepest ascent (PSA) --- p.125, Chapter 5.4.3 --- Central composite design (CCD) and RSM --- p.126, Chapter 5.5 --- Immobilization of bacterial cells --- p.126, Chapter 5.5.1 --- Performance of immobilized cells and free cells --- p.126, Chapter 5.5.2 --- Storage stability of immobilized cells and free cells --- p.128, Chapter 5.6 --- Performance of the laboratory scale bioreactor --- p.130, Chapter 5.6.1 --- Treatment efficiencies of the bioreactor --- p.130, Chapter 5.6.2 --- Performance stability of the bioreactor in 5 consecutive runs --- p.131, Chapter 5.6.3 --- FT-IR analysis of suspended particles in the treated solution --- p.132, Chapter 5.6.4 --- Post treatments of bioreactor treated effluents, Chapter 6. --- Conclusions --- p.136, Chapter 7. --- References --- p.142, http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5896917, Use of this resource is governed by the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International” License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Les fluorures représentent une préoccupation majeure pour l'industrie de l'alumimum. Les pertes se font principalement sous forme de fluorures gazeux (HF) ou de fluorures particulaires générés par rintermédiaire des dépôts secs et du lessivage par la pluie des events de toiture. Bien que les concentrations dans l'eau rejetées par l'industrie de l'aluminium rencontrent les critères de qualité des effluents, il importe d'identifier et de mettre au point des alternatives de réduction des rejets en fluorures, comparativement aux méthodes traditionnelles, afin d'améliorer la performance de ses installations. À cet effet, le bio-traitement en utilisant divers sols et végétaux a été retenu. Cette étude s'attarde au niveau des fluorures gazeux puisqu'ils en découlent les fluorures dissous mais aussi, elle tient compte des fluorures provenant de l'eau de pluie et du bassin de rétention de l'usine. Les objectifs principaux de cette étude sont d'évaluer la capacité de prise en charge des fluorures dissous par certaines espèces de végétaux et de les séquestrer sous une forme nontoxique, de même que d'évaluer la capacité du sol à fixer irréversiblement les fluorures. Des études préliminaires en trois phases permettent de sélectionner des plantes et un sol à la fois performants et optimaux dans la rétention des fluorures. La première phase consiste en un inventaire en milieu industriel (centre d'électrolyse désaffecté), afin de dégager des espèces végétales résistantes et accumulatrices des fluorures gazeux et dissous. La prêle ressort alors comme une espèce intéressante. La deuxième phase vise à évaluer la capacité d'accumulation des fluorures en serre pour sept espèces végétales sur une période de 53 jours. Toutes les espèces végétales ont à la fois toléré et accumulé les fluorures mais à différents niveaux. Ici, le pâturin Kentucky apparaît la meilleure des sept espèces. Enfin, la troisième phase se concentre sur les sols. L'évaluation de la capacité des sols à adsorber les fl

Wong, Kin Shing Kinson., Thesis submitted in: November 2007., Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008., Includes bibliographical references (leaves 145-158)., s in English and Chinese., Acknowledgements --- p.i, p.ii, 摘要 --- p.v, Contents --- p.viii, List of figures --- p.xv, List of plates --- p.xx, List of tables --- p.xxi, Abbreviations --- p.xxiii, Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1, Chapter 1.1 --- Heavy metals --- p.1, Chapter 1.1.1 --- Characteristics of heavy metals --- p.1, Chapter 1.1.2 --- Heavy metal pollution in Hong Kong --- p.2, Chapter 1.1.3 --- Common usage of heavy metals --- p.4, Chapter 1.1.3.1 --- Copper --- p.4, Chapter 1.1.3.2 --- Nickel --- p.4, Chapter 1.1.3.3 --- Zinc --- p.5, Chapter 1.1.4 --- Toxicity of heavy metals --- p.5, Chapter 1.1.4.1 --- Copper --- p.6, Chapter 1.1.4.2 --- Nickel --- p.7, Chapter 1.1.4.3 --- Zinc --- p.7, Chapter 1.1.5 --- Treatment techniques for metal ions --- p.8, Chapter 1.1.5.1 --- Chemical precipitation --- p.9, Chapter 1.1.5.2 --- Ion exchange --- p.10, Chapter 1.1.5.3 --- Activated carbon adsorption --- p.10, Chapter 1.2 --- Biosorption --- p.11, Chapter 1.2.1 --- Definition of biosorption --- p.11, Chapter 1.2.2 --- Mechanism --- p.12, Chapter 1.2.3 --- Advantages of biosorption --- p.13, Chapter 1.2.4 --- Selection of biosorbents --- p.15, Chapter 1.3 --- Chitinous materials --- p.17, Chapter 1.3.1 --- Background of chitin --- p.17, Chapter 1.3.2 --- Structures of chitinous materials --- p.18, Chapter 1.3.3 --- Sources of chitinous materials --- p.18, Chapter 1.3.4 --- Application of chitinous materials --- p.20, Chapter 1.3.5 --- Mechanism of metal ion adsorption by chitin --- p.22, Chapter 1.4 --- Activated carbon --- p.25, Chapter 1.4.1 --- Characteristics of activated carbon --- p.25, Chapter 1.4.2 --- Applications of activated carbon --- p.26, Chapter 1.4.3 --- Factors affecting adsorption ability of activated carbon --- p.27, Chapter 1.4.4 --- Advantages and Disadvantages --- p.28, Chapter 1.4.4.1 --- Advantages (Adsorption) --- p.28, Chapter 1.4.4.2 --- Advantages (Regerneration) --- p.28, Chapter 1.4.4.3 --- Disadvantages (Adsorption) --- p.28, Chapter 1.4.4.4 --- Disadvantages (Regeneration) --- p.29, Chapter 1.5 --- Cation exchange resin --- p.29, Chapter 1.5.1 --- Usages of cation exchange resin --- p.29, Chapter 1.5.2 --- Characteristics of cation exchange resin --- p.30, Chapter 1.5.3 --- Disadvantages of using cation exchange resin --- p.30, Chapter 1.6 --- Magnetite --- p.31, Chapter 1.6.1 --- Reasons of using magnetite --- p.31, Chapter 1.6.2 --- Characteristics of magnetite --- p.31, Chapter 1.6.3 --- Immobilization by magnetite --- p.32, Chapter 1.6.4 --- Advantages of using magnetite --- p.33, Chapter 1.7 --- The biosorption experiment --- p.33, Chapter 1.7.1 --- The batch biosorption experiment --- p.33, Chapter 1.7.2 --- The adsorption isotherms --- p.34, Chapter 1.7.2.1 --- The Langmuir adsorption isotherm --- p.34, Chapter 1.7.2.2 --- The Freundlich adsorption isotherm --- p.36, Chapter 2. --- Objectives --- p.38, Chapter 3. --- Materials and methods --- p.39, Chapter 3.1 --- Adsorbents --- p.39, Chapter 3.1.1 --- Chitin A --- p.39, Chapter 3.1.2 --- Pretreatment of chitin A --- p.39, Chapter 3.1.3 --- Magnetite --- p.39, Chapter 3.1.4 --- Activated carbon --- p.41, Chapter 3.1.5 --- Cation exchange resin --- p.41, Chapter 3.1.6 --- Pretreatment of cation exchange resin --- p.41, Chapter 3.2 --- Chemicals --- p.43, Chapter 3.2.1 --- Metal ion solution --- p.43, Chapter 3.2.2 --- Buffer solution --- p.43, Chapter 3.2.3 --- Standard solution --- p.43, Chapter 3.3 --- Immobilization of chitin A by magnetite --- p.44, Chapter 3.3.1 --- Effect of chitin A to magnetite ratio --- p.44, Chapter 3.3.2 --- Effect of amount of chitin A and magnetite in a fixed ratio --- p.45, Chapter 3.3.3 --- Effect of pH --- p.45, Chapter 3.3.4 --- Effect of immobilization time --- p.46, Chapter 3.3.5 --- Effect of temperature --- p.46, Chapter 3.3.6 --- Effect of agitation rate --- p.46, Chapter 3.3.7 --- Effect of salinity --- p.46, Chapter 3.3.8 --- Mass production of magnetite-immobilized chitin A --- p.47, Chapter 3.4 --- Batch adsorption experiment --- p.47, Chapter 3.5 --- "Optimization of physicochemical condition on Cu2+，Ni2+ and Zn2+ adsorption by MCA, AC and CER" --- p.48, Chapter 3.5.1 --- Effect of equilibrium pH --- p.48, Chapter 3.5.2 --- Effect of amount of adsorbent --- p.49, Chapter 3.5.3 --- Effect of retention time --- p.49, Chapter 3.5.4 --- Effect of agitation rate --- p.49, Chapter 3.5.5 --- Effect of temperature --- p.50, Chapter 3.5.6 --- Effect of initial metal ion concentration --- p.50, Chapter 3.5.7 --- Adsorption isotherms --- p.50, Chapter 3.5.8 --- Dimensionless separation factor --- p.52, Chapter 3.5.9 --- Kinetic parameters of adsorption --- p.52, Chapter 3.5.10 --- Thermodynamic parameters of adsorption --- p.53, Chapter 3.6 --- "Recovery of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ from metal ion-laden MCA" --- p.54, Chapter 3.6.1 --- Performances of various solutions on metal ion recovery --- p.54, Chapter 3.6.2 --- Multiple adsorption and desorption cycles of metal ions --- p.55, Chapter 3.7 --- Statistical analysis of data --- p.55, Chapter 4. --- Results --- p.56, Chapter 4.1 --- Immobilization of chitin A by magnetite --- p.56, Chapter 4.1.1 --- Effect of chitin A to magnetite ratio --- p.56, Chapter 4.1.2 --- Effect of amount of chitin A and magnetite in a fixed ratio --- p.59, Chapter 4.1.3 --- Effect of pH --- p.59, Chapter 4.1.4 --- Effect of immobilization time --- p.59, Chapter 4.1.5 --- Effect of temperature --- p.59, Chapter 4.1.6 --- Effect of agitation rate --- p.64, Chapter 4.1.7 --- Effect of salinity --- p.64, Chapter 4.1.8 --- Mass production of magnetite-immobilized chitin A --- p.64, Chapter 4.2 --- Batch adsorption experiment --- p.67, Chapter 4.2.1 --- Screening of adsorbents --- p.67, Chapter 4.3 --- "Optimization of physicochemical condition on Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ adsorption by MCA, AC and CER" --- p.70, Chapter 4.3.1 --- Effect of equilibrium pH --- p.70, Chapter 4.3.2 --- Effect of amount of adsorbent --- p.74, Chapter 4.3.3 --- Effect of retention time --- p.78, Chapter 4.3.4 --- Effect of agitation rate --- p.82, Chapter 4.3.5 --- Effect of temperature --- p.82, Chapter 4.3.6 --- Effect of initial metal ion concentration --- p.86, Chapter 4.3.7 --- Summary of optimized conditions for three metal ions --- p.87, Chapter 4.3.8 --- Cost analysis of metal ion removal by three adsorbents --- p.87, Chapter 4.3.9 --- Performance of reference adsorbents (AC and CER) --- p.87, Chapter 4.3.10 --- Adsorption isotherms --- p.99, Chapter 4.3.11 --- Dimensionless separation factor --- p.103, Chapter 4.3.12 --- Kinetic parameters of adsorption --- p.106, Chapter 4.3.13 --- Thermodynamic parameters of adsorption --- p.113, Chapter 4.4 --- "Recovery of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ from metal ion-laden MCA" --- p.113, Chapter 4.4.1 --- Performances of various solutions on metal ion recovery --- p.113, Chapter 4.4.2 --- Multiple adsorption and desorption cycles of metal ions --- p.117, Chapter 5. --- Discussions --- p.121, Chapter 5.1 --- Immobilization of chitin A by magnetite --- p.121, Chapter 5.1.1 --- Effect of chitin A to magnetite ratio --- p.121, Chapter 5.1.2 --- Effect of amount of chitin A and magnetite in a fixed ratio --- p.121, Chapter 5.1.3 --- Effect of pH --- p.122, Chapter 5.1.4 --- Effect of immobilization time --- p.122, Chapter 5.1.5 --- Effect of temperature --- p.122, Chapter 5.1.6 --- Effect of agitation rate --- p.123, Chapter 5.1.7 --- Effect of salinity --- p.123, Chapter 5.2 --- Batch adsorption experiment --- p.123, Chapter 5.2.1 --- Screening of adsorbents --- p.123, Chapter 5.3 --- "Optimization of physicochemical condition on Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ adsorption by MCA, AC and CER" --- p.124, Chapter 5.3.1 --- Effect of equilibrium pH --- p.125, Chapter 5.3.2 --- Effect of amount of adsorbent --- p.126, Chapter 5.3.3 --- Effect of retention time --- p.127, Chapter 5.3.4 --- Effect of agitation rate --- p.128, Chapter 5.3.5 --- Effect of temperature --- p.128, Chapter 5.3.6 --- Effect of initial metal ion concentration --- p.129, Chapter 5.3.7 --- Summary of optimized conditions for three metal ions --- p.130, Chapter 5.3.8 --- Cost analysis of metal ion removal by three adsorbents --- p.132, Chapter 5.3.9 --- Performance of reference adsorbents (AC and CER) --- p.133, Chapter 5.3.10 --- Adsorption isotherms --- p.133, Chapter 5.3.11 --- Dimensionless separation factor --- p.135, Chapter 5.3.12 --- Kinetic parameters of adsorption --- p.136, Chapter 5.3.13 --- Thermodynamic parameters of adsorption --- p.139, Chapter 5.4 --- "Recovery of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ from metal ion-laden MCA" --- p.140, Chapter 5.4.1 --- Performances of various solutions on metal ion recovery --- p.140, Chapter 5.4.2 --- Multiple adsorption and desorption cycles of metal ions --- p.141, Chapter 6. --- Conclusions --- p.143, Chapter 7. --- References --- p.145, http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5893435, Use of this resource is governed by the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International” License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

by Chan Hiu-wai., Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002., Includes bibliographical references (leaves 123-133)., Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese., Acknowledgements --- p.i, p.ii, List of Figures --- p.x, List of Tables --- p.xiii, List of Abbreviations --- p.xv, Page, Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1, Chapter 1.1 --- The chemical class: Phthalate esters --- p.1, Chapter 1.2 --- Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate --- p.2, Chapter 1.2.1 --- Characteristics of DEHP --- p.5, Chapter 1.2.2 --- Production and applications --- p.5, Chapter 1.2.3 --- Environmental releases and environmental fate --- p.8, Chapter 1.2.4 --- Toxicity of DEHP --- p.8, Chapter 1.2.4.1 --- Mammalian toxicity --- p.9, Chapter 1.2.4.2 --- Toxicity to aquatic organisms --- p.10, Chapter 1.2.5 --- Regulations --- p.10, Chapter 1.3 --- Conventional technologies for DEHP removal --- p.11, Chapter 1.3.1 --- Biodegradation --- p.11, Chapter 1.3.2 --- Coagulation --- p.11, Chapter 1.3.3 --- Adsorption --- p.11, Chapter 1.4 --- Innovative technologies for DEHP removal --- p.12, Chapter 1.4.1 --- Biosorption --- p.13, Chapter 1.4.1.1 --- Definition of biosorption --- p.13, Chapter 1.4.1.2 --- Mechanisms --- p.13, Chapter 1.4.1.3 --- Selection of biosorbents --- p.17, Chapter 1.4.1.4 --- Assessment of biosorption performance --- p.21, Chapter a. --- Batch adsorption experiments --- p.21, Chapter b. --- Modeling of biosorption --- p.21, Chapter 1.4.1.5 --- Recovery of biosorbents --- p.23, Chapter 1.4.1.6 --- Development of biosorption process --- p.23, Chapter 1.4.1.7 --- Seaweeds as biosorbents --- p.24, Chapter 1.4.2 --- Advanced oxidation processes --- p.27, Chapter 1.4.3 --- Heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation --- p.30, Chapter 1.4.3.1 --- Photocatalyst --- p.30, Chapter 1.4.3.2 --- General mechanisms --- p.31, Chapter 1.4.3.3 --- Influencing parameters in PCO --- p.33, Chapter 1.4.3.4 --- Enhanced performance by addition of hydrogen peroxide --- p.33, Chapter 2 --- Objectives --- p.36, Chapter 3 --- Materials and Methods --- p.38, Chapter 3.1 --- Chemical reagents --- p.38, Chapter 3.2 --- Biosorption of DEHP by seaweed biomass --- p.39, Chapter 3.2.1 --- Biosorbents --- p.39, Chapter 3.2.2 --- Determination method of DEHP --- p.39, Chapter 3.2.3 --- Batch adsorption experiments --- p.44, Chapter 3.2.3.1 --- Screening of potential biomass --- p.44, Chapter 3.2.3.2 --- Characterization of beached seaweed and S. siliquastrum --- p.44, Chapter a. --- Total organic carbon (TOC) content --- p.44, Chapter b. --- Leaching of biomass components --- p.45, Chapter 3.2.3.3 --- Combined effect of pH and biomass concentration --- p.45, Chapter 3.2.3.4 --- Effect of retention time --- p.45, Chapter 3.2.3.5 --- Effect of agitation rate --- p.45, Chapter 3.2.3.6 --- Effect of temperature --- p.46, Chapter 3.2.3.7 --- Effect of particle size --- p.46, Chapter 3.2.3.8 --- Effect of DEHP concentration --- p.46, Chapter 3.2.4 --- Recovery of adsorbed DEHP from seaweed biomass --- p.47, Chapter 3.2.4.1 --- Screening for suitable desorbing agents --- p.47, Chapter 3.2.4.2 --- Multiple adsorption-desorption cycles --- p.47, Chapter 3.2.5 --- Statistical analysis --- p.43, Chapter 3.3 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.48, Chapter 3.3.1 --- Photocatalytic reactor --- p.48, Chapter 3.3.2 --- Optimization of reaction conditions --- p.48, Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- Effect of reaction time --- p.48, Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.51, Chapter 3.3.2.3 --- Effect of Ti02 concentration --- p.51, Chapter 3.3.2.4 --- Effect of UV intensity --- p.52, Chapter 3.3.2.5 --- Effect of H202 concentration --- p.52, Chapter 3.3.2.6 --- Effect of initial DEHP concentration and irradiation time --- p.52, Chapter 3.3.2.7 --- Statistical analysis --- p.52, Chapter 3.3.4 --- Determination of mineralization of DEHP by analyzing total Organic carbon (TOC) content --- p.53, Chapter 3.3.5 --- Identification of intermediate products of DEHP --- p.53, Chapter 3.3.6 --- Evaluation for the toxicity of DEHP and intermediate products --- p.53, Chapter 3.3.6.1 --- Microtox® test --- p.53, Chapter 3.3.6.2 --- Amphipod survival test --- p.55, Chapter 3.4 --- Feasibility of combining biosorption and photocatalyic oxidation as an Integrated treatment for DEHP --- p.57, Chapter 3.4.1 --- Effect of algal extract on photocatalytic oxidation of DEHP --- p.57, Chapter 3.4.2 --- Determination of mineralization of algal extract by analyzing total organic carbon (TOC) --- p.57, Chapter 4 --- Results --- p.58, Chapter 4.1 --- Determination method of DEHP --- p.58, Chapter 4.2 --- Biosorption --- p.58, Chapter 4.2.1 --- Batch adsorption experiments --- p.58, Chapter 4.2.1.1 --- Screening of potential biomass --- p.58, Chapter 4.2.1.2 --- Characterization of beached seaweed and S. siliquastrum --- p.61, Chapter a. --- Total organic carbon (TOC) content --- p.61, Chapter b. --- Leaching properties --- p.61, Chapter 4.2.1.3 --- Combined effect of pH and biomass concentration --- p.61, Chapter 4.2.1.4 --- Effect of retention time --- p.74, Chapter 4.2.1.5 --- Effect of agitation rate --- p.74, Chapter 4.2.1.6 --- Effect of temperature --- p.74, Chapter 4.2.1.7 --- Effect of particle size --- p.74, Chapter 4.2.1.8 --- Effect of initial DEHP concentration: Modeling by Langmuir and Freundlich adsorptin isotherm --- p.79, Chapter 4.2.2 --- Recovery of adsorbed DEHP by seaweed biomass --- p.84, Chapter 4.2.2.1 --- Screening for suitable desorbing agents --- p.84, Chapter 4.2.2.2 --- Multiple adsorption-desorption cycles --- p.84, Chapter 4.3 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.90, Chapter 4.3.1 --- Optimization of reaction conditions --- p.90, Chapter 4.3.1.1 --- Effect of reaction time --- p.90, Chapter 4.3.1.2 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.90, Chapter 4.3.1.3 --- Effect of TiO2 concentration --- p.90, Chapter 4.3.1.4 --- Effect of UV intensity --- p.90, Chapter 4.3.1.5 --- Effect of H2O2 concentration --- p.95, Chapter 4.3.1.6 --- Effect of initial DEHP and irradiation time --- p.95, Chapter 4.3.2 --- Determination of mineralization of DEHP by analyzing total organic carbon (TOC) --- p.95, Chapter 4.3.3 --- Identification of intermediate products of DEHP --- p.95, Chapter 4.3.4 --- Evaluation for the toxicity of DEHP and the intermediate products --- p.102, Chapter 4.3.4.1 --- Microtox® test --- p.102, Chapter 4.3.4.2 --- Amphipod survival test --- p.102, Chapter 4.4 --- Feasibility of combining biosorption and photocatalytic oxidation as an integrated treatment for DEHP --- p.102, Chapter 4.4.1 --- Effect of algal extract on photocatalytic oxidation of DEHP --- p.102, Chapter 4.4.2 --- Determination of mineralization of algal extract by analyzing total organic carbon (TOC) --- p.103, Chapter 5 --- Discussion --- p.108, Chapter 5.1 --- Determination method of DEHP --- p.108, Chapter 5.2 --- Biosorption --- p.108, Chapter 5.2.1 --- Batch adsorption experiments --- p.108, Chapter 5.2.1.1 --- Screening of potential biomass --- p.108, Chapter 5.2.1.2 --- Characteristic of S. siliquastrum and beached seaweed --- p.109, Chapter 5.2.1.3 --- Combined effect of pH and biomass concentration --- p.109, Chapter 5.2.1.4 --- Effect of retention time --- p.111, Chapter 5.2.1.5 --- Effect of agitation rate --- p.111, Chapter 5.2.1.6 --- Effect of temperature --- p.111, Chapter 5.2.1.7 --- Effect of particle size --- p.112, Chapter 5.2.1.8 --- Effect of initial DEHP concentration: Modeling of Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms --- p.112, Chapter 5.2.2 --- Recovery of adsorbed DEHP by seaweed biomass --- p.114, Chapter 5.2.2.1 --- Screening for suitable desorbing agents --- p.114, Chapter 5.2.2.2 --- Multiple adsorption-desorption cycles --- p.115, Chapter 5.3 --- Photocatalytic oxidation --- p.115, Chapter 5.3.1 --- Optimization of reaction conditions --- p.115, Chapter 5.3.1.1 --- Effect of reaction time --- p.115, Chapter 5.3.1.2 --- Effect of pH --- p.116, Chapter 5.3.1.3 --- Effect of TiO2 concentration --- p.116, Chapter 5.3.1.4 --- Effect of UV intensity --- p.116, Chapter 5.3.1.5 --- Effect of H2O2 concentration --- p.117, Chapter 5.3.1.6 --- Effect of DEHP concentration and irradiation time --- p.117, Chapter 5.3.2 --- Determination of mineralization of DEHP by analyzing total organic carbon (TOC) --- p.117, Chapter 5.3.3 --- Identification of intermediate products of DEHP --- p.118, Chapter 5.3.4 --- Evaluation for the toxicity of DEHP and the intermediate products --- p.119, Chapter 5.4 --- Feasibility of combining biosorption and photocatalytic oxidation as an integrated treatment for DEHP --- p.119, Chapter 6 --- Conclusions --- p.121, Chapter 7 --- References --- p.123, http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5896006, Use of this resource is governed by the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International” License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

by So Lai Man, Rachel., Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001., Includes bibliographical references (leaves 83-103)., s in English and Chinese., Acknowledgements --- p.i, p.ii, Table of Contents --- p.iv, List of Figures --- p.viii, List of Tables --- p.ix, Chapter 1. --- Literature Review --- p.1, Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1, Chapter 1.2 --- Overview of metal ions pollution --- p.2, Chapter 1.3 --- Treatment of metal ions in wastewater --- p.4, Chapter 1.3.1 --- Conventional methods --- p.4, Chapter 1.3.2 --- Microbial methods --- p.5, Chapter 1.4 --- Phytoremediation --- p.6, Chapter 1.4.1 --- Rhizofiltration --- p.10, Chapter 1.4.2 --- Mechanisms of metal ion removal by plant root --- p.12, Chapter 1.5 --- Using water hyacinth for wastewater treatment --- p.15, Chapter 1.5.1 --- Biology of water hyacinth --- p.15, Chapter 1.5.2 --- Water hyacinth based systems for wastewater treatment --- p.21, Chapter 1.6 --- Biology of rhizosphere --- p.23, Chapter 2. --- Objectives --- p.26, Chapter 3 --- Materials and Methods --- p.28, Chapter 3.1 --- Metal ion stock solution --- p.28, Chapter 3.2 --- Plant material and growth conditions --- p.28, Chapter 3.2.1 --- Preparation of Hoagland solution --- p.28, Chapter 3.3 --- Metal ion resistance of water hyacinth --- p.31, Chapter 3.4 --- Effect of metal ion concentration on the bacteria population --- p.31, Chapter 3.4.1 --- Minimal medium (MM) --- p.31, Chapter 3.5 --- Isolation of rhizospheric metal ion-resistant bacteria --- p.34, Chapter 3.6 --- Metal ion removal capacity of isolated bacteria --- p.34, Chapter 3.7 --- Colonization efficiency of a metal ion-adsorbing bacterium onto the root --- p.35, Chapter 3.7.1 --- Suppression of the bacterial population in the rhizosphere by an antibiotic --- p.35, Chapter 3.7.2 --- Colonization efficiency --- p.36, Chapter 3.8 --- Effect of colonizing the metal ion-adsorbing bacteria on the metal ion removal capacity of roots --- p.37, Chapter 4. --- Results --- p.38, Chapter 4.1 --- Selection of optimum metal ion concentration for water hyacinth and rhizo spheric bacteria --- p.38, Chapter 4.1.1 --- Metal ion resistance of water hyacinth --- p.38, Chapter 4.1.2 --- Effect of metal ion concentration on population of rhizospheric bacteria --- p.43, Chapter 4.1.3 --- Selection for optimum metal ion concentration for water hyacinth and rhizospheric bacteria --- p.43, Chapter 4.2 --- Screening for bacterial strain with high metal ion resistance and removal capacity --- p.46, Chapter 4.2.1 --- Enrichment of the metal ion-resistant bacteria in the rhizosphere --- p.46, Chapter 4.2.2 --- Isolation of the natural bacterial population in rhizosphere --- p.50, Chapter 4.2.3 --- Determination of the metal ion removal capacity of rhizospheric metal ion-resistant bacterial strains --- p.52, Chapter 4.2.4 --- "Comparison of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ removal capacities of Cu2+-resistant bacterial strains" --- p.53, Chapter 4.3 --- Effect of inoculating Cu2+-resistant bacterial strain to the rhizosphere on the metal ion removal capacity of the root --- p.59, Chapter 4.3.1 --- Bactericidal efficiency of oxytetracycline --- p.59, Chapter 4.3.2 --- Effect of inoculating Cu2+-adsorbing bacterial cells into the rhizosphere --- p.62, Chapter 4.3.3 --- Effect of bacterial cell density of inoculum on colonizing efficiency --- p.63, Chapter 4.3.4 --- Colonizing efficiency and metal ion removal capacity of root by direct inoculation of metal ion-adsorbing bacterial cells into metal ion solution or pre-inoculation in Hoagland solution --- p.64, Chapter 4.3.5 --- Effect of inoculating Strain FC-2-2 into the rhizosphere on the removal capacity of roots --- p.64, Chapter 5. --- Discussion --- p.69, Chapter 5.1 --- Selection of optimum metal ion concentration for water hyacinth and rhizospheric bacteria --- p.69, Chapter 5.1.1 --- Metal resistance of water hyacinth --- p.69, Chapter 5.1.2 --- Effect of metal ion concentration on population of rhizospheric bacteria population --- p.70, Chapter 5.1.3 --- Selection for optimum concentration --- p.70, Chapter 5.2 --- Screening for high metal ion-resistant and -removal bacterial strains --- p.71, Chapter 5.2.1 --- Enrichment of the metal ion-resistant bacteria in the rhizosphere --- p.71, Chapter 5.2.2 --- Select metal ion-resistant bacterial strain from the natural population in the rhizosphere --- p.72, Chapter 5.2.3 --- Determination of the metal ion removal capacity of respective metal ion-resistant bacterial strain --- p.72, Chapter 5.3 --- Effect of inoculating Cu2+-resistant bacterial strain in the rhizosphere on the metal ion removal capacity of the root --- p.74, Chapter 5.3.1 --- Bactericidal efficiency of oxytetracycline --- p.74, Chapter 5.3.2 --- Effect of inoculating Cu2十-adsorbing bacterial cells into the rhizosphere --- p.75, Chapter 5.3.3 --- Effect inoculum cell density on the colonizing efficiency --- p.76, Chapter 5.3.4 --- Comparison of colonizing efficiency and metal ion removal capacity of root by direct inoculation metal ion-adsorbing bacterial cells into metal solution or pre-inoculationin Hoagland solution --- p.77, Chapter 5.3.5 --- Effect of inoculating strain FC-2-2 into the rhizosphere on the removal capacity of roots --- p.78, Chapter 5.4 --- Limitation and future development --- p.79, Chapter 6. --- Conclusion --- p.81, Chapter 7. --- References --- p.83, http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5890617, Use of this resource is governed by the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International” License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

by Li Ka Ling., Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001., Includes bibliographical references (leaves 221-242)., Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese., Acknowledgements --- p.i, p.ii, Contents --- p.vi, Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1, Chapter 1.1 --- Literature review --- p.1, Chapter 1.1.1 --- Heavy metals in our environment --- p.1, Chapter 1.1.2 --- Major source of metal pollution in Hong Kong --- p.2, Chapter 1.1.3 --- Chemistry and toxicity of copper ion --- p.9, Chapter 1.1.4 --- Removal of metal ions from effluents by precipitation --- p.12, Chapter 1.1.4.1 --- Metal ions in solution --- p.12, Chapter 1.1.4.2 --- Precipitation of metal ions --- p.13, Chapter 1.1.4.3 --- pH adjustment reagents --- p.15, Chapter 1.1.4.4 --- Precipitation of complexed metal ions --- p.19, Chapter 1.1.5 --- Other physico-chemical methods for the removal of metal ions --- p.21, Chapter 1.1.6 --- Removal of metal ions by microorganisms --- p.24, Chapter 1.1.6.1 --- Biosorption --- p.24, Chapter 1.1.6.2 --- Other mechanisms for the accumulation of metal ions --- p.28, Chapter 1.1.6.3 --- An attractive alternative for the removal and recovery of metal ions:biosorption --- p.30, Chapter 1.1.7 --- Factors affecting biosorption --- p.37, Chapter 1.1.7.1 --- Culture conditions --- p.38, Chapter 1.1.7.2 --- pH of solution --- p.39, Chapter 1.1.7.3 --- Concentration of biosorbent --- p.41, Chapter 1.1.7.4 --- Initial metal ion concentration --- p.42, Chapter 1.1.7.5 --- Presence of other cations --- p.43, Chapter 1.1.7.6 --- Presence of anions --- p.45, Chapter 1.1.8 --- Properties and uses of magnetite --- p.46, Chapter 1.1.8.1 --- Physical and chemical properties of magnetite --- p.46, Chapter 1.1.8.2 --- Use of magnetite for wastewater treatment --- p.48, Chapter 1.1.8.3 --- Immobilization of cells on magnetite for metal ion removal --- p.49, Chapter 1.2 --- Objectives of the present study --- p.54, Chapter 2. --- Materials and methods --- p.57, Chapter 2.1 --- Effects of physico-chemical factors on the precipitation of Cu2+ --- p.57, Chapter 2.1.1 --- Reagents and chemicals --- p.57, Chapter 2.1.2 --- Effects of equilibrium time --- p.59, Chapter 2.1.3 --- Effects of pH --- p.60, Chapter 2.1.4 --- Presence of anions and other cations --- p.61, Chapter 2.1.5 --- "Presence of chelating agent, EDTA" --- p.61, Chapter 2.2 --- Dissolution of metal sludge --- p.63, Chapter 2.2.1 --- Dewatering and drying of metal sludge --- p.63, Chapter 2.2.2 --- Dissolving of metal sludge by sulfuric acid --- p.63, Chapter 2.3 --- Culture of biomass --- p.65, Chapter 2.3.1 --- Subculturing of the biomass --- p.65, Chapter 2.3.2 --- Culture media --- p.66, Chapter 2.3.3 --- Growth and preparation of the cell suspension --- p.66, Chapter 2.4 --- Immobilization of the bacterial cells on magnetites --- p.66, Chapter 2.5 --- Metal ion removal studies --- p.71, Chapter 2.5.1 --- Preparation of concentrated Cu2+ solutions --- p.71, Chapter 2.5.2 --- Removal of Cu2+ in the concentrated Cu2+ solutions by magnetite- immobilized cells --- p.74, Chapter 2.5.3 --- Effects of EDTA --- p.76, Chapter 2.5.4 --- Effects of anions --- p.77, Chapter 2.5.5 --- Effects of other cations --- p.78, Chapter 2.6 --- Maximum removal efficiency of Cu2+ by magnetite-immobilized cells --- p.79, Chapter 2.7 --- Recovery of adsorbed Cu2+ from magnetite-immobilized cell --- p.79, Chapter 2.7.1 --- Desorption of Cu2+ from the immobilized cells using sulfuric acid --- p.79, Chapter 2.7.2 --- Multiple adsorption-desorption cycles --- p.80, Chapter 2.8 --- Treatment of electroplating effluent by magnetite-immobilized cells --- p.80, Chapter 2.8.1 --- Removal and recovery of Cu2+ from electroplating effluent collected from rinsing baths --- p.80, Chapter 2.8.2 --- Removal and recovery of Cu2+ from electroplating effluent collected from final collecting tank --- p.83, Chapter 2.9 --- Data analysis --- p.84, Chapter 3. --- Results --- p.86, Chapter 3.1 --- Effects of physical-chemical factors on the precipitation of Cu2+ --- p.86, Chapter 3.1.1 --- Effects of equilibrium time --- p.86, Chapter 3.1.2 --- Effects of pH --- p.86, Chapter 3.1.3 --- Presence of anions --- p.89, Chapter 3.1.3.1 --- Cu2+-S042- systems --- p.89, Chapter 3.1.3.2 --- Cu2+-Cl- systems --- p.89, Chapter 3.1.3.3 --- Cu2+-Cr2072- systems --- p.89, Chapter 3.1.3.4 --- Cu2+-mixed anions systems --- p.93, Chapter 3.1.4 --- Presence of other cations --- p.93, Chapter 3.1.4.1 --- Cu2+-Ni2+ systems --- p.93, Chapter 3.1.4.2 --- Cu2+-Zn2+ systems --- p.96, Chapter 3.1.4.3 --- Cu2+-Cr6+ systems --- p.96, Chapter 3.1.4.4 --- Cu2+-mixed cations systems --- p.99, Chapter 3.1.5 --- "Presence of chelating agent, EDTA" --- p.99, Chapter 3.1.5.1 --- Cu2+-EDTA4 -mixed anions systems --- p.102, Chapter 3.1.5.2 --- Cu2+-EDTA4--mixed cations systems --- p.102, Chapter 3.2 --- Dissolution of metal sludge --- p.105, Chapter 3.2.1 --- Dewatering and drying of metal sludge --- p.105, Chapter 3.2.2 --- Dissolving of metal sludge by sulfuric acid --- p.105, Chapter 3.3 --- Removal of Cu2+ in the concentrated Cu2+ solution by magnetite- immobilized cells --- p.109, Chapter 3.4 --- Effects of EDTA on removal and recovery of Cu2+ by magnetite- immobilized cells --- p.109, Chapter 3.4.1 --- Effects of EDTA --- p.109, Chapter 3.4.2 --- Effects of EDTA after precipitation --- p.112, Chapter 3.5 --- Effects of anions on removal and recovery of Cu2+ by magnetite- immobilized cells --- p.120, Chapter 3.5.1 --- Effects of anions --- p.120, Chapter 3.5.2 --- Effects of anions after precipitation --- p.120, Chapter 3.5.3 --- Effects of anions in the presence of EDTA after precipitation --- p.124, Chapter 3.6 --- Effects of other cations on removal and recovery of Cu2+ by magnetite-immobilized cells --- p.129, Chapter 3.6.1 --- Effects of other cations --- p.129, Chapter 3.6.2 --- Effects of other cations after precipitation --- p.137, Chapter 3.6.3 --- Effects of other cations in the presence of EDTA after precipitation --- p.137, Chapter 3.7 --- Maximum removal efficiency of Cu2+ by magnetite-immobilized cells --- p.142, Chapter 3.8 --- Multiple adsorption-desorption cycle --- p.148, Chapter 3.9 --- Treatment of electroplating effluent by magnetite-immobilized cells --- p.148, Chapter 3.9.1 --- Removal and recovery of Cu2+ from electroplating effluent collected from rinsing baths --- p.148, Chapter 3.9.2 --- Removal and recovery of Cu2+ from electroplating effluent collected from final collecting tank --- p.158, Chapter 4. --- Discussion --- p.167, Chapter 4.1 --- Effects of physical-chemical factors on the precipitation of Cu2+ --- p.167, Chapter 4.1.1 --- Effects of equilibrium time --- p.167, Chapter 4.1.2 --- Effects of pH --- p.168, Chapter 4.1.3 --- Presence of anions --- p.169, Chapter 4.1.4 --- Presence of other cations --- p.170, Chapter 4.1.5 --- "Presence of chelating agent, EDTA" --- p.171, Chapter 4.1.5.1 --- Presence of EDTA with anions --- p.174, Chapter 4.1.5.2 --- Presence of EDTA with other cations --- p.174, Chapter 4.2 --- Dissolution of metal sludge --- p.175, Chapter 4.2.1 --- Dewatering and drying of metal sludge --- p.175, Chapter 4.2.2 --- Dissolving of metal sludge by sulfuric acid --- p.175, Chapter 4.3 --- Metal ion removal studies --- p.176, Chapter 4.3.1 --- Selection of biomass --- p.176, Chapter 4.3.2 --- Removal of Cu2+ in the concentrated Cu2+ solution by magnetite- immobilized cells --- p.178, Chapter 4.4 --- Effects of EDTA on removal and recovery of Cu2+ by magnetite- immobilized cells --- p.182, Chapter 4.4.1 --- Effects of EDTA --- p.182, Chapter 4.4.2 --- Effects of EDTA after precipitation --- p.184, Chapter 4.5 --- Effects of anions on removal and recovery of Cu2+ by magnetite- immobilized cells --- p.185, Chapter 4.5.1 --- Effects of anions --- p.185, Chapter 4.5.2 --- Effects of anions after precipitation --- p.188, Chapter 4.5.3 --- Effects of anions in the presence of EDTA after precipitation --- p.190, Chapter 4.6 --- Effects of other cations on removal and recovery of Cu2+ by magnetite-immobilized cells --- p.192, Chapter 4.6.1 --- Effects of other cations --- p.192, Chapter 4.6.2 --- Effects of other cations after precipitation --- p.195, Chapter 4.6.3 --- Effects of other cations in the presence of EDTA after precipitation --- p.197, Chapter 4.7 --- Maximum removal efficiency of Cu2+ by magnetite-immobilized cells --- p.198, Chapter 4.8 --- Multiple adsorption-desorption cycles --- p.199, Chapter 4.9 --- Treatment of electroplating effluent by magnetite-immobilized cells --- p.202, Chapter 4.9.1 --- Removal and recovery of Cu2+ from electroplating effluent collected from rinsing baths --- p.202, Chapter 4.9.2 --- Removal and recovery of Cu2+ from electroplating effluent collected from final collecting tank --- p.205, Chapter 5. --- Conclusion --- p.213, Chapter 6. --- Summary --- p.215, Chapter 7. --- Recommendations --- p.219, Chapter 8. --- References --- p.221, http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5890601, Use of this resource is governed by the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International” License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

by Lau Tsz Chun., Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000., Includes bibliographical references (leaves 134-143)., s in English and Chinese., Acknowledgements --- p.i, p.ii, Contents --- p.vi, List of Figures --- p.xi, List of Tables --- p.xv, Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1, Chapter 1.1 --- Reviews --- p.1, Chapter 1.1.1 --- Heavy metals in the environment --- p.1, Chapter 1.1.2 --- Heavy metal pollution in Hong Kong --- p.3, Chapter 1.1.3 --- Electroplating industries in Hong Kong --- p.7, Chapter 1.1.4 --- "Chemistry, biochemistry and toxicity of selected metal ions: copper, nickel and zinc" --- p.8, Chapter a. --- Copper --- p.10, Chapter b. --- Nickel --- p.11, Chapter c. --- Zinc --- p.12, Chapter 1.1.5 --- Conventional physico-chemical methods of metal ions removal from industrial effluent --- p.13, Chapter a. --- Ion exchange --- p.14, Chapter b. --- Precipitation --- p.14, Chapter 1.1.6 --- Alternative for metal ions removal from industrial effluent: biosorption --- p.15, Chapter a. --- Definition of biosorption --- p.15, Chapter b. --- Mechanisms involved in biosorption of metal ions --- p.17, Chapter c. --- Criteria for a good metal sorption process and advantages of biosorption for removal of heavy metal ions --- p.19, Chapter d. --- Selection of potential biosorbent for metal ions removal --- p.20, Chapter 1.1.7 --- Procedures of biosorption --- p.23, Chapter a. --- Basic study --- p.23, Chapter b. --- Pilot-scale study --- p.25, Chapter c. --- Examples of commercial biosorbent --- p.27, Chapter 1.1.8 --- Seaweed as a potential biosorbent for heavy metal ions --- p.27, Chapter 1.2 --- Objectives of study --- p.30, Chapter 2. --- Materials and Methods --- p.33, Chapter 2.1 --- Collection of seaweed samples --- p.33, Chapter 2.2 --- Processing of seaweed biomass --- p.33, Chapter 2.3 --- Chemicals --- p.33, Chapter 2.4 --- Characterization of seaweed biomass --- p.39, Chapter 2.4.1 --- Moisture content of seaweed biomass --- p.39, Chapter 2.4.2 --- Metal ions content of seaweed biomass --- p.39, Chapter 2.5 --- Characterization of metal ions biosorption by seaweed --- p.39, Chapter 2.5.1 --- Effect of biomass weight and selection of biomass --- p.39, Chapter 2.5.2 --- Effect of pH --- p.40, Chapter 2.5.3 --- Effect of retention time --- p.41, Chapter 2.5.4 --- Effect of metal ions concentration --- p.41, Chapter 2.5.5 --- Effect of mix-cations and mix-anions on the removal capacity of selected metal ions by Ulva lactuca --- p.43, Chapter 2.5.6 --- Recovery of adsorbed metal ions from Ulva lactuca (I): screening for suitable desorbing agents --- p.44, Chapter 2.5.7 --- Recovery of adsorbed metal ions from Ulva lactuca (II): multiple adsorption-desorption cycles of selected metal ions --- p.45, Chapter 2.5.8 --- Removal and recovery of selected metal ions from electroplating effluent by Ulva lactuca --- p.45, Chapter 2.6 --- Statistical analysis of data --- p.46, Chapter 3. --- Results --- p.47, Chapter 3.1 --- Effect of biomass weight and selection of biomass --- p.47, Chapter 3.1.1 --- Effect of biomass weight --- p.47, Chapter 3.1.2 --- Selection of biomass --- p.58, Chapter 3.2 --- Effect of pH --- p.58, Chapter 3.2.1 --- Cu2+ --- p.58, Chapter 3.2.2 --- Ni2+ --- p.61, Chapter 3.2.3 --- Zn2+ --- p.61, Chapter 3.2.4 --- Determination of optimal condition for biosorption of Cu2+ ，Ni2+ and Zn2+ by Ulva lactuca --- p.67, Chapter 3.3 --- Effect of retention time --- p.67, Chapter 3.4 --- Effect of metal ions concentration --- p.73, Chapter 3.4.1 --- Relationship of removal capacity with initial concentration of metal ions --- p.73, Chapter 3.4.2 --- Langmuir adsorption isotherm --- p.73, Chapter 3.4.3 --- Freundlich adsorption isotherm --- p.77, Chapter 3.5 --- Effect of mix-cations and mix-anions on the removal capacity of selected metal ions by Ulva lactuca --- p.81, Chapter 3.5.1 --- Effect of mix-cations --- p.81, Chapter 3.5.2 --- Effect of mix-anions --- p.85, Chapter 3.6 --- Recovery of adsorbed metal ions from Ulva lactuca (I): screening of suitable desorbing agents --- p.91, Chapter 3.6.1 --- Cu2+ --- p.91, Chapter 3.6.2 --- Ni2+ --- p.91, Chapter 3.6.3 --- Zn2+ --- p.91, Chapter 3.7 --- Recovery of adsorbed metal ions from Ulva lactuca (II): multiple adsorption-desorption cycles of selected metal ions --- p.94, Chapter 3.8 --- Removal and recovery of selected metal ions from electroplating effluent by Ulva lactuca --- p.97, Chapter 4. --- Discussion --- p.106, Chapter 4.1 --- Effect of biomass weight and selection of biomass --- p.106, Chapter 4.1.1 --- Effect of biomass weight --- p.106, Chapter 4.1.2 --- Selection of biomass --- p.107, Chapter 4.2 --- Effect of pH --- p.109, Chapter 4.3 --- Effect of retention time --- p.112, Chapter 4.4 --- Effect of metal ions concentration --- p.114, Chapter 4.4.1 --- Relationship of removal capacity with initial concentration of metal ions --- p.114, Chapter 4.4.2 --- Langmuir adsorption isotherm --- p.114, Chapter 4.4.3 --- Freundlich adsorption isotherm --- p.115, Chapter 4.4.4 --- Insights from isotherm study --- p.117, Chapter 4.5 --- Effect of mix-cations and mix-anions on the removal capacity of selected metal ions by Ulva lactuca --- p.118, Chapter 4.5.1 --- Effect of mix-cations --- p.118, Chapter 4.5.2 --- Effect of mix-anions --- p.120, Chapter 4.6 --- Recovery of adsorbed metal ions from Ulva lactuca (I): screening of suitable desorbing agents --- p.122, Chapter 4.7 --- Recovery of adsorbed metal ions from Ulva lactuca (II): multiple adsorption-desorption cycles of selected metal ions --- p.124, Chapter 4.8 --- Removal and recovery of selected metal ions from electroplating effluent by Ulva lactuca --- p.126, Chapter 5. --- Conclusion --- p.131, Chapter 6. --- Summary --- p.134, Chapter 7. --- References --- p.134, Chapter 8. --- Appendixes --- p.144, http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5890420, Use of this resource is governed by the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International” License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

by Tsui Wai-chu., Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000., Includes bibliographical references (leaves 161-171)., s in English and Chinese., Acknowledgements --- p.i, p.ii, Abbreviations --- p.vii, Contents --- p.ix, Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1, Chapter 1.1 --- Literature review --- p.1, Chapter 1.1.1 --- Metal pollution in Hong Kong --- p.1, Chapter 1.1.2 --- Methods for removal of metal ions from industrial effluent --- p.4, Chapter A. --- Physico-chemical methods --- p.4, Chapter B. --- Biosorption --- p.7, Chapter 1.1.3 --- Chitin and chitosan --- p.11, Chapter A. --- History of chitin and chitosan --- p.11, Chapter B. --- Structures and sources of chitin and chitosan --- p.12, Chapter C. --- Characterization of chitin and chitosan --- p.17, Chapter D. --- Applications of chitin and chitosan --- p.19, Chapter 1.1.4 --- Factors affecting biosorption --- p.22, Chapter A. --- Solution pH --- p.22, Chapter B. --- Concentration of biosorbent --- p.24, Chapter C. --- Retention time --- p.25, Chapter D. --- Initial metal ion concentration --- p.26, Chapter E. --- Presence of other cations --- p.26, Chapter F. --- Presence of anions --- p.28, Chapter 1.1.5 --- Regeneration of metal ion-laden biosorbent --- p.28, Chapter 1.1.6 --- Modeling of biosorption --- p.29, Chapter A. --- Adsorption equilibria and adsorption isotherm --- p.29, Chapter B. --- Langmuir isotherm --- p.33, Chapter C. --- Freundlich isotherm --- p.34, Chapter 1.2 --- Objectives of the present study --- p.36, Chapter 2. --- Materials and methods --- p.37, Chapter 2.1 --- Biosorbents --- p.37, Chapter 2.1.1 --- Production of biosorbents --- p.37, Chapter 2.1.2 --- Pretreatment of biosorbents --- p.39, Chapter 2.2 --- Characterization of biosorbents --- p.39, Chapter 2.2.1 --- Chitin assay --- p.39, Chapter 2.2.2 --- Protein assay --- p.40, Chapter 2.2.3 --- Metal analysis --- p.41, Chapter 2.2.4 --- Degree of N-deacetylation analysis --- p.43, Chapter A. --- Diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy --- p.43, Chapter B. --- Elemental analysis --- p.43, Chapter 2.3 --- Batch biosorption experiment --- p.44, Chapter 2.4 --- Selection of biosorbent for metal ion removal --- p.45, Chapter 2.4.1 --- Effects of pretreatments of biosorbents on adsorption of Cu --- p.45, Chapter A. --- Washing --- p.45, Chapter B. --- Pre-swelling --- p.46, Chapter 2.4.2 --- "Comparison of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ removal capacities among three biosorbents" --- p.46, Chapter 2.4.3 --- Comparison of Cu2+ removal capacity of chitins with various degrees of N-deacetylation --- p.46, Chapter 2.5 --- "Effects of physico-chemical conditions on Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ adsorption by chitin A" --- p.48, Chapter 2.5.1 --- Solution pH and concentration of biosorbent --- p.48, Chapter 2.5.2 --- Retention time --- p.48, Chapter 2.5.3 --- Initial metal ion concentration --- p.49, Chapter 2.5.4 --- Presence of other cations --- p.49, Chapter 2.5.5 --- Presence of anions --- p.51, Chapter 2.6 --- Optimization of Cu2+，Ni2+ and Zn2+ removal efficiencies --- p.53, Chapter 2.7 --- "Recovery of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ from metal ion-laden chitin A" --- p.53, Chapter 2.7.1 --- Performances of various eluents on metal ion recovery --- p.53, Chapter 2.7.2 --- Multiple adsorption and desorption cycle of metal ions --- p.54, Chapter 2.8 --- Treatment of electroplating effluent by chitin A --- p.54, Chapter 2.8.1 --- "Removal and recovery of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ from electroplating effluent collected from rinsing baths" --- p.54, Chapter 2.8.2 --- "Removal and recovery of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ from electroplating effluent collected from final collecting tank" --- p.55, Chapter 2.9 --- Data analysis --- p.56, Chapter 3. --- Results --- p.58, Chapter 3.1 --- Characterization of biosorbents --- p.58, Chapter 3.1.1 --- Chitin assay --- p.58, Chapter 3.1.2 --- Protein assay --- p.58, Chapter 3.1.3 --- Metal analysis --- p.58, Chapter 3.1.4 --- Degree of N-deacetylation analysis --- p.62, Chapter A. --- Diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy --- p.62, Chapter B. --- Elemental analysis --- p.62, Chapter 3.2 --- Selection of biosorbent for metal ion removal --- p.67, Chapter 3.2.1 --- Effects of pretreatments of biosorbents on adsorption of Cu2+ --- p.67, Chapter A. --- Washing --- p.67, Chapter B. --- Pre-swelling --- p.67, Chapter 3.2.2 --- "Comparison of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ removal capacities among three biosorbents" --- p.67, Chapter 3.2.3 --- Comparison of Cu2+ removal capacity of chitins with various degrees of N-deacetylation --- p.70, Chapter 3.3 --- "Effects of physico-chemical conditions on Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ adsorption by chitin A" --- p.70, Chapter 3.3.1 --- Solution pH and concentration of biosorbent --- p.70, Chapter 3.3.2 --- Retention time --- p.78, Chapter 3.3.3 --- Initial metal ion concentration --- p.80, Chapter 3.3.4 --- Presence of other cations --- p.93, Chapter 3.3.5 --- Presence of anions --- p.93, Chapter 3.4 --- "Optimization of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ removal efficiencies" --- p.104, Chapter 3.5 --- "Recovery of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ from metal ion-laden chitin A" --- p.104, Chapter 3.5.1 --- Performances of various eluents on metal ion recovery --- p.104, Chapter 3.5.2 --- Multiple adsorption and desorption cycle of metal ions --- p.109, Chapter 3.6 --- Treatment of electroplating effluent by chitin A --- p.117, Chapter 3.6.1 --- "Removal and recovery of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ from electroplating effluent collected from rinsing baths" --- p.117, Chapter 3.6.2 --- "Removal and recovery of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ from electroplating effluent collected from final collecting tank" --- p.121, Chapter 4. --- Discussion --- p.128, Chapter 4.1 --- Characterization of biosorbents --- p.128, Chapter 4.1.1 --- Chitin assay --- p.128, Chapter 4.1.2 --- Protein assay --- p.129, Chapter 4.1.3 --- Metal analysis --- p.129, Chapter 4.1.4 --- Degree of N-deacetylation analysis --- p.130, Chapter A. --- Diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy --- p.130, Chapter B. --- Elemental analysis --- p.132, Chapter 4.2 --- Selection of biosorbent for metal ion removal --- p.133, Chapter 4.2.1 --- Effects of pretreatments of biosorbents on adsorption of Cu2+ --- p.133, Chapter A. --- Washing --- p.133, Chapter B. --- Pre-swelling --- p.133, Chapter 4.2.2 --- "Comparison of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ removal capacities among three biosorbents" --- p.134, Chapter 4.2.3 --- Comparison of Cu2+ removal capacity of chitins with various degrees of N-deacetylation --- p.136, Chapter 4.3 --- "Effects of physico-chemical conditions on Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ adsorption by chitin A" --- p.137, Chapter 4.3.1 --- Solution pH and concentration of biosorbent --- p.137, Chapter 4.3.2 --- Retention time --- p.138, Chapter 4.3.3 --- Initial metal ion concentration --- p.139, Chapter 4.3.4 --- Presence of other cations --- p.141, Chapter 4.3.5 --- Presence of anions --- p.143, Chapter 4.4 --- "Optimization of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ removal efficiencies" --- p.147, Chapter 4.5 --- "Recovery of Cu2+, Ni2+and Zn2+ from metal ion-laden chitin A" --- p.148, Chapter 4.5.1 --- Performances of various eluents on metal ion recovery --- p.148, Chapter 4.5.2 --- Multiple adsorption and desorption cycle of metal ions --- p.149, Chapter 4.6 --- Treatment of electroplating effluent by chitin A --- p.150, Chapter 4.6.1 --- "Removal and recovery of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ from electroplating effluent collected from rinsing baths" --- p.150, Chapter 4.6.2 --- "Removal and recovery of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ from electroplating effluent collected from final collecting tank" --- p.152, Chapter 5. --- Conclusion --- p.154, Chapter 6. --- Further studies --- p.156, Chapter 7. --- Summary --- p.158, Chapter 8. --- References --- p.161, http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5890286, Use of this resource is governed by the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International” License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

by Stephen, Man-yuen Cheng., Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998., Includes bibliographical references (leaves 124-141)., also in Chinese., Acknowledgements --- p.i, p.ii, List of Figures --- p.iv, List of Tables --- p.ix, Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1, Chapter 1.1 --- The development of dyes --- p.1, Chapter 1.2 --- The chemistry of azo dyes --- p.2, Chapter 1.3 --- "Evaluation of dyes submitted under the ""Toxic Substances Control Act"" new chemicals programme" --- p.6, Chapter 1.4 --- Environmental concerns of dyes --- p.7, Chapter 1.5 --- Decolorization techniques --- p.11, Chapter 1.5.1 --- Activated sludge process --- p.11, Chapter 1.5.2 --- Chlorination --- p.12, Chapter 1.5.3 --- Fenton's reaction --- p.13, Chapter 1.5.4 --- Ozonation --- p.13, Chapter 1.5.5 --- Adsorption by activated carbon --- p.13, Chapter 1.5.6 --- Chemical flocculation --- p.14, Chapter 1.5.7 --- Coagulation --- p.14, Chapter 1.5.8 --- Advance Oxidation Process --- p.15, Chapter 1.5.8a --- Photocatalytic activation --- p.17, Chapter 1.5.8b --- Enhancement of reaction rates of photocatalytic reaction --- p.21, Chapter 1.5.9 --- Biosorption of azo dyes by Pseudomonas sp. K-l --- p.23, Chapter 1.6 --- Water pollution in Hong Kong --- p.24, Chapter 1.7 --- Purpose of study --- p.24, Chapter 2 --- Objectives --- p.27, Chapter 3 --- Materials and Methods --- p.28, Chapter 3.1 --- Materials --- p.28, Chapter 3.1.1 --- Azo dyes --- p.28, Chapter 3.1.2 --- Biosorbent --- p.28, Chapter 3.1.3 --- Chemicals --- p.28, Chapter 3.2 --- Photocatalytic reactor --- p.31, Chapter 3.3 --- Determination of the peak absorbance of five azo dyes at different pH --- p.31, Chapter 3.4 --- Determination of dye concentration by measuring at peak absorbance --- p.37, Chapter 3.5 --- Determination of pseudo-first-order rate constant --- p.37, Chapter 3.6 --- Effect of initial concentration of procion red MX-5B on photocatalytic degradation --- p.39, Chapter 3.7 --- Effect of initial concentration of hydrogen peroxide on photocatalytic degradation of procion red MX-5B --- p.40, Chapter 3.8 --- Effect of initial pH on the photocatalytic degradation of procion red MX-5B --- p.40, Chapter 3.9 --- Effect of initial temperature on the photocatalytic degradation of procion red MX-5B --- p.40, Chapter 3.10 --- Effect of titanium dioxide on the photocatalytic degradation of procion red MX-5B --- p.40, Chapter 3.11 --- Effect of UV intensity in the photocatalytic degradation of procion red MX-5B --- p.41, Chapter 3.12 --- Degradation kinetics of different dyes --- p.41, Chapter 3.13 --- Degradation of 40 mg/L of procion red MX-5B under optimized conditions --- p.41, Chapter 3.14 --- "Degradation of 1,000 mg/L of procion red MX-5B under optimized conditions" --- p.42, Chapter 3.15 --- Temporal change of the concentration of procion red MX-5B in calcium alginate beads --- p.42, Chapter 3.16 --- "Temporal change of the concentration of procion red MX-5B in alginate beads of 5,000 mg/L of Ti02" --- p.43, Chapter 3.17 --- "Temporal change of the concentration of procion red MX-5B in alginate beads of 10,000 mg/L of Ti02" --- p.43, Chapter 3.18 --- Effect of the concentration of titanium dioxide in alginate beads in the photocatalytic degradation of procion red MX-5B --- p.45, Chapter 3.19 --- "Effect of hydrogen peroxide in the photocatalytic degradation of procion red MX-5B in 5,000 mg/L of Ti02-alginate beads" --- p.47, Chapter 3.20 --- "Temporal change of the concentration of procion red MX-5B in alginate beads with 5,000 mg/L of Ti02" --- p.47, Chapter 3.21 --- "Effect of biomass of Pseudomonas sp. K1 on the photocatalytic degradation of procion red MX-5B in alginate beads with 5,000 mg/L of Ti02" --- p.48, Chapter 3.22 --- Diffuse reflectance-IR spectroscopic analysis of degradation product(s) --- p.49, Chapter 3.23 --- Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic analysis of degradation products --- p.49, Chapter 3.24 --- Toxicological evaluation of degradation products using Microtox® test --- p.51, Chapter 4 --- Result --- p.54, Chapter 4.1 --- Biosorption of dyes by Pseudomonas sp. K1 --- p.54, Chapter 4.2 --- UV intensities of the eight Cole-Parmer UV lamps at 365 nm --- p.54, Chapter 4.3 --- Determination of the peak absorbance of five azo dyes at different pH using scanning spectrophotometer --- p.54, Chapter 4.4 --- Determination of dye concentration by measuring at peak absorbance --- p.66, Chapter 4.5 --- Effect of initial concentration of procion red MX-5Bin photocatalytic degradation rate --- p.66, Chapter 4.6 --- Effect of initial concentration of hydrogen peroxide on the photocatalytic degradation of procion red MX-5B --- p.73, Chapter 4.7 --- Effect of initial pH on photocatalytic degradation of procion red MX-5B --- p.73, Chapter 4.8 --- Effect of initial temperature on photocatalytic degradation of procion red MX-5B --- p.73, Chapter 4.9 --- Effect of titanium dioxide on photocatalytic degradation of procion red MX-5B --- p.77, Chapter 4.10 --- Effect of UV intensity on photocatalytic degradation of procion red MX-5B --- p.77, Chapter 4.11 --- Photocatalytic degradation kinetics of different azo dyes --- p.77, Chapter 4.12 --- Photocatalytic degradation of 40 mg/L of reactive red241 under optimized conditions --- p.77, Chapter 4.13 --- Photocatalytic degradation of 40 mg/L procion red MX-5B under optimized conditions --- p.81, Chapter 4.14 --- "Photocatalytic degradation of 1,000 mg/L of procion red MX-5B under optimized conditions" --- p.81, Chapter 4.15 --- Temporal change of the concentration of procion red MX-5B in calcium alginate beads --- p.81, Chapter 4.16 --- "Temporal changes of the concentration of procion red MX-5B in 5,000 mg/L of Ti02-alginate beads" --- p.85, Chapter 4.17 --- "Temporal change of the concentration of procion red MX-5B in 10,000 mg/L of Ti02-alginate beads" --- p.85, Chapter 4.18 --- Effect of the concentration of titanium dioxide in alginate beads in the photocatalytic degradation of procion red MX-5B --- p.89, Chapter 4.19 --- "Effect of hydrogen peroxide in the photocatalytic degradation of procion red MX-5B in 5,000 mg/L of Ti02-alginate beads" --- p.89, Chapter 4.20 --- "Temporal change of the concentration of procion red MX-5Bin alginate beads with 5,000 mg/L of Ti02" --- p.89, Chapter 4.21 --- "Effect ofbiomass of Pseudomonas sp. K1 on the photocatalytic degradation of procion red MX-5B in 5,000 mg/L of Ti02-alginate beads" --- p.93, Chapter 4.22 --- Degradation products analysis using diffuse reflectance-IR spectroscopy --- p.93, Chapter 4.23 --- Degradation products analysis using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) --- p.101, Chapter 4.24 --- Toxicological evaluation of degradation products using Microtox® test --- p.101, Chapter 5 --- Discussion --- p.104, Chapter 5.1 --- Biosorption of azo dyes in Pseudomonas sp. K-l --- p.104, Chapter 5.2 --- Optimization of photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes --- p.105, Chapter 5.2.1 --- Effect of initial concentration of procion red MX-5B on the photocatalytic degradation --- p.105, Chapter 5.2.2 --- Effect of initial concentration of hydrogen peroxide on the photocatalytic degradation --- p.106, Chapter 5.2.3 --- Effect of initial pH on the photocatalytic degradation --- p.107, Chapter 5.2.4 --- Effect of initial temperature on the photocatalytic degradation --- p.108, Chapter 5.2.5 --- Effect of titanium dioxide on the photocatalytic degradation --- p.109, Chapter 5.2.6 --- Effect of UV intensity on the photocatalytic degradation --- p.110, Chapter 5.2.7 --- Degradation kinetics of different dyes --- p.111, Chapter 5.2.8 --- Optimized conditions for PCO of reactive red 241 and procion red --- p.112, Chapter 5.3 --- Immobilization of titanium dioxide and Pseudomonas sp. K-l in alginate beads --- p.113, Chapter 5.3.1 --- Temporal changes of the concentration of dye in alginate beads --- p.113, Chapter 5.3.2 --- Effect of titanium dioxide in alginate beads in PCO --- p.114, Chapter 5.3.3 --- Effect of hydrogen peroxide in alginate beads in PCO --- p.115, Chapter 5.3.4 --- "Temporal change of dye concentration in alginate beads of 5,000 mg/L" --- p.115, Chapter 5.3.5 --- Effect of biomass of Pseudomonas sp. K-l in alginate beads on the PCO of dye --- p.115, Chapter 5.4 --- Diffuse reflectance IR spectroscopic analysis of degradation products --- p.116, Chapter 5.5 --- 1HNMR analysis of degradation products --- p.119, Chapter 5.6 --- Toxicological evaluation of degradation products using Microtox® test --- p.120, Chapter 5.7 --- Application --- p.121, Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.122, Chapter 7 --- References --- p.124, Appendix 1 --- p.142, Appendix 2 --- p.143, http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5896293, Use of this resource is governed by the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International” License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

by Sze Kwok Fung Calvin., Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996., Includes bibliographical references (leaves 118-130)., Acknowledgement --- p.i, p.ii, Content --- p.iv, Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1, Chapter 1.1 --- Literature review --- p.1, Chapter 1.1.1 --- Heavy metals in the environment --- p.1, Chapter 1.1.2 --- Heavy metal pollution in Hong Kong --- p.2, Chapter 1.1.3 --- Electroplating industry in Hong Kong --- p.6, Chapter 1.1.4 --- Chemistry and toxicity of copper in the environment --- p.7, Chapter 1.1.5 --- Methods of removal of heavy metal from industrial effluent --- p.9, Chapter A. --- Physico-chemical methods --- p.9, Chapter B. --- Biological methods --- p.9, Chapter 1.1.6 --- Methods of recovery of heavy metal from metal-loaded biosorbent --- p.17, Chapter 1.1.7 --- The physico-chemical properties of magnetites --- p.18, Chapter 1.1.8 --- Magnetites for water and wastewater treatment --- p.19, Chapter 1.1.9 --- Immobilized cell technology --- p.24, Chapter 1.1.10 --- Stirrer-tank bioreactor --- p.26, Chapter 1.2 --- Objectives of the present study --- p.28, Chapter 2. --- Materials and Methods --- p.30, Chapter 2.1 --- Selection of copper-resistant bacteria --- p.30, Chapter 2.2 --- Culture media and chemicals --- p.30, Chapter 2.3 --- Growth of the bacterial cells --- p.32, Chapter 2.4 --- Immobilization of the bacterial cells on magnetites --- p.32, Chapter 2.4.1 --- Effects of physical and chemical factors on the immobilization of the bacterial cells on magnetites --- p.34, Chapter 2.4.2 --- Effects of pH on the desorption of bacterial cells from magnetites --- p.34, Chapter 2.5 --- Copper ion uptake experiments --- p.35, Chapter 2.6 --- Effects of physico-chemical and operational factors on the Cu2+ removal capacity of the magnetite-immobilized bacterial cells --- p.35, Chapter 2.7 --- Transmission electron micrograph and scanning electron micrograph of Pseudomonas putida 5-X loaded with Cu2+ --- p.36, Chapter 2.7.1 --- Transmission electron micrograph --- p.36, Chapter 2.7.2 --- Scanning electron micrograph --- p.37, Chapter 2.8 --- Copper ion adsorption isotherm of the magnetite-immobilized cells of Pseudomonas putida 5-X --- p.37, Chapter 2.9 --- Recovery of adsorbed Cu2+ from the magnetite-immobilized cells of Pseudomonas putida 5-X --- p.38, Chapter 2.9.1 --- Effects of eluents on the Cu2+ removal and recovery capacity of the magnetite-immobilized cells --- p.38, Chapter 2.9.2 --- Batch type multiple adsorption-desorption cycles of Cu2+ using ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA) --- p.39, Chapter 2.10 --- Removal and recovery of Cu2+ from the electroplating effluent by a bioreactor --- p.39, Chapter 2.10.1 --- Batch type multiple adsorption-desorption cycles using the copper solution and electroplating effluent --- p.39, Chapter 2.10.2 --- Continuous type bioreactor to remove and recover Cu2+ from copper solution and electroplating effluent --- p.40, Chapter 2.11 --- Statistical analysis of data --- p.43, Chapter 3. --- Results --- p.44, Chapter 3.1 --- Effects of physical and chemical factors on the immobilization of the bacterial cells on magnetites --- p.44, Chapter 3.1.1 --- Effects of cells to magnetites ratio --- p.44, Chapter 3.1.2 --- Effects of pH --- p.44, Chapter 3.1.3 --- Effects of temperature --- p.44, Chapter 3.2 --- Effects of pH on the desorption of bacterial cells from magnetites --- p.49, Chapter 3.3 --- Copper ion uptake experiments --- p.49, Chapter 3.4 --- Effects of physico-chemical and operational factors on the Cu2+ removal capacity of the magnetite-immobilized bacterial cells --- p.49, Chapter 3.4.1 --- Effects of pH --- p.49, Chapter 3.4.2 --- Effects of temperature --- p.53, Chapter 3.4.3 --- Effects of retention time --- p.53, Chapter 3.4.4 --- Effects of cations --- p.53, Chapter 3.4.5 --- Effects of anions --- p.57, Chapter 3.5 --- Transmission electron micrograph of Pseudomonas putida 5-X loaded with Cu2+ --- p.62, Chapter 3.6 --- Scanning electron micrograph of Pseudomonas putida 5-X loaded with Cu2+ --- p.62, Chapter 3.7 --- Copper ion adsorption isotherm of the magnetite-immobilized cells of Pseudomonas putida 5-X --- p.68, Chapter 3.8 --- Recovery of adsorbed Cu2+ from the magnetite-immobilized cells of Pseudomonas putida 5-X --- p.68, Chapter 3.8.1 --- Effects of eluents on the Cu2+ removal and recovery capacity of the magnetite-immobilized cells --- p.68, Chapter 3.8.2 --- Batch type multiple adsorption-desorption cycles of Cu2+ using ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA) --- p.74, Chapter 3.9 --- Removal and recovery of Cu2+ from the electroplating effluent by a bioreactor --- p.74, Chapter 3.9.1 --- Batch type multiple adsorption-desorption cycles using the copper solution and electroplating effluent --- p.74, Chapter 3.9.2 --- Continuous type bioreactor to remove and recover Cu2+ from copper solution and electroplating effluent --- p.81, Chapter 4. --- Discussion --- p.89, Chapter 4.1 --- Selection of copper-resistant bacteria --- p.89, Chapter 4.2 --- Effects of physical and chemical factors on the immobilization of the bacterial cells on magnetites --- p.89, Chapter 4.2.1 --- Effects of cells to magnetites ratio --- p.89, Chapter 4.2.2 --- Effects of pH --- p.90, Chapter 4.2.3 --- Effects of temperature --- p.91, Chapter 4.2.4 --- Effects of pH on the desorption of bacterial cells from magnetites --- p.92, Chapter 4.3 --- Copper ion uptake experiments --- p.93, Chapter 4.4 --- Effects of physico-chemical and operational factors on the Cu2+ removal capacity of the magnetite-immobilized bacterial cells --- p.94, Chapter 4.4.1 --- Effects of pH --- p.95, Chapter 4.4.2 --- Effects of temperature --- p.96, Chapter 4.4.3 --- Effects of retention time --- p.97, Chapter 4.4.4 --- Effects of cations --- p.98, Chapter 4.4.5 --- Effects of anions --- p.101, Chapter 4.5 --- Transmission electron micrograph of Pseudomonas putida 5-X loaded with Cu2+ --- p.101, Chapter 4.6 --- Scanning electron micrograph of Pseudomonas putida 5-X loaded with Cu2+ --- p.102, Chapter 4.7 --- Copper ion adsorption isotherm of the magnetite-immobilized cells of Pseudomonas putida 5-X --- p.103, Chapter 4.8 --- Recovery of adsorbed Cu2+ from the magnetite-immobilized cells of Pseudomonas putida 5-X --- p.104, Chapter 4.8.1 --- Effects of eluents on the Cu2+ removal and recovery capacity of the magnetite-immobilized cells --- p.104, Chapter 4.8.2 --- Batch type multiple adsorption-desorption cycles of Cu2+ using ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA) --- p.105, Chapter 4.9 --- Removal and recovery of Cu2+ from the electroplating effluent by a bioreactor --- p.107, Chapter 4.9.1 --- Batch type multiple adsorption-desorption cycles using the copper solution and electroplating effluent --- p.107, Chapter 4.9.2 --- Continuous type bioreactor to remove and recover Cu2+ from copper solution and electroplating effluent --- p.108, Chapter 5. --- Conclusion --- p.110, Chapter 6. --- Summary --- p.112, Chapter 7. --- References --- p.115, http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5888810, Use of this resource is governed by the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International” License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

by So Chi Ming., Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991., Includes bibliographical references., Acknowledgement --- p.i, p.ii, Chapter 1. --- Objectives of the Study --- p.1, Chapter 2. --- Literature Review --- p.2, Chapter 2.1 --- Heavy Metals in the Environment --- p.2, Chapter 2.2 --- Heavy Metal Pollution in Hong Kong --- p.3, Chapter 2.3 --- Chemistry and Toxicity of Copper in the Environment --- p.6, Chapter 2.4 --- Conventional and Alternative Methods for Heavy Metal Removal --- p.10, Chapter 2.5 --- Heavy Metal Removal by Microorganisms --- p.14, Chapter 2.6 --- Factors Affecting Biosorption of Heavy Metals --- p.27, Chapter 2.7 --- Applicability of Biosorbent in Heavy Metal Removal --- p.31, Chapter 3. --- Materials and Methods --- p.36, Chapter 3.1 --- Screening of Bacteria for Copper Removal Capacity --- p.36, Chapter 3.1.1 --- Isolation of Bacteria from Activated Sludge --- p.36, Chapter 3.1.2 --- Selection of Copper Resistant Bacteria from Water Samples --- p.37, Chapter 3.1.3 --- Pre-screening of Bacteria for Copper Uptake --- p.37, Chapter 3.1.4 --- Determination of Copper Removal Capacity of Selected Bacteria --- p.37, Chapter 3.2 --- Effect of Culture Conditions on Copper Removal Capacity of Pseudomonas putida 5-X --- p.39, Chapter 3.2.1 --- Effect of Nutrient Limitation --- p.39, Chapter 3.2.2 --- Effect of Incubation Temperature and Culture Age --- p.41, Chapter 3.3 --- Determination of Copper Uptake Mechanism of Pseudomonas putida 5-X --- p.41, Chapter 3.3.1 --- Effect of Glucose and Sodium Azide on Copper Removal Capacity --- p.41, Chapter 3.3.2 --- Transmission Electron Micrograph of Pseudomonas putida 5-X after Copper Uptake --- p.43, Chapter 3.4 --- Effect of Pretreatment of Cells on Copper Removal Capacity of Pseudomonas putida 5-X --- p.43, Chapter 3.5 --- Physico-chemical Characterization of Pseudomonas putida 5-X as Biosorbent for Copper Removal --- p.43, Chapter 3.5.1 --- Determination of Copper Uptake Kinetics --- p.43, Chapter 3.5.2 --- Determination of Freundlich Isotherm for Copper Uptake --- p.44, Chapter 3.5.3 --- Effect of pH on Copper Removal Capacity --- p.44, Chapter 3.5.4 --- Effect of Metal Ions on Copper Removal Capacity --- p.44, Chapter 3.5.5 --- Effect of Anions on Copper Removal Capacity --- p.45, Chapter 3.6 --- Copper Removal by Immobilized Cells of Pseudomonas putida 5-X --- p.45, Chapter 3.6.1 --- Effect of Retention Time on Copper Removal Capacity of Immobilized Cells --- p.47, Chapter 3.6.2 --- Efficiency of Copper Recovery from Immobilized Cells by Various Eluants --- p.47, Chapter 3.6.3 --- Performance of Immobilized Cells on Multiple Copper Loading-elution Cycles --- p.48, Chapter 3.6.4 --- Treatments of Effluent from an Electroplating Factory by Immobilized Cells --- p.48, Chapter 4. --- Results --- p.49, Chapter 4.1 --- Screening of Bacteria for Copper Removal Capacity --- p.49, Chapter 4.2 --- Effect of Culture Conditions on Copper Removal Capacity of Pseudomonas putida 5-X --- p.49, Chapter 4.2.1 --- Effect of Nutrient Limitation --- p.49, Chapter 4.2.2 --- Effect of Incubation Temperature and Culture Age --- p.52, Chapter 4.3 --- Determination of Copper Uptake Mechanism of Pseudomonas putida 5-X --- p.52, Chapter 4.3.1 --- Effect of Glucose and Sodium Azide on Copper Removal Capacity --- p.52, Chapter 4.3.2 --- Transmission Electron Micrograph of Pseudomonas putida 5-X after Copper Uptake --- p.52, Chapter 4.4 --- Effect of Pretreatment of Cells on Copper Removal Capacity of Pseudomonas putida 5-X --- p.56, Chapter 4.5 --- Physico-chemical Characterization of Pseudomonas putida 5-X as Biosorbent for Copper Removal --- p.56, Chapter 4.5.1. --- Determination of Copper Uptake Kinetics --- p.56, Chapter 4.5.2 --- Determination of Freundlich Isotherm for Copper Uptake --- p.56, Chapter 4.5.3 --- Effect of pH on Copper Removal Capacity --- p.60, Chapter 4.5.4 --- Effect of Metal Ions on Copper Removal Capacity --- p.60, Chapter 4.5.5 --- Effect of Anions on Copper Removal Capacity --- p.60, Chapter 4.6 --- Copper Removal by Immobilized Cells of Pseudomonas putida 5-X --- p.60, Chapter 4.6.1 --- Copper Removal Capacity of Immobilized Cells and Breakthrough Curve for Copper Removal --- p.60, Chapter 4.6.2 --- Effect of Retention Time on Copper Removal Capacity of Immobilized Cells --- p.65, Chapter 4.6.3 --- Efficiency of Copper Recovery from Immobilized Cells by Various Eluants --- p.65, Chapter 4.6.4 --- Performance of Immobilized Cells on Multiple Copper Loading-elution Cycles --- p.65, Chapter 4.6.5 --- Treatment of Effluent from an Electroplating Factory by Immobilized Cells --- p.65, Chapter 5. --- Discussion --- p.72, Chapter 5.1 --- Screening of Bacteria for Copper Removal Capacity --- p.72, Chapter 5.2 --- Effect of Culture Conditions on Copper Removal Capacity of Pseudomonas putida 5-X --- p.73, Chapter 5.2.1 --- Effect of Nutrient Limitation --- p.73, Chapter 5.2.2 --- Effect of Incubation Temperature and Culture Age --- p.74, Chapter 5.3 --- Determination of Copper Uptake Mechanism of Pseudomonas putida 5-X --- p.75, Chapter 5.3.1 --- Effect of Glucose and Sodium Azide on Copper Removal Capacity --- p.75, Chapter 5.3.2 --- Transmission Electron Micrograph of Pseudomonas putida 5-X after Copper Uptake --- p.75, Chapter 5.4 --- Effect of Pretreatment of Cells on Copper Removal Capacity of Pseudomonas putida 5-X --- p.76, Chapter 5.5 --- Physico-chemical Characterization of Pseudomonas putida 5-X as Biosorbent for Copper Removal --- p.77, Chapter 5.5.1 --- Copper Uptake Kinetics --- p.77, Chapter 5.5.2 --- Freundlich Isotherm for Copper Uptake --- p.78, Chapter 5.5.3 --- Effect of pH on Copper Removal Capacity --- p.78, Chapter 5.5.4 --- Effect of Metal Ions on Copper Removal Capacity --- p.79, Chapter 5.5.5 --- Effect of Anions on Copper Removal Capacity --- p.80, Chapter 5.6 --- Copper Removal by Immobilized Cells of Pseudomonas putida 5-X --- p.80, Chapter 5.6.1 --- Copper Removal Capacity of Immobilized Cells and Breakthrough Curve for Copper Removal --- p.80, Chapter 5.6.2 --- Effect of Retention Time on Copper Removal Capacity of Immobilized Cells --- p.82, Chapter 5.6.3 --- Efficiency of Copper Recovery from Immobilized Cells by Various Eluants --- p.82, Chapter 5.6.4 --- Performance of Immobilized Cells on Multiple Copper Loading-elution Cycles 的 --- p.83, Chapter 5.6.5 --- Treatment of Effluent from an Electroplating Factory by Immobilized Cells --- p.84, Chapter 6. --- Conclusion --- p.85, Chapter 7. --- Summary --- p.87, Chapter 8. --- References --- p.89, http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5886893, Use of this resource is governed by the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International” License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)