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Bojonegoro Regency is one of regency in East Java which affected by drought. Local Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) Bojonegoro reported 17 districts which most affected by drought in the south of Bojonegoro Regency, such as Kedewan, Sugihwaras, Kedungadem, Sukosewu, Tambakrejo, Balen, Kasiman, Ngasem, Baureno, Trucuk, Kepohbaru, Dander, Ngraho, Bubuan, Malo, Tambakrejo, and Margomulyo. This study aims to determine the region sensitivity patterns in Bojonegoro Regency in connection with drought disaster which is reviewed accordingly of physic aspect and social aspect. A physic parameter such as precipitation, the average of total precipitation during 30 years (1986-2015), type of soil for identification texture and depth of soil, and slope. While social parameter is the total population for identification of the population’s water needs. The method of this study is an overlay and scoring method. The classification of region sensitivity is low, medium, high and very high. The low classification which spread in Gayam District. The medium classification which spread in Kedawen, Kasian, Malo, Padangan Purwosari, Temayang, and Sukosewu District. The high classification which spread in Tambakrejo, Kapas, Balen, Kanor, Sumberejo, Kedungadem, and Gondang District. The very high classification which spread in Margomulyo, Ngrahu, Dander, Bojonegoro, Trucuk, Baureno, Kepohbaru, Kedungadem, Gondang and Sekar District.

Background and aims. Healthcare-associated infections (HAI) are an increasingly important issue, for this reason disinfection and antisepsis practices acquire importance. The use of products with antiseptic activity and reports of resistance to these molecules, pose the need to test, in the local area, the sensitivity pattern. The aim of this study is to verify the ability of the analytical system Alfred 60AST (Alifax Spa Isola dell’Abbà, Polverara - PD - Italy) in evaluating the antimicrobial effectiveness in vitro of different molecules in comparison to the membrane filtration reference method, in accordance with the procedure NF T72- 152 proposed by the Association Française de Normalisation (AFNOR). Materials and Methods. We used four antiseptic-disinfectant substances, commonly used in hospital practic: Iodopovidone, Ethanol, Chlorhexidine and DECS. ATCC strains were assessed both with clinical isolates. The eventual development occurs by means of microbial ALFRED AST60 was carried out in progressive times (30, 60 and 120 minutes) with different dilutions for each of the disinfectant molecules tested. Results and Conclusions. Comparison tests carried out between membrane filtration method and instrumentation Alfred 60AST gave results almost totally concordant. The analyzer Alfred 60AST can then be appropriately adapted to the in vitro evaluation of antiseptics, representing a valuable aid in the periodic monitoring of their activities and the prior assessment of sensitivity for therapeutic use. Though preliminary, the study confirms the existence of bacteria resistant to alcohols and biguanides, and it emphasizes the opportunity to verify the in vitro sensitivity profile.

To determine the different types of organisms causing urinary tract infections in children and their sensitivity to antibiotics. Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted at Children Hospital, PIMS Islamabad and consisted of 117 patients of either gender between age of 03 months to 12 years. Results: Mean age of children enrolled in our study was 4.4 (± 2.6) years. Out of 117 patients, 63 (54 %) were girls. The most common isolate was E. coli (57.3%) percent, followed by Klebsiella (18.8 %), Staphylococcus aureus (13.7 %), Pseudomonas (5.1 %) and Proteus (3.4 %) children. All isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, of loxacin, amikacin, cefixime and imepenem. Only 38.5% E coli and 37.5% Klebsiella were sensitive to Ampicillin, and 14.3% E coli and 9.1% Klebsiella were sensitive to Trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole. Conclusion: The most common isolate was E. coli, followed by Klebsiella, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas and Proteus. Most antibiotics tested for the E. coli, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas and Proteus are effective except Cotrimoxazole, Ampicillin, and Gentamicin which show high resistance

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the major sources of widespread infectious diseases in the community as well as in the hospitals which increase the cause of morbidity and mortality. Prevalence of extended-spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing uropathogenic E. coli isolates has been found to be increased rapidly across the world. The present study was undertaken to find out the frequency of bla TEM, bla CTX-M, and bla SHV genes among E. coli isolates from UTI and detect their sensitivity pattern. A total of 112 non-repeated E. coli isolates obtained from urine samples of UTI diagnosed patients were included in this study. Antibiotic susceptibility test was done by disc diffusion method. Seventy seven (68.75%) isolates were MDR and tested for ESBL. ESBL-positive isolates were screened for bla TEM, bla CTX-M, and bla SHV genes by monoplex PCR (polymerase chain reaction). Among 46 ESBL-producing E. coli isolates, 8.69% harboured all the three bla genes. The bla TEM was the predominant (93.47%) gene followed by bla CTX-M (82.6%) and bla SHV (4.34%). It can be concluded that the prevalence of MDR (multidrug resistance) ESBL-producing E. coli appears to be high and the highest identified gene was bla TEM. The knowledge of resistance pattern can help physician’s select suitable empirical antibiotic regimens, so that antibiotics showing high-resistance pattern can be avoided.

Background & objectives: Proper identification of the infection causing microbe in diabetic foot infections (DFIs) is essential for starting appropriate treatment. The objectives of this study were to compare fine-needle aspiration microbiology (FNAM) with wound swab as methods of sample collection in isolating microorganisms causing DFIs and also to compare the microbiological profile and sensitivity pattern of the infecting organisms. Methods: This study was conducted targeting all consecutive patients with DFIs with perfusion, extent, depth, infection and sensation (PEDIS) grade 2, 3, and 4 infections admitted in the department of Surgery of a tertiary care hospital in south India during July to August 2017. A superficial wound swab and an FNAM were collected from all the patients. These swabs are analyzed using standard microbiological techniques. Results: Eighty patients with DFI were included. Bacterial culture using FNAM samples yielded growth in 58.75 per cent samples, whereas wound swab samples yielded growth in 93.8 per cent cultures done. Measure of agreement between the two techniques using Kappa statistics was 0.069 (P=0.28). Interpretation & conclusions: In diabetic wound infections, wound swabs were sufficient to identify organisms in all grades of infection. However, in deeper infections (grade 3 and 4), FNAM would be a reliable investigation than wound swab.

ABSTACT: BACKGROUND: Septicaemia is a life threatening complication of severely burned patients. Among many organisms invading blood stream Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a well-known for its powerful antibiotic resistance mechanisms which increasingly limit the choices for treatment. Among many such resistance mechanisms it is the metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) which confers resistance to Carbapenem group of antibiotics, one of the final resorts to fight them. The present study was undertaken to detect MBL producing P. aeruginosa using phenotypic method from blood samples of burned patients as well as to know their drug sensitivity pattern. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For this purpose 67 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from blood samples of admitted burned patients were subjected to susceptibility testing to antipseudomonal drugs by disc diffusion test and those found to be Carbapenem resistant were subjected to Imipenem - EDTA combined disk synergy test for MBL detection. RESULT: Out of 67 isolates of P.aeruginosa, 19 (28.4%) were found to be Carbapenem resistant and 11 (16.4%) were MBL producers. A particularly important feature was that the MBL producers were highly resistant to the antibiotics tested than the non-producers. However all of them were susceptible to Colistin and Polymixin B. CONCLUSION: This study has made us to think that a constant vigil and careful selection of antibiotics are necessary to keep prevalence of MBL producing P.aeruginosa in check. The accurate identification and reporting of MBL producing P. aeruginosa will aid infection control practitioners in preventing the spread of these multidrug-resistant isolates.

Background: Urinary tract infections are commonly seen in febrile children, high incidence of Vesico Ureteral Reflux (VUR) is frequently seen in paediatric patient which is of concern as it may lead to renal scarring. Despite presence of established clinical guidelines there is disparity amongst physician in the diagnosis and treatment of UTI, some physician prescribes taking into consideration the symptoms, some prescribe on the basis of smell and colour and some rely on urine culture and sensitivity report. There is dearth of studies in many tertiary health care centers regarding antimicrobial use. Authors conducted this study to evaluate antimicrobial sensitivity pattern, efficacy and cost effectiveness of antimicrobials used for UTI in children.Methods: Patients of urinary tract infection

Background: Antimicrobial sensitivity pattern from clinical isolates can reveal important information that can help in drafting the hospital antibiotic policy as well as help improve prescribing patterns and patient outcome in a particular region.Methods: Data from the results of the antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of clinical isolates of the patients between 1stJuly and 31st December 2018 were collected on a pre-designed and pre tested case study form and analysed with the help of descriptive statistics.Results: A total of 75 blood culture reports were obtained which showed 58 gram positive cultures. Further 46 of the gram positive samples were positive for Coagulase negative Staphylococcus. A total of 305 urine samples were obtained for culture which showed gram negative cultures. Paediatric and medicine wards were the common yielding sites. A total of 242 pus reports were obtained which showed 47 gram positive cultures. A total of 154 wound swab samples were obtained which showed 47 gram positive cultures. For pus and wound swab samples, surgery wards were the common yielding sites. Common gram negative organisms seen were Klebsiella sp., E. coli, Citrobacter sp., Pseudomonas, Proteus and Enterobacter. Gram positive organisms were commonly resistant to Erythromycin, orally active Penicillins, Vancomycin and Teicoplanin and gram negative organisms were commonly resistant to Cephalosporins, Aminoglycosides, Colistin, Fluroquinolones and Meropenem.Conclusions: This study showed that over six months samples of body pus, wound swab, blood culture and urine showed high levels of resistance to commonly used antibiotics. This would provide an outline for development of an effective hospital Infection Control Policy.

Objectives: The objectives of the study was to determine differentmicroorganisms responsible for causing urinary tract infections UTI in children and to evaluatesensitivity and resistance pattern of different antibiotics used in UTIs. Setting: Study wasconducted in Children Hospital Complex (CHCM), Multan, Pakistan. Methods: Total 125 childrenhaving UTI were taken to determine the antibiotic sensitivity and resistance pattern againstmicroorganisms causing urinary tract infections in children. The urine samples were collected inurine bottles and smears were made within 2 hours of sample collection. Urine sample wasinoculated on agar media and then incubated for 24 hours. A smear was prepared on a slide formculture of microorganisms and gram testing was conducted. The microorganisms were thencharacterized by use of API (Analytical Profile Index) MICROBACT TM 24E of Oxoid England. Theantimicrobial susceptibility testing of various antibiotics was performed by disc diffusion method.Results and Conclusions: The percentage of Gram +ve bacteria causing urinary tract infectionsin children was 28%, Gram –ve 62.4% and Yeast 9.6%. The most prevailing species are S. aureus,S. epidermidis and E.coli. Results showed that female children are more prone to UTI than malechildren. Norfloxacin is effective in S. Aureus UTI while cefaclor is effective in S.epidermidis UTI.Amikacin, Norfloxacin and Cefuroxime are effective in UTI caused by E.coli.

Background Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) in diabetic patients may have many consequences leading to increased frequency of medical intervention. Therefore, it was aimed to identify the prevalence of ASB and their aetiology and antimicrobial susceptibility in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods The study group included 152 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The repeat specimen giving colony count > 10 5 CFU/mL were taken as significant. The demographic factors were noted on a prescribed proforma. Results ASB was present in 23.7%. E. coli was most common bacteria isolated in patients with ASB. A high proportion of resistance genes like ESBL and MRSA were found in our isolates. Conclusion ASB is common in type 2 diabetes. The study group showed a high percentage of resistance genes, therefore it will be a better approach to treat these patients on the basis of microbiological analysis. Copyright © 2014, Indian Journal of Medical Specialities. Published by Reed Elsevier India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.

The therapeutic alternatives available for use against ciprofloxacin resistant enteric fever isolates in an endemic area are limited. A cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, from January to December 2008, to see the sensitivity pattern of azithrymycin, ofloxacin and ceftriaxone in ciprofloxacin resistant salmonella causing enteric fever. In this study, the MICs of various drugs were determined for 100 enteric fever isolates (72 Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and 28 Salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi A). By agar dilution method, 40% Salmonella strains were ciprofloxacin resistant showing MIC values of (4-8 mg/ml), 36% strains were intermediate sensitive with MIC values of 1 to 4 mg/ml and 24% strains were sensitive to ciprofloxacin showing MIC values of 0.125 to 1 mg/ml. All ciprofloxacin- resistant isolates were sensitive to ofloxacin (inhibitory zone diamater 16-32mm), ceftriaxone (inhibitory zone diameter 21mm), 66.66 % isolates were sensitive to azithromycin. These results indicate that ofloxacin and ceflriaxone may be convenient alternative antimicrobial agents for Salmonella isolates. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jdmc.v22i1.15627 J Dhaka Medical College, Vol. 22, No. 1, April, 2013, Page 55-60

Coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) are the common bacterias causing hospital-acquired infection manifested as bacteremia. The antibiotics therapy against bacterial infection is mostly empiric, whereas the bacterial pattern and its sensitivity to antibiotics differ between region and from year to year. The objective of this study wasto determine the changes of prevalence and antibiotics sensitivity pattern of CoNS, the etiologic agent of bacteremia in patients hospitalised in Dr.Saiful Anwar General Hospital, Malang. Culture and antibiotic sensitivity test wereperformed on 650 and 1063 blood samples during the year of 2000-2001and 2004-2005 respectively in the Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University / Dr.Saiful Anwar General Hospital in Malang following NCCLS  1997. ChiSquare test was used to analysed of data. The result of this study revealed that the CoNS was the most isolate found in the blood samples and its resistance to beta lactam antibiotics tends to increase statistically. Key words:Coagulase negative staphylococci, antibiotics sensitivity pattern

BACKGROUND: Hospital acquired bloodstream infections (BSI) are important cause of morbidity and mortality in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) as well as of prolonged hospitalization and additional costs. AIM: The present study was performed to determine the incidence rate and incidence density of hospital acquired BSI in NICU along with their microbiological profile and sensitivity pattern. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: The study was conducted prospectively from 1 st May 2009 to 30 th June 2010, in the NICU at a tertiary care hospital in Gujarat. METHODS AND MATERIAL: Hospital acquired BSIs were identified according to National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance System (NNIS) definition. The incidence rate was calculated as BSIs per 100 admissions, and incidence density was calculated as BSIs per 1000 patient-days and 1000 central line-days. RESULTS: During the study period 626 neonates were admitted in NICU out of which 40 neonates were positive for hospital acquired BSI with incidence rate of 6.38 per 100 admissions and incidence density of 22.64 per 1000 patient-days. Central line-associated BSI (CLABSI) rate was 57.14 per 1000 central line- days. Klebsiella pneumoniae (67.5%) was the predominant isolate with all strains being ESBL producers. CONCLUSIONS: Hospital acquired BSIs in NICU was identified as a significant problem reflecting a need for strict implementation of preventive measures. Inadequate staffing has also been observed in the present study as a predisposing factor to the nosocomial BSIs. KEY-WORDS: Hospital acquired infections, Bloodstream Infections, Neonates, Intramural, Extramural, Central line. KEY MESSAGES: Surveillance data are crucial and should become an important component of hospital infection control program in NICU as it provides an overview of our infection control practices. INTRODUCTION: Patients treated in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) are at highest risk for Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs) 1 and bloodstream infections (BSIs) are most common in these settings. 2, 3 Surveillance of Hospital Acquired BSIs has proved to be an essential component in infection control and by determining the baseline HAI rates, changes in the rates can be detected and timely measures can be introduced thereby reducing HAI rates, mortality, morbidity and cost. 4 The purpose of this study was to determine the Hospital Acquired BSIs in

Objective: Febrile illnesses are common in childhood and differentiating the causes could be challenging in areas of perennial malaria transmission. To determine the proportion of nonmalarial febrile illness in children, the aetiological agents and their antimicrobial sensitivity pattern. Methods: Blood, urine, throat swab and ear swab samples were obtained from 190 febrile children aged 6 months to 11 years. Malaria parasite was detected by microscopic examination of thick and thin Giemsa-stained films. Smears from ear and throat swabs and urine specimen were cultured on appropriate media. Bacterial isolates were identified by Gram staining, morphology and biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Results: The prevalence of non-malarial febrile illnesses was 45.26% (95% CI: 38.21- 52.31). Twenty-four patients (12.6%) had at least one sample that was bacterial culture positive. Samples from 62 patients (32.6%) were negative for both malaria parasite and bacterial culture. Urinary tract infection was responsible for 8.42%, otitis media 7.89% and pharyngitis 5.78% of the fevers. E.coli, S. aureus and S. pneumoniae were the commonest isolates from urine, ear swab and throat swab samples respectively. S. pneumoniae was responsible for all the positive throat cultures. Bacterial isolates exhibited different degrees of susceptibility to the antibiotics tested, but susceptibility of most of the isolates to oxacillin and cloxacillin was generally poor. Conclusions: Bacterial infections are responsible for a significant proportion of non-malarial febrile illnesses, and diagnostic facilities should be strengthened to detect other causes of febrile illness outside malaria.

M.B.B.S ,M.S. ( Ophthalmology) 3 rd Year Resident P.G. Abstract: Purpose - to determine epidemiological characteristic, predisposing factor, microbiological pattern, and sensitivity pattern and treatment outcome of microbial keratitis. METHOD- The present study was conducted in 100 cases. the patient were analyzed in accordance with demographic profile, predisposing factor, microbiological status of patient in reference to 10% KOH, gram's stain , culture sensitivity and treatment advised in accordance with the diagnosis of the patient. RESULT- During analysis following data were deduced, 52%, 36%, 9% and 3% had bacterial, fungal, viral and mixed flora respectively It was noted that patients involved in agriculture activity or those suffering from trauma inflicted with vegetative material had more risk of developing microbial keratitis that is 44% .Overall culture was positive in 12% of bacterial and mixed infection whereas only 6% of fungal keratitis clinically diagnosed, had culture positivity, whereas viral keratitis was diagnosed clinically only, who showed adequate responses to antiviral treatment. In bacterial keratitis surgical intervention was required in 7.69%, BCL in 9.6%, Perforation occurs in 19.2%, whereas it healed in 59.61% and conjunctival hooding in 3.8%. In fungal keratitis 27.77%, 13.8%, 41.6% and 36.11% respectively and in viral keratitis 11.11% require surgery, 55.55% healed, BCL in 11.11%, 22% pthisical in viral. CONCLUSION - Study shows bacterial keratitis is more common than fungal & viral with male predominance in younger age .trauma by vegetative material or injury is most common risk factor, final diagnosis based on risk factor, clinical feature, response to treatment .Viral keratitis diagnosed clinically. Bacterial keratitis has better prognosis than fungal and viral.

Dear Editor, This is with reference to the original article titled “Outbreak of Multi-drug Resistant Salmonella Typhi Enteric Fever in Mumbai Garrison”. (MJAFI 2005; 61: 148-50). We have the following comments on the original article: 1. The authors must be congratulated for their epidemiological investigation and tracing the source of infection to water from a water well. This reminds one of the classic investigation of cholera epidemic in 1854 by Dr John Snow in the Golden Square District of London where the source of infection was localized to a common water pump. 2. The authors have reported uniform resistance of Salmonella typhi to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and septran (multi drug resistant strains). This study was carried out in November-December 2000. There has been a change in sensitivity patterns of S typhi since then. Increasing sensitivity is being reported to chloramphenicol [1]. This is related to the change in pattern of antibiotic usage. At our center, we have had 52 cases of culture positive enteric fever in patients below 18 years (pediatric population) in 2003 and 2004. Of these, S typhi was grown in 30 cases and S paratyphi A was grown in 22 cases. The sensitivity of S typhi to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, septran, gentamicin, ciproflox was 93%, 86%, 93%, 100%, 83% and 100% respectively. The sensitivity of S paratyphi A to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, septran, gentamicin, ciproflox and cephalexin was 100%, 81%, 100%, 72% and 100% respectively. A similar pattern of increasing sensitivity to chloramphenicol and resistance to ciproflox is also being reported in other Indian studies (2,3). A rotation of antibiotics and usage of antibiotics based on sensitivity patterns of S typhi will help in preventing a reemergence of outbreaks of MDRST (multi drug resistant S typhi).

Background: Infections caused by typhoidal salmonellae are an important public health concern in Pakistan. Inappropriate and injudicious use of fluoroquinolones has reduced their efficacy due to development of high level resistance. Aim: To ascertain the current susceptibility pattern of typhoidal salmonellae thus guiding the physicians for better management of typhoid patients.Materials and Methods: A study was conducted at our institution from January 2012 through December 2013 to investigate current susceptibility pattern of typhoidal salmonellae. Results: Out of 200 isolates, 107 (53.5%) were identified as Salmonella Typhi and 93 (46.5%) as Salmonella Paratyphi A. Sensitivities of Salmonella Typhi were as follows: ampicillin (48.6%), chloramphenicol (45.8%), co-trimoxazole (40.1%), ciprofloxacin (11.2%). Sensitivities of Salmonella Paratyphi A were: ampicillin (80.6%), chloramphenicol (89.2%), co-trimoxazole (90.3%), and ciprofloxacin (16.1%). No resistance was detected against third generation cephalosporins. Conclusions: Typhoidal salmonellae are still entirely susceptible to third generation cephalosporins in our setting. Marked rise in resistance to fluoroquinolones has reduced their empirical usage. Sensitivity of Salmonella Paratyphi A to conventional antityphoid drugs was encouraging.

To identify the clinical variables that differentiate MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) from MSSA (Methicillin-sensitive S. aureus) infection. Cases having culture isolates of Staphylococcus species were recruited. Baseline and other laboratory parameters were compared between MSSA and MRSA sub-groups to identify the predictors for MRSA. Out of 98 isolates of S.aureus, 46 (47%) were MRSA. Significant leukocytosis was found in cases with MRSA (P

Background: The objective of this study is to evaluate sensitive pattern of causative organisms of neonatal sepsis with its clinical outcome in a tertiary neonatal care unit of eastern India.Methods: This retrospective observational cohort study was done in a tertiary care hospital of Odisha. All the blood culture positive neonatal sepsis cases, excluding neonates with multiple congenital malformations, diagnosed during January 2017 to December 2018 were analysed using descriptive summary statistics.Results: A total of 73 neonatal sepsis cases were diagnosed by BacT/Alert and VITEK-2 blood culture method. Among them, 50 (68%) babies had gram negative sepsis,14 (19%) cases of gram-positive sepsis and nine (13%) cases of fungal sepsis. In present study 38 (52%) cases were early onset sepsis, 38(52 %) babies were term, 55(75%) were male and 44 (60%) babies were out born. Klebsiella pneumonia and Acinetobacter were the most common organism in early onset and late onset sepsis respectively. Among gram negative organism (GNB), 66% were multi drug resistant. A fifty percent of gram-negative organism were sensitive to meropenem and 28% were sensitive to piperacillin/tazobactam. The sensitivity of GNB to colistin, ciprofloxacin, amikacin was 76%, 64% and 56% respectively. The sensitivity of gram-positive organisms to linezolid, vancomycin, teicoplanin and penicillin were 92%, 85%,85% and 20% respectively. Survival rate among culture positive sepsis was 83%.Conclusions: Multi drug organisms are emerging in modern neonatal care practice. Practice of antibiotic stewardship may save the babies from multidrug resistance organism in future.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) was infection by microorganisms in the urinary tract. Treatment of UTI required supportive therapy and adequate antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance was the solution in the treatment of UTI, so it is important to assess the factors of bacterial resistance and strategies to control the incidence of resistance by choosing antibiotics in accordance with the pattern of sensitivity of germs obtained. This study aimed to determine the pattern of bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics in patients with UTI in RSD dr. Soebandi Jember. This research used descriptive research design by taking secondary data that was medical record data of urine culture examination and sensitivity test to antibiotics in UTI patients who have been diagnosed in inpatient and outpatient room RSD dr. Soebandi Jember between the period January 1, 2014 until November 30, 2017. The results of this study obtained 57 samples of urine positive bacteria, which found 18 types of bacteria that caused UTI. Of the 18 types of bacteria, there were 16 Gram negative bacteria and 2 Gram positive bacteria. Five bacteria divided among others E. coli on 24 samples, K. ornithinolytica on 5 samples, K. pneumoniae on 4 samples, B. cepacia on 4 samples, and E. cloacae on 3 samples. The results of bacterial sensitivity to antibiotic pattern showed the highest sensitivity level ie amikacin, fosfomicin, netilmicin, gentamicin, and nitrofurantoin. While the results of patterns of bacterial resistance to antibiotics based on hormonal levels of cephalotin, cephazolin, ampicillin, sulphametoxazole, and trimetoprim. Keywords: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI), Bacterial sensitivity, Antibiotics

A study was conducted in the intensive care unit at Fatmawati Hospital, Jakarta, concerning a factor influencing the inappropriate use of antibiotics, proven by the resistance against a certain antibiotic, however this antibiotic was used for therapy. Cases in the control group were resistant cases against an antibiotic and therefore were given another antibiotic, against which the patients were sensitive. A total of 34 cases were selected as research subjects, whereas 41 cases were included in the control group. The factor influencing the use of antibiotics against which patient were resistant was “having a job of the patient” (odds ratio = 0,25 and 95 % CI 0,09 – 0,71). In comparison the group of patients with a job with the group without a job: the group with a job had a 75 % lower risk in using ineffective antibiotics.

Differences between sensitivity patterns for various types of induced genetic damages were compared and found to reflect the relationship between the different mechanisms at work in producing damages and the cell stage treated. It was concluded that there exists not only a marked difference in sensitivity to irradiation between various stages of spermatogenesis in Drosophila, but also a difference in sensitivity according to which type of aberration is studied. lt is also obvious that the changes in sensitivity are delimited to very short intervals during spermatogenesis.

A non-lysogenic strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa maintained its phage sensitivity pattern and serogroup specificity unchanged for 10 weeks in ex-germfree, mono-contaminated rats before infection with phage. After infection with phage, phage conversions of serogroup specificity and lysotype were observed. With the same combination of bacterial and phage strains, the same serogroup was obtained in vitro and in vivo. In vitro conversion occurred also to serogroups that were not detected in vivo. Upon lyophilization, converted bacterial clones from the in vivo experiment lost their phage and simultaneously reverted to the original phage type and serogroup. These findings may have implications for the understanding of the degree of stability in epidemiological typing results for P. aeruginosa.

The reproducibility of phage sensitivity patterns of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied by (i) duplicate typing of the same strains, (ii) by comparing the recordings made by two independent observers, and (iii) by letting both observers read all plates twice. Serial cultures from the same patients were also studied. The results indicate that differences in one and occasionally in two reactions are consistent with a common origin of strains.

Background: Detection of extended spectrum β -lactamase (ESBL) production among uropathogens is an important marker of endemicity. Aim: Intervention of this endemic transmission is important for the control of initial outbreak of ESBL producing organisms in a hospital or specialized unit of hospital. Materials and Methods: During the study period of one and a half months, 1,551 urine samples were processed for significant bacteriuria. Two hundred gram negative bacterial isolates were tested for ESBL production. Antimicrobial sensitivity pattern was ascertained for ESBL producing isolates. Results: ESBL production was seen in 36% of isolates. All the isolates were multidrug resistant with uniform sensitivity to imipenem. Conclusion: This study reveals the significant prevalence of ESBL producing organisms in this north Indian tertiary care hospital. Constant revision of antibiotic policies with infection control interventions is suggested.

Emergence of extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBLs) producing strains of gram negative bacteria, as one of the leading cause of septicaemia often complicates the clinical and therapeutic outcome. The present study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence of ESBLs in bacteria isolated from neonatal septicaemic cases along with their antimicrobial sensitivity pattern. Blood samples were collected from 243 suspected cases of neonatal septicaemia. Apart from susceptibility testing, all the gram negative isolates were subjected to phenotypic tests for ESBL production. Amongst the positive test samples (n = 115), 84 were gram negative rods. ESBL was detected in 26 (32%) isolates. Results indicate that routine ESBL detection should be made imperative and empirical use of third generation cephalosporins must be discouraged.

Antibiotic resistance is a serious hazard to public health that demands urgent preventive measures. It threatens the effective management of ever increasing infections caused by pathogens. This study is done to find out the antibiotic sensitivity pattern o f Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. Pneumoniae) isolated from sputum and to highlight the evolving antimicrobial resistance. A total of 500 sputum samples were collected from patients who presented with respiratory tract infections (RTI) and examined. Nearly 30% o f the samples were culture positive for various organisms. The most common pathogen isolated was K. Pneumoniae. Other organisms were Streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas species. K. Pneumoniae was found to be most sensitive to Imipenem, Amik acin and Gentamicin. Considering the antimicrobial susceptibility, cost and side effect profile, Ciprofloxacin and Cotrimoxazole are preferred drugs for outpatient treatment, while aminoglycosides are preferred for inpatient treatment of K. Pneumoniae infe ctions.

Introduction: Surgical site infection is a common occurrence in surgical ward. Knowledge about the commonest pathogen and its sensitivity in a particular setting is crucial in selection of appropriate antibiotics. No study has been performed earlier to identify the pattern of infection and antibiotic sensitivity in surgical department. So, this study aimed to analyze the commonest isolates from surgical site infection and their sensitivity pattern. Methods: A total of 56 cases of surgical site infection who were admitted in surgical ward at Shree Birendra Hospital, were included in this study. Wound swab from the infected surgical site was taken and send for culture and sensitivity. The obtained results were analysed using descriptive tools. Results: Among 56 surgical site infections only in 30 cases a pathogen was isolated. The commonest organism isolated was E.Coli 15(50%) followed by Staph. Aureus. The most sensitive antibiotics was Amikacine for E. Coli, and cefixime for S. Aureus. Conclusions: Ciprofloxacin seems to be the most appropriate first line oral antibiotics as it is sensitive both to E. Coli and S Aureus. Medical Journal of Shree Birendra Hospital; July-December 2012/vol.11/Issue2/18-20 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mjsbh.v11i2.7903

The Sensitivity Pattern of Microorganisms against Antibiotics at the Intensive Care Unit of Fatmawati Hospital Jakarta 2001 – 2002. A preliminary study was conducted on the sensitivity pattern of microorganisms against antibiotics at the intensive care unit of Fatmawati Hospital Jakarta. Retrospective, secondary data were collected on results of antibiotics sensitivity tests and kind of microorganisms of 205 patients during the years 2001 – 2002. Pathogenic species found were Pseudomonas sp. Klebsiella sp. Escherichia coli, Streptococcus β haemolyticus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus. The pattern of resistance showed that pathogenic microorganisms were most resistant agains ampicillin, amoxycillin, penicillin G, tetracycline and chloramphenicol. The highest sensitivity levels were shown by fosmicin, amikacin, ceftriaxone to Pseudomonas sp. netilmicin, amikacin, ceftriaxone to Klebsiella sp. ceftriaxone, amikacin, ceftizoxime to Escherichia coli.

Several Factors Influencing Irrational Antibiotics Treatments in Intensive Care Unit at Fatmawati HospitalJakarta 2001 – 2002. A study was conducted in the intensive care unit at Fatmawati Hospital, Jakarta, concerning afactor influencing the inappropriate use of antibiotics, proven by the resistance against a certain antibiotic, however thisantibiotic was used for therapy. Cases in the control group were resistant cases against an antibiotic and therefore were given another antibiotic, against which the patients were sensitive. A total of 34 cases were selected as research subjects, whereas 41 cases were included in the control group. The factor influencing the use of antibiotics against which patient were resistant was “having a job of the patient” (odds ratio = 0,25 and 95 % CI 0,09 – 0,71). Incomparison the group of patients with a job with the group without a job: the group with a job had a 75 % lower risk in using ineffective antibiotics.

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