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The Late Bronze Age eruption of Santorini occurred 110 km north of Minoan Crete (Greece). Having discharged between 48 and 86 km3 of magma and rock debris, the eruption ranks as one of the largest of the last 10,000 years. On Santorini, it buried the affluent trading port of Akrotiri. Modern volcanological research has reconstructed the eruption and its regional impacts in detail, while fifty years of archaeological excavations have unraveled the events experienced by the inhabitants of Akrotiri during the months that led up to the eruption. Findings do not favour a direct relationship between the eruption and the decline of the Minoan civilization, although tsunamis and atmospheric effects may have weakened Cretan society through impacts on shipping, trade and agriculture.

International audience; Volcanic history of Santorini over recent years records a seismo-volcanic unrest in 2011-12 with a non-eruptive behavior. The volcano deformation state following the unrest was investigated through multi-sensor Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR) time series. We focused on the analysis of Copernicus Sentinel-1, Radarsat-2 and TerraSAR-X Multi-temporal SAR Interferometric (MT-InSAR) results, for the post-unrest period 2012-17. Data from multiple Sentinel-1 tracks and acquisition geometries were used to constrain the E-W and vertical components of the deformation field along with their evolution in time. The interpretation of the InSAR observations and modelling provided insights on the post-unrest deformation pattern of the volcano, allowing the further re-evaluation of the unrest event. The increase of subsidence rates on Nea Kameni, in accordance with the observed change of the spatial deformation pattern, compared to the pre-unrest period, suggests the superimposition of various deformation sources. Best-fitting inversion results indicate two deflation sources located at southwestern Nea Kameni at 1 km depth, and in the northern intra-caldera area at 2 km depth. A northern sill-like source interprets the post-unrest deflation attributed to the passive degassing of the magma intruded at 4 km during the unrest, while an isotropic source at Nea Kameni simulates a prevailing subsidence occurring since the pre-unrest period (1992-2010).

This is the first attempt to analyse vascular plant diversity patterns regarding the seven vegetated islands of the Santorini archipelago (Aegean Sea, Greece) as a whole. Hitherto unpublished floristic records, combined with critical use of taxonomic and chorological information from previous and most recent literature, resulted in a total of 696 infrageneric taxa (species and subspecies) occurring in the area. Detailed qualitative and quantitative phytodiversity spectra per individual island are presented, and floristic dissimilarity (beta-diversity) between islands is considered. Spatial distribution of 28 chorological, ecological, vegetative and reproductive traits for each recorded taxon have been calculated in order to detect regional and fundamental patterns in functional biogeography beyond traditional species-based approaches, based on both taxonomic and functional components of diversity. Mediterranean species constitute the most abundant chorological element and therophytes the most abundant life-form element in the region. Surface area is the most influential variable contributing to species richness; very strong relationships in (1) species per area, (2) functional richness per area and (3) functional richness per species richness are revealed for the Santorini archipelago. Floristic cross-correlations revealed an overall high floristic heterogeneity among the individual islands. The phytodiversity assessment presented is undoubtedly of documentary value in consideration of expected future eruptive events in the area which may damage the plant cover at least on some of the involved islands to a yet unpredictable extent.

The island of Santorini in the Aegean Sea is one of the world’s most violent active volcanoes. Santorini has produced numerous highly explosive eruptions over at least the past ∼360 kyrs that are documented by the island’s unique proximal tephra record. However, the lack of precise eruption ages and comprehensive glass geochemical datasets for proximal tephras has long hindered the development of a detailed distal tephrostratigraphy for Santorini eruptions. In light of these requirements, this study develops a distal tephrostratigraphy for Santorini covering the past ∼360 kyrs, which represents a major step forward towards the establishment of a tephrostratigraphic framework for the Eastern Mediterranean region. We present new EPMA glass geochemical data of proximal tephra deposits from twelve Plinian and numerous Inter-Plinian Santorini eruptions and use this dataset to establish assignments of 28 distal marine tephras from three Aegean Sea cores (KL49, KL51 and LC21) to specific volcanic events. Based on interpolation of sapropel core chronologies we provide new eruption age estimates for correlated Santorini tephras, including dates for major Plinian eruptions, Upper Scoriae 1 (80.8 ± 2.9 ka), Vourvoulos (126.5 ± 2.9 ka), Middle Pumice (141.0 ± 2.6 ka), Cape Thera (156.9 ± 2.3 ka), Lower Pumice 2 (176.7 ± 0.6 ka), Lower Pumice 1 (185.7 ± 0.7 ka), and Cape Therma 3 (200.2 ± 0.9 ka), but also for 17 Inter-Plinian events. Older Plinian and Inter-Plinian activity between ∼310 ka and 370 ka, documented in the distal terrestrial setting of Tenaghi Philippon (NE Greece), is independently dated by palynostratigraphy and complements the distal Santorini tephrostratigraphic record.

The cores of most Cycladic Islands are formed as consequences of early Paleogene high-pressure subduction processes of the African plate beneath Europe, and Miocene extensional exhumation of the subduction trench. The island of Thera (Santorini) resides in the Hellenic Volcanic Arc, and is dominated by Quaternary eruptive volcanic material atop a pre-volcanic basement. The position of the island has led to debate as to the nature of the pre-volcanic basement, with connections drawn to either the Cycladic Blueschist Unit (CBU) or the Phyllite-Quartzite Unit (PQU). Field observations, which document a top-to-SSE detachment, in conjunction with geochronological techniques have been applied to assess the tectonostratigraphy of the pre-volcanic basement. The results resolve the pre-volcanic basement as belonging to the CBU which has been juxtaposed against Sub-Pelogonian marble by the SSE directed detachment. This firmly establishes Thera within the Cycladic realm, documents Miocene deformation, and changes the geologic map of the Hellenides.

Σε ορισμένες εκκλησίες στα μικρά νησιά του Αιγαίου εμφανίζεται μια προσπάθεια αναβίωσης της παλαιοχριστιανικής αρχιτεκτονικής. Ο Άγιος Μάμας της Ποταμιάς στη Νάξο και η Επισκοπή της Σαντορίνης εμπνέονται από γνωστούς ναούς του 6ου αιώνα. Παρόμοια τάση εμφανίζουν και οι Άγιοι Απόστολοι στο Άργος Καλύμνου. Αυτή η προσπάθεια είναι χαρακτηριστική της ιδεολογίας της εποχής της, αλλά περιορίζεται σε λίγα παραδείγματα, χωρίς να κατορθώνει να μεταβάλλει την τοπική έκφραση της αρχιτεκτονικής., Some churches on small Aegean islands demonstrate an effort to revive Early Christian architecture. Hagios Mamas near Potamia on Naxos and the church of the Episkopi on Santorini are inspired by known sixth-century churches. A similar trend is evident in the church of Hagioi Apostoloi at Argos on Kalymnos. This attempt is characteristic of the ideology of the era, but is limited to few examples, not succeeding in changing the local expression of architecture.

co-auteur étranger; International audience; The rhyodacitic magma discharged during the 30–80 km3 DRE (dense rock equivalent) Late Bronze Age (LBA; alsocalled ‘Minoan’) eruption of Santorini caldera is known from previous studies to have had a complex history of polybaricascent and storage prior to eruption. We refine the timescales of these processes by modelling Mg–Fe diffusion profiles inorthopyroxene and clinopyroxene crystals. The data are integrated with previously published information on the LBA eruption(phase equilibria studies, melt inclusion volatile barometry, Mg-in-plagioclase diffusion chronometry), as well as newplagioclase crystal size distributions and the established pre-LBA history of the volcano, to reconstruct the events that ledup to the assembly and discharge of the LBA magma chamber. Orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and plagioclase crystals inthe rhyodacite have compositionally distinct rims, overgrowing relict, probably source-derived, more magnesian (or calcic)cores, and record one or more crystallization (plag ≫ opx > cpx) events during the few centuries to years prior to eruption.The crystallization event(s) can be explained by the rapid transfer of rhyodacitic melt from a dioritic/gabbroic region of thesubcaldera pluton (mostly in the 8–12 km depth range), followed by injection, cooling and mixing in a large melt lens at4–6 km depth (the pre-eruptive magma chamber). Since crystals from all eruptive phases yield similar timescales, the melttransfer event(s), the last of which took place less than 2 years before the eruption, must have involved most of the magmathat subsequently erupted. The data are consistent with a model in which prolonged generation, storage and segregationof silicic melts were followed by gravitational instability in the subcaldera pluton, causing the rapid interconnection andamalgamation of melt-rich domains. The melts then drained to the top of the pluton, at fluxes of up to 0.1–1 km3 year− 1,where steep vertical gradients of density and rheology probably caused them to inject laterally, forming a short-lived holdingchamber prior to eruption. This interpretation is consistent with growing evidence that some large silicic magma chambersare transient features on geological timescales. A similar process preceded at least one earlier caldera-forming eruption onSantorini, suggesting that it may be a general feature of this rift-hosted magmatic system.

Akrotiri, située sur l’île de Santorin, est une ville exceptionnellement bien conservée grâce à une éruption volcanique qui s’est produite au milieu du xviie siècle avant notre ère. Elle a livré une grande variété d’objets du quotidien, dont plusieurs liés à la production des textiles, témoins d’une activité florissante.Nos sources d’information sont multiples, qu’il s’agisse de tablettes rédigées en Linéaire A relatives à la production et aux échanges de tissus, ou de peintures murales sur lesquelles est notamment représentée une grande diversité de vêtements. Les outils de filage et surtout la concentration de pesons de tissage témoignent d’une organisation de la production dans des espaces spécifiques.Les tissus conservés ont été réalisés avec des matériaux d’origine végétale et animale et présentent parfois des traces de décoration.La découverte de feutre végétal, de filets de pêche, d’un cocon de soie et d’une grande variété de ficelles et cordes employées sous différentes formes livrent des informations sur la diversité des activités liées au travail des matières organiques et en particulier des textiles, confirmant ainsi la réalité des représentations que nous livrent les peintures murales. Akrotiri, on the Greek island of Santorini, was a settlement buried in volcanic ash, and thus exceptionally well-preserved, after an eruption in the mid-17th century BC. Excavations on the site have uncovered a wide variety of everyday objects, several of which are related to textile production and attest to a thriving industry. Our multiple sources of information include tablets bearing inscriptions in Linear A concerning textile production and trade, as well as mural paintings notably depicting garments in very diversified fabrics. Weaving tools and the abundance of loom weights testify to organized production in specific locations. The fabrics preserved were made from plant and animal fibres and sometimes show traces of decorative motifs.The discovery of plant fibre felt, fishing nets, a silk cocoon and a wide variety of strings and cords used in different manners has provided information about the diversity of activities related to working with organic materials, especially textiles, thus confirming the authenticity of what is represented in the murals.

The excavated architecture of the exceptional prehistoric site of Akrotiri on the Greek island of Thera/Santorini is endangered by gradual decay, damage due to accidents, and seismic shocks, being located on an active volcano in an earthquake-prone area. Therefore, in 2013 and 2014 a digital documentation project has been conducted with support of the National Geographic Society in order to generate a detailed digital model of Akrotiri’s architecture using terrestrial laser scanning and image-based modeling. Additionally, non-invasive geophysical prospection has been tested in order to investigate its potential to explore and map yet buried archaeological remains. This article describes the project and the generated results.

The article is devoted to study of formation of branding territory of island of Santorini. The author defined the term of branding, what is the purpose of this activity, revealed the target audience of the Greek island, his external attributes of the brand and carried out the analysis of website promotion of this territory. Статья посвящена исследованию формирования бренда территории острова Санторини. Автор определил понятие брендинга, на что направлен данный вид деятельности, выявил целевую аудиторию вышеназванного греческого острова, внешние атрибуты его бренда и провел анализ продвижения данной территории.

Caldera-forming eruptions at Santorini discharge large volumes of silicic magma from upper crustal reservoirs. Sequences of smaller eruptions preceding the main explosive eruptions can provide insight into the conditions of the plumbing system that lead to caldera-forming events, which is important for interpreting monitoring data. We analysed textures, zoning patterns, trace element compositions, and crystal residence timescales calculated at pre-eruptive conditions (near-liquidus residence timescales; NLRT) of plagioclase and orthopyroxene phenocrysts from two eruptive units on Santorini: an ∼2 km3 sequence of dacitic lavas erupted between 39 and 25 ka (the Therasia dome complex), and a caldera-forming dacitic eruption that occurred no more than 2800 ± 1400 years after the last Therasia lava (the 21·8 ka, >10 km3 Cape Riva eruption). The study builds on our previous work, which showed that the Therasia and Cape Riva dacites, although similar in most major elements, differ in some trace element contents and were derived from different source magmas and crystal mushes. Contents of K and La in plagioclase phenocrysts mirror those in the respective host magmas (higher in Therasia, lower in Cape Riva), showing that plagioclase provenance can be determined using these elements. Very few plagioclase cores from the Cape Riva dacite were recycled from Therasia magmas; the majority were derived from lower-K, lower-La magmas and mushes related to the Cape Riva eruption itself. Despite the very different magma volumes and eruptive fluxes, plagioclase and orthopyroxene crystals from the two dacite series have remarkably similar textures and major element compositions. Furthermore, Mg diffusion profiles in plagioclase and Mg–Fe diffusion profiles in orthopyroxene yield similar ranges of NLRT, most ranging from years to centuries. Some orthopyroxene crystals exhibit Al sector zoning indicative of rapid growth. Processes driving crystallization appear to have been similar in the two systems, despite the differences of scale. Based on previously published phase diagrams and melt inclusion volatile barometry for the Cape Riva dacite, we infer that in each case crystallization of plagioclase rims and orthopyroxene took place centuries to years prior to eruption owing to volatile-saturated decompression (± cooling) as the dacitic melts (plus entrained plagioclase antecrystic cores) ascended from the middle crust (10–16 km) into the upper crust (4–6 km), where they resided until eruption a few years to decades later. Between 39 and 25 ka, multiple small volumes of Therasia-type dacitic magma were emplaced in the upper crust, where they either froze or were subsequently erupted. From about 25 ka onwards, large volumes of Cape Riva-type dacitic magma, sourced from a different mid-crustal reservoir, began to ascend into the upper crust. Runaway drainage of this magma source, peaking during the decades to years prior to the Cape Riva eruption, led to establishment of a well-mixed magma chamber in the upper crust that was discharged during the caldera-forming Cape Riva event. NRF (Natl Research Foundation, S’pore) Published version

Communication qui s'est tenue dans le cadre d'une session spéciale organisée par le LabEx ITEM "Trajectoires d’adaptation d’espaces de marge", pour une approche de la montagne et de territoires vulnérables, dans une perspective comparative.; International audience; While the interrelation between spatial planning regulations and risk management has been indicated in a number of studies, little work has been conducted on the integration of multi-hazard approaches of safety in statutory and administrative framework of spatial planning. The present paper aims to explore whether safety principles and hazard-related information have been integrated into the legislative framework of spatial and urban planning in a Greek multi-risk insular context. The all-encompassing hazardscape of Santorini is the topic of our examination as it embodies a variety of natural and human-induced risks alongside an uncontrolled mass tourism development. The paper argues that the planning legislation and the related reforms concerning Santorini are characterized by lack of safety criteria, while Ministerial Decrees appear as ultimate attempts to solve hazardous circumstances caused by illegal constructions in high-risk zones.

During the last decade or so, culinary or food tourism has gained a prominent place in "special interest tourism" literature. It is widely believed that the (re)connection of tourist rural areas with their local agrifood base can contribute to sustainable and secure development away from the malfunctions of the prevalent mass tourism model. The paper explores the actual and potential interface between tourism and the local agrifood sector in Santorini, a small Mediterranean island and a major tourist destination, by examining the challenges and opportunities from the implementation of the "Greek Breakfast" initiative. The results of fieldwork research have revealed several impediments that hinder the project. Among other challenges, the absence of a coherent network of collaboration and communication among various stakeholders and the weak recognition of the benefits of food tourism by several local actors seem to be the more crucial ones.

International audience; Friedrich and coauthors [1] propose that two prominent eruption deposits of Santorini Volcano are in fact the same unit, resulting in a major reinterpretation of the volcanic history of this caldera. Here I summarize published field and petrological evidence showing that their proposal is not correct.

There have been limited studies to date targeting mercury emissions from volcanic fumarolic systems, and no mercury flux data exist for soil or fumarolic emissions at Santorini volcanic complex, Greece. We present results from the first geochemical survey of Hg and major volatile (CO2, H2S, H2O and H-2) concentrations and fluxes in the fumarolic gases released by the volcanic/hydrothermal system of Nea Kameni islet; the active volcanic center of Santorini. These data were obtained using a portable mercury spectrometer (Lumex 915+) for gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) determination, and a Multi-component Gas Analyzer System (Multi-GAS) for major volatiles. Gaseous Elemental Mercury (GEM) concentrations in the fumarole atmospheric plumes were systematically above background levels (similar to 4 ng GEM m(-3)), ranging from similar to 4.5 to 121 ng GEM m(-3). Variability in the measured mercury concentrations may result from changes in atmospheric conditions and/or unsteady gas release from the fumaroles. We estimate an average GEM/CO2 mass ratio in the fumarolic gases of Nea Kameni of approximately 10(-9), which falls in the range of values obtained at other low-T (100 degrees C) volcanic/hydrothermal systems (similar to 10(-8)); our measured GEM/H2S mass ratio (10(-5)) also lies within the accepted representative range (10(-4) to 10(-6)) of non-explosive volcanic degassing. Our estimated mercury flux from Nea Kameni's fumarolic field (2.56 x 10(-7) t yr(-1)), while making up a marginal contribution to the global volcanic non-eruptive GEM emissions from closed-conduit degassing volcanoes, represents the first available assessment of mercury emissions at Santorini volcano, and will contribute to the evaluation of future episodes of unrest at this renowned volcanic complex.

Στην παρούσα εργασία μελετήθηκε η παραμένουσα μαγνήτιση θραυσμάτων λιθικών που βρέθηκαν μέσα στις αποθέσεις ελαφρόπετρας που κάλυψαν τον αρχαιολογικό χώρο του Ακρωτηρίου με σκοπό την εκτίμηση της θερμοκρασίας απόθεσης των πρώτων ηφαιστειακών υλικών που έφτασαν και αποτέθηκαν στον αρχαίο οικισμό. Συνολικά συλλέχτηκαν 50 λιθικά θραύσματα από τέσσερα διαφορετικά σημεία της ανασκαφής. Όλα τα δείγματα απομαγνητίστηκαν με σταδιακή θέρμανση και η ανάλυση των αποτελεσμάτων πραγματοποιήθηκε διαμέσου του διαχωρισμού των κυρίων συνιστωσών μαγνήτισης. Η θερμοκρασία απόθεσης που εκτιμήθηκε αντιπροσωπεύει την θερμοκρασία των λιθικών μετά την αποκατάσταση της θερμικής ισορροπίας μεταξύ αυτών και της θερμότερης ελαφρόπετρας και διαφέρει από λιθικό σε λιθικό. Παρ' όλα αυτά, στο μεγαλύτερο μέρος τους τα λιθικά δείχνουν ότι έχουν αναθερμανθεί σε θερμοκρασίες της τάξεως 240-280oC. Αυτές οι θερμοκρασίες είναι ανάλογες με τις θερμοκρασίες απόθεσης που εκτιμήθηκαν από την μελέτη λιθικών από το ορυχείο του Μεγαλοχωρίου ενώ είναι υψηλότερες από αυτές που εκτιμήθηκαν διαμέσου κεραμικών από την ανασκαφή του Ακρωτηρίου. Τα νέα αποτελέσματα θερμοκρασίων απόθεσης από λιθικά στο εσωτερικό του αρχαίου οικισμού δείχνουν ότι το στρώμα ελαφρόπετρας ήταν ακόμη ζεστό όταν αποτέθηκε μέσα στον αρχαιολογικό χώρο και παρότι ήρθε σε επαφή με τα κτίρια προκαλώντας σε ορισμένες περιπτώσεις την πτώση των οροφών, παρ' όλα αυτά παρέμεινε θερμό με μέση θερμοκρασία περίπου 260 οC., Rock magnetic and palaeomagnetic analyses on lithic clasts collected from the pumice fall deposited inside the archaeological site of Akrotiri have been applied in order to estimate the deposition temperature of the first volcanic products of the Minoan eruption. A total of 50 lithic clasts have been collected from four different locations inside the excavation of Akrotiri. All samples have been stepwise thermally demagnetized and the obtained results have been interpreted through principal component analysis. The equilibrium temperature obtained after the deposition of the pumice fall varies from sample to sample but generally shows temperatures around 240-280oC. These temperatures are in good agreement with those estimated from lithic clasts from the Megalochori Quarry while they are higher compared with those from ceramic fragments from Akrotiri. The new temperature data presented here show that the pumice fall was still relatively hot when deposited inside the archaeological site and even if it interacted with the buildings, often causing the collapse of roofs, it still remained hot with mean temperature around 260oC.

Il contributo concerne la rappresentazione cartografica dell'isola di Santorini in modo facilmente comprensibile mantenendo allo stesso tempo l'accuratezza del dato. La metodologia è basata sull'implementazione di un Sistema Informativo Geografico attraverso un software open source utilizzando dati di base di facile reperibilità. Un’ulteriore analisi di questi dati conduce alla creazione di un geodatabase. Inoltre, l’applicazione di tecniche di composizione cartografica con l'uso di GlS e software di disegno grafico portano ad una cartografia di facile lettura, accurata e a basso costo. This paper deals with the cartographical presentation of Santorini island in an easily readable way by keeping at the same time the accuracy of the data. The methodology is based on the implementation of a GIS through an open source software by using easily accessible primary data. Further analysis of these data formed a geodatabase. In addition, the application of map composition techniques by using GIS and graphic design software led to an easily readable, accurate and low cost map.

International audience; Santorini caldera has had a long history of plinian eruptions and caldera collapses, separated by20–40 kyr interplinian periods. We have carried out a study to constrain magma storage/extractiondepths beneath the caldera. We analysed H2O in 138 olivine-, pyroxene- and plagioclase-hostedmelt inclusions from plinian and interplinian products from the last 200 kyr, and CO2, S, Cl, F anddD in various subsets of these. The dataset includes 64 inclusions in products of the Minoan plinianeruption of the late 17th century BCE. All the melt inclusions were ellipsoidal and isolated, with notextural evidence for volatile leakage. Mafic melt inclusions contain 1–4 wt % H2O and up to1200ppm CO2, 1200ppm S, 2000ppm Cl and 400ppm F; silicic inclusions contain 2–7 wt % H2O, upto 150ppm CO2, up to 400ppm S, 2000–6000ppm Cl and 600–1000ppm F. The dD values of 27 representativeinclusions (–37 to –104%) are intermediate between mantle and slab values and ruleout significant H2O loss by hydrogen diffusion from olivine-hosted inclusions. H2O, S and Cl behavecompatibly in melt inclusion suites varying from mafic to silicic in composition, showing thatentrapment of many melt inclusions took place under volatile-saturated conditions. Most Santorinimelts are saturated in a free COHSCl vapour phase at depths of less than 10 km; the only exceptionsare basaltic melts from a single interplinian eruption, which were volatile-undersaturated upto K2O contents of 1 wt %. The rhyolitic melt of the Minoan eruption probably contained a freehypersaline liquid phase. H2OþCO2 saturation pressures were calculated using suitably calibratedsolubility models to estimate pre-eruptive magma storage depths. Magmas feeding plinian eruptionswere stored at >4km (>100 MPa) and extracted over depth intervals of several kilometres.Plagioclase phenocrysts in rhyodacitic pumice from the Minoan eruption have cores containingmelt inclusions trapped at depths up to 10–12km (320 MPa), and rims (also orthopyroxene andclinopyroxene) containing inclusions trapped at 4–6km (100–160 MPa). This records late-stage silicicreplenishment of a 4 km). Melt inclusions fromthe AD 726 eruption of Kameni Volcano yield a pre-eruptive storage depth of 4 km, which is similarto that estimated from geodetic data for the inflation source during the 2011–2012 period of caldera unrest; this supports a magmatic origin of the unrest. The level of pre-AD 726 magma storage beneathKameni was deeper than that of earlier silicic interplinian eruptions, perhaps owing tochanges in crustal stress caused by the Minoan eruption. Combined with previously published results,the melt inclusion data provide a time-integrated image of the crustal plumbing system.Mantle-derived basalts are injected into the lower crust, where they fractionate to produce evolvedmelts in bodies of hot crystal mush. Evolved residual melts separate from their parent mushes inthe 8 to >15km depth interval, then ascend rapidly into the upper crust, where they either crystallizeor accumulate as bodies of eruptible, crystal-poor magma.

This review refers to the Silphium (Apiaceae), one of the most enigmatic plants in the history of the Mediterranean. In Greco-Roman world, it was a panacea and especially, a powerful aphrodisiac which left many written historical references, in addition to their image mosaics and coins. Silphium extinction, due to over-exploitation is certainly a good example for the conservation of biodiversity and for the defense of sustainable use of natural resources.

Context and Objective: Accessory pancreatic duct (APD) designed to reduce the pressure of major pancreatic duct by forming a secondary drainage channel. Few studies have mentioned the variant types of accessory ducts and their mode of formation, some of these have a clear clinical significance. Present study is aimed to evaluate the possible variations in the APD and its terminations. Materials and Methods: Forty formalin fixed adult human pancreas with duodenum in situ specimens were studied by injecting 1% aqueous eosin, followed by piece meal dissection of the head of the pancreas from posterior surface. Formation, tributaries, relations, and the termination of the accessory pancreatic duct were noted and photographed. Results: Accessory ducts revealed 50% belonged to long type, 22.5% were of short and ansa pancreatica type each, and embryonic type of duct pattern was seen in 5% specimens. 75% of long type ducts showed positive patency with eosin dye, followed by ansa type (44.4%), and least patency was found in short type (22.2%). With regard to the patency of the accessory pancreatic ducts towards their termination, we found 52.5% of the accessory ducts and 5% of the embryonic type pancreatic ducts were patent and in 42.5% of the specimen the ducts were obliterated. In 85% of specimens the minor duodenal papillae was anterosuperior to the major papilla and superior to the major papillae in 10% of the cases, and in 5% minor papillae was absent. The average distance between the two papillae was 2.35 cm. Conclusion: The knowledge of the complex anatomical relations of the gland with its duct, duodenum and bile ducts are essential for the surgeons and sinologists to plan and perform both the diagnostic as well as therapeutic procedures effectively.

International audience; Santorini volcano in the Aegean region (Greece) is characterized by andesitic- to silicic-dominated explosive activity and caldera-forming eruptions, sourced from magmatic reservoirs located at various structural levels beneath the volcano. There is a good understanding of the silica-rich magmatism of the island whereas the andesite-dominated volcanism and the petrogenesis of the parental mafic magmas are still poorly understood. To fill this gap we have performed crystallization experiments on a representative basalt from Santorini with the aim of determining the conditions of differentiation (pressure, temperature, volatile fugacities) and the parental magma relationship with the andesitic eruptive rocks. Experiments were carried out between 975 and 1040°C, in the pressure range 100–400 MPa, fO2 from QFM to NNO + 3·5 (where QFM is quartz–fayalite–magnetite and NNO is nickel–nickel oxide), with H2Omelt contents varying from saturation to nominally dry conditions. The results show that basalt phenocrysts within the basalt crystallized at around 1040°C in a magma storage reservoir located at a depth equivalent to 200–400 MPa pressure, with 3–5 wt % dissolved H2O, and fO2 around QFM. Comparison with the xenocryst and phenocryst assemblages of the Upper Scoria 1 andesite shows that andesitic liquids are produced by fractionation of a similar basalt at 1000°C and 400 MPa, following 60–80 wt % crystallization of an ol + cpx + plag + Ti-mag + opx ± pig–ilm assemblage, with melt water contents around 4–6 wt %. At Santorini, the andesitic low-viscosity and water-rich residual liquids produced at these depths segregate from the parent basaltic mush and feed the shallow magma reservoirs, eventually erupting upon mixing with resident magma. Changes in prevailing oxygen fugacity may control the tholeiitic–calc-alkaline character of Santorini magmas, explaining the compositional and mineralogical differences observed between the recent Thyra and old eruptive products from Akrotiri.

In 2011-2012, Santorini was characterized by seismic-geodetic-geochemical unrest, which was unprecedented since the most-recent eruption occurred in 1950 and led to fear an eruption was imminent. This unrest offered a chance for investigating the processes leading to volcanic reactivation and the compositional characteristics of involved magma. We have thus analyzed the He-Ne-Ar-isotope composition of fluid inclusions in olivines and clinopyroxenes from cumulate mafic enclaves hosted in cogenetic dacitic lavas of the 1570-1573 and 1925-1928 eruptions of Nea Kameni. These unique data on Aegean volcanism were compared with those of gases collected in quiescent periods and during the unrest. The 3He/4He ratios (3.1-4.0 Ra) are significantly lower than the typical arc-volcano values (R/Ra ∼ 7-8), suggesting the occurrence of magma contamination in Santorini plumbing system, which would further modify the 3He/4He ratio of parental magmas generated in the local metasomatized mantle. The 3He/4He values of enclaves (3.1-3.6 Ra) are comparable to those measured in gases during quiescent periods, confirming that enclaves reflect the He-isotope signature of magma residing at shallow depths and feeding passive degassing. A significant increase in soil CO2 flux from Nea Kameni and anomalous compositional variations in the fumaroles were identified during the unrest, accordingly with previous studies. Simultaneously, 3He/4He ratios up to 4.0 Ra were also measured, demonstrating that the unrest was due to the intrusion into the shallow plumbing system of a more-primitive 3He-rich magma, which is even volatile richer and less contaminated than mafic magma erupted as enclaves. This new intrusion did not however trigger an eruption.

This thesis contributes to increased knowledge on Holocene climate and environmental variability from two complex and sparsely studied areas. Using a speleothem from Gasparee Cave, Trinidad, as a paleoclimate archive, the local expression of the 8.2 ka (thousand years before 1950) climate event and associated patterns of the inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and rainfall is provided. Subsequent speleothem studies using multi-proxy analysis of stalagmites from Kapsia Cave and Alepotrypa Cave, Greece, provide records of climate, vegetation and human induced changes in the cave environment during parts of the Holocene. The speleothems from the well-studied Neolithic habitation site, Alepotrypa Cave, have produced a climate and habitation record which covers the period of 6.3-1.0 ka. The cave was inhabited between 8.0-5.2 ka and was closed by a tectonic event, which has preserved the settlement. The stable oxygen record shows the first well-dated and robust expression of the 4.2 ka dry event in the Peloponnese, places the timing of the 3.2 ka dry event within an ongoing dry period, and shows a final dry event at 1.6 ka. The North Atlantic as well as more regional drivers, such as the North Sea Caspian Pattern Index is proposed to, in a complex interplay, govern many of the climate trends and events observed. Trace element variation after the site is abandoned indicate what is interpreted as two volcanic eruptions, the Minoan eruption of Thera (Santorini) around 3.6 ka and the 2.7 ka eruption of Somma (Vesuvius). Variations in trace elements during the habitation period show clear human influence, indicating an association with specific cave activities. One of the most interesting prospects for continued work on Alepotrypa Cave is this successful marriage of speleothem studies and archeology. A framework of dates which constrain some behavior of people living in the cave is only the beginning, and there is great potential to continue finding new clues in the speleothem data. Denna avhandling bidrar till ökad kunskap om klimatets variationer och miljön i två geografiskt skilda områden på låga breddgrader och under tidsperioder inom den Holocena epoken. Genom att använda en droppsten (stalagmit) från Gasparee-grottan, Trinidad, som ett paleoklimatarkiv, har det bland annat varit möjligt att visa att Trinidad upplevde torrare förhållanden under den snabba klimatförändring som observerats ske för 8200 år sedan på många platser i världen. Denna torrare klimatsituation i Trinidad föreslås vara ett resultat av en sydlig förflyttning av den intertropiska konvergenszonen. Övriga stalagmiter som studerats för denna avhandling kommer från Kapsia-grottan och Alepotrypa-grottan som finns på Peloponnesos-halvön i Grekland. Resultaten därifrån speglar dels klimat- och vegetationsvariatoner och dels graden av mänsklig aktivitet, under tiden för ca 8000 år sedan till för 1000 år sedan. Alepotrypa-grottan är känd för att vara en av de större Neolitiska boplatserna i Grekland. Isotop- och spårämnesanalyser av stalagmiterna har bidragit med ny kunskap om tidpunkten för mänsklig aktivitet, hur människorna påverkade grott-miljön samt hur klimatet varierat efter det att grottan, genom en tektonisk händelse, stängdes för människans inverkan. Snabba klimatförändringar, för 4200 och 3200 år sedan, observerade i andra regioner, rekonstrueras här för första gången på Peloponnesos. En snabb förändring mot torrare förhållanden observeras även för 1600 år sedan. De klimatstyrande processerna föreslås vara en kombination av storskaliga processer som den nordatlantiska oscillationen och mer regionala processer som det så kallade North Sea Caspian Pattern Index. Variationer i spårämnen i stalagmiterna efter att Alepotrypa-grottan stängdes kan kopplas till två vulkaniska utbrott, nämligen det Minoiska utbrottet av Thera på ön Santorini kring 3600 år sedan och utbrottet av Somma (Vesuvius) kring 2700 år sedan. Spårämnesvariationer under bo-perioden ger tydliga indikationer på människans påverkan på grottmiljön och som delvis kan länkas till specifika aktiviteter, som eldning av dynga i grottan. Avhandlingen är ett resultat av en framgångsrik kombination av klimatstudier och arkeologisk kunskap och utgör ett viktigt underlag för fördjupat interdisciplinärt forskningssamarbete i Alepotrypa-grottan. At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript. Paper 5: Manuscript. Paper 6: Manuscript.

Το 2011 και το πρώτο εξάμηνο του 2012 η Σαντορίνη γνώρισε την πρώτη σεισμο-ηφαιστειακή κρίση από το 1950, όπως αυτή ανιχνεύθηκε από τα μόνιμα εγκατεστημένα δίκτυα παρακολούθησης και ένα μεγάλο αριθμό παροδικών μετρήσεων. Η διέγερση αυτή χαρακτηρίστηκε από μικρού μεγέθους, αλλά έντονη σεισμική δραστηριότητα, σημαντική ανύψωση και διόγκωση του νησιού, αλλαγές της θερμοκρασίας του νερού και των γεωχημικών αερίων. Ενώ η διέγερση έληξε την άνοιξη του 2012, το παγκόσμιο ενδιαφέρον οδήγησε στην εκπόνηση αρκετών μελετών, σε μια προσπάθεια να αξιολογηθούν τα πιθανά σενάρια για την εξέλιξη της διέγερσης. Στο πλαίσιο αυτό, συνοψίζουμε τα σημαντικότερα ευρήματα σχετικά με την επικινδυνότητα του ευρύτερου ηφαιστειακού συγκροτήματος της Σαντορίνης, καθώς και τις πληροφορίες που πρέπει να ληφθούν υπόψη για τη διαχείριση μιας πιθανής μελλοντικής ηφαιστειακής κρίσης., In 2011 and the first half of 2012 Santorini experienced its first seismo-volcanic unrest since 1950, as detected by the permanently installed monitoring networks and a large number of campaign measurements. The unrest was characterized by small magnitude but intense seismic activity, significant uplift and inflation deformation rates, and changes of water temperature as well as of fluid and soil gases. While the unrest ended in the spring of 2012, the world-wide interest led to the performance of several studies, in an attempt to assess the possible scenarios for the unrest evolution. Within this framework, we summarize the most important findings regarding the volcanic hazard assessment of the broader Santorini volcanic complex, as well as the constraints that need to be taken into account for a possible future volcanic crisis management.

Like books and paintings, which are the channels that have inspired us to fantasize on travelling to new and exotic places, films are the modern motivators of today that can through moving image make us value to visit certain places (Beeton 2005, 4). For some it can be a form of escapism or pilgrimage and for many these places are the connection between real and imaginary. By depicting a particular place in a film, we can claim it will certainly stimulate in our interest towards traditional touristic campaigns (Hudson & Ritchie 2006, 387). It is common knowledge that movie and television products have an effect on tourism, that is, that in some way people are induced to increase or otherwise change their consumption of tourism products. Television and films are the most popular and influential vehicles for attracting people‘s attention among diverse visual media alternatives (Kim et al., 2007). So, it is perfectly understandable that the impact of films has been widely known to people‘s image formation for a place (Butler, 1990; Riley and van Doren, 1992; Gartner, 1993; Schofield, 1996; Iwashita, 2003; Kim and Richardson, 2003). Films are not generally produced with the intent to attract tourists to a destination, but tend to influence viewers indirectly through the movie‘s message (Butler, 1990). This is because they can present millions of viewers with substantial information about a destination, create a first-time image or alter an existing image in a relatively short period of time (Hahm et al., 2008). Many authors, such as Beeton (2000, 2002, 2005, 2007, 2008), Busby and Klug (2001), Connell and Meyer (2009), Crouch (2007), Croy and Buchmann (2009), Daye (2007), Hudson and Ritchie (2006a, 2006b), Hyunjung and Chon (2008), Iwashita (2007) Kim and Richardson (2001, 2003), Liou (2010) and Macionis (2004) have discussed the influence of films and the ways viewers gain images, information and consciousness of destinations, which in turn, affect their decision-making process, and they have also examined the behavior of the film induced tourist. Films and television programmes, especially with the emanation of satellite television channels, boost an increase in visitor numbers to the portrayed locations. This phenomenon has been recorded worldwide (Busby and Klug, 2001). Furthermore, watching television is still the most common home-based leisure activity and the amount of time spent to watch television is expanding (Busby and Klug, 2001); therefore, film-induced tourism is expected to attract more attention. For these reasons, in addition to the speedy growth of the film industry, destination marketers can be seen to be influenced to place their destinations in films and television shows as it is an effective promotional tool (Jewell and McKinnon, 2008; Nicholson, 2006; O‘Connor, 2010; Yilmaz and Yolal, 2008). Film-induced tourism has been heightened also by the increasing reach of satellite and cable television subscription, the use of DVDs, the increasing number of cinemagoers and the continuous development of digital technology (Belch and Belch, 2004; Kim et al., 2007; Shani et al., 2009). Moreover, the shelf life of films is longer than the first viewing and could have a longer effect on than other promotional tools (Warnick et al., 2005). The literature indicated also that 3D-visual effects of film create inherent images of a destination by introducing a vivid experience, which seems less biased or is less recognizable as promotional (O‘Connor et al., 2010; Schofield, 1996). A typical movie with international distribution can now reach over one hundred million consumers as it moves from box office, to video/DVD to TV. As a consequence, for a destination, the publicity generated by a major motion picture and by the high-profile actors can be tremendous (Beeton, 2005). Researchers have already asserted that films are more likely to reach wider audiences with less investment than specifically targeted tourism advertisements and promotion (Dore and Crouch, 2003). As a result, film-induced tourism or film tourism as it is referred to in this paper, can be an effective marketing tool for destinations that lack financial backing for strong advertising campaigns, especially at a time of economic downturn. But despite the growing awareness of the relationship between film and tourism, as well as the anecdotal application of film tourism in destination marketing, the impacts of film tourism still appear to be under-appreciated. Though the effects of film tourism can be long lasting and have significant long-term economic and social effects, many tourism organizations have been slow to tap the potential benefits of film tourism, perhaps due to a lack of knowledge, research or evidence that explains the potential of film tourism (Hudson and Ritchie, 2006). In this article a conceptual framework for understanding the film tourism phenomenon is presented and then, using the case study method, reports show the tourism impact of the film "Che ne sara di noi" on the island of Santorini in Greece. Όπως και τα βιβλία και τα έργα ζωγραφικής, τα οποία είναι τα κανάλια που μας ενέπνευσαν να φαντασιώνονται για ταξίδια σε νέους και εξωτικά μέρη, οι ταινίες είναι οι σύγχρονες κίνητρα του σήμερα που μπορεί να τους κινητούς εικόνα μας κάνουν τιμή να επισκεφθούν ορισμένους χώρους (Beeton 2005, 4). Για κάποιους μπορεί να είναι μια μορφή φυγής ή προσκύνημα και για πολλούς αυτά τα μέρη είναι η σχέση μεταξύ πραγματικού και φανταστικού. Με απεικονίζει μια συγκεκριμένη θέση σε μια ταινία, μπορούμε να ισχυριζόμαστε ότι θα τονώσει σίγουρα προς το συμφέρον μας προς τις παραδοσιακές τουριστικές καμπάνιες (Hudson & Ritchie 2006, 387). Είναι κοινή γνώση ότι η ταινία και τηλεοπτικά προϊόντα έχουν κάποια επίδραση στον τουρισμό, δηλαδή, ότι κατά κάποιο τρόπο οι άνθρωποι διεγείρονται για να αυξήσετε ή με άλλο τρόπο να αλλάξει την κατανάλωση των τουριστικών προϊόντων. Η τηλεόραση και οι ταινίες είναι οι πιο δημοφιλείς και σημαίνοντες οχήματα για να προσελκύσουν την προσοχή των ανθρώπων μεταξύ των διάφορων εναλλακτικών λύσεων οπτικών μέσων (Kim et al., 2007). Έτσι, αυτό είναι απολύτως κατανοητό ότι ο αντίκτυπος των ταινιών έχει γίνει ευρέως γνωστό για το σχηματισμό της εικόνας των ανθρώπων για μια θέση (Butler, 1990? Riley και ο van Doren, 1992? Gartner, 1993? Schofield, 1996? Ινναδίώα, 2003? Kim και Richardson, 2003). Ταινίες που δεν παράγονται γενικά με την πρόθεση για την προσέλκυση τουριστών σε έναν προορισμό, αλλά τείνουν να επηρεάζουν τους θεατές έμμεσα μέσω του μηνύματος της ταινίας (Butler, 1990). Αυτό οφείλεται στο γεγονός ότι μπορούν να παρουσιάσουν τα εκατομμύρια των τηλεθεατών με ουσιαστικές πληροφορίες για έναν προορισμό, να δημιουργήσει μια πρώτη φορά την εικόνα ή να τροποποιήσει μια υπάρχουσα εικόνα σε ένα σχετικά σύντομο χρονικό διάστημα (Hahm et al., 2008). Πολλοί συγγραφείς, όπως Beeton (2000, 2002, 2005, 2007, 2008), Busby και Klug (2001), Connell και Meyer (2009), Κράουτς (2007), Croy και Buchmann (2009), Daye (2007), Hudson και Ritchie (2006a, 2006b), Χιουιντούνγκ και Τζον (2008), Ινναδίώα (2007) Kim και Richardson (2001, 2003), Liou (2010) και Macionis (2004) εξέτασαν την επίδραση των ταινιών και τους τρόπους με τους τηλεθεατές να αποκτήσουν τις εικόνες, πληροφοριών και τη συνείδηση των προορισμών, οι οποίες με τη σειρά τους, επηρεάζουν τη διαδικασία λήψης αποφάσεων τους, και έχουν επίσης εξετάσει την συμπεριφορά της ταινίας που προκαλείται τουριστικά. Ταινιών και τηλεοπτικών προγραμμάτων, ιδίως με την εκπόρευση του δορυφορική τηλεόραση, την τόνωση αύξηση του αριθμού των επισκεπτών στα απεικόνισε θέσεις. Αυτό το φαινόμενο έχει καταγραφεί σε όλο τον κόσμο (Busby και Klug, 2001). Επιπλέον, βλέποντας τηλεόραση εξακολουθεί να είναι το πιο κοινό σπίτι-βασισμένη ψυχαγωγική δραστηριότητα και το ποσό του χρόνου που δαπανάται για να παρακολουθήσουν τηλεόραση επεκτείνεται (Busby και Klug, 2001)? Ως εκ τούτου, ταινία που προκαλείται από τον τουρισμό αναμένεται να προσελκύσει περισσότερο την προσοχή. Για τους λόγους αυτούς, εκτός από την ταχεία ανάπτυξη της κινηματογραφικής βιομηχανίας, έμποροι προορισμού μπορεί να δει να επηρεαστεί να τοποθετήσει τους προορισμούς τους σε ταινίες και τηλεοπτικές εκπομπές, καθώς είναι ένα αποτελεσματικό εργαλείο προώθησης (Jewell και McKinnon, 2008? Nicholson, 2006? O 'Connor, 2010? Γιλμάζ και Yolal, 2008). Ταινία-προκαλείται από τον τουρισμό έχει αυξημένο επίσης από την αυξανόμενη απόσταση από δορυφορική και καλωδιακή τηλεόραση συνδρομή, τη χρήση των DVD, η αύξηση του αριθμού των του κινηματογράφου και η συνεχής ανάπτυξη της ψηφιακής τεχνολογίας (Belch και Belch, 2004?. Kim et al, 2007? Σάνι et al., 2009). Επιπλέον, η διάρκεια ζωής των ταινιών είναι μεγαλύτερη από την πρώτη προβολή και θα μπορούσαν να έχουν μεγαλύτερη επίδραση στη σχέση με άλλα εργαλεία προώθησης (Warnick et al., 2005). Η βιβλιογραφία αναφέρεται επίσης ότι το 3D-οπτικά εφέ της ταινίας δημιουργούν εγγενείς εικόνες ενός προορισμού εισάγοντας μια ζωντανή εμπειρία, η οποία φαίνεται λιγότερο προκατειλημμένη ή είναι λιγότερο αναγνωρίσιμο ως διαφημιστικό (O'Connor et al, 2010?. Schofield, 1996). Μια τυπική ταινία με διεθνή διανομή μπορεί να φτάσει τώρα πάνω από εκατό εκατομμύρια καταναλωτές καθώς κινείται από το γραφείο κουτί στο βίντεο / DVD στην τηλεόραση. Ως εκ τούτου, για έναν προορισμό, η δημοσιότητα που παράγεται από μια μεγάλη κινηματογραφική ταινία και οι ηθοποιοί υψηλού προφίλ μπορεί να είναι τεράστια (Beeton, 2005). Οι ερευνητές έχουν ήδη ισχυρίστηκε ότι οι ταινίες είναι πιο πιθανό να προσεγγίσουν ένα ευρύτερο κοινό με λιγότερες επενδύσεις από ειδικά στοχευμένες διαφημίσεις του τουρισμού και την προώθηση (Dore και Crouch, 2003). Ως αποτέλεσμα, η ταινία που προκαλείται από τον τουρισμό ή φιλμ του τουρισμού, όπως αναφέρεται στο παρόν έγγραφο, μπορεί να είναι ένα αποτελεσματικό εργαλείο μάρκετινγκ για προορισμούς που δεν έχουν την οικονομική υποστήριξη για μεγάλες διαφημιστικές καμπάνιες, ειδικά σε μια περίοδο οικονομικής ύφεσης. Όμως, παρά την αυξανόμενη συνειδητοποίηση της σχέσης μεταξύ της ταινίας και του τουρισμού, καθώς και τα υπάρχοντα μη εφαρμογή του τουρισμού ταινία στο μάρκετινγκ προορισμού, οι επιπτώσεις του τουρισμού ταινία φαίνεται ότι εξακολουθεί να είναι από τις πιο παρεξηγημένες. Αν και οι επιδράσεις του τουρισμού ταινία μπορεί να είναι μακράς διαρκείας και έχουν σημαντικές μακροπρόθεσμες οικονομικές και κοινωνικές επιπτώσεις, πολλοί τουριστικούς οργανισμούς άργησαν να αξιοποιήσει τα πιθανά οφέλη του τουρισμού ταινία, ίσως λόγω της έλλειψης γνώσης, έρευνας ή αποδεικτικών στοιχείων που να εξηγεί το δυναμικό του τουρισμού ταινία (Hudson και Ritchie, 2006). Σε αυτό το άρθρο ένα εννοιολογικό πλαίσιο για την κατανόηση του φαινομένου του τουρισμού ταινία παρουσιάζεται και στη συνέχεια, χρησιμοποιώντας τη μέθοδο της μελέτης περίπτωσης, εκθέσεις δείχνουν την επίδραση του τουρισμού της ταινίας 'Che ne sara di noi' στο νησί της Σαντορίνης στην Ελλάδα.

In February 2014 high-resolution ground penetrating radar and earth resistance tomography measurements have for the first time been used successfully for the distinct mapping of buried archaeological structures in the vicinity of the Bronze Age archaeological site of Akrotiri on Santorini/Thera in Greece.

A numerical model which simulates the propagation of tsunamis in the Eastern Mediterranean has been developed. Several tsunami sources have been considered: earthquakes associated to geological faults, submarine landslides, entry of pyroclastic flows into the sea and the collapse of a volcano caldera. The model has been applied to different past events for which historic data or previous simulations exist, to test its performance. Then it has been applied to simulate tsunamis triggered by the explosion of Santorini volcano (17th century BC) in the Aegean Sea. While the model accounts for run-ups in the Aegean coasts, it fails to explain the isochronous tsunamigenic deposits reported in eastern Sicily and the levantine coasts. A scenario of a sequence of intense tectonics strain release triggering a series of tsunamis could better fit the whole dataset. Thus, a submarine landslide at the Gulf of Sirte may explain the Augias megaturbidite and the sedimentary deposits reported in Augusta Bay (Sicily). Similarly, a sequential tsunami in the eastern Nile Delta may explain the tsunamigenic deposits found in Israel and Gaza. Considering the former coastline at 3500 years BP, it could also provide a plausible scenario for the biblical sea crossing related in the Exodus