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Recent evidence suggests that comorbidities between neuropsychiatric conditions and metabolic syndrome may precede and even exacerbate long-term side-effects of psychiatric medication, such as a higher risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, which result in increased mortality. In the present study we compare the expression of key metabolic proteins, including the insulin receptor (CD220), glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and fatty acid translocase (CD36), on peripheral blood mononuclear cell subtypes from patients across the neuropsychiatric spectrum, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression and autism spectrum conditions (n = 25/condition), relative to typical controls (n = 100). This revealed alterations in the expression of these proteins that were specific to schizophrenia. Further characterization of metabolic alterations in an extended cohort of first-onset antipsychotic drug-naïve schizophrenia patients (n = 58) and controls (n = 63) revealed that the relationship between insulin receptor expression in monocytes and physiological insulin sensitivity was disrupted in schizophrenia and that altered expression of the insulin receptor was associated with whole genome polygenic risk scores for schizophrenia. Finally, longitudinal follow-up of the schizophrenia patients over the course of antipsychotic drug treatment revealed that peripheral metabolic markers predicted changes in psychopathology and the principal side effect of weight gain at clinically relevant time points. These findings suggest that peripheral blood cells can provide an accessible surrogate model for metabolic alterations in schizophrenia and have the potential to stratify subgroups of patients with different clinical outcomes or a greater risk of developing metabolic complications following antipsychotic therapy., This work was supported by grants from the Stanley Medical Research Institute (SMRI); the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council UK (EPSRC); the Dutch Government-funded Virgo consortium (ref. FES0908); the Netherlands Genomics Initiative (ref. 050-060-452); the European Union FP7 funding scheme: Marie Curie Actions Industry Academia Partnerships and Pathways (ref. 286334, PSYCH-AID project); SAF2016-76046-R and SAF2013-46292-R (MINECO) and PI16/00156 (ISCIII and FEDER).

The population of Mexico has a considerable genetic substructure due to both its pre-Columbian diversity and due to genetic admixture from post-Columbian trans-oceanic migrations. The latter primarily originated in Europe and Africa, but also, to a lesser extent, in Asia. We analyze previously understudied genetic connections between Asia and Mexico to infer the timing and source of this genetic ancestry in Mexico. We identify the predominant origin within Southeast Asia—specifically western Indonesian and non-Negrito Filipino sources—and we date its arrival in Mexico to approximately 13 generations ago (1620 CE). This points to a genetic legacy from the seventeenth century Manila galleon trade between the colonial Spanish Philippines and the Pacific port of Acapulco. Indeed, within Mexico we observe the highest level of this trans-Pacific ancestry in Acapulco, located in the state of Guerrero. This colonial Spanish trade route from East Asia to Europe was centred on Mexico and appears in historical records, but its legacy has been largely ignored. Identities and stories were suppressed due to slavery, assimilation of the immigrants as ‘Indios’ and incomplete historical records. Here we characterize this understudied Mexican ancestry. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Celebrating 50 years since Lewontin's apportionment of human diversity’.

The substitution of a heterogeneous poroelastic medium by its homogenized viscoelastic representation is an effective technique to study its seismic response. This homogenization procedure reproduces the dispersive behaviour of the original fast P- and S-waves. This dispersive nature results from energy dissipation that occurs when a wave induces pressure gradients between the heterogenous parts of a poroelastic medium that are equilibrated by fluid exchange. The underlying homogenization approach is to apply oscillatory tests on a representative elementary volume (REV) of the poroelastic medium to find the equivalent moduli. The REV is a sample that is typical of the entire medium under consideration and that ensures results independent of boundary conditions. This is, the REV should be larger than the heterogeneities but much smaller than the medium size. Additionally, in poroelastodynamics, the size of the heterogeneities in the REV is dictated by the scale at which the wave-induced fluid exchange takes place. We focus on the mesoscale. At this scale, fluid exchange occurs between heterogeneities that are larger than the grain size but smaller than the wavelength. However, there are poroelastic media of interest that present heterogeneities of comparable size to that of the domain. Here, the REV concept does no longer apply since the poroelastic sample under examination is affected by the boundaries of the domain. For such scenarios, we propose a novel homogenization method that incorporates the boundary effects produced by the surrounding medium. In this method, we take a sample that consist of the affected poroelastic heterogeneity together with part of the embedding medium. Then, we perform the classical oscillatory tests over this ensemble. Finally, to obtain the homogenized moduli of the poroelastic medium, we perform the averaging of strain and stress only over this domain of interest. As examples, we present a poroelastic system of a single sand layer saturated with gas at the top and water at the bottom that is embedded in impermeable background. We also study a water-saturated poroelastic set consisting of a permeable fracture surrounded by a less permeable damage zone that is also embedded in impermeable background. We idealize these cases as 2D media, assuming that the poroelastic system is infinite along the layering plane but bounded perpendicular to it by impermeable half-spaces. The samples subjected to oscillatory tests consist of a piece of the semi-infinite poroelastic domain together with the corresponding bounding half-spaces. To test the viability and accuracy of the method, we compare reflectivities at the top interface of the half-space and homogenized medium against those obtained at the top interface of the half-space and the original poroelastic system. Results show that errors are of the order of 1 %. The proposed method can be readily extended to 3D and more complex models.

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In Brazil, since the early 2000s, different documentaries have raised awareness about the problematic issues that tree plantations, especially eucalyptus, provoke, as they are propagated across the country. By means of interviews and a mix of investigative and expository styles, these films address and denounce the controversial role and power of the timber industry. However, in the last few years, other works have approached the relationships between planted forests and local ecosystems, offering an alternative perspective. This essay analyzes two recent films on the issue, the short film Gerais, and the 78 min long Do pó da terra, released in 2015 and 2016, respectively, while looking at another short documentary, Desertos verdes: plantações de eucaliptos, agrotóxicos e água, released in 2017, a straightforward documentary that advocates against eucalyptus plantations, interviews specialists and activists, and shows data that work as a report about the situation. In Gerais and Do pó da terra, forest plantations are not central narratives, rather, the focus is on specific communities and their customs. Through testimonial, observational, and poetic modes, they discuss the challenges faced by local inhabitants as their unique lifestyles and sociocultural expressions are threatened. Thus, this essay explains how, instead of images of destruction and the specificities of eucalyptus environmental effects, these documentaries choose to show the connection of local people and their art with the land, their daily life, and the changes they face. By crucially emphasizing the different timelines in play, that of western modernity, and that of alternative understandings of life–nature, they differ from other approaches towards filming environmental conflict that stress the immediacy of the situation. These two films offer a more intimate perspective of human beings, in interplay with their ecosystem, which allows for reflection on how they cohabitate and look forward.

Experimental evidence indicates that the spatial distribution of immiscible pore fluids in partially saturated media depends on the flow history and, thus, exhibits hysteresis effects. To date, most works concerned with modelling the effective seismic properties of partially saturated rocks either disregard these effects or account for them employing oversimplified approaches. This, in turn, can lead to erroneous interpretations of the corresponding seismic signatures. In this work, we present a novel methodology that allows to compute hysteresis effects on seismic attenuation and velocity dispersion due to mesoscopic wave-induced fluid flow in realistic scenarios. For this purpose, we first employ a constitutive model that conceptualizes a porous medium as a bundle of constrictive capillary tubes with a fractal pore-size distribution, which allows to estimate local hydraulic properties and capillary pressure-saturation hysteretic relationships in a heterogeneous rock sample. Then, we use a numerical upscaling procedure based on Biot's poroelasticity theory to compute seismic attenuation and velocity dispersion curves during drainage and imbibition cycles. By combining these procedures, we are able to model, for the first time, key features of the saturation field and of the seismic signatures commonly observed in the laboratory during drainage and imbibition experiments. Our results also show that the pore-scale characteristics of a given porous medium, such as the pore-throat geometry, can greatly influence the hysteresis effects on the seismic signatures., Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas

As Reservas Extrativistas s��o territ��rios protegidos pela sua import��ncia ecol��gica e social, destinados a explora����o autossustent��vel associada a conserva����o dos recursos naturais pelas comunidades locais. A Reserva Extrativista Marinha de Corumbau �� resultado da iniciativa e organiza����o comunit��ria dos pescadores. Para entendermos a import��ncia dessa organiza����o comunit��ria e de iniciativas que busquem disseminar o conhecimento t��cnico-cient��fico, a pesquisa teve como objetivo identificar aspectos discursivos do epis��dio 34 da s��rie ���Mar Sem Fim���; com o intuito de analisar suas estrat��gias argumentativas para promo����o de processos de mobiliza����o social no que concerne a tr��s temas das ��reas protegidas: o conservacionismo, o uso p��blico e a governan��a. A pesquisa adotou a metodologia da An��lise de Conte��do (Bardin, 2011). Considerou-se como perspectivas de an��lise do discurso o entendimento das categorias de ��reas protegidas associados, essencialmente, com o fen��meno tur��stico e a inclus��o social. Os principais discursos abordados pelo document��rio foram classificados em tr��s categorias principais, que s��o: papel das unidades de conserva����o; gest��o participativa e comunidade tradicional e; desenvolvimento do turismo na unidade de conserva����o. Como conclus��es finais, a utiliza����o do epis��dio como instrumento educativo se mostra eficaz, sobretudo, nos dias atuais onde os meios digitais exercem papel fundamental na sociedade., Originally published in https://periodicos.ufjf.br/index.php/rlaturismologia/

As Reservas Extrativistas são territórios protegidos pela sua importância ecológica e social, destinados a exploração autossustentável associada a conservação dos recursos naturais pelas comunidades locais. A Reserva Extrativista Marinha de Corumbau é resultado da iniciativa e organização comunitária dos pescadores. Para entendermos a importância dessa organização comunitária e de iniciativas que busquem disseminar o conhecimento técnico-científico, a pesquisa teve como objetivo identificar aspectos discursivos do episódio 34 da série “Mar Sem Fim”; com o intuito de analisar suas estratégias argumentativas para promoção de processos de mobilização social no que concerne a três temas das áreas protegidas: o conservacionismo, o uso público e a governança. A pesquisa adotou a metodologia da Análise de Conteúdo (Bardin, 2011). Considerou-se como perspectivas de análise do discurso o entendimento das categorias de áreas protegidas associados, essencialmente, com o fenômeno turístico e a inclusão social. Os principais discursos abordados pelo documentário foram classificados em três categorias principais, que são: papel das unidades de conservação; gestão participativa e comunidade tradicional e; desenvolvimento do turismo na unidade de conservação. Como conclusões finais, a utilização do episódio como instrumento educativo se mostra eficaz, sobretudo, nos dias atuais onde os meios digitais exercem papel fundamental na sociedade.

International audience; The critical zone is a region of the shallow subsurface that ranges from the top of the vegetation canopy to the base of superficial aquifers. It comprises rocks, soils, water, air, and living organisms; contains the vast majority of life-sustaining resources; and regulates the interaction between the atmosphere and aquifers (e.g., Binley et al., 2015; Parsekian et al., 2015). The combined use of geophysical multiscale probing and imaging techniques along with the integration of hydrological, hydrogeological, and geochemical data is widely practiced for the observation of the partially saturated region of the critical zone, that is, the vadose zone (e.g., Parsekian et al., 2015). This approach to geophysical subsurface characterization, referred to as hydrogeophysics (e.g., Hubbard & Linde, 2011; Rubin & Hubbard, 2006), is dominated by electrical and electromagnetic methods due to their strong sensitivity with regard to water content and salinity (e.g., Friedman, 2005). However, given that seismic waves are inherently sensitive to key hydraulic properties of porous media, such as, porosity, permeability

Neuropsychiatric disorders overlap in symptoms and share genetic risk factors, challenging their current classification into distinct diagnostic categories. Novel cross-disorder approaches are needed to improve our understanding of the heterogeneous nature of neuropsychiatric diseases and overcome existing bottlenecks in their diagnosis and treatment. Here we employ high-content multi-parameter phospho-specific flow cytometry, fluorescent cell barcoding and automated sample preparation to characterize ex vivo signaling network responses (n = 1764) measured at the single-cell level in B and T lymphocytes across patients diagnosed with four major neuropsychiatric disorders: autism spectrum condition (ASC), bipolar disorder (BD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and schizophrenia (SCZ; n = 25 each), alongside matched healthy controls (n = 100). We identified 25 nodes (individual cell subtype–epitope–ligand combinations) significantly altered relative to the control group, with variable overlap between different neuropsychiatric diseases and heterogeneously expressed at the level of each individual patient. Reconstruction of the diagnostic categories from the altered nodes revealed an overlapping neuropsychiatric spectrum extending from MDD on one end, through BD and SCZ, to ASC on the other end. Network analysis showed that although the pathway structure of the epitopes was broadly preserved across the clinical groups, there were multiple discrete alterations in network connectivity, such as disconnections within the antigen/integrin receptor pathway and increased negative regulation within the Akt1 pathway in CD4+ T cells from ASC and SCZ patients, in addition to increased correlation of Stat1 (pY701) and Stat5 (pY694) responses in B cells from BD and MDD patients. Our results support the “dimensional” approach to neuropsychiatric disease classification and suggest potential novel drug targets along the neuropsychiatric spectrum.

El presente trabajo trata sobre la ocurrencia de un movimiento de masa ubicado en el sector La Horqueta-Boconó, municipio Campo Elías, estado Mérida, Venezuela, que probablemente se haya generado como consecuencia de un sismo de magnitud importante ocurrido tiempo atrás en la región de Los Andes venezolanos. El propósito central fue proporcionar una interpretación detallada del depósito generado por el movimiento como aporte a la comprensión del comportamiento de este tipo de procesos. Para ello, se procedió a interpretar fotografías aéreas de la zona, y utilizar y digitalizar cartografía base detallada (escala 1:2.500), obteniendo así el modelo digital de elevación; se complementó con interpretación de imágenes de satélite y sucesivas salidas de campo para el chequeo de información. Se concluye, por los rasgos geomorfológicos identificados, que se está en presencia de un movimiento de masa complejo que inició como una caída o como un deslizamiento y terminó como una avalancha de rocas. The present research deals with the occurrence of a mass movement located in the La Horqueta-Bocono, Campo Elías municipality, Merida State, Venezuela. It was probably generated as a consequence of a major earthquake that has occurred in the Venezuelan Andes region. The main purpose is to provide a specific interpretation of the deposit produced by mass movement as a way to understand the behavior of this kind of process. Given that, an interpretation of aerial photographs of the area must to be made, and the specific base cartography (1: 2.500 scale) must be used and digitized, obtaining the digital model of transfers; it was complemented with the interpretation of satellite images and field trips to verify information. Finally, by the identified geomorphological features, that we are in the presence of a complex mass movement that occurred as a fall or as a landslide and ended as an avalanche of rocks. 76-91 ayalaru@gmail.com gustavogeog61@gmail.com santiagojonny@gmail.com Semestral http://www.saber.ula.ve/regeoven/

SUMMARY Obtaining the seismic response of rocks containing cracks whose scales are much smaller than the prevailing wavelengths is a classic and important problem in rock physics. Seminal analytical models yield the seismic signatures of cracked rocks saturated with a single fluid phase. However, in a wide variety of practically relevant scenarios, cracks may be partially saturated with multiple immiscible fluids of contrasting compressibilities, such as gas and water. When a passing seismic wave deforms the medium, fluid pressure gradients arise within such partially saturated cracks, which, in turn, tend to relax through a process commonly known as squirt flow. The corresponding viscous dissipation may greatly affect the seismic amplitudes and velocities, as well as the anisotropic behaviour of the medium. To date, extensions of classical analytical models to include squirt flow occurring within isolated partially saturated cracks remain limited either in the saturation or in the frequency range. In this work, we present a simple analytical model to compute the seismic response of rocks containing partially saturated aligned cracks accounting for squirt flow effects. First, we solve the linearized Navier–Stokes equations within a partially saturated penny-shaped crack subjected to an oscillatory strain. Then, we obtain a closed analytical expression for a complex-valued frequency-dependent effective fluid bulk modulus which accounts for the stiffness variations of each crack due to squirt flow. Using classic effective medium models, together with such an effective saturating fluid, we retrieve the effective compliance matrix of the probed partially saturated cracked rock. The proposed analytical solution is validated by comparison with corresponding 3-D numerical simulations and existing analytical models.