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Emerging Ubiquity of Green Chemistry in Engineering and Technology, Pavel Pazdera Introduction to Sonochemistry: A Historical and Conceptual Overview, Giancarlo Cravotto and Pedro Cintas Aspects of Ultrasound and Materials Science, Andrew Cobley, Timothy J. Mason, Larisa Paniwnyk, and Veronica Saez Ultrasound-Assisted Particle Engineering, Anant Paradkar and Ravindra Dhumal Applications of Sonochemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciencess, Robina Farooq Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis of Nanomaterials, Siamak Dadras, Mohammad Javad Torkamany, and Jamshid Sabbaghzadeh Ultrasound for Fruit and Vegetable Quality Evaluation, Amos Mizrach Ultrasound in Food Technology, Taner Baysal and Aslihan Demirdoven Use of Ultrasound in Coordination and Organometallic Chemistry, Boris Ildusovich Kharisov, Oxana Vasilievna Kharissova, and Ubaldo Ortiz-Mendez Ultrasound in Synthetic Applications and Organic Chemistry, Murlidhar S. Shingare and Bapurao B. Shingate Ultrasound in Synthetic Applications and Organic Chemistry, Rodrigo Cella Ultrasound Applications in Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Mohammad Majid Mojtahedi and Mohammad Saeed Abaee Ultrasound-Assisted Anaerobic Digestion of Sludge, Ackmez Mudhoo and Sanjay K. Sharma Ultrasound Application in Analyses of Organic Pollutants in Environment, Senar Ozcan, Ali Tor, and Mehmet Emin Aydin Applications of Ultrasound in Water and Wastewater Treatment, Dong Chen Ultrasound and Sonochemistry in the Treatment of Contaminated Soils by Persistent Organic Pollutants, Reena Amatya Shrestha, Ackmez Mudhoo, Thuy-Duong Pham, and Mika Sillanpaa Role of Heterogeneous Catalysis in the Sonocatalytic Degradation of Organic, Pollutants in Wastewater, Juan A. Melero, Fernando Martinez, Raul Molina, and Yolanda Segura The Degradation of Organic Pollutants Using Ultrasound, Kandasamy Thangavadivel, Mallavarapu Megharaj, Ackmez Mudhoo, and Ravi Naidu Applications of Ultrasound to Polymer Synthesis, Boon Mian Teo, Franz Grieser, and Muthupandian Ashokkumar Mechanistic Aspects of Ultrasound-Enhanced Physical and Chemical Processes, Vijayanand S. Moholkar, Thirugnanasambandam Sivasankar, and Venkata Swamy Nalajala Ultrasound-Assisted Industrial Synthesis and Processes, Cezar Augusto Bizzi, Edson Irineu Muller, Erico Marlon de Moraes Flores, Fabio Andrei Duarte, Mauro Korn, Matheus Augusto Goncalves Nunes, Paola de Azevedo Mello, and Valderi Luiz Dressler Development of Sonochemical Reactor, Keiji Yasuda and Shinobu Koda Ultrasound for Better Reactor Design: How Chemical Engineering Tools Can Help Sonoreactor Characterization and Scale-Up, Jean-Yves Hihn, Marie-Laure Doche, Audrey Mandroyan, Loic Hallez, and Bruno G. Pollet Sonoelectrochemistry: From Theory to Applications, Bruno G. Pollet and Jean-Yves Hihn Combined Ultrasound-Microwave Technologies, Pedro Cintas, Giancarlo Cravotto, and Antonio Canals Integrating Ultrasound with Other Green Technologies: Toward Sustainable Chemistry, Julien Estager Index

The poor degradability, decommissioning of landfilling sites and the inflating water, wastewater, solid wastes and land pollution concerns and pollution episodes have unanimously urged the global scientific and engineering community to ponder deeper on plastics. The prolific use of plastics in the last three decades has placed much burden on the actual capacities available for plastic waste disposal. This has soon led to the need for biodegradable plastics. Heightened awareness of the polymeric waste problem, and the several environmental impacts, has fostered renewed interest in the area of biodegradable polymers synthesis, characterization, applications and biodegradability. This chapter will approach the biodegradation of biodegradable polymers through discussions on the general mechanisms of polymer biodegradation, the essential dynamics of the composting process and the progress achieved in research on the degradation of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), poly(lactic acid)–based polymers (PLAs), polyethylenes and poly–e–caprolactones (PCL) in the composting environment.

Green Chemistry and Engineering: A Versatile Research Perspective, S.K. Sharma, A. Mudhoo, and W. Zhang Aliphatic Nitrocompounds as Versatile Building Blocks for the One-Pot Processes, R. Ballini, S. Gabrielli, and A. Palmieri Smart Biomaterials: Decontamination of Toxic Metals from Wastewater-A Green Approach, P. Goyal and S. Srivastava Opportunities and Challenges for Enzymatic Surface Modification of Synthetic Polymers, V. Babu, Shilpi, M. Gupta, and B. Choudhury Green Chemistry as an Expression of Environmental Ethics, G.D. Bennett Phytoremediation of Arsenic-Contaminated Environment: An Overview, A. Mudhoo, S.K. Sharma, Z.-Q. Lin, and O.P. Dhankher Influence of Nitrates from Agricultural Mineral Fertilizers on Erythrocyte Antioxidant Systems in Infants, C. Pisoschi, I. Prejbeanu, C. Stanciulescu, O. Purcaru, and D. Tache Microwave-Assisted Organic Reactions, A. Rauf and S. Sharma Composting as a Bioremediation Technique for Hazardous Organic Contaminants, A. Mudhoo and R. Mohee Policies Promoting Green Chemistry: Substitution Efforts in Europe, C. Dalhammar Integrated Numerical Modeling Software Tools for the Efficient Project Management of Sustainable Development Works in Solid Waste, T.C. Koliopoulos Necessity of Risk-Assessment Tools in Solid Waste Emissions in Analyzing Environment and Public Health Protection, G. Koliopoulou Green Eluents in Chromatography, A. Mohammad and N. Haq Ultrasound Applications in Biorenewables for Enhanced Bioenergy and Biofuel Production, S.K. Khanal, D. Takara, S. Nitayavardhana, B.P. Lamsal, and P. Shrestha Microbes as Green and Eco-Friendly Nanofactories, R. Sanghi and P. Verma Plant-Based Biofortifi cation: From Phytoremediation to Selenium-Enriched Agricultural Products, L. Ying, F. Li, X. Yin, and Z.-Q. Lin Biocatalysis: Green Transformations of Nitrile Function, N. D'Antona and R. Morrone Index

Background and objective: Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications through a variety of mechanisms including endothelial dysfunction and structural abnormalities in the vasculature and myocardium. Reducing the AGEs burden and their ensuing pro-inflammatory, pro-oxidative and pro-coagulant effect with associated dysfunctional proteins in various target tissues may retard the progression of and even reverse diabetic macro- and microvascular complications. Pyridinium, 3-[[2-(methylsulfonyl) hydrazino] carbonyl]-1-[2-oxo-2-2-thienyl) ethyl]-chloride (TRC4186) has demonstrated AGE-breaking activities in in vitro experiments and improvement in the endothelial and myocardial function in animal models of diabetes mellitus with reduction of AGEs accumulation in tissues over time. The safety of TRC4186 has been established in in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies. Thus, this drug is being developed for the treatment of complications associated with diabetes. This investigation set out to evaluate the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of TRC4186 in healthy human subjects after single and multiple ascending doses, fixed doses in elderly male and female subjects, and with food and different formulations of the compound. Methods: Four studies were conducted during phase I clinical development of TRC4186. These were: (i) a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-dose, dose-ascending study in healthy male subjects with doses of TRC4186 ranging from 250 to 2500 mg administered as an oral solution (total six doses); (ii) a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple-dose, dose-ascending study in healthy male subjects with three doses of TRC4186 ranging from 500 to 2000 mg twice daily for 6 days with a final single dose on day 7; (iii) a randomized, open-label, three-way crossover study to assess the effect of food (fasted vs fed) and formulation (solution vs tablet) with TRC4186 500 mg; (iv) a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-dose, dose-ascending study in elderly male and female subjects at a dose of TRC4186 500 mg followed by TRC4186 1000 mg after a 7-day washout period. The safety and tolerability of TRC4186 were assessed by considering adverse events (AEs), ECG findings, vital signs and laboratory investigation results. Results: TRC4186 was rapidly absorbed, with maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) attained within 1–4 hours. Cmax and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) were dose proportional over the range 250–2500 mg for a single dose and 500–2000 mg for multiple doses with twice-daily administration. Steady-state conditions were attained within 6 days at different dose levels. Cmax and AUC were not affected by age, sex, race or type of formulation. The tablet formulation of TRC4186 was bioequivalent with the solution form of the drug under fasting conditions and systemic availability of the tablet formulation was reduced by 40% when administered under fed conditions. Terminal elimination and renal clearance in the elderly male (age 69.1 ± 6.0 years) were not significantly different compared with younger subjects (age 31±8.6 years). Conclusion: TRC4186 was safe and well tolerated when administered orally with either a single or multiple doses across the different ages, sexes, races and formulations studied. A dose-proportional increase in plasma TRC4186 concentration was seen, with steady state being achieved within 6 days.

The prediction of hydrological parameters (runoff and sediment yield) from the catchment is necessary for reservoir operation and soil conservation planning. Long-term and consistent records on hydrological data are usually not available, therefore, models are developed to predict runoff and sediment yield from the catchment characteristics and ancillary data. Six microwatersheds of Panchet catchment of the Upper Damodar Valley were selected for this study. The time series data on monthly rainfall, runoff and sediment production rate were collected for the selected microwatersheds of Panchet catchment. Geomorphic parameters were extracted from the maps of microwatersheds using ERDAS ImagineTM software. Multiple regression techniques were applied to regress dependent parameters on the independent parameters- annual rainfall, treatment ratio and geomorphic parameters. Twenty-four combinations of these data sets were used for this purpose and best-fit models were selected on the basis of higher multiple correlation coefficient and lowest standard error. The sediment production rate was predicted for all the microwatersheds. Among the selected parameters, high correlation (r > 0.90) was found between average slope of watershed, relief ratio and the relative relief. The developed models predicted runoff (r = 0.85) and sediment production rate (r = 0.935) relatively at a high degree of accuracy. The priority of microwatersheds for soil conservation works were categorized into five classes namely, very high (> 4.0), high (3.0 - 4.0), medium (2.0 - 3.0), low (1.0 to 2.0) and very low (< 1.0 ha-m/100 km2) from the priority indices set. 13 out of 206 microwatersheds of Panchet catchment were found to be under very-high priority and 25 microwatersheds under high priority category.

The accuracy of any hydrological prediction tool depends largely on the accuracy of the datasets used and the methodology adopted. User-friendly software RSPDVC is developed in this study to predict the monthly runoff and sediment yield generated from ungauged microwatersheds of Upper Damodar Valley Catchment (UDVC). First year monthly records of thirty one microwatersheds and fifteen subwatersheds were selected for modelling from a total of 716 microwatersheds in the catchment. Different soil attributes (particle size distribution, organic matter content, apparent density), topographic attributes (primary, secondary and compound), geomorphologic attributes (basin, relief and network indices) and vegetation attributes (NDVI) were extracted from the selected microwatersheds in GIS and RS platforms. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to select the most significant input variables. Multiple regression equations were developed from different combinations of the selected inputs added in hierarchy with monthly rainfall. User friendly software was developed in the study based on the best performing regression model for each hierarchy. The developed software has options for either using the default values of selected soil, topographic, geomorphologic and vegetation attributes of all the microwatersheds stored in its database or using updated values based on user input along with the monthly rainfall input given by the user for prediction of monthly runoff and sediment yield for any microwatershed in the catchment. This software could serve as a handy-tool to the users for quick estimations of runoff and sediment yield generated from microwatersheds of UDVC catchment.

A new short and highly efficient synthesis of (5)‐2,3‐dimethoxy‐N[(1‐ethyl‐2‐pyrrolidinyl)methyl]‐5‐iodobenzamide (epidepride, 1) from 3‐methoxy‐salicylaldehyde (o‐vanillin, 2) and 3‐methoxysalicyclic acid (6) was achieved by employing a new iodination method with iodine monochloride and iodine nitrate under basic conditions.

Synthesis of 4-amino-4,6-androstadiene-3,17-dione 7, an analog of formestane used in breast cancer therapy as an aromatase inhibitor, from 4-acetoxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione 2 is described. This is the first report of a 4-amino diene (4,6) system in this series of molecules. The new (7) and reported molecules were screened by the National Cancer Institute (NCI, Bethesda, USA) for in vitro antitumor activity against 60 human cancer cell lines. Molecule 7 showed best activity against breast cancer cell line (MCF-7).

Manganese(II) and iron(II) macrocyclic complexes of polyamide groups have been synthesized by the template codensation of diamines (2,6 diaminopyridine, 1,2 phenylenediamine and 1,3 phenylenediame) and triamine (diethylenetriamine) with phthalic acid in 1:2:2 molar ratios. On the basis of elemental analysis, IR, electronic, magnetic moment, Mössbauer, mass and X-ray spectral studies, octahedral structure has been assigned to [M(N4macn)Cl2] (M = Mn(II) and Fe(II), n = 1 to 4) complexes. The complexes have been screened in vitro against a number of fungi and bacteria to assess their growth inhibiting potential. An attempt has been made to correlate the structural aspects of the compounds with their antiinflammatory and antifertility activities.

8-Iodo-11-(4-methylpiperazino)-5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]-diazepine: Iozapine, a potential D4-receptor ligand was synthesized using oxidative iodo-destannylation reaction. The preliminary biodistribution studies of radioiodinated iozapine have shown that the compound is taken up in the brains of mice and rabbits.

Radiation doses to the fingers of occupational workers handling 99mTc-labeled compounds and 131I for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in nuclear medicine were measured by thermoluminescence dosimetry.The doses were measured at the base of the ring finger and the index finger of both hands in 2 groups of workers. Group 1 (7 workers) handled 99mTc-labeled radiopharmaceuticals, and group 2 (6 workers) handled 131I for diagnosis and therapy. Radiation doses to the fingertips of 3 workers also were measured. Two were from group 1, and 1 was from group 2.The doses to the base of the fingers for the radiopharmacy staff and physicians from group 1 were observed to be 17+/-7.5 (mean+/-SD) and 13.4+/-6.5 microSv/GBq, respectively. Similarly, the dose to the base of the fingers for the 3 physicians in group 2 was estimated to be 82.0+/-13.8 microSv/GBq. Finger doses for the technologists in both groups could not be calculated per unit of activity because they did not handle the radiopharmaceuticals directly. Their doses were reported in millisieverts that accumulated in 1 wk. The doses to the fingertips of the radiopharmacy worker and the physician in group 1 were 74.3+/-19.8 and 53.5+/-21.9 microSv/GBq, respectively. The dose to the fingertips of the physician in group 2 was 469.9+/-267 microSv/GBq.The radiation doses to the fingers of nuclear medicine staff at our center were measured. The maximum expected annual dose to the extremities appeared to be less than the annual limit (500 mSv/y), except for a physician who handled large quantities of 131I for treatment. Because all of these workers are on rotation and do not constantly handle radioactivity throughout the year, the doses to the base of the fingers or the fingertips should not exceed the prescribed annual limit of 500 mSv.

Objective—To evaluate the role of cholecystokinin (CCK)-receptor antagonists in the activation of enteric and hindbrain neurons by sulfated CCK-8. Animals—81 male Sprague-Dawley rats. Procedure—Rats were allocated to 10 groups (5 to 22 rats/group). Each rat received 2 IP injections (15 minutes between injections). The first injection consisted of a specific CCK2-receptor (CCK2R) antagonist (L365,260; 150, 500, or 1,000 µg/kg), a specific CCK1-receptor (CCK1R) antagonist (devazepide; 150 µg/kg), or 1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO [ie, vehicle]), and the second injection consisted of sulfated CCK-8 (10 µg/kg) or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution. Rats were anesthetized and perfused with 500 mL of Krebs saline solution, and the myenteric plexuses of the duodenum and jejunum were collected. Rats were then perfused with 500 mL of phosphate-buffered 4% formaldehyde solution; rats were then euthanatized, and the hindbrain of each was harvested. Tissues were stained by use of a diaminobenzidine reaction enhanced with nickel to reveal Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-LI), a marker of neuronal activation, in the aforementioned neurons. Results—Sulfated CCK-8 significantly increased Fos- LI in the myenteric and hindbrain neurons, compared with values for the DMSO injections. All dosages of L365,260 failed to attenuate this increase; however, injection of devazepide attenuated the increase in Fos-LI. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Analysis of the results of this study reveals that sulfated CCK-8 activates myenteric and hindbrain neurons of rats primarily through CCK1R. It provides evidence that CCK2R are lacking or not functional in the gastrointestinal tract of rats. (Am J Vet Res 2005;66:1308–1313)

To examine the role of cholecystokinin 1 receptor (CCK 1 ) in the activation of brainstem and myenteric neurons by CCK, we compared the ability of exogenous CCK-8 to induce Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-LI) in these neurons in Otsuka Long–Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats, lacking CCK 1 receptors, and Long–Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) controls. Five groups ( n = 4 rats per group) of OLETF rats, and five LETO control groups, were injected intraperitoneally (IP) with 5, 10, 20, and 40 μg/kg CCK-8 or saline. Forty-micrometer brainstem sections containing the area postrema, nucleus of the solitary tract, and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, and myenteric neurons of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum underwent a diaminobenzidine reaction enhanced with nickel to reveal Fos-LI. CCK-8 did not increase Fos-LI in any of the tested neurons in the OLETF rats. CCK-8 increased Fos-LI in the brainstem of the LETO rats in a dose dependent manner. In the LETO rats only 40 μg/kg CCK-8 increased Fos-LI in the myenteric plexus of the jejunum. This study demonstrates that CCK-8 activates the brainstem and myenteric neurons through the CCK 1 receptor.

There is a considerable interest currently in the development of DNA sequence specific or selective agents for genetic targeting for the control of gene expression, for application in diagnosis or ultimately in therapy. In this context CC-1065 is one of the most impressive lead compounds isolated in trace quantities from the culture of Streptomyces zelensis at Upjohn in 1978. The unique structure was confirmed by single X-ray in 1981. However CC-1065 cannot be used in humans because it was found that it caused delayed deaths in experimental animals. In the search for compounds with better antitumor selectivity and DNA sequence specificity many CC-1065 analogs have been synthesized in an attempt to avoid the undesired side effects while retaining its potency against tumor cells. Two successful attempts in the modification in the active moiety of the parent natural product 1,2,8,8a-tetrahydro-7-methylcyclopropa[3,2-e]indole-4-one (CPI) and 1,2,9,9a-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]benz[e]indole-4-one (CBI) have been made. We review here recent progress with the analogs of CPI and CBI and their conjugates both by solution and solid phase, also the progress and development of CPI and CBI conjugates with polyamides (information reading molecules in the minor groove of DNA). Since CPI-CPI dimers are significantly more potent than CC-1065 in vitro and in vivo, a large number of CBI-CBI dimers with varying linkers lengths and positions synthesized in our group and their pharmacological properties have been reviewed.

Two DNA minor-groove binding polyamides 1 and 2 were designed and synthesized and evaluated for inhibition of FIV-34TF10 replication. Both 1 and 2 decreased the replication of FIV-34TF10 by 75% by acting at the level of the virus but outside of the LTR or env region.

A family of naturally occurring oligopeptides includes netropsin, distamycin, anthelvencin, kikumycin B, amidinomycin, and norformycin. Netropsin (I) and distamycin (II) express their biological activities by targeting specific sequences of chemical functionalities in the minor groove of DNA. Both netropsin and distamycin can be regarded as polyamide chains in which each alpha-carbon has been replaced by a five-membered pyrrole ring. The repeat distance in such an augmented polyamide chain is almost the same as the distance from one base pair to the next along the floor of a minor groove within beta-DNA. In this paper we report the synthesis of 16-21 cross-linked polyamides containing a thiazole heterocyclic ring bearing the active functionalites NH(2), NHCHO, or H. 16 and 17 were synthesized by DCC and HOBt catalyzed reaction of 5 with 14 and 15, while the formylation products 18 and 19 were obtained by coupling the formylated 4-methyl-thiazolated acid 6 with 14 and 15. The deaminated compounds 20 and 21 were obtained by the coupling of 5-trichloroacetyl-4-methylthiazole 7 synthesized from 4-methylthiazole. All the six cross-linked polyamides 16-21 were tested for their DNA gyrase inhibition. The studies have shown these polyamides have better sequence recognition and a greater percentage of inhibition than the corresponding monomers. The compound 17 shows complete inhibition of gyrase at 0.5 microM concentration as compared to the naturally occurring distamycin at 1.0 microM.

The conventional COD determination through reflux method, although still much in experimental practice for water and wastewater analysis, is time consuming, complex and prone to a number of errors. A simpler, more rapid, environmentally benign but still precise method would hence be more attractive and is, in point of fact, a pressing need. Contextualised within the concept of Green Chemistry, this review discusses a handful of research papers published to date on microwave-assisted COD determination and brings forward the achievable improvements in COD analysis while using this clean analytical technique.

Corrosion of metals and its alloys employed in service is an inescapable but a controllable process. One of the practical methods for controlling the impact of corrosion of metals and alloys especially in aqueous environments is by using corrosion inhibitors which are composed mainly of organic or inorganic substances. However, the toxicity of organic and inorganic corrosion inhibitors to the environment and humans has compelled the search for safer corrosion inhibitors called ‘green corrosion’ inhibitor due to their properties like non-toxicity, biodegradability, and low cost. The use of natural gums as environmentally safe corrosion inhibitor for metal and alloys has in recent times received tremendous attention by several researchers. Also quantitative structure activity relationship approach has been used to establish the correlations between a number of quantum chemical parameters and the molecular structures of some gum extracts major components. This approach has aided in understanding the component of the gum extracts responsible for imparting the inhibition effect since there are several components of the gum which could act in synergy to inhibit the metal corrosion. This review paper presents an overview of works published on natural gums as green corrosion inhibitors. It also discusses the use of computational chemistry tools in understanding the inhibition mechanism of gum extracts components which is often difficult to determine using experimental means.

Green Chemistry & Sustainability Research Group, Department of Chemistry, JECRC University, Jaipur-303 905, Rajasthan, India E-mail : sk.sharmaa@outlook.com Biosorptive removal of divalent zinc from aqueous solution by using Carissa carandas and Syzygium aromaticum was investigated in batch mode and the observations were correlated with the pH change, agitation time, dose of the adsorbent and initial concentration of metal ions in the solution. Biosorbent Carissa carandas leaf powder showed higher sorption efficiency than that of biosorbent Syzygium aromaticum powder under identical experimental conditions. Based on regression coefficient (R2) values, the experimental data for adsorption of ZnII on to Carissa carandas and Syzygium aromaticum powder indicate that the Langmuir adsorption isotherm shows a better fit with the experimental data observed in this study compared with the Freundlich isotherm.