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Background There is no standard to determine the most appropriate method of operation for the treatment of acute septic arthritis of the shoulder joint. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 57 patients who underwent arthroscopic or open debridement for acute shoulder infection between 2001 and 2015. Arthroscopic debridement was performed in 27 patients, and open debridement in 30 patients. According to the presence of bone erosion and/or marginal erosion of cartilage of the humeral head on plain radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images, the cases were classified into 3 groups (group 1, n = 23, without erosions in x-ray and MRI; group 2, n = 21, erosions seen in MRI but not in x-ray; and group 3, n = 13, with erosions seen in both x-ray and MRI). Results The arthroscopic group had a reinfection rate of 55.6% (15/27), and the open group had a reinfection rate of 16.7% (5/30). The reinfection rates in the arthroscopic and the open groups were 10% (1/10) and 15.4% (2/13) in group 1; 75% (9/12) and 11.1% (1/9) in group 2; and 100% (5/5) and 25% (2/8) in group 3, respectively. At the last follow-up, the mean University of California at Los Angeles score and the average time until normalization of white blood cell, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and C-reactive protein in the open group showed superior results in the open group (all P Conclusions When preoperative MRI showed bone and/or cartilage erosion of humeral head, the reinfection rate after arthroscopic debridement was above 75%. Therefore, if preoperative MRI showed erosions, open debridement is more likely to be appropriate than arthroscopic debridement.

Lim SH, Nam HN, Lim KI, Jeon IS. A case of myeloid sarcoma presenting with an orbital mass, hearing loss, and multiple cranial neuropathies. Turk J Pediatr 2018; 60: 322-325. Primary myeloid sarcoma occurring in multiple sites; orbit, ear, brain, and spinal cord is a rare clinical entity. A 15-year-old male adolescent presented with bilateral orbital mass, hearing difficulty, and clinical signs of multiple cranial nerves palsy. Approximately 6 weeks later, acute myeloid leukemia was confirmed. This case alerts us that in patients with diverse sarcomatous lesions, acute myeloid leukemia presenting as myeloid sarcoma should be considered.

We report on our systematic attempts at finding local interactions for which the lowest-Landau-level projected composite-fermion wave functions are the unique zero energy ground states. For this purpose, we study in detail the simplest non-trivial system beyond the Laughlin states, namely bosons at filling $\nu=\frac{2}{3}$ and identify local constraints among clusters of particles in the ground state. By explicit calculation, we show that no Hamiltonian up to (and including) four particle interactions produces this state as the exact ground state, and speculate that this remains true even when interaction terms involving greater number of particles are included. Surprisingly, we can identify an interaction, which imposes an energetic penalty for a specific entangled configuration of four particles with relative angular momentum of $6\hbar$, that produces a unique zero energy solution (as we have confirmed for up to 12 particles). This state, referred to as the $\lambda$-state, is not identical to the projected composite-fermion state, but the following facts suggest that the two might be topologically equivalent: the two sates have a high overlap; they have the same root partition; the quantum numbers for their neutral excitations are identical; and the quantum numbers for the quasiparticle excitations also match. On the quasihole side, we find that even though the quantum numbers of the lowest energy states agree with the prediction from the composite-fermion theory, these states are not separated from the others by a clearly identifiable gap. This prevents us from making a conclusive claim regarding the topological equivalence of the $\lambda$ state and the composite-fermion state. Our study illustrates how new candidate states can be identified from constraining selected many particle configurations and it would be interesting to pursue their topological classification., Comment: 21 pages, 11 figures

Background Actinomycosis is a rare, chronic granulomatous disease caused by Gram-positive anaerobic bacteria that colonize the oral cavity. Cervicofacial actinomycosis is the most frequent clinical presentation of actinomycosis, but hematogenous osteomyelitis at distant sites can occur in rare instance in immunocompromised or pediatric patients, only a few cases have been reported in healthy patients. Here we described a new case of distal femur osteomyelitis caused by Actinomyces in an adult patient who was immunocompetent and had no predisposing factors. Case presentation A woman aged 52 years with no history of trauma presented with severe pain, swelling, and increased local heat in the proximal area of the right knee 3 weeks after she first noticed discomfort. Magnetic resonance imaging showed persistent osteomyelitis of the distal metaphysis and diaphysis of the femur with a multifocal intraosseous abscess pocket. An incision and drainage of the abscess were conducted. The tissue culture, fungus culture, acid fast bacillus (AFB) culture, AFB smear, and tuberculosis polymerase chain reaction test results were negative. A pathologic examination confirmed the presence of actinomycosis. The patient was successfully treated with intravenous penicillin G for 8 weeks followed by oral amoxicillin-clavulanate for 6 weeks with repeated surgical debridement and drainage. After a 5-year follow up, the patient had no signs of recurring infection or complications and she had full range of movement in the affected knee. Conclusions Although rare, actinomycotic osteomyelitis can occur in healthy people. Furthermore, actinomycotic osteomyelitis is easily misdiagnosed as tuberculosis in areas with a high prevalence of tuberculosis. To detect and identify the bacteria accurately, pathologic examination should be performed as well as culture tests, because the probability for culture confirmation of actinomycosis is quite low. The initial treatment is vital to a successful outcome without ostectomy or amputation.

Background We aimed to compare the therapeutic efficacy of prolonged macrolide (PMC), corticosteroids (CST), doxycycline (DXC), and levofloxacin (LFX) against macrolide-unresponsive Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) pneumonia in children and to evaluate the safety of the secondary treatment agents. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the data of patients with MP pneumonia hospitalized between January 2015 and April 2017. Macrolide-unresponsiveness was clinically defined with a persistent fever of ≥ 38.0°C at ≥ 72 hours after macrolide treatment. The cases were divided into four groups: PMC, CST, DXC, and LFX. We compared the time to defervescence (TTD) after secondary treatment and the TTD after initial macrolide treatment in each group with adjustment using propensity score-matching analysis. Results Among 1,165 cases of MP pneumonia, 190 (16.3%) were unresponsive to macrolides. The proportion of patients who achieved defervescence within 48 hours in CST, DXC, and LFX groups were 96.9% (31/33), 85.7% (12/14), and 83.3% (5/6), respectively. The TTD after initial macrolide treatment did not differ between PMC and CST groups (5.1 vs. 4.2 days, P = 0.085), PMC and DXC groups (4.9 vs. 5.7 days, P = 0.453), and PMC and LFX groups (4.4 vs. 5.0 days, P = 0.283). No side effects were observed in the CST, DXC, and LFX groups. Conclusion The change to secondary treatment did not show better efficacy compared to PMC in children with macrolide-unresponsive MP pneumonia. Further studies are needed to guide appropriate treatment in children with MP pneumonia., Graphical Abstract

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We explored the size-dependent activity and selectivity of Zn nanoparticles (NPs) for the electrochemical CO

Background: The optimal procedure for anterior shoulder instability with a borderline (15%-20%) bone defect on the anterior rim of the glenoid is still controversial. Purpose: To compare the clinical outcome and recurrence rate between the arthroscopic Bankart repair and Latarjet procedure among patients with recurrent anterior shoulder instability and a borderline glenoid bone defect. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: The authors retrospectively reviewed cases of arthroscopic Bankart repair and the Latarjet procedure for recurrent anterior shoulder instability with a borderline (15%-20%) glenoid bone defect. Enrollment comprised 149 patients (Bankart group, n = 118; Latarjet group, n = 31). The mean follow-up and age at operation were 28.9 ± 7.3 months (range, 24-73 months) and 26 ± 5 years (range, 16-46 years), respectively. Results: Rowe and UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles) shoulder scores significantly improved from 42.0 ± 14.3 and 22.9 ± 3.2 preoperatively to 90.9 ± 15.4 and 32.5 ± 3.3 postoperatively in the Bankart group ( P < .001) and from 41.0 ± 17.9 and 22.3 ± 3.4 to 91.1 ± 16.1 and 32.3 ± 3.4 in the Latarjet group ( P < .001), respectively. There were no significant between-group differences in Rowe ( P = .920) or UCLA ( P = .715) scores at the final follow-up. Mean postoperative loss of motion during forward flexion, external rotation in abduction, and internal rotation to the posterior was 3.0° ± 6.2°, 11.6° ± 10.2°, and 0.6 spinal segment in the Bankart group and 3.7° ± 9.8°, 10.3° ± 12.8°, and 0.9 spinal segment in the Latarjet group, respectively. These differences were not significant. However, the loss of external rotation at the side was significantly greater in the Bankart group (13.3° ± 12.9°) than in the Latarjet group (7.3° ± 18.1°, P = .034). The overall recurrence rate was significantly higher in the Bankart group (22.9%) than in the Latarjet group (6.5%), ( P = .040). Conclusion: The Latarjet procedure and arthroscopic Bankart repair both provided satisfactory clinical outcome scores and pain relief for anterior shoulder instability with a borderline glenoid bone defect. However, the Latarjet procedure resulted in significantly lower recurrences and less external rotation limitation than the arthroscopic Bankart repair. Therefore, the Latarjet procedure could be a more reliable surgical option in anterior recurrent instability with a borderline glenoid bone defect.

There have been numerous reports of clinical outcomes associated with tendon healing after repair that suggest a nonhealed tendon has a negative effect on postoperative clinical outcomes. However, to our knowledge, there has been no report on the relationship between tear size progression of nonhealed tendons and clinical outcomes.(1) Do patients with healed arthroscopic rotator cuff repairs have better outcomes, less pain, and more strength than patients whose repair did not heal? (2) In patients with nonhealed rotator cuff tendons, does tear size progression (increase or decrease) affect outcomes, pain, and strength? (3) Is there continued improvement beyond 6 months in outcomes, pain, and strength; and how do the improvements differ based on whether the tear size has increased or decreased?Between May 2008 and December 2012, 647 patients underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair for full-thickness tears at our institution. Of those, 442 patients (68%) had all MRI and clinical information available to permit inclusion in this retrospective study at a minimum of 2 years followup (mean, 33 ± 4 months; range, 24-43 months). Healing of the repaired tendon and tear size progression were assessed using MRI at 6 months postoperatively. Eighty-two of 442 tears (19%) were not healed. Of the nonhealed tears, 45 (55%) had a decrease and 37 (45%) had an increase in tear size. Shoulder function outcomes using the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeon (ASES) and Constant scores and pain severity using VAS scores were evaluated preoperatively, at 6 months postoperatively, and at the latest followup. Isometric muscle strength was measured at 6 months postoperatively and at the latest followup.Compared with patients with nonhealed tendons after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair, patients with healed repairs had improved ASES scores (healed, 93 ± 5; nonhealed, 89 ± 8; mean difference, 4; 95% CI, 3-5; p0.001), better Constant scores (healed, 91 ± 5; nonhealed, 85 ± 8; mean difference, 6; 95% CI, 4-7; p0.001), and greater strength ([flexion: healed, 96% ± 7%; nonhealed, 85% ± 12%; mean difference, 11%; 95% CI, 9%-13%; p0.001]; [external rotation: healed, 92% ± 8%; nonhealed, 80% ± 12%; mean difference, 11%; 95% CI, 9%-14%; p0.001]; [internal rotation: healed, 97% ± 8%; nonhealed, 92% ± 8%; mean difference, 5%; 95% CI, 3%-7%; p0.001]); however there was no difference in pain level based on VAS scores (healed, 0.9 ± 0.8; nonhealed, 1.0 ± 0.8; mean difference, 0.2; 95% CI, 0.0-0.4; p = 0.226). Compared with patients with increased tear size, patients with decreased tear size had better ASES scores (decreased, 91 ± 6; increased, 8 6 ± 8; p = 0.001), improved Constant scores (decreased, 88 ± 6; increased, 82 ± 9; p = 0.003), greater flexion strength (decreased, 91% ± 9%; increased, 78% ± 11%; p0.001), and greater external rotation strength (decreased, 86% ± 10%; increased, 73% ± 11%; p0.001). However, the difference does not seem to meet a minimal clinically important difference. Patients with increased tear size differed from those with decreased tear size with respect to flexion and external rotation strength where the former had no improvement. There was no improvement in flexion (6 months, 78% ± 11%; latest followup, 78% ± 11%; p = 0.806) and external rotation strength (6 months, 74% ± 12%; latest followup, 73% ± 11%; p = 0.149).Patients who had healed tendons after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair had better shoulder function than patients who had nonhealed tendons. Among patients with nonhealed rotator cuff tendons after surgery, those with decreased tear size, observed on their 6-month postoperative MRI, compared with their initial tear size, showed better shoulder function and muscle strength than those with increased tear size beyond 6 months. Although results are statistically different, they seem insufficient to achieve clinically important differences.Level III, therapeutic study.

A facile synthesis of nanostructured vanadium oxide catalysts grown inside a honeycomb ceramic filter by electrodeposition without heat treatment is reported. The prepared catalysts are investigated for a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitrogen oxide (NOx) with ammonia (NH3) in the temperature ranges from 250 to 450 °C. The SCR test results indicate that the NOx removal efficiency of the as-deposited sample is comparable to that of the sample heat treated at 600 °C as well as that of the sample prepared by conventional wash coating method. The nanostructured catalysts show similar NOx removal efficiencies after several recycles. Both polycrystalline and amorphous phases co-exist in the electrodeposited V-oxide catalysts confirmed by X-ray diffraction and selective area electron diffraction. The V-oxide catalysts show stronger V=O bond peaks and higher ratio of V4+/V5+ and Oα/Oβ on their surfaces as characterized by Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.

CO 2 electro-reduction is a promising method for sustainable production of carbon fuels as well as valuable chemicals. Herein, we investigated a direct electro-catalytic CO 2 conversion to CO by nanostructured gold catalysts from the small nanoparticles to aggregated clusters to layered film. The selectivity of CO formation was found to increase as the gold amount increased and it reached a saturation point of ∼78% (−0.59 V vs. RHE) at the morphological transition from aggregated cluster to layered film. Furthermore, the ∼4 nm gold nanoparticle exhibited a remarkable CO formation mass activity value at 166.1 A/g (−0.59 V vs. RHE).

Easily processed, low cost, and highly efficient solar cells are desirable for photovoltaic conversion of solar energy to electricity. We present the fabrication of precursor solution processed CuInGaS2 (CIGS) thin film solar cells on transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates. The CIGS absorber film was prepared by a spin-coating method, followed by two successive heat treatment processes. The first annealing process was on a hot plate at 300 °C for 30 min in air to remove carbon impurities in the film; this was followed by a sulfurization process at 500 °C in an H2S(1%)/Ar environment to form a polycrystalline CIGS film. The absorber film with an optical band-gap of 1.52 eV and a thickness of about 1.1 µm was successfully synthesized. Because of the usage of a transparent glass substrate, a bifacial CIGS thin film device could be achieved; its power conversion efficiency was measured to be 6.64% and 0.96% for front and rear illumination, respectively, under standard irradiation conditions.

Current energy production habits deplete fossil fuels and accumulate atmospheric CO 2 , which contribute to the global climate change. Electrochemical fuel production via CO 2 reduction reaction is an idealistic yet an achievable process that mitigates CO 2 emissions and simultaneously satisfies energy demands. Here, the enhancement of CO 2 reduction activity and stability on size-controlled particulate Ag electrocatalysts derived from a simple, one-step cyclic voltammetry (CV) process by changing scan rates (1–200 mV/s) was demonstrated. Interestingly, larger nanoparticles prepared by slower scan rates (1–5 mV/s) have exhibited the most degree of enhancement for CO 2 reduction to CO product. Compared to untreated Ag foil, nanostructured Ag electrode has shown an anodic shift of approximately 200 mV in the onset potential of CO partial current density ( j CO ), 160 mV reduction of overpotential at j CO = 10 mA/cm 2 , and increased Faradaic efficiency (F.E.) for CO production especially at lower biased potentials (−0.89 to −1.19 V vs. RHE). Stability tests have demonstrated a drastic improvement in maintaining CO F.E. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy suggests that the enhancement is associated with stable oxygen species incorporated on the nanoparticle Ag surfaces during the CV fabrication process.

Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is the key reaction in electrochemical processes, such as water splitting, metal-air batteries, and solar fuel production. Herein, we developed a facile chemical solution deposition method to prepare a highly active Co3O4 thin film electrode for OER, showing a low overpotential of 377 mV at 10 mA/cm(2) with good stability. An optimal loading of ethyl cellulose additive in a precursor solution was found to be essential for the morphology control and thus its electrocatalytic activity. Our results also show that the distribution of Co3O4 nanoparticle catalysts on the substrate is crucial in enhancing the inherent OER catalytic performance.

Selective electrochemical reduction of CO2 is one of the most sought-after processes because of the potential to convert a harmful greenhouse gas to a useful chemical. We have discovered that immobilized Ag nanoparticles supported on carbon exhibit enhanced Faradaic efficiency and a lower overpotential for selective reduction of CO2 to CO. These electrocatalysts were synthesized directly on the carbon support by a facile one-pot method using a cysteamine anchoring agent resulting in controlled monodispersed particle sizes. These synthesized Ag/C electrodes showed improved activities, specifically decrease of the overpotential by 300 mV at 1 mA/cm(2), and 4-fold enhanced CO Faradaic efficiency at -0.75 V vs RHE with the optimal particle size of 5 nm compared to polycrystalline Ag foil. DFT calculations enlightened that the specific interaction between Ag nanoparticle and the anchoring agents modified the catalyst surface to have a selectively higher affinity to the intermediate COOH over CO, which effectively lowers the overpotential.

We introduce new structure to reduce number of Masks in the TFT-LCD manufacturing process. When Vcom is etched by passivation pattern, etching bias is made under the passivation. We controlled bias size by changing the substrate material under Vcom. So, we could make two patterns using only one Mask.

More than one third of patients may present with bone pain as a consequence of leukemic cell infiltration of bone, however, bone fracture itself is an unusual presentation for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Back pain by vertebral fracture is a rare initial presentation of childhood ALL. If back pain due to vertebral fracture is the only clinical manifestation of ALL without any other accompanying symptoms, signs, or hematologic abnormality, the diagnosis of ALL could be delayed. To promote greater awareness that vertebral facture caused by ALL, resulting in significant back pain without other systemic symptoms, we report on the case of an 8-year-old boy who complained only of back pain which occurred about one month prior to visit and who was later diagnosed with ALL. pISSN 2233-5250 / eISSN 2233-4580 http://dx.doi.org/10.15264/cpho.2015.22.1.72 Clin Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2015;22:72∼75

The effects of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) differ in various types of cancers. We investigated the EMT phenotype in four colon cancer cell lines when challenged with HDAC inhibitors trichostatin A (TSA) and valproic acid (VPA) with or without transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) treatment. Four colon cancer cell lines with different phenotypes in regards to tumorigenicity, microsatellite stability and DNA mutation were used. EMT phenotypes were assessed by the expression of E-cadherin and vimentin using western blot analysis, immunofluorescence, quantitative real-time RT-PCR following treatment with TSA (100 or 200 nM) or VPA (0.5 mM) with or without TGF-β1 (5 ng/ml) for 24 h. Biological EMT phenotypes were also evaluated by cell morphology, migration and invasion assays. TSA or VPA induced mesenchymal features in the colon carcinoma cells by a decrease in E-cadherin and an increase in vimentin expression at the mRNA and protein levels. Confocal microscopy revealed membranous attenuation or nuclear translocation of E-cadherin and enhanced expression of vimentin. These responses occurred after 6 h and increased until 24 h. Colon cancer cells changed from a round or rectangular shape to a spindle shape with increased migration and invasion ability following TSA or VPA treatment. The susceptibility to EMT changes induced by TSA or VPA was comparable in microsatellite stable (SW480 and HT29) and microsatellite unstable cells (DLD1 and HCT116). TSA or VPA induced a mesenchymal phenotype in the colon carcinoma cells and these effects were augmented in the presence of TGF-β1. HDAC inhibitors require careful caution before their application as new anticancer drugs for colon cancers.

In order to realize the modulation of band-gap profile in low-cost and printable CuInxGa1−xS2 thin-film solar cells, a simple chemical route, namely a multi-stage paste coating method, was developed. In particular, with this method, multiple coatings with two precursor solution pastes with different compositions were applied. Elemental analysis techniques confirmed the formation of three different graded Ga distributions (front, back, and front-and-back gradient) throughout the absorber films depending on the coating sequence with two different pastes. The back gradient cell showed the largest power conversion efficiency of 7.29%, which was almost two times larger than those of the non-graded cells.

Objectives. A review on studies related to the use of Mori folium, the leaves ofMorus alba, was conducted with the goal of identifying new clinical applications in Korean medicine.Methods. Global literature search was conducted using three electronic databases up to January 2015 with the termMorus albaand its Korean terms. KM literatures including textbooks and standard pharmacopoeia were separately hand-searched and reviewed to provide comparison. Data were extracted according to predetermined criteria, and clinical uses were standardized with ICD-10 categories.Results. 159 potentially relevant studies were identified, and 18 articles including 12 ethnopharmacologic and 6 clinical studies were finally included in this analysis. Ethnopharmacologic studies from 8 countries provided 17 clinical uses. We found that five out of six clinical trials were related to diabetes and suggested a moderate short-term to mild long-term effect. And 43 Korean texts also provided 156 clinical uses in 35 categories including ocular and respiratory disorders.Discussion and Conclusions. Though majority of the clinical uses were also found in Korean medicine literature, treatment of infertility, jaundice, cognitive disorder, and hyperpigmentation was found to be effective and diabetes withMorus albawas recognized to have clinical importance.

The need for developing sustainable energy sources has generated academic and industrial attention in artificial photosynthesis, inspired by the natural process. In this study, we demonstrate a highly efficient solar energy to fuel conversion device using CO2 and water as feedstock. We developed a thin film photovoltaic technology for the light absorbing component using a low cost, solution based Cu(InxGa1−x)(SySe1−y)2 (CIGS) module fabrication method to provide sufficient potential for the conversion reactions. Our solar-fuel device uses cobalt oxide (Co3O4) nanoparticle thin film deposited with a low temperature coating method as the water oxidation catalyst and nanostructured gold film as the CO2 reduction to CO generation catalyst. We demonstrated that the integrated monolithic device operated by energy only from sunlight, in an absence of any external energy input. The individual components showed the following abilities: solar-to-power conversion efficiency of 8.58% for the CIGS photovoltaic module photoelectrode, overpotential reduction of water oxidation with the Co3O4 catalyst film by ∼360 mV at 5 mA cm−2, and Faradaic efficiency of over 90% by the nanostructured Au catalyst for CO2 reduction to CO. Remarkably, this is the first demonstration of a monolithic and standalone solar-fuel device whose solar-to-fuel conversion efficiency from CO2 and H2O is 4.23%, which is comparable with that of photosynthesis in nature.

The purpose of this study was to identify the tear pattern that could be anatomically repaired by preserving the remaining tendon on footprint and evaluate clinical outcomes of patients who underwent remaining tendon preserving cuff repair. Of 523 patients with full-thickness rotator cuff tears who underwent arthroscopic repair, 41 (7.8%) patients had repairable rotator cuff tear while preserving the remaining tendon. Among them, 31 patients were followed-up for more than 2 years, including 26 patients with posterior L-shaped tear and 5 patients with transtendinous tear patterns. Clinical outcomes were evaluated using ASES and Constant score, SANE score for patient satisfaction, and VAS for pain. MRI was taken for tendon integrity 6 months postoperatively. Of the 31 patients, 11 (35.5%) had previous injury history before rotator cuff tear, including 7 (26.9%) of the 26 patients with posterior L-shaped tear and 4 (80%) of the 5 patients with transtendinous tear. The average size of preoperative cuff tear was 17.8 ± 6.8 mm in anterior-to-posterior direction and 15.2 ± 5.1 mm in medial-to-lateral direction. ASES and Constant score, SANE score, and VAS for pain were significantly (p

Synthetic pentlandite (Fe4.5Ni4.5S8) is a promising electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution, demonstrating high current densities, low overpotential, and remarkable stability in bulk form. The depletion of sulfur from the surface of this catalyst during the electrochemical reaction has been proposed to be beneficial for its catalytic performance, but the role of sulfur vacancies and the mechanism determining the reaction kinetics are still unknown. We have performed electrochemical operando studies of the vibrational dynamics of pentlandite under hydrogen evolution reaction conditions using 57Fe nuclear resonant inelastic X-ray scattering. Comparing the measured Fe partial vibrational density of states with density functional theory calculations, we have demonstrated that hydrogen atoms preferentially occupy substitutional positions replacing pre-existing sulfur vacancies. Once all vacancies are filled, the protonation proceeds interstitially, which slows down the reaction. Our results highlight the benefi...

Background Rotator cuff tear and glenohumeral osteoarthritis are 2 common diseases, but there are few studies about their clinical correlation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of mild glenohumeral osteoarthritis on the clinical outcome after large to massive rotator cuff repair. Methods This study included 146 patients who underwent rotator cuff repair for large to massive tears and were available for follow-up at a minimum of 2 years. Of the patients, 74 had mild glenohumeral osteoarthritis (group A) and 72 did not have glenohumeral osteoarthritis (group B). Results The mean visual analog scale score during motion, mean University of California at Los Angeles score, and mean Constant score were 1.8, 30.2, and 87.4, respectively, in group A and 2.0, 30.8, and 89.2, respectively, in group B at final follow-up. The retear rates were 31.1% (23 of 74 patients) in group A and 25.0% (18 of 72 patients) in group B. The osteoarthritis progression rates were 12.1% (9 of 74) in group A and 13.8% (10 of 72) in group B. However, in group A, the osteoarthritis progression rates were 26.1% (6 of 23) for retear cases and 5.9% (3 of 51) for healed cases. There was a significant difference in the progression rates between retear and healed cases in group A (odds ratio, 5.65; P = .022). Conclusions There were no significant differences in clinical outcomes between patients with and without glenohumeral osteoarthritis before surgery and during final follow-up. The progression of osteoarthritis in large to massive rotator cuff tears is relatively low. However, it is significantly higher in patients with retears in whom osteoarthritis is present.

Background: The repair of anterior L-shaped tears is usually difficult because of the lack of anterior rotator cuff tendon to cover the footprint. The biceps tendon is usually exposed from the retracted anterolateral corner of the torn tendon and can be easily used to augment rotator cuff repair. Hypothesis/Purpose: This study compared the clinical outcomes of the biceps augmentation technique with those of partial tendon repair for the arthroscopic treatment of large anterior L-shaped rotator cuff tears to evaluate the role of additional biceps augmentation in tendon healing. We hypothesized that the biceps augmentation technique would lead to a lower rotator cuff tendon retear rate and provide satisfactory functional outcomes. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: This study included 64 patients with anterior L-shaped rotator cuff tears who underwent arthroscopic repair. Patients were divided into 2 groups: group A (31 patients) underwent repair of an anterior L-shaped tear combined with biceps augmentation, and group B (33 patients) had a partially repaired tendon whose footprint was exposed after repair without undue tension on the retracted tendon. Clinical evaluations were performed using the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, Constant score, muscle strength, visual analog scale for pain, and patient satisfaction. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed for tendon integrity at 6 months postoperatively. Results: The mean period of follow-up was 29.1 ± 3.5 months (range, 24-40 months). The mean ASES and Constant scores significantly improved from 52.8 ± 10.6 and 43.2 ± 9.9 preoperatively to 88.2 ± 6.9 and 86.8 ± 6.2 at final follow-up in group A ( P < .001) and from 53.0 ± 11.8 and 44.3 ± 11.3 preoperatively to 87.4 ± 7.2 and 87.9 ± 7.3 at final follow-up in group B ( P < .001). Overall muscle strength (given as % of the other side’s strength) significantly increased from preoperatively to final follow-up in group A (forward flexion [FF]: 62.0 ± 8.2 to 89.0 ± 8.6; external rotation [ER]: 57.5 ± 9.9 to 86.8 ± 9.3; internal rotation [IR]: 68.1 ± 10.8 to 88.1 ± 8.4; P < .001) and group B (FF: 59.9 ± 9.6 to 87.7 ± 9.0; ER: 58.6 ± 9.3 to 86.2 ± 7.5; IR: 70.0 ± 9.3 to 87.0 ± 8.4; P < .001). Twenty-one patients (67.7%) in group A and 20 patients (60.6%) in group B showed a healed rotator cuff tendon on postoperative MRI. The retear rate between the 2 groups showed no significant difference ( P = .552). Regarding clinical outcomes, both groups had no significant difference in the ASES score ( P = .901), Constant score ( P = .742), and muscle strength. Conclusion: There was no significant difference in the clinical outcomes and retear rate of anterior L-shaped tears between biceps augmentation and partial tendon repair. Additional biceps augmentation proved to have no enhancement in tendon healing. A precise method such as only partial tendon repair for reducing the footprint exposure without undue tension may be considered as one of the treatment options for large anterior L-shaped rotator cuff tears.

A 16-year-old boy presented with marked weight loss, weakness of the left extremities and dizziness of 2 months duration and vomiting for 2 days. Brain MRI showed an approximately 6.5 × 5.3 cm-sized huge heterogeneous enhancing mass located in the corpus callosum, extending into the lateral ventricle. Open biopsy showed that the lesion consisted of lymphoplasmacytes and plump histiocytes with rhabdoid morphology, which were stained with S-100 protein, CD68 (KP1) and negative for CD1a. Histiocytic tumor was initially diagnosed. Chemotherapy using methotrexate, 6-mercaptopurine, vinblastine, interferon-alpha and dexamethasone was performed. After 5 months, partial removal was done. Microscopically, plump and bizarre tumor cells as well as rhabdoid features were found. Occasional spindle cells and necrosis were also found. These cells were positive for CD163, CD68, lysozyme, CD4, INI-1 and BRG1. BRAF V600E mutation was detected. The lesion was finally diagnosed as histiocytic sarcoma. Radiotherapy (6000 cGy in 30 fractions) was done. Both cerebral and extracerebral histiocytic sarcomas have long been diagnosed by unclarified criteria; its rarity as well as previously unclarified criteria can easily lead to a misinterpretation. Histiocytic sarcoma of the CNS is exceptionally rare in children, associated with an exceptionally poor prognosis. To date, only seven cases of pediatric cerebral histiocytic sarcomas have been reported. The present case is the first pediatric case showing BRAF V600E-mutated intracerebral histiocytic sarcoma.

Background Bleeding control is critical after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the optimal time to release the clamped drain after TKA. Methods We performed unilateral TKA in 120 patients using three methods of drainage. Group A (N = 40) had a 3-hour clamp applied, and group B (N = 40) had a 4-hour clamp applied. Group C (N = 40) underwent conventional negative drainage. We evaluated the drainage volume, as well as the hemodynamic markers, transfusion volume, visual analog scale (VAS) scores, and range of motion (ROM). Results The drained blood volume in groups A and B was significantly less than that in group C. No significant difference was found between groups A and B. The level of hemoglobin in group A was significantly higher than that in group C at 2 days after surgery. The ROM of groups A and C was larger than that of group B at 5 days after surgery. Furthermore, the VAS scores of groups A and C were significantly lower than those of group B at both 2 and 5 days after surgery. Conclusions The temporary drain clamping method after TKA significantly reduced the volume of bleeding and blood transfusion. The 3-h clamping method reduced the drained volume as effectively as the 4-hour clamping method and resulted in less acute phase pain and more rapid recovery of ROM than the 4-hour clamping method. In conclusion, we recommend 3-h clamping after TKA as the optimal release time to reduce blood loss and acute phase pain.

Electrochemical reduction of CO2 into C1 products with high energy density has attracted attention due to the demands for renewable energy sources. Herein, we demonstrate a selective electrocatalytic CO2 reduction system where the cathode consists of hierarchically structured Au islands catalysts. To be more specific, the Au islands were prepared by oxygen plasma treatment on the Au foil to increase the current density for the selective production of carbon monoxide with over 95% of faradaic efficiency. Faradaic efficiency, production rate, and the onset potential for CO2 reduction were significantly improved by the expanded surface area compared with a polycrystalline Au electrode. Furthermore, the performance of CO2 reduction to CO was enhanced by adding ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate) which has high CO2-capture ability and catalytic activity. On the other hand, the rate-determining step of the Au electrode for the CO production determined by Tafel plots was found to be cons...

A new monoclonal antibody recognizing CEACAM6, which we named AP11, was generated by immunizing BALB/c mice with phytohemagglutinin-activated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. This study aims to evaluate whether CEACAM6 can serve as a tumor marker using AP11. We examined the expression of CEACAM6 with AP11 in 11 human carcinoma cell lines by flow cytometry and 439 human tissues including 282 tumor tissues and 157 normal tissues by immunohistochemistry. CEACAM6 epitope recognized by AP11 was well preserved in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues. Adenocarcinomas of the stomach (86 %), colorectum (95 %), pancreas (100 %), and lung (83 %), urinary bladder (100 %), and mucinous ovarian tumors (88 %) had a high rate of CEACAM6 immunoreactivity. We observed a variable expression of CEACAM6 in hepatocellular carcinomas (35 %), squamous cell carcinomas of the lung (60 %), renal cell carcinomas (14 %), urothelial carcinomas (13 %), serous carcinomas of the ovary (17 %), and breast carcinomas (11 %). Small-cell carcinomas of the lung, prostatic adenocarcinomas, papillary thyroid carcinomas, malignant melanomas, giant cell tumors, and osteosarcomas were negative for CEACAM6. All normal tissues of various organs were negative for CEACAM6. In conclusion, CEACAM6 as detected by AP11, may serve as a marker for mucin-producing adenocarcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract and ovary as well as non-small cell lung cancer. Thus, AP11 represents a valuable diagnostic tool for detecting CEACMA6-positive cancers.

Background: This study was conducted in order to investigate the prevalence of lupus anticoagulant (LA) in children with respiratory tract infection and to evaluate the effect of LA on in vitro coagulation time. Methods: This study included 46 subjects, showing positivity to Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) IgM antibody and 37 subjects positive to various respiratory viruses (RV). The titer of LA and PT/aPTT were examined and investigated the effect of LA on PT/aPTT. Results: None of the subjects showed any evidence of bleeding or thrombosis during conduct of the study. Positive LA (LA titer ≥1.34) was significantly more frequent in MP group (39.1%) than RV group (18.9%)(P＜0.05). Total prevalence of positive LA was 30.1%, among them 22.9% was low positive LA (1.34≤LA＜2.0) and 7.2% was high positive LA (LA≥2.0). Low LA positive group showed only mild PT prolongation (13.0＜PT ＜20 sec) and the prevalence was more frequent than LA negative group (P＜0.05). However, aPTT prolongation was not more frequent in low LA positive group than LA negative group (P＞0.05). All subjects of high LA positive group showed severe prolongation of aPTT (≥60 sec), however, severe PT prolongation (≥20 sec) was not noticed. Conclusion: The prevalence of LA was relatively high in children with respiratory tract infection, however, most of them are mildly elevated. Low LA positivity was related to the mild prolongation of PT. But high LA positivity markedly prolongs the aPTT without marked prolongation of PT.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with t(3;5)(q25;q34), belonging to AML with myelodysplasia related changes according to WHO classification in 2008, is a subtype of AML that is particularly rare in children. NPM1/MLF1 fusion gene produced as a result of t(3;5)(q25;q34) was cloned, however, the exact mechanism of its role in leukemogenesis has not been clarified. Although this cytogenetic abnormality is regarded as an intermediate risk factor, its clinical significance is controversial until now. More cases need to be reported and investigated, therefore we present a case of AML with t(3;5)(q25;q34) in a 14-year-old girl with literature review. pISSN 2233-5250 / eISSN 2233-4580 http://dx.doi.org/10.15264/cpho.2014.21.2.149 Clin Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2014;21:149∼152

We report the synthesis of graphene–TiO2 (G–TiO2) composite films that exhibit significantly enhanced photoelectrochemical water-splitting performance relative to pure TiO2. Supersonic kinetic spraying was used to produce strongly adhered, electrically and mechanically robust G–TiO2 composite films containing 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 wt.% graphene. Films with an intermediate graphene content of 1.0 wt.% demonstrated the best water-splitting performance. G–TiO2 composite films with 1.0 wt.% graphene exhibited photocurrent density ten times that of pure TiO2 films. The electron transfer between TiO2 and graphene suppresses the recombination of photoinduced charge carriers and prolongs the electron excited-state lifetime, which contributes to the enhanced photoelectrochemical water-splitting performance.

We report the simultaneous deposition of two different metal precursors dissolved in liquid carbon dioxide (l-CO2), aiming to the synthesis of ternary chalcopyrite (e.g. CuInS2) nanoparticles on a mesoporous TiO2 film. The l-CO2-based deposition of Cu and In precursors and subsequent reaction with a dilute H2S gas resulted in CuxInySz nanoparticles uniformly deposited across the entire thickness of a mesoporous TiO2 film. Further heat treatment (air annealing and sulfurization) led to the formation of more stoichiometric CuInS2 nanoparticles. The formation of CuInS2 on TiO2 was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. The crystal growth of CuInS2 was also found to be controllable by adjusting the number of coating cycles of the l-CO2-based deposition.

Purpose Non-metastatic colorectal cancer patients with diabetes have poor overall survival than those without diabetes. However, the effect of hyperglycemia on survival after diagnosis of metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) has not been assessed. Therefore, we assessed the impact of hyperglycemia on the survival and infection-related adverse events (AEs) in patients with metastatic CRC. Materials and Methods We reviewed the records of 206 patients with newly diagnosed metastatic CRC who were treated with palliative chemotherapy from March 2000 to December 2012 at Chungbuk National University Hospital. The mean glucose level of each patient was calculated using all available glucose results. Results The mean glucose levels ranged between 76.8 and 303.5 mg/dL, and patients were categorized into quartiles in accordance to their mean glucose level: group 1 (< 106.7 mg/dL), group 2 (106.7-117.2 mg/dL), group 3 (117.3-142.6 mg/dL), and group 4 (> 142.6 mg/dL). The median overall survival for patients in groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 22.6, 20.1, 18.9, and 17.9 months, respectively; however, this difference was not statistically significant (p=0.643). Compared with patients in group 1, those in groups 2, 3, and 4 were at a higher risk of infection-related AEs, according to a multivariate analysis (p=0.002). Conclusion Hyperglycemia was not associated with shorter survival; however, it was associated with infection-related AEs in patients with newly diagnosed metastatic CRC receiving palliative chemotherapy.

A nondestructive ultrasonic technique was applied to evaluate the thermal characteristics and degradation of synthetic polymer resin (plastics) with better cost-effectiveness and functionality than glass and metal. Thermo- plastic and transparent acrylic resin (PMMA) specimens were annealed at below the glass transition temperature (T g ), and the propagation characteristics (attenuation and velocity) were measured. The attenuation increased and the velocity decreased with thermal degradation. The results showed that the thermal aging of the specimens could be evaluated quantitatively and that the T g could be evaluated qualitatively. Keywords: Plastics, PMMA, Thermal Degradation, Ultrasonic Attenuation, Ultrasonic Velocity[접수일: 2013. 10. 23, 수정일: 2013. 12. 13, 게재확정일: 2013. 12. 25] *안동대학교 물리학과, ✝Corresponding Author: Department of physics, Andong National University, Andong-Si 760-749, Korea (E-mail: sdkwon@andong.ac.kr)ⓒ 2014, Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing 1. 서 론가소성(plasticity)을 가진 고분자 합성수지(polymer synthetic resin)인 플라스틱(plastics)은 다른 고분자 응용물질인 섬유나 고무와는 다르게 실온에서 분자 사슬이 고정되어 있고, 내부식성, 투명성, 경량성, 경제성, 비중대비 고강도, 가공성 등으로 인해 유리 및 금속의 대체 물질로 각광을 받고 있다. 플라스틱은 크게 열경화성(thermosetting)과 열가소성(thermoplastic) 재료로 분류되며, 열가소성은 그 용도에 따라 범용(common) 플라스틱, 기능성(engineering) 플라스틱(EP), 고기능성(super engin- eering) 플라스틱(SEP)으로 구분되거나 고분자 중합체의 구조에 따라 비정질(amorphous) 및 결정성(crystalline)으로 분류된다. 범용 비정질 플라스틱으로는 우리에게 잘 알려진 PMMA, PVC, ABS 등이 있고 결정성으로는 PE, PP 등이 있다. 범용 플라스틱의 단점을 보완하고 금속의 대체효과를 위해 개발된 기능성 플라스틱으로는 PC, PBT, PET 등이 있다[1]. 플라스틱이 높은 온도와 자외선 같은 환경에 장기간 노출되게 되면 물리화학적 영향을 받아 고유의 특성이 변하여 기대되는 성능을 만족하지 못하는 열화(thermal degradation, aging)가 진행된다. 고분자로 이루어진 플라스틱은 열에 의해서 변형, 유동 등의 물리적 변화와 함께 고분자 주

T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) accounts for approximately 10-15% of entire ALL in children. The outcome of T-ALL has been improved through the intensified therapeutic strategy, however, it is still a more aggressive disease. In T-ALL a couple of transcription factor oncogenes are known to be relocated to the juxtaposition of T-cell receptor genes, potent promoter, by chromosome translocation. However the incidence of each chimeric gene formation in T-ALL is less than 5% and their clinical significance as a prognostic marker is lacking. A decade ago it was identified that activating mutations in NOTCH1 in about 60% of T-ALL. After then, activating NOTCH1 mutations present in T-ALL have been extensively investigated with regard to understanding its molecular pathogenesis, its prognostic significance, and developing molecularly tailored novel agents. Small molecule γ-secretase inhibitor, blocking a proteolytic step required for creation of a fragment of NOTCH intracellular domain which actually act as a controller of its target gene expression, was tried as a target therapeutic drug for T-ALL. Although outcome of this drug was not satisfactory, challenges have been launched to develop new drugs which specifically act on the aberrant behavior of mutated NOTCH1 in T-ALL. pISSN 2233-5250 / eISSN 2233-4580 http://dx.doi.org/10.15264/cpho.2014.21.1.1 Clin Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2014;21:1∼8