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Continuous in-home monitoring of Parkinson’s Disease (PD) symptoms might allow improvements in assessment of disease progression and treatment effects. As a first step towards this goal, we evaluate the feasibility of a wrist-worn wearable accelerometer system to detect PD tremor in the wild (uncontrolled scenarios). We evaluate the performance of several feature sets and classification algorithms for robust PD tremor detection in laboratory and wild settings. We report results for both laboratory data with accurate labels and wild data with weak labels. The best performance was obtained using a combination of a pre-processing module to extract information from the tremor spectrum (based on non-negative factorization) and a deep neural network for learning relevant features and detecting tremor segments. We show how the proposed method is able to predict patient self-report measures, and we propose a new metric for monitoring PD tremor (i.e., percentage of tremor over long periods of time), which may be easier to estimate the start and end time points of each tremor event while still providing clinically useful information.

Nocardia species, one of the most predominant Actinobacteria of the soil microbiota, cause infection in humans following traumatic inoculation or inhalation. The identification, typing, phylogenetic relationship and antimicrobial susceptibilities of 38 soil Nocardia strains from Lara State, Venezuela, were studied by 16S rRNA and gyrB (subunit B of topoisomerase II) genes, multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA), whole-genome sequencing (WGS), and microdilution. The results were compared with those for human strains. Just seven Nocardia species with one or two strains each, except for Nocardia cyriacigeorgica with 29, were identified. MLSA confirmed the species assignments made by 16S rRNA and gyrB analyses (89.5% and 71.0% respectively), and grouped each soil strain with its corresponding reference and clinical strains, except for 19 N. cyriacigeorgica strains found at five locations which grouped into a soil-only cluster. The soil strains of N. cyriacigeorgica showed fewer gyrB haplotypes than the examined human strains (13 vs. 17) but did show a larger number of gyrB SNPs (212 vs. 77). Their susceptibilities to antimicrobials were similar except for beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, minocycline, and clarithromycin, with the soil strains more susceptible to the first three (p ≤ 0.05). WGS was performed on four strains belonging to the soil-only cluster and on two outside it, and the results compared with public N. cyriacigeorgica genomes. The average nucleotide/amino acid identity, in silico genome-to-genome hybridization similarity, and the difference in the genomic GC content, suggest that some strains of the soil-only cluster may belong to a novel subspecies or even a new species (proposed name Nocardia venezuelensis).

Immunosuppression withdrawal after graft failure seems to favor sensitization. A high percentage of calculated panel-reactive antibody (cPRA) and the development of de novo donor specific antibodies (dnDSA) indicate human leukocyte antigen (HLA) sensitization and may hinder the option of retransplantation. There are no established protocols on the immunosuppressive treatment that should be maintained after transplant failure. A retrospective analysis including 77 patients who lost their first renal graft between 1 January 2006–31 December 2015 was performed. Two sera were selected per patient, one immediately prior to graft loss and another one after graft failure. cPRA was calculated by Single Antigen in all patients. It was possible to analyze the development of dnDSA in 73 patients. By multivariate logistic regression analysis, the absence of calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) at 6 months after graft failure was related to cPRA > 75% (OR 4.8, CI 95% 1.5–15.0, p = 0.006). The absence of calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) at 6 months after graft loss was significantly associated with dnDSA development (OR 23.2, CI 95% 5.3–100.6, p < 0.001). Our results suggest that the absence of CNI at the sixth month after graft loss is a risk factor for sensitization. Therefore, maintenance of an immunosuppressive regimen based on CNI after transplant failure should be considered when a new transplant is planned, since it seems to prevent HLA allosensitization.

Automatic irrigation scheduling systems are highly demanded in the agricultural sector due to their ability to both save water and manage deficit irrigation strategies. Elaborating a functional and efficient automatic irrigation system is a very complex task due to the high number of factors that the technician considers when managing irrigation in an optimal way. Automatic learning systems propose an alternative to traditional irrigation management by means of the automatic elaboration of predictions based on the learning of an agronomist (DSS). The aim of this paper is the study of several learning techniques in order to determine the goodness and error relative to expert decision. Nine orchards were tested during 2018 using linear regression (LR), random forest regression (RFR), and support vector regression (SVR) methods as engines of the irrigation decision support system (IDSS) proposed. The results obtained by the learning methods in three of these orchards have been compared with the decisions made by the agronomist over an entire year. The prediction model errors determined the best fitting regression model. The results obtained lead to the conclusion that these methods are valid engines to develop automatic irrigation scheduling systems.

Antibody-mediated rejection (AbMR) is one of the leading causes of graft loss in kidney transplantation and B cells play an important role in the development of it. A B-cell activating factor (BAFF) is a cytokine involved in B cell ontogeny. Here, we analyzed whether B cell maturation and the effect of B cell soluble factors, such as BAFF could be involved in AbMR. Serum BAFF levels and B and T cell subpopulations were analyzed 109 kidney transplant patients before transplantation and at 6 and 12 months after kidney transplantation. Pretransplant serum BAFF levels as well as memory B cell subpopulations were significantly higher in those patients who suffered clinical AbMR during the first 12 months after kidney transplantation. Similar results were observed in the prospective analysis of patients with subclinical antibody-mediated rejection detected in the surveillance biopsy performed at 12 months after kidney transplantation. A multivariate analysis confirmed the independent role of BAFF in the development of AbMR, irrespective of other classical variables. Pretransplant serum BAFF levels could be an important non-invasive biomarker for the prediction of the development of AbMR and posttransplant increased serum BAFF levels contribute to AbMR.

Like all pathogens, foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is recognized by the immune system inducing a heightened immune response mainly mediated by type I and type III IFNs. To overcome the strong antiviral response induced by these cytokines, FMDV has evolved many strategies exploiting each region of its small RNA genome. These include: (a) inhibition of IFN induction at the transcriptional and translational level, (b) inhibition of protein trafficking; (c) blockage of specific post-translational modifications in proteins that regulate innate immune signaling; (d) modulation of autophagy; (e) inhibition of stress granule formation; and (f) in vivo modulation of immune cell function. Here, we summarize and discuss FMDV virulence factors and the host immune footprint that characterize infection in cell culture and in the natural hosts.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNAs acting as regulators of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. In plants, most miRNAs are generated from independent transcriptional units, and only a few polycistronic miRNAs have been described. miR166 is a conserved miRNA in plants targeting the HD-ZIP III transcription factor genes. Here, we show that a polycistronic miRNA comprising two miR166 family members, miR166k and miR166h, functions as a positive regulator of rice immunity. Rice plants with activated MIR166k-166h expression showed enhanced resistance to infection by the fungal pathogens Magnaporthe oryzae and Fusarium fujikuroi, the causal agents of the rice blast and bakanae disease, respectively. Disease resistance in rice plants with activated MIR166k-166h expression was associated with a stronger expression of defense responses during pathogen infection. Stronger induction of MIR166k-166h expression occurred in resistant but not susceptible rice cultivars. Notably, the ethylene-insensitive 2 (EIN2) gene was identified as a novel target gene for miR166k. The regulatory role of the miR166h-166k polycistron on the newly identified target gene results from the activity of the miR166k-5p specie generated from the miR166k-166h precursor. Collectively, our findings support a role for miR166k-5p in rice immunity by controlling EIN2 expression. Because rice blast is one of the most destructive diseases of cultivated rice worldwide, unraveling miR166k-166h-mediated mechanisms underlying blast resistance could ultimately help in designing appropriate strategies for rice protection.

Kinesin spindle protein inhibition is known to be an effective therapeutic approach in several malignancies. Filanesib (ARRY-520), an inhibitor of this protein, has demonstrated activity in heavily pre-treated multiple myeloma patients. The aim of the work herein was to investigate the activity of filanesib in combination with pomalidomide plus dexamethasone backbone, and the mechanisms underlying the potential synergistic effect. The ability of filanesib to enhance the activity of pomalidomide plus dexamethasone was studied in several in vitro and in vivo models. Mechanisms of this synergistic combination were dissected by gene expression profiling, immunostaining, cell cycle and short interfering ribonucleic acid studies. Filanesib showed in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo synergy with pomalidomide plus dexamethasone treatment. Importantly, the in vivo synergy observed in this combination was more evident in large, highly proliferative tumors, and was shown to be mediated by the impairment of mitosis transcriptional control, an increase in monopolar spindles, cell cycle arrest and the induction of apoptosis in cells in proliferative phases. In addition, the triple combination increased the activation of the proapoptotic protein BAX, which has previously been associated with sensitivity to filanesib, and could potentially be used as a predictive biomarker of response to this combination. Our results provide preclinical evidence for the potential benefit of the combination of filanesib with pomalidomide and dexamethasone, and supported the initiation of a recently activated trial being conducted by the Spanish Myeloma group which is investigating this combination in relapsed myeloma patients.

The regulation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) depends on the integration of the multiple signals received from the bone marrow niche. We show the relevance of the protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPN13 and β-catenin as intracellular signaling molecules to control HSCs adhesiveness, cell cycling, and quiescence. Lethally irradiated mice transplanted with Lin– bone marrow cells in which PTPN13 or β-catenin had been silenced showed a significant increase of long-term (LT) and short-term (ST) HSCs. A decrease in cycling cells was also found, together with an increase in quiescence. The decreased expression of PTPN13 or β-catenin was linked to the upregulation of several genes coding for integrins and several cadherins, explaining the higher cell adhesiveness. Our data are consistent with the notion that the levels of PTPN13 and β-catenin must be strictly regulated by extracellular signaling to regulate HSC attachment to the niche and the balance between proliferation and quiescence.

The concept of culture, from the western context, has always been based on anthropocentric type axioms that remain today. These paradigms are not been sufficiently questioned, in particular, the boundaries of culture, between human and non-human, that continues being controversial. Disciplines that traditionally have not considered this issue, such as biology or comparative psychology, in recent years have considered this discussion from new perspectives. In the following dissertation we aim to continue these new strategies, combining disciplines such as History, Philosophy, or Biology, from a multidisciplinary approach, in order to contribute to a reinterpretation of the concept "culture", which has traditionally been assumed to be exclusively human

Cine y nacionalismo presentan una interesante y continuada relación, sobre todo a través de géneros como el épico, histórico o de aventuras. Se estudia en el presente trabajo esta relación, a partir del film “El último mohicano”, dirigido por Michael Mann en 1992, que presenta elementos clave para entender la importancia de la conformación de los mitos sobre los orígenes de la nación norteamericana. El film, como la conocida novela en que se inspira libremente, centra su trama en aspectos y épocas claves de los movimientos nacionalistas, al entroncar además con el movimiento cultural del romanticismo y su peculiar manera de valorar el pasado histórico y los orígenes de pueblos, culturas y naciones.

In this paper we discuss some ethical issues and challenges of the use of algorithms on the web from the perspective of knowledge organization. We review some of the problems that these algorithms and the filter bubbles pose for the users. We contextualize these issues within the user-based approaches to knowledge organization in a larger sense. We review some of the technologies that have been developed to counter these problems as well as initiatives from the knowledge organization field. We conclude with the necessity of adopting a critical and ethical stance towards the use of algorithms on the web and the need for an education in knowledge organization that addresses these issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectivesThe calculated panel reactive of antibodies (cPRAs) necessary for kidney donor-pair exchange and highly sensitized programs are estimated using different panel reactive antibody (PRA) calculators based on big enough samples in Eurotransplant (EUTR), United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS), and Canadian Transplant Registry (CTR) websites. However, those calculators can vary depending on the ethnic they are applied. Here, we develop a PRA calculator used in the Spanish Program of Transplant Access for Highly Sensitized patients (PATHI) and validate it with EUTR, UNOS, and CTR calculators.MethodsThe anti-human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibody profile of 42 sensitized patients on waiting list was defined, and cPRA was calculated with different PRA calculators.ResultsDespite different allelic frequencies derived from population differences in donor panel from each calculator, no differences in cPRA between the four calculators were observed. The PATHI calculator includes anti-DQA1 antibody profiles in cPRA calculation; however, no improvement in total cPRA calculation of highly sensitized patients was demonstrated.Interpretation and conclusionThe PATHI calculator provides cPRA results comparable with those from EUTR, UNOS, and CTR calculators and serves as a tool to develop valid calculators in geographical and ethnic areas different from Europe, USA, and Canada.

Despite new advances in multiple myeloma treatment and the consequent improvement in overall survival, most patients relapse or become refractory to treatment. This suggests that new molecules and combinations that may further inhibit important survival pathways for these tumor cells are needed. In this context, zalypsis is a novel compound, derived from marine organisms, with a powerful preclinical anti-myeloma effect based on the sensitivity of malignant plasma cells to DNA-damage induction; and it has already been tested in a phase I/II clinical trial in multiple myeloma. We hypothesized that the addition of this compound to the combination of bortezomib plus dexamethasone may improve efficacy with acceptable toxicity. The triple combination demonstrated strong synergy and higher efficacy compared with double combinations; not only in vitro, but also ex vivo and, especially, in in vivo experiments. The triple combination triggers cell death, mainly through a synergistic induction of DNA damage and a decrease in the nuclear localization of nuclear factor kappa B. Our findings support the clinical evaluation of this combination for relapsed and refractory myeloma patients.

The definition of anti-HLA antibody profile in highly sensitized patients on a waiting list is crucial when virtual crossmatch is used in organ allocation systems, but also when used to identify the true deleterious anti-HLA antibodies. Here we propose different levels of risk based on the results of anti-HLA antibody testing in neat serum (N) and after sera dilution (DIL) and C1q test in 18 highly sensitized patients. This group was heterogeneous in terms of anti-HLA antibody titers and their ability to fix complement. After dilution, 15 out of 18 patients (83.3%) showed a reduction of positive bead counts whereas 4 patients showed a prozone effect and complement fixation was demonstrated. The high dilution of sera and ascertaining the complement fixation allow the accurate definition of risk anti-HLA antibody profiles in highly sensitized patients, as demonstrated in 5 of the sensitized patients who were transplanted.

Cine y nacionalismo presentan una interesante y continuada relación, sobre todo a través de géneros como el épico, histórico o de aventuras. Se estudia en el presente trabajo esta relación, a partir del film “El último mohicano”, dirigido por Michael Mann en 1992, que presenta elementos clave para entender la importancia de la conformación de los mitos sobre los orígenes de la nación norteamericana. El film, como la conocida novela en que se inspira libremente, centra su trama en aspectos y épocas claves de los movimientos nacionalistas, al entroncar además con el movimiento cultural del romanticismo y su peculiar manera de valorar el pasado histórico y los orígenes de pueblos, culturas y naciones.

Resumen: En este trabajo, se propone un nuevo índice basado en el método directo de Lyapunov para el diseño de un algoritmo de reprogramación en tiempo real para líneas de metro. En este estudio se utiliza una versión modificada de un modelo de espacio de estados en tiempo real discreto, que considera los efectos de saturación en la línea de metro. Una vez que el modelo de espacio de estados se ha obtenido, el método directo de Lyapunov se aplica con el fin de analizar la estabilidad del sistema de la línea de metro. Como resultado de este análisis no sólo se propone un nuevo índice de estabilidad, sino también la creación de tres zonas de estabilidad para indicar el estado actual del sistema. Finalmente, se presenta un nuevo algoritmo que permite la reprogramación del calendario de los trenes en tiempo real en presencia de perturbaciones medianas. Abstract: A new Lyapunov-based index for designing a rescheduling algorithm in real time for metro lines has been proposed in this paper. A modified real time discrete space state model which considers saturation effects in the metro line has been utilized in this study. Once the space state model has been obtained, the direct method of Lyapunov is applied in order to analyze the stability of the metro line system. As a result of this analysis not only a new stability index is proposed, but also the establishment of three stability zones to indicate the current state of the system. Finally, a new algorithm which allows the rescheduling of the timetable in the real time of the trains under presence of medium disturbances has been presented. Palabras clave: Sistema de metro, estabilidad de Lyapunov, planificación en tiempo real, Keywords: Metro system, Lyapunov stability, real time planning, traffic regulation

B-cells have been long accepted as the main cellular component in humoral responses. Their effector function is based on antibody and cytokine production. The development of donor-specific antibodies by B-cells has deleterious consequences in graft and patients survival. Recently, a new subset of IL-10-secreting B-cells with regulatory capacity in allergic and autoimmune diseases has been shown. Such regulatory function changes the apprehension of B-cells as effector cells and increases the complexity to the immuno-regulatory networks. New therapies targeting B-cells should consider that depleting B-cells potentially impairs regulatory B-cells (Bregs) and that modulating or favoring the maintenance and function of Bregs would be important for the achievement of humoral tolerance. Unfortunately, few direct pieces of evidence of Breg involvement in allograft tolerance models has been described. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of the role of Bregs in transplantation.

Resumen: En el desarrollo de sistemas robóticos complejos es común usar herramientas y arquitecturas software que facilitan la tarea de integración y reutilización del código. Ejemplos son el Robot Operating System (ROS) de WillowGarage, Player/Stage, etc. No obstante, la robótica móvil es cada vez más multidisciplinar, involucrando equipos de investigación de diferentes áreas incluyendo las tecnologías del habla, visión, aprendizaje automático, etc. Por ello es altamente improbable que dichos equipos adopten como elemento de desarrollo una plataforma intrínsecamente ligada a la robótica. A veces incluso, las restricciones de lenguajes de desarrollo o sistemas operativos, lo hacen impracticable y perjudicaría tanto a la velocidad de desarrollo como a la eficiencia del producto final. Este artículo presenta una novedosa arquitectura basada totalmente en los estándares de los Servicios Web. La arquitectura permite el desarrollo de agentes software de modo independiente de una forma totalmente desacoplada, manteniendo una intrusividad mínima a la par que una gran sencillez de uso. Usando posteriormente un intermediador o bróker totalmente dinámico se conectan dichos agentes en tiempo de ejecución. Esta arquitectura, que no sustituye a los sistemas ya existentes sino que los complementa, ha sido usada en un complejo demostrador multi-robot con una gran heterogenia de sistemas y agentes, en un proceso de instalación y puesta en funcionamiento de un robot guía interactivo en un nuevo ambiente. Abstract: Development of complex robotics systems usually requires tools and software frameworks such as the WillowGarage Robot Operating System (ROS) to ease code integration and reuse tasks. Nevertheless, research in robotics is increasingly becoming multidisciplinary, involving areas of voice technology, artificial intelligence or web systems, which can make researchers highly reluctant to use such robotic-specific systems. Even existing constraints, such as using different Operating Systems, can make this task impossible. This paper presents a novel architecture completely based on standards such as Web Services, that allows a totally decoupled development of agents with minimal intrusiveness and high simplicity by using a dynamic broker to interconnect agents at runtime. This architecture, which does not replace other systems but complements them. It has been used successfully inside a complex multi-robot demonstrator in a fully automated system deployment of an interactive tour guide robot in a new environment. Palabras clave: Arquitectura Software, Integración de sistemas, Control de Robots, Keywords: software architecture, system integration, robot control

Examines the relationship between returns to education and family background using samples of male and female workers drawn from the Spanish Survey on Class Structure. Results for males show a positive relationship between parents' education (or occupation) and returns to schools. Returns for females are mixed: Least-squares estimates show negative relationship, while Heckman's estimates show positive relationship. (Contains 27 references.) (Authors/PKP)

The greatest proportion of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) clinical research has been dedicated to elucidating pathogenesis and enhancing vaccine protection in cattle with less efforts invested in studies specific to pigs. However, accumulated evidence from FMD outbreaks and experimental investigations suggest that critical components of FMD pathogenesis, immunology, and vaccinology cannot be extrapolated from investigations performed in cattle to explain or predict outcomes of infection or vaccination in pigs. Furthermore, it has been shown that failure to account for these differences may have substantial consequences when FMD outbreaks occur in areas with dense pig populations. Recent experimental studies have confirmed some aspects of conventional wisdom by demonstrating that pigs are more susceptible to FMD virus (FMDV) infection via exposure of the upper gastrointestinal tract (oropharynx) than through inhalation of virus. The infection spreads rapidly within groups of pigs that are housed together, although efficiency of transmission may vary depending on virus strain and exposure intensity. Multiple investigations have demonstrated that physical separation of pigs is sufficient to prevent virus transmission under experimental conditions. Detailed pathogenesis studies have recently demonstrated that specialized epithelium within porcine oropharyngeal tonsils constitute the primary infection sites following simulated-natural virus exposure. Furthermore, epithelium of the tonsil of the soft palate supports substantial virus replication during the clinical phase of infection, thus providing large amounts of virus that can be shed into the environment. Due to massive amplification and shedding of virus, acutely infected pigs constitute a considerable source of contagion. FMDV infection results in modulation of several components of the host immune response. The infection is ultimately cleared in association with a strong humoral response and, in contrast to ruminants, there is no subclinical persistence of FMDV in pigs.The aim of this review is to provide an overview of knowledge gained from experimental investigations of FMD pathogenesis, transmission and host response in pigs. Details of the temporo-anatomic progression of infection is discussed in relation to specific pathogenesis events and the likelihood of transmission. Additionally, relevant aspects of the host immune response are discussed within contexts of conventional and novel intervention strategies of vaccination and immunomodulation.

Las fuentes documentales primarias son esenciales para la investigación. El presente estudio realiza una revisión de las fuentes documentales de archivo y estudia la situación del caudal documental generado a partir de la lucha del movimiento de mujeres desde la Transición democrática española. Revelada la vulnerabilidad y desprotección de los archivos del feminismo y de mujeres, analizando las causas. Existe riesgo de desaparición de muchos de estos fondos como consecuencia de la naturaleza efímera tanto de los documentos como de los colectivos estudiados. Se fundamenta la propuesta de creación de un Centro de Archivo del Feminismo para salvaguardar y proteger los documentos que son patrimonio documental y parte de la memoria feminista y de la historia de las mujeres.

Cecropin A is a natural antimicrobial peptide that exhibits fast and potent activity against a broad spectrum of pathogens and neoplastic cells, and that has important biotechnological applications. However, cecropin A exploitation, as for other antimicrobial peptides, is limited by their production and purification costs. Here, we report the efficient production of this bioactive peptide in rice bran using the rice oleosin 18 as a carrier protein. High cecropin A levels were reached in rice seeds driving the expression of the chimeric gene by the strong embryo-specific oleosin 18 own promoter, and targeting the peptide to the oil body organelle as an oleosin 18-cecropin A fusion protein. The accumulation of cecropin A in oil bodies had no deleterious effects on seed viability and seedling growth, as well as on seed yield. We also show that biologically active cecropin A can be easily purified from the transgenic rice seeds by homogenization and simple flotation centrifugation methods. Our results demonstrate that the oleosin fusion technology is suitable for the production of cecropin A in rice seeds, which can potentially be extended to other antimicrobial peptides to assist their exploitation.

Investigates the impact of family characteristics and local labor-market conditions on the demand for postcompulsory education in Spain. Finds that record levels of youth unemployment did not enhance substantially the demand for postcompulsory education. Parents' education seems to be the main determinant of school enrollment. (Contains 32 references.) (Authors/PKP)

This paper presents an in-situ storage topology for ultra-high-speed burst mode imagers, enabling low noise operation while keeping a high frame depth. The proposed pixel architecture contains a 4T pinned photodiode, a correlated double sampling (CDS) amplification stage, and an in-situ memory bank. Focusing on the sampling noise, the system level trade-off of the proposed pixel architecture is discussed, showing its advantages on the noise, power, and scaling capability. Integrated with an AC coupling CDS stage, the amplification is obtained by exploiting the strong capacitance to the voltage relation of a single NMOS transistor. A comprehensive noise model is developed for optimizing the trade-off between the area and noise. As a proof-of-concept, a prototype imager with a 30 µm pixel pitch was fabricated in a CMOS 130 nm technology. A 108-cell memory bank is implemented allowing dense layout and parallel readout. Two types of CDS amplification stages were investigated. Despite the limited memory capacitance of 10 fF/cell, the photon transfer curves of both pixel types were measured over different operation speeds up to 20 Mfps showing a noise performance of 8.4 e−.

The present text aims to be an advance of the general lines of research are being followed for the preparation of the PhD thesis doctoral: The Cultural Legacy of the Roman Villas Tardoantiguas in Castilla and León. The Late Antique Roman villages preserved in Castilla and Leon are depositaries of a rich archaeological and historical patrimony as home to valuable information about Romansociety that lived there. This paper aims to provide a systematic and quantitative analysis of the cultural heritage related to these villages, through a method, the analysis of content, not used so far in the area of Archaeology. As a starting point intended to review the different perspectives of analysis of the archaeological surveys conducted on the Hispanic villages, since its variation has been remarkable in recent decades. Then, applying the analysis ofcontent, there will be elaborated a system of indicators, as complete as possible, which aim is to obtain a classification or to provide some key factors for a possible typological definition of the villages that serve to examine how the definition about its spatial and functional organization, its iconographic program, and the presence of luxury materials allow to define the relationship with the social environment of the Late Roman time.

El presente texto pretende ser un avance de las líneas generales de la investigación que se están siguiendo para la confección de la tesis titulada: El legado cultural de las villas romanas tardoantiguas en Castilla y León. Las villas romanas tardoantiguas conservadas en Castilla y León son depositarias de un rico patrimonio arqueológico e histórico, ya que albergan una valiosa información sobre la sociedad romana que las habitó. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo ofrecer un sistema de análisis cuantitativo y sistemático del legado cultural relacionado con estas villas, a travésde un método, el análisis de contenido, no usado hasta el momento en el área de la Arqueología. Como punto de partida se pretende revisar las diferentes perspectivas de análisis de los estudios arqueológicos realizados sobre las villas hispanas, puesto que su variación hasido notable en las últimas décadas. A continuación, mediante la aplicación del análisis de contenido se elaborará un sistema de indicadores, lo más completo posible, cuyo objetivo es obtener una clasificación o proporcionar unos factores claves para una posible definición tipológica de las villas, que sirvan para comprobar en que medida la definición de su organización espacial y funcional, su programa iconográfico, así como la presencia de materiales de lujo permiten definir la interrelación con el entorno social de época tardorromana.

Aunque la linterna mágica desarrolló una próspera industria de equipos y satisfizo una variada demanda de prácticas de consumo, a partir del desarrollo de sistemas expresivos llenos de sentido, su estudio ha estado fuera de la planificación académica de la historia de los medios de comunicación. La dispersión de los fondos patrimoniales de la linterna mágica y su indefinición conceptual como objeto de estudio –tanto por la amplitud cronológica de su historia, que discurre entre los siglos XVII y XIX, como por la controvertida interpretación que la adscribe al término 'precine'- son razones que explican como la linterna mágica es todavía un medio de comunicación social en la sombra y que están en el origen del presente acercamiento que tiene como objeto un viaje elíptico y sistemático –articulado en torno a cuatro actos, doce escenas y ochenta vistas- por el universo de las proyecciones audiovisuales anteriores al cine. Abstract in English: Although the magic lantern developed a prosperous equipment industry and satisfied a varied consumer demand based on the development of very sensible expressive systems, its study has been left out of the academic curriculum in the history of mass media. The fact that the sources and documentation concerning magic lanterns are widely scattered has been an obstacle for their systematic study. Both their long history –over three centuries- and the controversy in historical interpretation caused by locating them under the term ‘precinema' have meant that they lack a conceptual definition. This in turn has been a hindrance for considering magic lanterns as an important research subject.

The nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes (NPR1) protein plays an important role in mediating defense responses activated by pathogens in Arabidopsis. In rice, a disease-resistance pathway similar to the Arabidopsis NPR1-mediated signaling pathway one has been described. Here, we show that constitutive expression of the Arabidopsis NPR1 (AtNPR1) gene in rice confers resistance against fungal and bacterial pathogens. AtNPR1 exerts its protective effects against fungal pathogens by priming the expression of salicylic acid (SA)-responsive endogenous genes, such as the PR1b, TLP (PR5), PR10, and PBZ1. However, expression of AtNPR1 in rice has negative effects on viral infections. The AtNPR1-expressing rice plants showed a higher susceptibility to infection by the Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) which correlated well with a misregulation of RYMV-responsive genes, including expression of the SA-regulated RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 1 gene (OsRDR1). Moreover, AtNPR1 negatively regulates the expression of genes playing a role in the plant response to salt and drought stress (rab21, salT, and dip1), which results in a higher sensitivity of AtNPR1 rice to the two types of abiotic stress. These observations suggest that AtNPR1 has both positive and negative regulatory roles in mediating defense responses against biotic and abiotic stresses.

Expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes is part of the plant's natural defense response against pathogen attack. The PRms gene encodes a fungal-inducible PR protein from maize. Here, we demonstrate that expression of PRms in transgenic rice confers broad-spectrum protection against pathogens, including fungal (Magnaporthe oryzae, Fusarium verticillioides, and Helminthosporium oryzae) and bacterial (Erwinia chrysanthemi) pathogens. The PRms-mediated disease resistance in rice plants is associated with an enhanced capacity to express and activate the natural plant defense mechanisms. Thus, PRms rice plants display a basal level of expression of endogenous defense genes in the absence of the pathogen. PRms plants also exhibit stronger and quicker defense responses during pathogen infection. We also have found that sucrose accumulates at higher levels in leaves of PRms plants. Sucrose responsiveness of rice defense genes correlates with the pathogen-responsive priming of their expression in PRms rice plants. Moreover, pretreatment of rice plants with sucrose enhances resistance to M. oryzae infection. Together, these results support a sucrose-mediated priming of defense responses in PRms rice plants which results in broad-spectrum disease resistance.

El objetivo de este artículo es hacer una primera aproximación a los fondos patrimoniales relacionados con la linterna mágica, un medio audiovisual basado en la proyección de imágenes y uso sincrónico de sonidos, que alcanzó entre los siglos XVII y XIX una significativa trascendencia cultural. Aunque los archivos audiovisuales y algunas colecciones privadas afortunadamente han guardado las huellas de buena parte de la historia de la linterna mágica, lamentablemente el estudio de dicho medio audiovisual, vigente entre los siglos XVII y XX, ha estado habitualmente fuera de la planificación académica de la historia de los medios de comunicación social.

Rice blast, caused by Magnaporthe grisea, is the most important fungal disease of cultivated rice worldwide. We have developed a strategy for creating disease resistance to M. grisea whereby pathogen-induced expression of the afp (antifungal protein) gene from Aspergillus giganteus occurs in transgenic rice plants. Here, we evaluated the activity of the promoters from three maize pathogenesis-related (PR) genes, ZmPR4, mpi, and PRms, in transgenic rice. Chimeric gene fusions were prepared between the maize promoters and the β-glucuronidase reporter gene (gus A). Histochemical assays of GUS activity in transgenic rice revealed that the ZmPR4 promoter is strongly induced in response to fungal infection, treatment with fungal elicitors, and mechanical wounding. The ZmPR4 promoter is not active in the seed endosperm. The mpi promoter also proved responsiveness to fungal infection and wounding but not to treatment with elicitors. In contrast, no activity of the PRms promoter in leaves of transgenic rice was observed. Transgenic plants expressing the afp gene under the control of the ZmPR4 promoter were generated. Transformants showed resistance to M. grisea at various levels. Our results suggest that pathogen-inducible expression of the afp gene in rice plants may be a practical way for protection against the blast fungus.

Objetivos: Valorar si el tabaco de liar supone un problema en materia de salud pública y consumo. Métodos: Se estudia el 70% del mercado español. En materia de salud pública, se analizan los contenidos de nicotina, alquitrán y monóxido de carbono del humo, y se comparan con los de los cigarrillos convencionales. En materia de consumo, se examina el etiquetado. Resultados: Los contenidos de nicotina, alquitrán y monóxido de carbono alcanzan valores de hasta el 70%, el 85% y el 84%, respectivamente, más de lo permitido para los cigarrillos convencionales. El 67% de las muestras no indican los contenidos de nicotina y alquitrán, y el 100% el monóxido de carbono. A pesar de la existencia de etiquetado, éste no garantiza una información suficiente al consumidor. Conclusiones: El tabaco de liar supone un problema tanto en materia de salud pública como en consumo. Por ello, sería necesaria alguna medida que permita resolver esta cuestión.Objectives: To study whether fine-cut tobacco poses a problem for public health and consumer affairs. Methods: We analyzed up to 70% of the fine-cut tobacco market in Spain. Regarding public health, the contents of nicotine, tar and carbon monoxide were analyzed and compared with levels in conventional cigarettes. Concerning consumer affairs, the labeling of samples was checked. Results: The contents of nicotine, tar and carbon monoxide reached values of 70%, 85% and 84%, respectively. These values are higher than those allowed in conventional cigarettes. A total of 67% of the samples analyzed did not show nicotine and tar contents on the labeling. None of the labels showed carbon monoxide contents. The presence of labeling per se did not guarantee sufficient information for consumers. Conclusions Fine-cut tobacco is a problem in both public health and consumer affairs. Solutions are required to resolve both problems.

El túnel viario de María de Molina, que unirá el Paseo de la Castellana y la calle Velázquez con la N-II de Madrid a Barcelona, constituirá la mayor obra municipal de pasos subterráneos. El túnel de un total de 1.171 m de longitud va a absorber una salida de tráfico de 30.000 vehículos diarios. En los tramos iniciales se han proyectado falsos túneles con pantallas y losas hormigonadas sobre el terreno y excavadas a posteriori, para minimizar los efectos tráfico. Cuando se alcanza una profundidad adecuada se ha planteado la ejecución de un túnel con dos sistemas constructivos diferentes, dependiendo de los condicionantes que se encuentran en cada momento. El proyecto presenta una serie de puntos singulares en los que las soluciones adoptadas son estructuralmente extraordinarias