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This paper analyzes a series of advertisements from the antidrug campaign Above the Influence and interviews of former National Football League and National Basketball Association players by the website Bleacher Report regarding their marijuana use. Guided by Christina Sharpe's theoretical concept of the "wake," I argue that the Above the Influence adverts produce a trope I call Chronic Black male sporting hood. A trope that holds the Black body in a state of dehumanization. The second half of this paper utilizes Sharpe's Black methodological tool of Black annotation/redaction. Through this Black methodological tool, the testimonial of the athletes, and the influences of Black musicians, I argue that these athletes provide insight into alternative ways of living and being human that arise from the anti-Black practices of sport with marijuana serving as their catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focusing on the Australian Football League and its development of a national competition for women, this article contributes toward broader debates around the inclusion and incorporation of women in professional sport. It traces the particular logics and desires (such as corporate expansion) that drove the Australian Football League to develop a women's competition in the name of equality. We map the organizational tensions and affects that produce (the doing of) gender equality through different desires. Drawing on feminist new materialist conceptions of assemblage, we work to identify the material (numbers of women and girls participating, revenue, and expenses) and discursive (attitudes toward girls and women, meanings attached to sport, and gender) entanglements that contribute to the (de)valuing of women in male-dominated sporting organizations and how this might be disrupted both now and in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has had serious implications on the health and well-being of student-athletes. The present study explored the athletic experiences of NCAA Division II college athletes during the competitive hiatus caused by the pandemic, as well as in their return to sport participation. Twenty male and female student-athletes from a variety of sports (freshman = 2, sophomores = 4, seniors = 9, and graduate = 5) participated in semistructured interviews to explore how the pandemic affected their athletic identity, anxiety, and mental health. Through the use of thematic content analysis, the following major themes were identified: (a) influence of COVID on athletic identity, (b) increased anxiety during COVID, (c) social aspects of sport participation, and (d) factors that influence mental health. Findings indicated a combination of positive and negative effects on the athletic identity, anxiety, and mental health and well-being of student-athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Current lower-extremity return to sport testing primarily considers the physical status of an athlete; however, sport participation requires continuous cognitive dual-task engagement. Therefore, the purpose was to develop and evaluate the reliability of a visual-cognitive reactive (VCR) triple hop test that simulates the typical sport demand of combined online visual-cognitive processing and neuromuscular control to improve return to sport testing after lower-extremity injury. Design: Test–retest reliability. Methods: Twenty-one healthy college students (11 females, 23.5 [3.7] y, 1.73 [0.12] m, 73.0 [16.8] kg, Tegner Activity Scale 5.5 [1.1] points) participated. Participants performed a single-leg triple hop with and without a VCR dual task. The VCR task incorporated the FitLight system to challenge peripheral response inhibition and central working memory. Maximum hop distance, reaction time, cognitive errors, and physical errors were measured. Two identical testing visits were separated by 12 to 17 days (14 [1] d). Results: Traditional triple hop (intraclass correlation coefficients: ICC(3,1) =.96 [.91–.99]; standard error of the measurement = 16.99 cm) and the VCR triple hop (intraclass correlation coefficients(3,1) =.92 [.82–.97]; standard error of the measurement = 24.10 cm) both demonstrated excellent reliability for the maximum hop distance, and moderate reliability for the VCR triple hop reaction time (intraclass correlation coefficients(3,1) =.62 [.09–.84]; standard error of the measurement = 0.09 s). On average, the VCR triple hop resulted in a hop distance deficit of 8.17% (36.4 [5.1] cm; P <.05, d = 0.55) relative to the traditional triple hop. Conclusions: Hop distance on the VCR triple hop had excellent test–retest reliability and induced a significant physical performance deficit when compared with the traditional triple hop assessment. The VCR triple hop reaction time also demonstrated moderate reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Long-lever shoulder strength tests may aid clinical decision-making regarding return to sport after a shoulder injury. The Athletic Shoulder Test (AST) was developed to measure force production in 3 positions of shoulder abduction (90°, 135°, and 180°) using force plates. However, handheld dynamometers (HHDs) are more portable, affordable, and may provide valid and reliable results which would increase the clinical utility of long-lever tests. HHDs vary in shape, design, and their capacity to report parameters such as rate of force production and require further investigation. The aim of this study was to examine the intrarater reliability of the Kinvent HHD and assess its validity against Kinvent force plates in the AST. Peak force (in kilograms), torque (in Newton meters), and normalized torque (in Newton meters per kilogram) were reported. Design: Validity and reliability study. Methods: Twenty-seven participants with no history of upper limb injury performed the test in a randomized order using the Kinvent HHD and force plates. Each condition was assessed 3 times, and peak force was recorded. Arm length was measured to calculate peak torque. Normalized peak torque was calculated by dividing torque by bodyweight (in kilograms). Results: The Kinvent HHD is reliable when measuring force (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] ≥.80), torque (ICC ≥.84), and normalized torque (ICC ≥.64) during the AST. The Kinvent HHD is also valid when compared with the Kinvent force plates for force (ICC ≥.79; r ≥.82), torque (ICC ≥.82; r ≥.76), and normalized torque (ICC ≥.71; r ≥.61). There were no statistically significant differences across the 3 trials on analyses of variance (P >.05). Conclusions: The Kinvent HHD is a reliable tool when used to measure force, torque, and normalized torque in the AST. Furthermore, given the lack of significant difference between trials, clinicians can use one test to accurately report relative peak force/torque/normalized torque rather than average 3 separate trials. Finally, the Kinvent HHD is valid when compared with Kinvent force plates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although psychological distress has been shown to increase during adolescence, participation in organized activities may have protective effects. The present study aimed to identify whether there is a relationship between high school student-athletes' breadth of participation in organized activities and psychological distress, using a latent class analysis. Canadian adolescent-athletes (n = 930) in Grades 11 and 12 completed an online survey that measured: (a) high school sport participation, (b) community sport participation, (c) nonsport extracurricular activities participation, and (d) psychological distress. The latent class analysis indicated that a two-class model (i.e., Class 1 = narrower breadth, low distress; Class 2 = wider breadth, moderate distress) was most appropriate. Results indicated that despite the divergent probability of organized activity participation, participants in both classes had a low to moderate probability of presenting elevated levels of psychological distress. However, levels of psychological distress were still higher than other Canadian adolescent populations, suggesting that overscheduling could be of concern. Gender and time (i.e., prior/during COVID-19 pandemic) were significant covariates in the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Injuries, and their psychological and maladaptive behavioral consequences, are an inevitable by-product of sport participation. This study sought to investigate the prevalence of maladaptive behaviors and psychological corollaries of long-term injury in order to understand if these are universal experiences of long-term injured athletes. Competitive athletes (n = 187; average time spent injured =43 weeks), across a range of sports completed an online questionnaire developed to investigate the psychological and behavioral consequences of long-term injury. Results indicated that negative symptoms after injury were a universal experience and are the "normal" response to injury, not the "exception." The most prevalent psychological consequences were rumination (97.9%), boredom (94.7%), and fear of reinjury (93.6%). Furthermore, indicators of suicidal ideation were reported by more than 50% of participants. Factor analysis revealed a six-factor model: (a) self-sabotaging behavior, (b) daily functioning, (c) addictive behavior, (d) clinical issues, (e) fixation on injury, and (f) compromised athletic identity. All factors significantly correlated with debilitating impact. Thus, this study calls for a change to the support of long-term injured athletes to include routine psychological care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the creation of social media platforms, sport researchers have used relationship marketing as a conceptual and theoretical framework for studies on social media in sport. While many of these studies have contributed to our understanding of relationship building on social media, there is much room for advancement. This special-issue commentary provides a brief overview of the scholarship on relationship marketing and social media in sport and then suggests areas for advancement. It ends with specific recommendations for moving from using relationship marketing as a framework to testing the theory in sport social media research and expanding on its application to understanding relationship building on social media in sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building on the foundational study conducted by Abeza et al., this work extends the investigation by critically reviewing social media research in sport studies published from June 2014 to June 2023. Methodologically, the review involved an examination of 153 original research articles from five prominent journals in sport communication and sport management, namely the International Journal of Sport Communication, Communication & Sport, Journal of Sport Management, Sport Management Review, and European Sport Management Quarterly. The study identified the research streams, platforms, theories, and research methods that have garnered attention in the social media research community. The findings reveal several key insights that contribute to the ongoing dialogue in the field, stimulating further exploration and advancing knowledge at the intersection of social media and sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Adolescence is a critical period filled with life changes. Early implementation of effective health promotion strategies could help alleviate the morbidity and mortality associated with inactivity. This study investigated whether adolescent participation in exercise and sport is associated with device-assessed physical activity (PA) levels in midlife. Methods: A total of 2984 participants (41.2% male) from the 1970 British Cohort Study were included. Participants were surveyed at age 16 years on 5 indicators of exercise and sport participation. Total daily PA and moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) at age 46 years were measured using a thigh-worn accelerometer, worn for 7 days. Associations between each adolescent exercise or sport indicator and adulthood total daily PA and MVPA were examined using linear regressions, adjusting for sex, wear time, body mass index, smoking, disability, malaise, alcohol consumption, social class, education, and self-rated health. Results: In fully adjusted models, adolescents who reported exercising "much more" than others (8.6 min/d; 95% confidence interval, −0.1 to 17.1), who played sports at the park/playground more than once a week (8.5 [3.0–14.0] min/d), and who exercised on the most recent Saturday (3.8 [0.7–6.9] min/d) had higher adult total PA levels than those who reported the lowest activity levels. There was no evidence of an association between greater sport and exercise participation at age 16 y and MVPA at age 46 y. There was no association between sports at school and either measure of adult PA. Conclusion: Active adolescents, particularly those who engaged in out-of-school exercise, had higher total daily PA levels, but not MVPA levels, in midlife. This highlights the potential of early PA interventions to improve PA levels in adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study investigated within- and between-matches blood lactate (La−) responses across an international Rugby Sevens tournament (5 matches over 2 d) in male and female players. Methods: Earlobe blood samples were taken from 25 professional players around matches: before warm-up (PRE), immediately upon finishing match participation (POST), and 30 minutes postmatch (30 min). Results: POST [La−] (mean [SD], range) for males was 10.3 (3.2; 2.9–20.2) mmol·L−1 and for females was 9.1 (2.3; 3.4–14.6) mmol·L−1. Linear mixed-effects models revealed a decrease in POST [La−] after match 5, compared to match 1. Increased PRE [La−] was found before match 2 (+0.8 [0.6–1.1] mmol·L−1), match 3 (+0.8 [0.5–1.1] mmol·L−1), and match 5 (+0.6 [0.4–0.9] mmol·L−1) compared to match 1 (all P <.001). The [La−] remained elevated at 30 min, compared to PRE (+1.7 [1.4–2.0] mmol·L−1, P <.001), with ∼20% of values persisting >4 mmol·L−1. Higher POST was observed in males compared to females (+1.6 [0.1–3.2] mmol·L−1, P =.042); however, no differences between sexes were found across 30 min or PRE [La−]. No [La−] differences between positions (backs and forwards) were identified. Conclusions: Lactate concentrations above 10 mmol·L−1 are required to effectively simulate the anaerobic demands of international Rugby Sevens matches. Practitioners are advised to individualize anaerobic training prescription due to the substantial variability observed within positional groups. Additionally, improving athletes' metabolic recovery capacity through training, nutrition, and recovery interventions may enhance physical preparation for subsequent matches within a day, where incomplete lactate clearance was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical Scenario: Sport-related injuries are a common occurrence within the athletic population and every athlete responds differently. The cognitive, emotional, and behavioral responses associated with injuries ultimately impact the injury rehabilitation process and return to play. Specifically, self-efficacy significantly impacts the rehabilitation process and psychological techniques to improve self-efficacy are crucial in the recovery process. Imagery is one of these beneficial techniques. Clinical Question: Does the use of imagery during injury rehabilitation improve self-efficacy of rehabilitation capabilities compared with rehabilitation alone in athletes with a sport-related injury? Summary of Key Findings: The current literature was searched to identify the effects of imagery use to improve self-efficacy of rehabilitation capabilities, and 2 studies were selected: a mixed methods ecologically valid design and randomized controlled trial. Both studies investigated the relationship between imagery and self-efficacy and found positive results for imagery use in rehabilitation. Additionally, one of the studies specifically assessed rehabilitation satisfaction and found positive results. Clinical Bottom Line: The use of imagery should be considered as a clinical option for increasing self-efficacy during injury rehabilitation. Strength of Recommendation: Based on the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine strength of recommendation, there is a grade B of recommendation to support the use of imagery to improve self-efficacy of rehabilitation capabilities during an injury rehabilitation program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Issues relating to older adults in sport are ongoing topics of interest among sport scientists; however, our knowledge on how older athletes have been studied is incomplete, which has implications for understanding the comprehensiveness of this evidence base. This scoping review aimed to provide an overview of how sport and older adults have been studied since the first World Masters Games. Data on research topics, research methods, sport-specific information, and demographic information on older athletes were collected and reviewed. Results suggest older athletes who are White, male, and competitive athletes have largely been the focus of research. In addition, results highlight an alarming number of unreported data related to the demographics of athlete samples. As a result, the well-documented benefits of sport may reflect a homogenous group of older adults, limiting our overall understanding of aging and sport and the value of this research for developing evidence-informed policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are relatively few running studies that have attempted to prospectively identify biomechanical risk factors associated with Achilles tendon (AT) injuries. Therefore, the aim was to prospectively determine potential running biomechanical risk factors associated with the development of AT injuries in recreational, healthy runners. At study entry, 108 participants completed a set of questionnaires. They underwent an analysis of their running biomechanics at self-selected running speed. The incidence of AT running-related injuries (RRI) was assessed after 1-year using a weekly questionnaire standardized for RRI. Potential biomechanical risk factors for the development of AT RRI injury were identified using multivariable logistic regression. Of the 103 participants, 25% of the sample (15 males and 11 females) reported an AT RRI on the right lower limb during the 1-year evaluation period. A more flexed knee at initial contact (odds ratio = 1.146, P =.034) and at the midstance phase (odds ratio = 1.143, P =.037) were significant predictors for developing AT RRI. The results suggested that a 1-degree increase in knee flexion at initial contact and midstance was associated with a 15% increase in the risk of an AT RRI, thus causing a limitation of training or a stoppage of running in runners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the recognized benefits of physical activity (PA) for children and adolescents with disabilities (CAWD), collective information on this is lacking in Lithuania. The purpose of this study was to investigate the current "state of the nation" PA levels of CAWD, based on the 10 indicators from the Active Healthy Kids Global Alliance Global Matrix 4.0 methodology. Scientific articles, practical reports, and published theses related to the 10 indicators from the Global Matrix 4.0 on CAWD age 6–19 years were reviewed, and data were converted to grades from A to F. (A) Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats analysis was carried out to interpret the grades by four experts. Data on organized sport participation (F), school (D), community & environment (D), and government (C) were available. Data on other indicators are largely missing yet are needed for policymakers and researchers to be aware of the current state of PA among CAWD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South Korea has developed its first Para Report Card on physical activity (PA) for children and adolescents with disabilities. Five national surveillance databases were used to evaluate PA indicators based on the benchmarks and grading rubric provided by Active Healthy Kids Global Alliance. Report card evaluation committees were invited to grade and assess the results using strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analysis. Five indicators (overall PA, D+; organized sports and PA, D−; active transportation, D−; physical fitness, D+; and government, A+) and one additional indicator (sleep, C−) were assigned a letter grade. The other five indicators were graded as incomplete. The Para Report Card revealed a significant gap between the behavioral-indicator grades (D− to D+) and the policy-indicator grade (A+), suggesting that government strategies and investment have not yet been translated into behavioral PA among children and adolescents with disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose was to synthesize information gathered from the interpretation and conclusion sections of the Global Matrix of Para Report Cards on the physical activity of children and adolescents with disabilities. The synthesis was based on the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats framework. The procedure consisted of three stages: (a) the application of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health as the theoretical framework; (b) identifying and aligning Global Matrix indicators and benchmarks with the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health components through a Delphi approach; and (c) using content analysis to identify themes from specific report cards. Outcomes reveal that further attention toward including children and adolescents with disabilities in fitness assessments is needed as well as adapted assessment methods. Program availability, equipment and facilities, and professional training emerged as strengths but need further development to overcome weaknesses. Paralympic inspiration was an opportunity, whereas extreme weather conditions presented potential threats to physical activity participation among children and adolescents with disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: The Buffalo Concussion Treadmill Test (BCTT) is a standard assessment of exercise tolerance utilized for exercise prescription following concussion and to inform decisions regarding return to play. One limitation of the BCTT is that interpretation of test results is dependent on individuals' self-report of symptom exacerbation with exertion. Symptoms following concussion are significantly underreported or unreported. Combining objective neurocognitive assessment with exercise tolerance testing may enable clinicians to objectively identify those requiring further assessment or rehabilitation before return to play. The purpose of this study was to investigate how performance on a neurocognitive assessment battery is affected by provocative exercise testing. Design: Prospective cohort study, pretest/posttest. Methods: A total of 30 participants included 13 women (43.3%), age 23.4 (1.93) years, height 173.56 (10) cm, weight 77.35 (16.3) kg, and 11 (36.7%) with history of concussion. All participants completed a neurocognitive assessment battery, including the Stroop Test and standardized assessments of working memory, attention, and information processing speed/accuracy in single-task (seated position) and dual-task conditions (walking on a treadmill at 2.0 miles per hour). The neurocognitive assessment battery was performed at baseline and after the standard BCTT test protocol. Results: BCTT: Average percentage of heart rate maximum (%HRmax) = 93.97% (4.8%); average maximum rating of perceived exertion = 18.6 (1.5). Time-based performance in single-task and dual-task conditions significantly improved from baseline (P <.05) following maximal exercise testing on the BCTT for the following neurocognitive assessments: concentration-reverse digits, Stroop congruent, and Stroop incongruent. Conclusions: Healthy participants demonstrated improvements across multiple domains of neurocognitive performance following the exercise tolerance testing on the BCTT. Understanding normal responses in neurocognitive performance for healthy individuals following exercise tolerance testing may allow clinicians to more objectively monitor the trajectory of recovery following sports-related concussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article develops a novel theory of sport that I call 'Confucian mutualism'. Confucian mutualism is underpinned by the Confucian Golden Rule and the Confucian conception of human dignity. It resembles the mutualist theory of sport developed by Robert L. Simon in maintaining that sport participants ethically ought to prioritize promoting sporting excellence both in themselves and in their co-participants. However, while Simon's mutualism maintains that sporting excellence consists in proficiency at sport constitutive skills, Confucian mutualism maintains that sporting excellence consists in success at achieving the Confucian virtues through sport participation. I provide a preliminary case for why Confucian mutualism's virtue-centric conception of sporting excellence makes it better able than Simon's mutualism to explain why sporting excellence is stance-independently ethically significant for all sport participants. I do so by trying to show that we have prima facie justification for believing that Confucian mutualism is not vulnerable to certain kinds of criticisms that have been leveled at Simon's mutualism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The French philosopher Gilles Deleuze repeatedly referred to a wide range of sports and games throughout his career. This article assembles a comprehensive view of the philosophy of sport seen from Deleuze's perspective. By studying the development of how he discussed different sports and games, and by pinpointing the concepts he constructed with reference to them, the article attests to the merits of a Deleuzian philosophy of sports. His term athleticism is utilised as a node to overview his allusions to sports and games in general. Special attention is paid to sport as a companion to the creative domains of science, philosophy, and art. Thus, it is concluded that what athletes create are moves, which amounts to inventing new styles which may alter the sport and attest to new ways of thinking through bodies in motion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

However, just as Danto pointed out in connection to the appreciation of artworks, Morgan emphasises that "there is more to sport than meets the eye" (73): the intrinsic properties making up the formal structure of a particular sport determine what properties will be relevant in aesthetically engaging a sporting body. Somaesthetics and Sport: edited by Andrew Edgar, Leiden/Boston, Brill, 2022, x+260 pp., €124.02 (hardback), ISBN 978-90-04-51064-7; €148.59 (Ebook), ISBN 978-90-04-51065-4 The aesthetic force of sport - residing, for instance, in the graceful and purposeful movement of skilful bodies, the intensely absorbing drama of a sporting competition, or the immersion into the autotelic, embodied activity of overcoming obstacles set by the rules - has been fascinating the philosophy of sport since its inception in the 70s. [Extracted from the article]

Purpose: The goal was twofold: (a) to analyze the evolution of sportspersonship attitudes and negative values along a learning unit using the contextualized sport alphabetization model and (b) to determine the associations between sportspersonship and self-determined motivation. Method: The study followed a preexperimental, cross-sectional design with pre-, mid-, and posttesting. Forty-one primary education students (10.17 ± 1.13 years) participated in a futsal-based unit using the contextualized sport alphabetization model. Data were analyzed through a set of Grade (4) × Time (3) repeated-measures analysis of variances. In addition, Pearson moment–product correlational analysis was conducted to observe any possible associations between sportspersonship and motivation. Results: Findings showed a positive significant evolution, as well as a positive relationship, between sportspersonship and self-determined motivation. Results also showed significant differences among grades. Discussion/Conclusion: This study provides empirical support for the implementation of the contextualized sport alphabetization model, encompassed within a learner-centered teaching practice, to promote positive values among students in physical education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein we examine the current state of gender (in)equity within Canadian interuniversity varsity sport (U SPORTS). In so doing, we build upon the previous work of Canada's Centre for Sport Policy Studies at University of Toronto (see Norman et al., 2021). In our examination, we accessed all 56 U SPORTS universities' Department of Athletics official webpages. We investigated the opportunities for women to participate as student-athletes on U SPORTS interuniversity varsity sport teams as well as opportunities for women to serve as sport leaders as their universities' Directors of Athletics (DAs) and head coaches. Our findings suggest the current situation in Canadian universities remains bleak. We also argue that immediate attention and action is needed--by multiple potential stakeholders--for meaningful change to occur. Finally, considering these findings, we offer suggestions for moving forward and creating change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 has impacted the sport industry across all contexts, including intercollegiate athletics. Specifically, research has found that the Collegiate Sport Addition Process (CSAP) to add or remove a sport for athletic departments in previous economic downturns must consider multiple factors. The current study builds on previous research by exploring the considerations of adding a sport through a buyer- seller interaction framework. Specifically, the current study explored whether sport governing bodies or coaching associations should attempt to sell their sport at the intercollegiate Conference level, rather than at the institution level. The current study used a survey to collect feedback from conference commissioners across the intercollegiate sport landscape. Through surveys and follow-up interviews, findings led to emergent themes of balance, viability, funding and revenue, and post-season opportunities as factors that conference personnel considered when deciding to add a sport. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study purpose. This study aims to analyze sports participation among elementary school students in Karanganyar Regency, with a focus on comparing participation patterns between rural and urban areas. Materials and methods. A descriptive quantitative approach was employed, involving a sample of 180 students from six schools—three in rural areas and three in urban settings—spread across three districts in Karanganyar. Data collection utilized observation, questionnaires, and interviews, with the Sport Development Index (SDI) based on the 2007 SDI KK - OIR 2006 version and an adapted Physical Literacy Knowledge Questionnaire (PLKQ) as instruments. Data analysis was conducted using the SDI to examine the dimension of sports participation, with Microsoft Excel as the analysis tool. The participation index for elementary school students was 0.622, reflecting an average level of sports engagement across the sample. Results. According to the SDI norms, this indicates that weekly sports involvement among students falls within the moderate category. The findings highlight the need for targeted interventions to address disparities in sports participation, particularly between rural and urban areas. Conclusions. Overall, the sports participation of elementary school students in Karanganyar Regency shows that, according to the Sports Development Index (SDI) norms, their participation is included in the moderate category.

Event tourism represents one of the rapidly expanding segments within the realm of sports tourism globally. This research aims to investigate the emerging patterns in sports event participation and sports tourism among endurance athletes, with a specific emphasis on gender distinctions. Using a survey methodology, a dataset comprising 609 endurance athletes was analyzed to examine their sporting habits, behaviors, motivations, and attitudes. Special attention was given to preferences for sports events and tourism-related aspects. The findings indicate that female athletes tend to prioritise external motivational factors more than their male counterparts. In terms of sports event preferences, female respondents attributed significantly higher importance to factors such as race accessibility, affordability, and program offerings. Regarding travel behavior, female athletes exhibited greater inclinations towards traveling with family and supporters, as well as planning supplementary tourism activities around their race engagements. The study underscores the importance of recognizing gender-specific preferences and motivations in sports event participation and sports tourism among endurance athletes, highlighting the need for tailored strategies to enhance engagement and satisfaction among both male and female participants.

Abstract This study aims to explore the complex and multifaceted relationship between Behavioral Activation and Behavioral Maintenance in sports participation, delving into the underlying mechanisms to provide practical insights into how individuals initiate and sustain engagement in sports activities. Utilizing a combination of convenience sampling and snowball sampling methods, 378 sports participants from over ten provinces and cities in China were selected as survey subjects, and an intermediary model concerning the activation and maintenance of sports participation behavior was constructed. Discriminant validity and mediation effect analyses were conducted using SPSS and AMOS 23.0. The results indicate that Behavioral Activation indirectly influences Behavioral Maintenance through Competence (ad = 0.39), with a 95% confidence interval [0.201, 0.642], excluding 0. Behavioral Activation also indirectly influences Behavioral Maintenance through Autonomy (be = 0.23), with a 95% confidence interval [0.109, 0.421], excluding 0. However, Behavioral Activation indirectly influences Behavioral Maintenance through Relatedness (cf. = 0.09), with a 95% confidence interval [-0.068, 0.336], which includes 0. The study reveals that both Competence and Autonomy significantly mediate the activation and maintenance of sports participation behavior among athletes. However, Relatedness does not play a significant mediating role in the activation and maintenance of sports participation behavior among the participants.

This study explored the relationship between perceived parental involvement, perfectionist dispositional-like traits (striving for perfection; negative reactions to imperfection), and sports performance. Specifically, it examined whether perfectionism mediates the relationship between parental involvement and sports performance. Data were collected on perceived parental involvement, perfectionism in sports, and sports performance using both subjective and objective measures. The sample included 299 young male football athletes (from 15 teams across 8 clubs), all competing in U15 to U19 national championships. Path analysis revealed several findings, namely that (a) athletes who perceived higher parental involvement exhibited greater striving for perfection and reported higher levels of perceived individual and collective sports performance; (b) striving for perfection positively predicted both perceived collective sports performance and objective performance; (c) negative reactions to imperfection negatively predict objective performance; (d) striving for perfection positively mediated the relationship between perceived parental involvement and performance (both perceived individual and collective performance as well as objective sports performance). These findings underline the complex role parental behaviors, especially as perceived by young athletes, have in shaping athletic development and performance, and also highlight both the positive and potential negative effects of parental involvement, stressing the importance of providing parents with guidance on fostering a supportive sports environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regular physical activity is essential for the healthy development of children, and sports clubs are one of the main drivers of regular exercise. Previous studies have demonstrated that public subsidies can increase participation rates in sports clubs. The effectiveness of funding in increasing participation rates depends on multiple factors, such as geographic location, the size of the sports club, and the socio-economic conditions of the population. Here, we show how an optimal allocation of government funds to sports facilitators (e.g., sports clubs) can be achieved using a data-driven simulation model that maximizes children's access to sports facilities. We compile a dataset for all 1,854 football clubs in Austria, including estimates for their budgets, geolocations, tallies, and the age profiles of their members. We find a characteristic sublinear relationship between the number of active club members and the budget, which depends on the socio-economic conditions of the club's municipality. In the model, where we assume this relationship to be causal, we evaluate different funding strategies. We show that an optimization strategy, where funds are distributed based on regional socio-economic characteristics and club budgets, outperforms a naive approach by up to 117% in attracting children to sports clubs with 5 million euros of additional funding. Our results suggest that the impact of public funding strategies can be substantially increased by tailoring them to regional socio-economic characteristics in an evidence-based and individualized way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relative age effects (RAEs) refer to all consequences of chronological age-based systems. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of RAEs among Turkish racket sports players. As a nationwide analysis, the present study extends beyond the typical investigations of elite-level popular sports by examining RAEs in racket sports players from the lowest grassroots level to the top and from children to veteran athletes. A total of 57476 racket sports players (i.e., badminton, squash, table tennis and tennis) were evaluated in the study. To investigate interquartile distributions, Chi-square goodness-of-fit tests were used. Odds Ratios (OR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (95% CIs) were calculated to compare quartiles. Poisson regression with canonical link was conducted to analyze the count data. A statistically significant difference in the prevalence of RAEs was noted in both genders and in total sample. The ID in Poisson regression shows that players born at the beginning of the year are 1.63 more likely to be represented than those born at the end of the year. Considering the sports separately, statistically significant distribution bias was found in badminton, table tennis and tennis but not in squash. Moreover, regarding the age categories, the peak RAEs were noted in the youngest age category of tennis as 30.6% of players were in Q1 while only 17.4% were in Q4. Such findings have been discussed with different moderators, hypotheses and models such as the developmental systems model, social agents, psychological issues, and the role of selection processes by coaches. In conclusion, process (i.e. athlete development process) is suggested to be focused instead of a point in the continuum for selection and scouting practices, which may ensure avoiding talent loss and sports drop-out and establishing quality sport participation environments for all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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AbstractPurposeMaterials and methodsResultsConclusions\nIMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONSpinal cord injury may result in chronic pain, difficulty walking and breathing, and/or paralysis. People with spinal cord injury (PwSCI) experience increased risk for chronic diseases and psychosocial distress (e.g. type 2 diabetes, substance use disorders) and premature mortality. The Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) is a social cognitive health behavior framework validated to explain modifiable preventative health behaviors (e.g. physical exercise, healthy eating, substance misuse) among people with chronic conditions. The present scoping review investigates what, how, and how much peer-reviewed research literature applies HAPA to preventative health behaviors among PwSCI.A search was conducted in seven community health databases including PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, SocIndex, Scopus, Web of Science, Sociological Abstracts, and Library and Information Science Source. Seven peer-reviewed articles were identified. Conventional content analysis was used in the full-text review to identify themes and calculate theme frequency.All studies were quantitative and applied HAPA to physical exercise. HAPA explained differences in sports participation, leisure time physical activity, and strength training.A strong predictor of physical exercise was belief in the capability to overcome psychosocial barriers. More attention is needed on HAPA-identified barriers, and customized HAPA-based interventions to promote physical exercise among PwSCI.While the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) is a social cognitive health behavior framework validated to promote preventative health behaviors among people with physical disabilities, more HAPA-based interventions are needed among people with spinal cord injury (PwSCI).Existing evidence demonstrates that HAPA is a suitable framework for explaining preventative health behaviors among PwSCI.To effectively promote preventative health behaviors among PwSCI, it is important to tailor HAPA construct items.Tailoring HAPA construct items involves considering the SCI diagnosis (e.g. location of injury) and the behavioral health recommendations of SCI professionals.While the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) is a social cognitive health behavior framework validated to promote preventative health behaviors among people with physical disabilities, more HAPA-based interventions are needed among people with spinal cord injury (PwSCI).Existing evidence demonstrates that HAPA is a suitable framework for explaining preventative health behaviors among PwSCI.To effectively promote preventative health behaviors among PwSCI, it is important to tailor HAPA construct items.Tailoring HAPA construct items involves considering the SCI diagnosis (e.g. location of injury) and the behavioral health recommendations of SCI professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Advanced neuromuscular training prepares patients with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) for sport participation. Return-to-sport testing often includes single-leg hop tests, yet combining motor and cognitive tasks (i.e., dual-task) might reveal neurocognitive reliance. Purpose/Hypothesis: This study examined changes in performance on visuomotor reactions tests and single-leg hop tests following advanced neuromuscular training in patients with ACLR. The hypothesis was that performance would improve less on reaction tests than on single-leg hop tests. Study Design: Quasi experimental, Pretest-Posttest Methods: Twenty-five patients with ACLR (11 males) completed 10 sessions of advanced neuromuscular training and pre-and post-training testing. Reaction tests outcomes were from a platform and visual display. The double-leg reaction test involved touching target dots with either leg for 20 seconds; correct touches and errors were recorded. The single-leg reaction test involved hopping on the test leg to 10 target dots; hop time and errors were recorded. Single-leg hop tests included forward, triple, crossover triple, and timed hop; limb symmetry index was recorded. Effect sizes were calculated for corrected touches on the double-leg reaction test, surgical side hop time on the single-leg reaction test, and surgical side hop distance or time on single-leg hop tests. Results: Correct touches on the double-leg reaction test significantly increased from pre- to post-training (20.4 +/- 4.3 vs. 23.9 +/- 2.8, p<0.001). Hop time on the single-leg reaction test significantly decreased from pre- to post-training (Surgical leg 13.2 vs. 12.3 seconds, non-surgical leg 13.0 vs. 12.1 seconds, p=0.003). Mean errors did not significantly change on either reaction test (p> 0.05). Cohens d effect sizes in descending order was single-leg hop tests (d=0.9 to 1.3), double-leg reaction test (d=0.9), and single-leg reaction test (d=0.5). Conclusion: Motor performance improved after advanced neuromuscular training, but the effect size was less on visuomotor reaction tests than single-leg hop tests. The results suggest persistence of neurocognitive reliance after ACLR and a need for more dual-task challenges in training. Level of Evidence: 3 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: While engaging in sports is widely recognized for enhancing wellbeing, limited research has examined the effects of watching sports events on individuals' subjective wellbeing. The mechanisms and pathways underlying this relationship remain unclear. Objectives: This study explores the correlation between watching sports events and the wellbeing of Chinese individuals, based on the theoretical framework of "spectator behavior → social interaction → emotional experience → happiness." The aim is to investigate the mediating effects of social interaction and emotional experience, providing insights for promoting greater participation in sports events and supporting the healthy development of the sports industry. Methods: The study involved 885 participants from five representative provinces and cities in China. Assessment tools included the Physical Activity Rating Scale, Social Interaction Questionnaire, Emotional Experience Questionnaire, and Subjective Wellbeing Scale. Data were analyzed using Stata and the PROCESS plug-in of SPSS for comprehensive multivariate statistical analysis. Results: Watching sports events significantly and positively affects subjective wellbeing, social interaction, and emotional experience (p < 0.001). Three mediating pathways were identified: (1) watching sports events → social interaction → subjective wellbeing (effect size: 0.024), (2) watching sports events → emotional experience → subjective wellbeing (effect size: 0.011), and (3) watching sports events → social interaction → emotional experience → subjective wellbeing (effect size: 0.003). Conclusion: The direct impact of watching sports events on subjective wellbeing was positive. Indirect effects were facilitated by the mediating roles of social interaction and emotional experience, with the effect of social interaction being more substantial than that of emotional experience. Implications: These findings suggest that watching sports events can serve as a catalyst for enhancing wellbeing, primarily through fostering social connections and enriching emotional experiences. Practically, this indicates the potential value of encouraging viewership of sports events as a means of promoting community engagement and mental health, thus contributing to the holistic growth of the sports sector and public health initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sensation seeking is the pursuit of varied, novel, and complex experiences and has been the subject of many studies since the 1950s. Research has demonstrated sensation seeking traits are related to risk-taking, including use and abuse of substances as well as physical risk-taking such as participation in extreme sports. Researchers have developed multiple measures to assess individual differences in sensation seeking. The most used measures for adults have weaknesses, such as conflating traits with behaviors, using out-of-date language, and low internal consistency. In the present research we carried out a series of studies in which we developed and validated a brief measure of sensation. The final version of the measure contained seven adjectives that participants rated how accurately each described them. The results showed that scores on the new measure were positively related to scores on two popular measures of sensation-seeking (i.e., the SSS-V and the AISS) as well as to two measures of risk-taking (i.e., DOSPERT and YRBS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The positive influence of physical activities on a person's physical and mental health has been proven many times. These findings were implemented in the regular exercise therapy offered within psychiatric hospitals in Switzerland. However, after leaving a psychiatric hospital, there are insufficient opportunities for individuals with psychiatric disorders to engage in sports. Therefore, voluntary sports groups for this specific population have been offered in Switzerland by the disability sports systems since 2015. Still, the perspective of individuals with psychiatric disorders as well as perceived barriers and facilitators for participating in these groups have neither been assessed nor included in the design of sports programs. Methods: This study consists of 15 semi-structured interviews (N = 15) lasting up to one hour each with individuals with psychiatric disorders who participated in voluntary sports groups for this specific population in Switzerland. The results were analyzed employing Thematic Analysis using Nvivo. Results: Interviewees named offer-specific (disability-related), emotional (social exchange), and rational motives (health) for their participation in voluntary sports groups for individuals with psychiatric disorders. In addition, intrapersonal (psychological/physical deficits), sociocultural (stigmatization), and structural (unsuitable location) factors were mentioned as possible inhibitors in the context of participation in voluntary sports groups for individuals with psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, participants experienced predominantly positive outcomes from participation. Conclusion: Individuals with psychiatric disorders benefit socially, physically, and psychologically from participating in voluntary sports groups for this specific population. However, participation is associated with barriers that need to be minimized in the future. Additionally, a large-scale survey is necessary to validate the results among the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concussions are commonly occurring injuries in sport. The short-term impacts of concussions, including symptoms and recovery trajectories, often are the focus of concussion research. However, limited studies have explored the long-term consequences of concussions, especially in adolescents. The purpose of this study was to explore adults’ experiences with concussions sustained during their adolescence (5-15 years prior). This qualitative study was guided by an interpretivist philosophy. Twenty young adults (11 men, 9 women, median age 26) who had sustained at least one sport-related concussion during their adolescence participated in a one-on-one semi-structured interview. We aimed to explore their experiences with their concussion at the time of injury and any consequences they experienced as a result of their concussion. We organized participants’ concussion experiences into six main themes: (1) Concussion diagnosis and experiences with health care providers; (2) Emotional symptoms following concussion; (3) Concussion recovery; (4) Change in sport participation and engagement; (5) Concern about the potential long-term consequences; and (6) Impact on social relationships. We used the Biopsychosocial Model of Sport Injury Rehabilitation to organize the themes. Future research should explore how acute multi-disciplinary support could reduce the negative long-term consequences of concussion in adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study is to examine relationships between shoulder extension-flexion and internal-external rotation strength of professional male handball players with throwing velocity, and the hip extension-flexion strength with horizontal and vertical reactive strength index. Fifteen professional male handball players participating in 1st League matches took part in the study. The results showed that isometric shoulder flexion and extension strength significantly predicted stable throwing velocity (r2 =between 0.27–0.73) and dynamic throwing velocity (r2 =between 0.30–0.62). In addition, isometric internal and external rotation strength significantly predicted stable throwing velocity (r2 =between 0.32–0.54) and dynamic throwing velocity (r2 =between 0.31–0.44). Moreover, isometric hip extension and flexion strength significantly predicted vertical reactive strength index (r2 =between 0.31–0.45) and horizontal reactive strength index (r2 =between 0.26–0.42). In conclusion, it was observed that shoulder strength has an enhancing effect on handball players' throwing velocity, while hip strength is a determining factor for the reactive strength index. In this context, it is assumed that shoulder weakness during throwing will affect the accuracy and velocity of throwing by disrupting the angular momentum, while weakness in the hip during the jump phase of the throwing motion will negatively affect the explosive power by limiting stabilization during landing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Object: This study examines the differences and relationships among urban residents' physical exercise attitudes, physical activity levels, and sports consumption demands, focusing on how physical activity mediates the relationship between exercise attitudes and consumption behaviors. Method: A survey was conducted among residents in Chengdu using validated questionnaires to measure physical exercise attitudes, physical activity levels, and sports consumption demands. Data analysis included independent samples t-tests and one-way ANOVA to assess differences across demographic variables, as well as correlation analysis and structural equation modeling to examine the path relationships among key variables. Results: Independent samples t -tests and ANOVA showed significant differences in sports consumption demands across age, education, and income groups (p < 0.05). Correlation analysis revealed significant positive relationships among physical exercise attitudes, physical activity levels, and sports consumption demands (p < 0.01). Structural equation modeling confirmed that physical activity levels partially mediated the relationship, with a direct effect size of 0.295 (p < 0.001) and an indirect effect size of 0.117 (p < 0.001), accounting for 28.4% of the total effect. Conclusion: The study highlights that positive exercise attitudes significantly impact sports consumption demands directly and through the mediating role of physical activity levels. Enhancing physical activity can amplify the effects of exercise attitudes on consumption, providing insights for promoting sports participation and consumption in urban settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: Strengthening youth sports and comprehensively promoting the participation of Chinese university students in sports to enhance their social acceptance are key initiatives for delivering high-quality talent for China's economic and social development. Methods: Using the China Comprehensive Social Survey as the data source and considering social mentality and social identity, we constructed corresponding statistical models to explore how sports participation influences the social identity (class identity, economic status, and emotional belonging) of Chinese university students. Results: Regarded from a holistic perspective, sports participation can enhance the social identity of college students in all its aspects, and the benefits of sports participation are positively related to its frequency. Under the condition of social mentality, sports participation has a positive effect on the social identity of college students in general and a nonsignificant effect only on certain dimensions. Under the social identity condition, the significance of sports participation for college students' social identity decreases from lower to higher levels of education. Conclusion: Sports participation significantly enhances the social identity of Chinese university students, and the specific mechanism of the enhancement varies across the social mentality and social identity conditions. In this context, strengthening the role of sports participation in promoting the social identity of college students in the new era is necessary. Deepening the ideological content of physical education courses should be taken as the starting point to enhance the effectiveness of sports participation on the social identity of college students under the condition of social mentality. The effectiveness of sports participation on the social identity of college students with different social identities should be differentiated and enhanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)