Search

When matching n pairs of socks, drawn randomly one at a time, there is a question of how big the pile of unmatched socks is expected to get. Each permutation of socks drawn has a corresponding Dyck path, with the total number of Dyck paths equaling the n-th Catalan number. However, some discussions failed to take into account that not every Dyck path is equally likely in the process of sorting socks. In this paper we will take the probabilities of the Dyck paths into account, and find a method of finding the expected maximum size of the unmatched sock pile. We also find the first two terms of the asymptotic series for this maximum, and give a conjecture on the third term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural phosphate (PO43−) is a major cause of water quality compliance failures. Filter socks (FS) are a sediment‐control method proven to be effective at removing sediment and sediment bound‐P. Within the water and wastewater treatment industries phosphorous sorbing materials (PSMs) are widely used to remove reactive PO43−. Combining PSMs with FS provides an opportunity to concomitantly remove sediment, sediment bound‐P and PO43− from agricultural runoff. A column experiment was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of selected PSMs to remove PO43− across a range of PO43− concentrations (0.08, 0.26 and 1.3 mg/L) and contrasting FS fill media (PAS 100 Compost and Woodchip). The results indicate that Ca‐enriched ferrihydrite removed up to 99% of PO43−, and was the only PSM to reduce PO43− to below the target value of <0.05 mg/L. An initial cost‐benefit analysis indicates that PSM‐enhanced FS are a viable option to remove PO43− from agricultural runoff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the influence of fiber materials on socks' thermal and moisture comfort properties is explored. The main factor affecting the properties are obtained experimentally and evaluated by the gray relation analysis. Fibrilia fabric is the best candidate for sock's material due to its high air permeability and good moisture absorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The questions of design maintenance of a given fatigue longevity of rods of complex form during the intensification of load modes without changing of geometric, inertial and rigidity parameters of roads are considered. The study is conducted on the example of needles of circular machines with a small diameter of cylinder (automatic half-hose machines). An approach, based on the system of calculation of loads, loadings and resources under the criterion of fatigue strength, is proposed. The key link for the transition from the results of dynamic analysis to the determination of reliability indices is the dependence of limited longevity of needles on the cycles of load to fatigue failure with the use of statistical data on operating time to fatigue failure of the needles in production conditions. Since the random values of loads of the needles do not obey the normal law of distribution, the general description of density of distribution of amplitude of loads is presented. The influence of increase in speed parameters and constructive measures, aimed to reduce the corresponding loads at a current size of critical section of the needles, on the fatigue longevity is analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Ankle sprain represents about 10% to 30% of all recorded musculoskeletal injuries, and is one of the most prevalent injuries in sports. Thus, any type of intervention based on prevention is extremely important to reduce its incidence. Aim of Study. To compare the immediate effect of three different types of socks, namely standard, compression, and Prevent Sprain Technology (PST) socks, on the dynamic unipodal balance and ankle joint position sense in healthy participants. Material and Methods. Forty-two healthy adults, aged 20.34 ± 1.69 years old, volunteered to participate in the study. Participants were randomly assessed using three different sock models. The main measured outcomes selected for this study were the dynamic balance using the Biodex Balance System®, and the active ankle joint repositioning movement through the Biodex System Pro 4®. We used the Friedman test to compare the variables under study among the three conditions, with Dunn's post-hoc analysis and a significance level of 0.05. Results. In the Biodex Balance System® the participants had a lower Global Instability Index value with the PST socks compared to compression socks (p = 0.031), and standard socks (p = 0.005), but only lower anteroposterior (p = 0.042) and mediolateral (p = 0.026) instability indices when compared to standard socks. Regarding the ankle joint position sense, subjects with PST socks revealed lower absolute errors compared to standard socks (p = 0.007), smaller minimum errors compared to compression socks (p = 0.049), and smaller maximum errors compared to compression socks (p = 0.049) and standard socks (p = 0.008). Analysis of relative errors revealed a significant miss regarding the target joint position at higher inversion angles only with standard socks (which is potentially more dangerous) when compared to PST socks (p = 0.031), which error tends to be at lower inversion angles (which is potentially less dangerous). Conclusions. The PST socks seem to have a global positive influence on the mechanisms underlying the dynamic unipodal balance and active joint position sense, which could be an important tool for ankle sprain prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a sample of private targets of public acquirers in the US, we find that after the passage of the Sarbanes Oxley Act, acquirer announcement returns are lower, targets are larger, suffer from lower valuation discounts, and receive higher acquisition premiums relative to similar acquisitions pre‐SOX. In addition, acquirer returns are negatively related to proxies for the private target's readiness to comply with SOX Section 404 (quality of internal controls). Our evidence suggests that post‐SOX, private targets are less opaque, have lower valuation uncertainty, and enjoy stronger bargaining position resulting from tighter internal controls around reporting and disclosure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional proprioceptive information is required to allow an individual to interact with the environment effectively for everyday activities such as locomotion and object manipulation. Specifically, research suggests that application of compression garments could improve proprioceptive regulation of action by enhancing sensorimotor system noise in individuals of different ages and capacities. However, limited research has been conducted with samples of elderly people thus far. This study aimed to examine acute effects of wearing knee-length socks (KLS) of various compression levels on ankle joint position sense in community-dwelling, older adults. A total of 26 participants (12 male and 14 female), aged between 65 and 84 years, were randomly recruited from local senior activity centres in Singapore. A repeated-measures design was used to determine effects on joint position awareness of three different treatments–wearing clinical compression socks (20–30 mmHg); wearing non-clinical compression socks (< 20 mmHg); wearing normal socks, and one control condition (barefoot). Participants were required to use the dominant foot to indicate 8 levels of steepness (2.5°, 5°, 7.5°, 10°, 12.5°, 15°, 17.5°, and 20°), while standing on a modified slope box, in a plantar flexion position. Findings showed that wearing clinical compression KLS significantly reduced the mean absolute errors compared to the barefoot condition. However, there were no significant differences observed between other KLS and barefoot conditions. Among the KLS of various compression levels, results suggested that only wearing clinical compression KLS (20–30 mmHg) improved the precision of estimation of ankle joint plantar flexion movement, by reducing absolute performance errors in elderly people. It is concluded that wearing clinical compression KLS could potentially provide an affordable strategy to ameliorate negative effects of ageing on the proprioception system to enhance balance and postural control in community-dwelling individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the differences in the interface pressure applied by sports and medical compression socks and assess the pressure gradient profile. Sixty (30 male, 30 female) national representative athletes were fitted with both medical grade and sports compression socks in a counterbalanced order. Interface pressure was assessed using a Kikuhime pressure monitor at three different landmarks on the lower leg to better understand absolute pressure application and pressure gradient profile. Medical grade compression socks exerted a small, yet significantly higher mean pressure across the three landmarks (28.8 ± 4.4 mmHg) than sports compression socks (26.3 ± 4.0 mmHg, p < 0.001, d = 0.57). Both garment types exhibited progressively graduated pressure profiles, where pressure was highest at the proximal end of the limb and lowest at the distal end. These findings highlight the possible differences between types of compression garments and their progressive, rather than graduated, pressure gradient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT), the current standard of care for locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC), is associated with many radiotherapy (RT)-related side effects. We aimed to evaluate whether S-1 and oxaliplatin (SOX) or folinic acid, 5-FU, and oxaliplatin (mFOLFOX6) can be as effective as neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) regimens for LARC without RT.Methods: Patients with untreated resectable LARC were randomly assigned to receive SOX or mFOLFOX6. The NAC protocol period was 3 months. The primary endpoint was 3-year disease-free survival (DFS), and the secondary endpoints included pathological effects, surgical completion rate, 3-year survival, and safety.Results: From September 2013 to October 2015, 56 and 54 patients were enrolled in the SOX and mFOLFOX6 arms, respectively. The 3-year DFS rates were 69.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 54.9-83.6) and 73.4% (95% CI 58.7-83.6) in the SOX and mFOLFOX6 arms, respectively; no significant differences were found between the arms (log-rank test; P = 0.5315, hazard ratio: 0.808, 95% CI 0.414-1.578). The 3-year survival rates were 92.3 and 91.8% in the SOX and mFOLFOX6 arms, respectively. The surgical completion rate was 98.1% overall, 100% in the SOX arm, and 96.0% in the mFOLFOX6 arm. The incidences of pathological response rates ≥grade 1b were 41.5 and 43.8% in the SOX and mFOLFOX6 arms, respectively. Both treatments were manageable and tolerable.Conclusion: We demonstrated the effectiveness and safety of SOX and mFOLFOX6, both of which may be new neoadjuvant treatment candidates in previously untreated LARC cases.Trial Registration: Date of enrolment of the first participant to the trial: 3rd Oct 2013; This study was registered in the UMIN clinical trials registry on 14th Aug, 2013. (Prospectively registered, UMIN-CTR number UMIN000011486). https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr/ctr.cgi?function=brows&recptno=R000013441&language=J. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Curing locally advanced gastric cancer through surgery alone is difficult. Adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy bring potential benefits to more patients with gastric cancer based on several clinical trials. According to phase II studies and guidelines, SOX regimen as neoadjuvant chemotherapy is efficient. However, the optimal duration of neoadjuvant chemotherapy has not been established. In this study, we will evaluate the efficacy and safety of different cycles of SOX as neoadjuvant chemotherapy for patients with locally advanced gastric cancer.Methods: RESONANCE-II trial is a prospective, multicenter, randomized, controlled phase III study which will enroll 524 patients in total. Eligible patients will be registered, pre-enrolled and receive three cycles of SOX, after which tumor response evaluations will be carried out. Those who show stable disease or progressive disease will be excluded. Patients showing complete response or partial response will be enrolled and assigned into either group A for another three cycles of SOX (six cycles in total) followed by D2 surgery; or group B for D2 surgery (three cycles in total). The primary endpoint is the rate of pathological complete response and the secondary endpoints are R0 resection rate, three-year disease-free survival, five-year overall survival, and safety.Discussion: This study is the first phase III randomized trial to compare the cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy using SOX for resectable locally advanced cancer. Based on a total of six to eight cycles of perioperative chemotherapy usually applied in locally advanced gastric cancer, patients in group A can be considered to have completed all perioperative chemotherapy, the results of which may suggest the feasibility of using chemotherapy only before surgery in gastric cancer.Trial Registration: Registered prospectively in the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (WHO ICTRP) with registration number ChiCTR1900023293 on May 21st, 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tooth root development occurs through the interaction of multiple growth factors and transcription factors expressed in Hertwig's epithelial root sheath (HERS) and dental mesenchyme. Previously, we demonstrated that bobby sox homolog (Bbx) regulates odontoblast differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells. Here, we generated Bbx knockout (Bbx−/−) mice to address the functional role of Bbx in tooth formation. During tooth development, Bbx was expressed in both dental epithelium and mesenchyme. However, molar and incisor morphology in Bbx−/− mice at postnatal Day 0 (P0) exhibited no prominent abnormalities compared with their wild‐type (Bbx+/+) littermates. Until P28, the crown morphology in Bbx−/− mice was not distinctively different from Bbx+/+ littermates. Meanwhile, the length of the mandibular base in Bbx−/− mice was notably less at P28. Compared with Bbx+/+ mice, the mesial and distal root lengths of the first molar were reduced by 21.33% and 16.28% at P14 and 16.28% and 16.24% at P28, respectively, in Bbx−/− mice. The second molar of Bbx−/− mice also showed 10.16% and 6.4% reductions at P28 in the mesial and distal lengths, compared with Bbx+/+ mice, respectively. The gene expression analysis during early tooth root formation (P13) showed that the expression of dentin sialophosphoprotein (Dspp) was significantly decreased in Bbx−/− mice. Collectively, our data suggest that Bbx participates in tooth root formation and might be associated with the regulation of Dspp expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Socks, which are a necessary item of clothing, need to be comfortable, affordable, and retain their quality throughout their life. Dimensional stability is one of the basic requirements of socks. The purpose of this study is to investigate the contributing factors, that is, elastane percentage, main yarn material, and process type on dimensional stability of socks. Four different percentages of elastane in plaiting yarn (4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%), two main yarns materials (100% cotton and polyester/cotton 52/48), and two process types (wash and bleach) were taken as level of input variables to study the effect on dimensional stability of socks using full-factorial experimental design method. Statistical tool (analysis of variance) was used to check the significant effect of different factors. It was found that with the increase in elastane percentage, shrinkage was decreased. Cotton was found to have more shrinkage percentage as compared to polyester/cotton. In addition, it was observed that washing treatment produced significantly lesser shrinkage than bleaching. These data present a great interest to sock manufacturers who can make better choices to manufacture, dimensionally stable socks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the work was analytical research and computer modeling of the influence of shape and size of console beams of elastic plates in non-base configurations for the cam of the automatic half-hose machine under the conditions of flexibility, strength, and minimization of sizes. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the further development of the theory and methodology of designing the elements of knitting systems of the automatic half-hose machines based on regimes of loading, limitations in strength and dimensions, as well as requirements of the technological process. In order to increase the flexibility of the elastic plate, the symmetrical introduction of two console beams of trapezoidal shape was proposed. The influence exerted by the coefficient of the shape of console beams and their lengths on the magnitudes of deflections and stresses was analyzed, which allows making grounded and flexible decisions regarding the dimensions of the root and the end sections of the beams at the preliminary stage of design. The mathematical support was presented mainly in an explicit form, which simplified the analysis of the influence of controlled dimensions of the elastic plates on their flexibility and strength, as well as contributes to the comprehensive approach to the development of cams of different constructions with elastic plates and allows improving the quality and efficiency of design solutions of cams. The beam bending theory and the finite element method based on Code_Aster shared software were used. The model of the plate was represented by an ordered grid of finite nodal elements of the same size, without the use of elongated and flat elements. According to the results of simulation experiments, the distributions of deformations and stresses on the surface of the elastic plate of the cam were obtained, depending on its shape and size, which confirmed the validity of calculated recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a comparative study of the behaviour of 97% polyamide/3% elastane socks, named functional socks, and of 70% cotton/27% polyamide/3% elastane socks, called classic socks, both type used for moderate-intensity physical activity. Nowadays, the question always arises about what socks to wear: classic 100% cotton socks, cotton/polyamide/elastane socks, or polyamide/elastane socks. The wearing comfort of the socks is the determining factor in choosing the optimal variant. The functional socks are made of 100% synthetic yarns and are appreciated due to the properties of absorption and rapid transfer of moisture from the body to the environment. The classic socks are made of cotton or cotton yarns mixed with synthetic yarns, giving better wearing comfort compared to functional socks through the high moisture absorption capacity. But due to the small capacity to transfer moisture from the body to the outside environment, wearing for a long time can produce discomfort as a result of the humid environment that is created. The two types of socks were evaluated through a series of analyses as follows: weight per piece, optical microscopy, hygroscopicity, hydrophilicity, elasticity in the direction of stitches' rows and degree of compression. The analysed data led to the conclusion that functional socks have superior elasticity and comfort properties compared to the classical ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sox transcription factors play many diverse roles during development, including regulating stem cell states, directing differentiation, and influencing the local chromatin landscape. Of the twenty vertebrate Sox factors, several play critical roles in the development the neural crest, a key vertebrate innovation, and the subsequent formation of neural crest-derived structures, including the craniofacial complex. Herein, we review the specific roles for individual Sox factors during neural crest cell formation and discuss how some factors may have been essential for the evolution of the neural crest. Additionally, we describe how Sox factors direct neural crest cell differentiation into diverse lineages such as melanocytes, glia, and cartilage and detail their involvement in the development of specific craniofacial structures. Finally, we highlight several SOXopathies associated with craniofacial phenotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a heterogeneous group of diseases with diverse pathogenetic pathways. When treated uniformly with conventional chemotherapy and allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), it showed variable clinical outcome and prognosis. Members of the SOX S ry-related high-mobility group (HMG) b ox gene family are involved in diverse embryonic and oncogenic processes. The roles of SOX genes in AML are not entirely clear but emerging evidence, including that arising from studies in solid-cancers, showed that SOX genes can function as tumour suppressors or oncogenes and may be involved in key pathogenetic pathways in AML involving C/EBPα mutations, activation of β-catenin/Wnt and Hedgehog pathways and aberrant TP53 signals. Recent data based on genomics and proteomics have identified key interactions between SOX genes and partnering proteins of pathogenetic significance. The observations illustrated the principles and feasibilities of developing lead molecules of potential therapeutic values. Studying the diverse pathogenetic roles of SOX genes in AML may shed lights to the heterogeneity of AML and generate information that can be translated into novel therapeutic strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to raise awareness of cyberbullying and online safety among health practitioners and provide some useful advice and key messages to help facilitate conversations with children and young people about internet use. The paper also discusses the role of 'SOCKS' (Stamp Out Cyberbullying & Keep Safe), a novel teaching workshop aimed at primary school children, which aims to generate awareness and understanding before they become regularly exposed to the dangers of the online world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In both World Wars, combatant nations, including the United States, Britain, and Germany, learned that inadequate or poorly-maintained footwear produced costly and preventable casualties from trench foot and frostbite. While provision of shoes and boots to troops were major issues in earlier conflicts, no nation before World War I had fully appreciated the significance of warm, dry, well-fitting socks to the effectiveness of soldiers in the field. The large numbers of trench foot casualties in World War I, especially among the French and British, convinced policymakers that this vital commodity must receive a higher priority in military production planning, but few nations in wartime could shift production to knitting mills rapidly enough to make a difference. Thus, in Britain and the U.S, the best policy option proved to be recruiting women and children civilians to knit socks by hand for the military in the first war, and for refugees, prisoners and civilians in the second. This paper discusses the economic and military importance of this effort, including the numbers of pairs produced, and the program’s role in supplementing industrial production. The production of this low-technology but crucial item of military apparel is typical of detail-oriented tasks performed by women under conditions of full mobilization for war, in that they have a high impact on battlefield and home front performance and morale, but very low visibility as significant contributions to national defense. Often, both during and after the emergency, these efforts are ridiculed as trivial and/or wasteful. Unlike women pilots or industrial workers, handcrafters of essential supplies are regarded as performing extensions of their domestic roles as makers and caretakers of clothing and food. This was especially true in the U.S. in and after World War II, a wealthy industrialized nation that took pride in its modern - and thoroughly masculinist - military industrial complex.

In this study, nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur oxides (SOx) are removed using a wet-type plasma reactor without chemical agents. An NO and SO2 mixed gas is prepared and sent to the reactor. In the reactor, NO is oxidized to NO2 by air plasma first, and then NO2 and SO2 are absorbed into a water film on the inner wall of the reactor. The wastewater from the reactor contains nitrate ions (NO3−), nitrite ions (NO2−), sulfite ions (SO32−), and sulfate ions (SO42−). The nitrogen compounds such as NO3− and NO2− are harmful to human health and the environment; therefore, they must be treated before disposal. Accordingly, we treat the wastewater using argon (Ar) plasma to remove NO3− and NO2− after the NOx and SOx removal. The results show that more than 98% of the NOx and SO2 are removed, and the NO3− and NO2− ions in the wastewater are reduced by the Ar plasma; 25.6 mg of NO3− and 2.06 mg of NO2− are removed for 50 min. However, the pH does not increase with the reduction of these ions. In other words, NO3− and NO2− could not be reduced to N2 but be converted to other ions. From these results, it is confirmed that the wet-type discharge plasma reactor is useful for the simultaneous removal of NOxand SOx. Further investigations are required for the treatment of wastewater containing NO3− and NO2−. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compression socks are widely used for medical purposes. The socks are classified as three pressure classes with different sizes according to circumference of leg. These socks are daily worn for complete and due to hygiene issues it's washed every day as well. The research work shows the effect of washing and multiple wearing on the durability of compression socks. There is significant decrease of pressure in terms multiple wearing and there was insignificant difference from the washing cycles. The results are beneficial for the patient who regularly uses the compression socks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study proposes a novel method to measure the thermal resistance and comfort properties of various sock samples under wet conditions. Theoretically, comfort properties are responsible for transporting moisture by our body with different rates. Therefore, plain socks with different fiber composition were wetted to a saturated level and after getting the required moisture content, the sock samples were characterized by Alambeta (for thermal resistance and thermal absorptivity) and Permetest instruments for relative water vapor permeability in the wet state. In addition, various skin models were utilized to make a comparison of thermal resistance in the dry state. Two different models were modified for analyzing the thermal resistance under wet conditions. According to the models used, the prediction of thermal resistance is a combined effect of the filling coefficient and thermal conductivity of wet polymers instead of dry polymers. With these modifications, the used models predicted the thermal resistance at different moisture levels with a significant correlation (R 2) value, that is, 0.84–0.97. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Auditing Standard No. 5 requires that auditors integrate their evaluation of large issuers' internal control over financial reporting (ICFR) into their financial statement audit process, but the PCAOB warns that auditors may not adequately test related manual and systems internal controls. We use a multiple method approach to examine how auditors evaluate one important component of ICFR, the financial close process, and whether they evaluate it differently when conducting a SOX 404(b) integrated versus a financial statement audit. Interviewees relied heavily on walkthroughs, and tended to perform only cursory reviews of entity-level controls related to the financial close process. In addition, they often failed to test the link between the general ledger and supporting systems, including evaluating related access controls. Financial statement-only auditors were more likely to re-perform key controls than rely on cursory walkthroughs. Auditors performing integrated audits appeared to over-rely on ICFR findings when conducting financial statement audits. Data Availability: Interview data are available from the first author. PCAOB inspection reports are publicly available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of McGill Journal of Education is the property of McGill Journal of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

SYNOPSIS: Regulations implemented by the SEC in 2003 and 2004 simultaneously shortened the financial statement filing deadlines and increased the time required for both the preparation of financial statements and the related audit of accelerated filers (AFs). However, there were indirect, unintended negative consequences for companies not subject to the regulations, namely, non-accelerated filers (NAFs). The new regulations imposed strains on auditor resources requiring auditors to make resource allocation decisions that negatively affected NAFs. We find that NAFs with an auditor who had a high proportion of AF clients (high-AF) had longer audit delays after the regulations were implemented than NAFs of an auditor with a low proportion of AF clients (low-AF). Further, we document that NAFs with high-AF auditors were more likely to change auditors than NAFs with low-AF auditors. Finally, NAFs that switched to auditors with less AFs experienced shorter audit delays after the auditor change. JEL Classifications: M42; M48. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sox gene family encoded transcription factors that played key roles in developmental processes in vertebrates. To further understand the evolutionary fate of the Sox gene family in teleosts, the Sox genes were comprehensively characterized in fish of different ploidy levels, including blunt snout bream (2n = 48, Megalobrama amblycephala , BSB), goldfish (2n = 100, Carassius auratus red var., 2nRCC), and autotetraploid C. auratus (4n = 200, 4nRCC). The 4nRCC, which derived from the whole genome duplication (WGD) of 2nRCC, were obtained through the distant hybridization of 2nRCC (♀) × BSB (♂). Compared with the 26 Sox genes in zebrafish (2n = 50, Danio rerio), 26, 47, and 92 putative Sox genes were identified in the BSB, 2nRCC, and 4nRCC genomes, respectively, and classified into seven subfamilies (B1, B2, C, D, E, F, and K). Comparative analyses showed that 89.36% (42/47) of Sox genes were duplicated in 2nRCC compared with those in BSB, while 97.83% (90/92) of Sox genes were duplicated in 4nRCC compared with those in 2nRCC, meaning the Sox gene family had undergone an expansion in BSB, 2nRCC, and 4nRCC, respectively, following polyploidization events. In addition, potential gene loss, genetic variations, and paternal parent SNP locus insertion occurred during the polyploidization events. Our data provided new insights into the evolution of the Sox gene family in polyploid vertebrates after several rounds of WGD events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]