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Введение: для решения задач, связанных с развитием расселения, предложена модель опорного каркаса пространственного развития, необходимая для совершенствования планирования, обновления и реформирования сельского расселения. Рассмотрены составляющие опорного каркаса расселения территории. Апробация метода комплексной оценки поселенческого каркаса сельского расселения определила цель данной статьи. Материалы и методы: изучены открытые картографические источники, документы территориального планирования, информация национального статистического комитета Республики Беларусь. Методологической основой исследования послужили общенаучные методы, такие как системный подход и метод сравнительного анализа, а также специальные междисциплинарные — метод картографического моделирования с использованием геоинформационных систем. Результаты: выявлены особенности опорного каркаса Могилевской области Республики Беларусь, в том числе его составляющих: историко-культурного, природно-экологического, транспортно-коммуникационного и поселенческого каркасов. Обоснованы необходимые и достаточные критерии для получения интегральной оценки опорного каркаса сельского расселения, дающего возможность определить стратегические направления устойчивого территориального развития. На основании интегральной оценки составлена картограмма поселенческого потенциала Могилевской области Республики Беларусь. Обобщение полученных результатов позволило сформулировать рекомендации для градостроительного проектирования, дающего возможность определить стратегические направления устойчивого территориального развития Могилевской области Республики Беларусь с учетом перспективы сельского расселения. Выводы: показано, что использование системного подхода и картографической модели опорного каркаса расселения территории служит эффективным инструментом для оценки поселенческого каркаса сельского расселения. Дальнейшие исследования представляются в разработке перспективных моделей поселенческого, природно-экологического, историко-культурного и транспортно-коммуникационного каркасов. Благодарности. Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке РААСН в соответствии с планом фундаментальных научных исследований Министерства строительства и жилищно-коммунального хозяйства РФ (2018).

This paper attempts to reconstruct the economy of the Early Mediaeval population of Primorye, based on an analysis of data obtained from archaeological sites of the Mohe culture. Sites of the Mohe culture in Primorye date from the 6th to the beginning of the 8th c. AD. With the emergence of the Bohai state in the western districts of Primorye, Bohai cultural elements gradually replace Mohe across the region and Mohe sites gradually disappear in the archaeological record. However, some features of the Mohe material culture continue to exist for some time. Paleogeographic evidence indicates a cooling of climate and decrease in rainfall in the 6th to 7th cc. AD and climate warming in the 8th c. There are limited but reliable archaeological evidences from Mohe sites for the existence of agriculture, animal husbandry, hunting, sea and river gathering and fishing, and plant gathering. However, it is not yet possible to rank these components of the economy by economic significance for the population. Our study shows an increase in agricultural activity from the early to the late stages of Mohe culture. The early sites do not demonstrate a significant role for agriculture, in contrast to the later sites, where there is clear evidence for an increase in the list of cultural plants and the volume of agricultural production. Changes in agricultural practice occurred rapidly and were triggered by historical events in the region, connected with the formation of Bohai State and the expansion of its borders. Changes also can be seen chronologically in the settlement patterns of the Mohe of Primorye. Early Mohe settled in places convenient for their traditional activities. At a later stage, sites which controlled territory and the waterway along the Razdolnaya river appear. Evidence for other components of the Mohe economy are limited and only confirm the presence of their in the Mohe subsistence systems in this region, but they are insufficient for more detailed reconstruction. It has been found that the Mohe of Primorye raised at least two types of domestic animals — pigs and horses. There is mostly indirect evidence for hunting (arrowheads, knives, tools for currying skins) from the Mohe sites. The absence of mammal and bird bones prevents any more certain reconstruction of Mohe hunting objects. A few shells of marine and freshwater molluscs were found on three sites. Bone remains of eight species of marine fishes were also found on one site. The gathering of wild plants is confirmed by the finds of seeds and fruits of seven plants species. Most of the plants were used for food and some for medical purposes.

Received July 2, 2019; accepted September 10, 2019. Дата поступления 2 июля 2019 г.; дата принятия к печати 10 сентября 2019 г. The article discusses the correlation between the localization of specific infrastructure objects within a region and characteristics of this region’s territorial development. Conceptually the study is grounded in the theory of regional economics, spatial analysis and modelling and uses the tools of spatial autocorrelation analysis, such as the global and local Moran’s I, and map-based spatial analysis. The settlement system of Sverdlovsk region (Russia) is considered as a key characteristic of its territorial development and the analysis shows the correlation between settlement patterns and the distribution of certain objects of social infrastructure (places of attraction) across the region’s territory. Access to infrastructure is an important factor which attracts people to this or that municipality. However, the key parameter that determines the spatial aspects of infrastructure distribution in the region is the emergence and development of the factors underlying this process. The article demonstrates that the localization of infrastructure objects built to generate economic effects and bring profit to their developers to a greater extent correlates with the prospective transformations of the settlement system (primarily agglomeration processes) rather than with its current characteristics (such correlation is more typical of the infrastructure objects specifically intended to address social issues). These research findings can be used by policy-makers for setting priorities of regional development, which would shape the spatial transformations of the territory. Статья посвящена оценке степени соответствия характера размещения в пространстве региона элементов инфраструктуры особенностям его территориального развития. Теоретическую и методологическую основу исследования составляет совокупность научных представлений в области региональной экономики, пространственного анализа и моделирования. На основе оценки пространственной автокорреляции (с помощью определения величин как глобального, так и локального индекса Морана) и осуществления картографического анализа выделены и сопоставлены друг с другом особенности сложившейся в Свердловской области системы расселения (как одной из ключевых характеристик ее территориального развития) и взаиморасположения в регионе элементов инфраструктуры мест проживания и мест притяжения. Показано, что размещение объектов социальной инфраструктуры в целом соответствует характеру расположения на территории ее основных потребителей – жителей региона. Однако ключевым параметром, определяющим пространственные аспекты инфраструктурного обустройства территории, является генезис факторов, лежащих в основе данного процесса. Доказано, что локализация инфраструктурных объектов, главной целью создания которых выступает генерация экономических эффектов и получение прибыли, в большей степени коррелирует не с текущими особенностями системы расселения (что характерно для объектов, создание которых призвано способствовать решению социальных проблем), а с перспективами ее преобразования, проявляющимися тенденциями (в первую очередь, с агломерационными процессами). Полученные результаты могут найти применение при определении приоритетов осуществления региональной политики, пространственных преобразований территорий. The research was supported by the Institute of Economics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences in accordance with the plan for 2019–2021. Работа выполнена при поддержке Института экономики Уральского отделения Российской академии наук в соответствии с планом на 2019–2021 гг.

The paper analyzes the problems encountered during elaboration of the spatial development strategy of the Russian Federation and reducing the effectiveness of state policy in this area. A significant improvement in the quality of governing over spatial development sphere requires solving a number of issues, including setting up the statistical foundation; publishing the statistical data on federal and regional budgets and improving its transparency; establishment of official methods of defining urban agglomeration; increasing the quality of municipal statistics as a whole. Several issues require extensive expert discussion. Among them are mostly those concerning macroregions: how important is decreasing territorial disparities at the level of macroregions; what is the point of defining macroregions and creating the strategies of their socio-economic development; how fast can the difference between regions grow as long as the less developed regions maintain high rates of development. At the federal level, there is a prevalent desire to make decisions ‘from above’ ignoring development ‘from below’. One example of such attitude are the perspective economic specializations of the regions. This issue should be solved in the framework of state investment policy, during decision-making on providing state support to investment projects in certain territories

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Quality of life in rural areas is increasingly dependent on transport links to nearest towns and regional centres. In this article, we examine transport connectivity between villages and towns in the Kaliningrad region. We use the travel time access parameter to investigate the influence of transport connectivity on the population size and the prospects of socio-economic development in rural areas with different transport and geographical situations. Although the overall transport connectivity is high in the region, up to 10 per cent of villages score low on this parameter. We conclude that the demographic saturation of the Kaliningrad agglomeration has not been completed. Moreover, the smallness of the local consumer market impedes the formation of subregional centres in the eastern part of the region. The most alarming trend is the incipient concentration of population in peripheral border areas.

C приходом рыночных отношений малые и средние города оказались заброшенной периферией с массой экономических и социальных проблем, в отличие от крупных и больших городов. В то же время именно малые и средние города образуют основной каркас расселения населения, обеспечивают заселенность северных территорий. Цель этой статьи - раскрыть значение малых и средних городов в системе расселения российского Севера путем исследования демографической динамики малых и средних городов 13 регионов российского Севера. Выдвинута гипотеза: демографическая устойчивость малых и средних городов зависит от времени их образования. Методика оценки демографической устойчивости городов включает 5 групп городов: демографически устойчивые, относительно устойчивые, неустойчивые, устойчивость критическая, устойчивость отсутствует. Выделены четыре периода формирования малых и средних городов: первый (1584-1917 гг.) - период колонизации, второй (1918-1959 гг.) - период индустриализации и урбанизации, третий (19601989 гг.) - переход от принуждения к поощрению, четвертый «депрессивный период» (1990-2020 гг.) - смена парадигмы - от обживания к пребыванию, массовый отток населения. В каждом периоде произведена оценка городов по уровню демографической устойчивости. Она показала две противоположные тенденции в зависимости от периода образования городов: постоянный рост доли демографически устойчивых городов и уменьшение доли городов с критическим уровнем и отсутствием демографической устойчивости. Исследование выявило сходство (концентрация населения в больших и крупных городах) и различие в структуре поселений на Севере (выше доля населения, проживающего в малых и средних городах, пгт, ниже - на селе). В перспективе необходимо разработать методику оценки степени «насыщенности» пространства российского Севера малыми и средними городами. Since the dissolution of the USSR and advent of market relations, small and medium-sized Russian cities have experienced many economic and social problems due to their peripheral status. At the same time, they form the main framework for the settlement of the northern territories. The research aims to reveal the importance of small and medium-sized cities in the settlement system of 13 regions of the Russian North by studying their demographic dynamics. We examined the hypothesis that the demographic sustainability of these cities depends on the time of their formation. A proposed methodology for assessing the demographic sustainability of cities is based on five groups: demographically sustainable, relatively sustainable, unsustainable, critically unsustainable, instability. Four periods of the formation of small and medium-sized cities are defined: colonisation of the Russian North (1584-1917); industrialisation and urbanisation of the northern territories (1918-1959); from coercion to encouragement - northern romance (1960-1989); from settlement to abandonment - depopulation (1990-2020). For each period, the cities were assessed in terms of their demographic sustainability. The current sustainability of the cities was shown to be dependent on the period of their formation. Compared with the rest of Russia, the structure of settlements in the North revealed both similarities (concentration of the population in large cities) and differences (the proportion of the population living in small and medium-sized cities is higher, but lower in rural areas). Future research will focus on developing a methodology for assessing the «saturation» of small and medium-sized cities in the Russian North. Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке РФФИ и БРФФИ в рамках научного проекта № 20–510–00007. Авторы выражают признательность Е. Клинцовой за помощь в подготовке рукописи к печати. The article has been prepared with the support of Russian Foundation for Basic Research and the Belarusian Republican Foundation for Fundamental Research, the project No. 20–510–00007. The authors would like to thank E. lintsova for help in preparing the article.

Село Отап расположено в предгорной полосе у подножья Кодорского хребта. На сегодняшний день — это небольшое село с населением меньше 200 человек. Однако проведенные Маркуль-ской археологической экспедицией разведки выявили здесь большую концентрацию археологических памятников эпохи поздней античности — Средневековья. Учитывая, что полноценного археологического исследования с раскопками в селе не проводилось, опираться на данный момент можно лишь на памятники, сохранившиеся в виде архитектурных остатков на поверхности. Эта ограниченность источников, конечно, придает реконструкции несколько условный и обобщенный характер. Но, несмотря на это, она позволяет выделить отдельные тенденции, представить общую картину и получить данные, от которых можно отталкиваться для дальнейших исследований, которые подтвердят или опровергнуть ранее полученную модель., The village of Otap is located in the foothills at the foot of the Kodori Range. Today it is a small village with a population of less than 200 people. However, the reconnaissance carried out by the Markul archaeological expedition revealed a large concentration of archaeological monuments from the late antiquity — the Middle Ages. Considering that a full-fledged archaeological study with excavations in the village has not been carried out, at the moment it is possible to rely only on monuments that have been preserved in the form of architectural remains on the surface. This limitation of sources, of course, gives the reconstruction a somewhat conventional and generalized character. But, despite this, it allows you to highlight individual trends, present the overall picture and obtain data from which you can build on for further research that will confirm or refute the previously obtained model.

Central securities depository Abstract The topic of this diploma thesis is the person of a central securities depository, with a specific focus on its legal regulation. In relation to this topic, two main areas are accentuated - on the one hand, the authorisation procedure of a central securities depository and, on the other hand, its subsequent functioning. The aim of the paper is to comprehensively cover all relevant aspects of the legislation, to reflect on its suitability, assess its necessity, analyse its current issues, and also present its potential future direction. The thesis contains an introduction, five systematically segmented chapters and a conclusion. The first chapter serves as an obligatory introduction to the subject and at first deals with the definition of the financial and capital market. In the second subchapter of this chapter, a brief introduction to the central securities depository and a description of its position within the latter mentioned market takes place. This chapter is then concluded by a segment concerning supervision and its genesis in the Czech Republic. The second chapter tackles the procedure for the authorisation to operate a central securities depository, analysing both the already repealed domestic legislation and the regulation coming from the representatives of...

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International audience; 70 000 years ago, Homo sapiens left Africa to colonize the world. 6,000 years ago, he founded the first cities. Today, in the era of city networks, he is creating increasingly wide and complex metropolitan regions. From prehistory to the era of metropolises, man has occupied the earth's space in an infinite variety of ways, under the influence of a multitude of factors. How did the Bantu populate a space already occupied by the Pygmies in equatorial Africa? How were cities born in the Bronze Age? How did the pueblo society develop and then disappear in the United States? What were the effects of Romanization on the settlement of southern Gaul? How did the village system emerge around the year 1000 in Europe? In this book archaeologists, historians, linguists, and geographers combine their efforts to construct, analyze, and compare models of twelve major changes in global settlement history formalized as “transitions”.

В работе исследована сложившаяся система расселения на данных 18503 городских и сельских поселений в разрезе 2255 муниципальных образований 85 субъектов РФ на конец 2019 г. методами иерархического (многоуровневого) моделирования. Анализ показал, что в наибольшей степени вариация сельских и городских поселений по показателю численности населения формируется на уровне муниципальных образований и практически не зависит от регионов. Ключевым экономическим фактором, оказывающим на нее влияние, является среднемесячная заработная плата., The work investigated the existing system of 18503 urban and rural settlements in the context of 2255 municipalities, 85 constituent entities of the Russian Federation at the end of 2019 using the methods of hierarchical (multilevel) linear modeling. The analysis showed that, in terms of population size, the greatest variation in rural and urban settlements is formed at the level of municipalities. It practically does not depend on the regions. The key economic factor influencing it is the average monthly wage., Экономика и управление: научно-практический журнал, Выпуск 4 (160) 2021, Pages 82-88

ed : Lena Sanders; International audience

ed : Lena Sanders; International audience

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Gli autori presentano in questo contributo un progetto di ricerca avviato nel sito preistorico delle Colombare di Negrar di Valpolicella. Esso comprende la ripresa degli scavi per la soluzione di quesiti cronologici, culturali e paleoambientali, e inoltre una valutazione del popolamento dei Lessini tra il Neolitico Antico e l’età del Rame. Il censimento dei siti noti e la loro variazione quantitativa e qualitativa nel corso del tempo permettono preliminarmente di ipotizzare la formazione di un sistema insediativo progressivamente più strutturato in senso gerarchico e funzionale che raggiunge il suo acme nell’età del Rame, soprattutto in rapporto allo sfruttamento ed esportazione della selce locale.

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International audience; In archaeology, movement is often studied on the basis of evidence for specific roads, which implicitly structures our understanding of the settlement system. Conversely, spatial analysis of regional settlement systems, based on locations, also tends to structure our understanding of movement. However, when it comes to studying the development or transformation of a landscape, this dichotomy makes our reasoning circular. Does a crossroads emerge from the habitat or is the habitat located at the crossroads because it is an opportunity for development? By favouring an approach to mobility that is based on the analysis of movement practices of human or non-human agents, two international projects, MoveScape and Redes andinas, work on a methodological approach in which various conceptions of space experienced by societies can be associated to movement, and that incorporates material traces that are traditionally not integrated into the study of movement.; La arqueología de los antiguos sistemas de movilidad se basa generalmente en el estudio de vías específicas, las cuales son relacionadas implícitamente al patrón de asentamiento regional. Recíprocamente, la aproximación a partir de los patrones de asentamiento tiende a condicionar a priori nuestra visión de los flujos de movilidad. Esta dicotomía tiende a producir razonamientos circulares que no contribuyen al estudio de la morfogénesis de los territorios. Este problema puede resumirse en una simple pregunta: los cruces de caminos se desarrollan en función de los sistemas de asentamiento, o bien condicionan la estructuración de estos sistemas? À partir de protocolos de análisis de vestigios arqueológicos de prácticas de movilidad de agentes (humanos y no-humanos) en distintas regiones, los proyectos MoveScape y Redes andinas están desarrollando una metodología para modelizar los procesos de estructuración entre sistemas de movilidad y asentamiento, en el tiempo largo.; En archéologie, la mobilité est souvent étudiée à partir de voies spécifiques structurant implicitement notre compréhension du système de peuplement. À l’inverse, l’approche spatiale des systèmes de peuplement régionaux, fondée sur les lieux, tend à structurer notre vision des flux de circulation. Or, lorsqu’il s’agit de comprendre comment un paysage s’est développé ou transformé, cette dichotomie rend notre raisonnement circulaire. Le carrefour se développe-t-il à partir de la distribution de l’habitat ou l’habitat choisit-il le carrefour comme opportunité de développement ? En privilégiant une approche de la mobilité basée sur l’analyse des pratiques de déplacement des agents humains ou non humains, deux projets internationaux, MoveScape et Redes andinas, travaillent sur une approche méthodologique visant à associer au mouvement différentes conceptions de l’espace vécu par les sociétés et mobilisant des traces matérielles, classiquement non intégrées dans l’étude des flux de circulation.

The paper describes a dataset of archaeological sites and villages now partially covered by the water of the Mosul Dam Reservoir. For the first time the dataset offers digitized information on c.150 archaeological sites detected during a survey carried out by the Iraqi State Organization for Antiquities and Heritage in the 1980s. Knowledge of the map of these sites will have a substantial impact on interpretation of Tigridian settlement dynamics. Funding statement: This research has received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Turopolje lies in Zagreb County. The region is bordered on the north and east by the Sava River and the Vukomeričke Gorice hills to the southwest. The aim of this doctoral thesis is to reconstruct the medieval settlement system of the region using historical, archaeological, onomastic, cartographic and ethnographic sources. The idea of this work came out of the attempt of putting two archaeological sites excavated in the highway rescue excavations on the track of Zagreb-Sisak highway in the period 2006-2009 in their medieval environment. These sites, called Šepkovčica and Okuje, were geographically placed in the middle of Turopolje. Although they were just 6 kilometres distant from each other, the ownership structure of the settlements surrounding the sites was different. This has drawn the attention to the complexity of the settlement system of the region. As the sites have remained the spatial focus over which the research was developing, the text of the thesis is divided in two main parts. The first part concerns settlements surrounding the site of Okuje and the second part deals with settlements that surrounded the site of Šepkovčica. The site of Okuje was surrounded by the estates of various owners of different social status. At the same time, the owners of most of the estates changed over centuries. As was the case with the settlements around the site of Šepkovčica, some settlements that surrounded the site of Okuje were inhabited by the castle warriors of Turopolje. These smaller conditional nobles formed the noble community of Turopolje, an organization by which the history of the region is most known and studied in the scholarly literature. These people were originally the castle warriors of Zagreb castle that had managed to preserve their status of lesser nobles long after the castle system disappeared in the other areas of the Kingdom of Hungary-Croatia. Along with their estates, in the area around the site of Okuje were also estates of the Hospitallers, bans (that is, kings), as well as mid rank (the Ivanović family, the Farkaš family etc.) and high nobility (the Babonići, the Thots, the Hennings, Baltazar Alapić). In this respect, it is shown in this work that the noble community, which until now was the primary focus of the research of historians, was not the only important factor in forming of social, economic and natural environment of medieval Turopolje. At the same time, it was shown that changes of ownership structure in the area around the site were reflections of some major political changes in Zagreb County and the Kingdom of Hungary-Croatia in general. Thus, political history is also important for understanding the changes of the settlement system of this area. The site of Šepkovčica, on the other hand, was surrounded exclusively by the villages of the nobles of the noble community of Turopolje. As the thirteenth and fourteenth century sources concerning these villages were scarce and not equally extant for each village the research was expanded on the wider area inhabited by the nobles. Primarily through study of spatial data recorded in charters, processes of a division of land between kindreds, breaking up of lands of kindreds into the smaller estates and the emergence of the villages was shown. At the same time, it was shown that due to the noble community kindreds in Turopolje did not cease to exist in the early modern period. Even more, the renewal of the brotherhood of Turopolje 1560 marked a new stage in this process. I hope the data gained through the analysis done in this chapter will contribute to the research of the earliest history of the noble community. Finally, it should be emphasized that the goal of this work is to create a general framework for studying the settlement system of Turopolje region in the interdisciplinary manner, by studying all the available sources. It is just the first step that should be complemented and most likely corrected with the new data gained both through the further analysis of historical sources and new archaeological research. Ovaj rad je pokušaj rekonstrukcije srednjovjekovnog naseobinskog sustava Turopolja, regije u Zagrebačkoj županiji, omeđene tokom Sava na sjeveru i istoku, te Vukomeričkim goricama na jugozapadu. Ideja za rad je proizašla iz pokušaja da se dva arheološka lokaliteta, Šepkovčica i Okuje, istraženi tijekom zaštitnih arheoloških istraživanja na trasi autoceste Zagreb-Sisak u periodu 2006-2009, smjeste u srednjovjekovni okoliš te da se na taj način lakše interpretiraju strukture i nalazi pronađeni tijekom istraživanja. U ovom pokušaj rekonstrukcije naseobinskog sustava su uključeni svi dostupni izvori: arheološki, povijesni, onomastički, kartografski i etnografski. Rad je podijeljen u dvije veće cjeline; u prvoj se analizira naseobinski sustav oko lokaliteta Šepkovčica a u drugoj oko lokaliteta Okuje. Iako su dva nalazišta nađena na udaljenosti od samo 6 kilometara i oba u središnjem dijelu Turopolje, vlasnička struktura oko njih je bila drugačija. Dosadašnje istraživanje Turopolja bilo je u najvećoj mjeri fokusirano na istraživanje povijesti Plemenite općine turopoljske i institucija vezanih uz ovu organizaciju. Neki od posjeda koji su okruživali lokalitet Okuje su pripadali turopoljskom sitnom plemstvu. No, uz njih, na ovom teritoriju je bilo i posjeda koji su pripadali drugim vlasnicima, s tim da se je to vlasništvo i mijenjalo. Ovim radom pokušalo se skrenuti pažnju na činjenicu da povijest Turopolja nije isključivo povijest Plemenite općine turopoljske, već da su različiti akteri sudjelovali u stvaranju prošlosti turopoljskog kraja. Vlasnici prostranih posjeda na ovom prostoru su bili Ivanovci (do 1328), zatim ban, odnosno kralj. Također su tu bili prisutni i pripadnici srednjeg te visokog plemstva. U prvu skupinu spadaju obitelj Farkaš (porijeklom najvjerojatnije iz gorske županije), obitelj koja potječe od zagrebačkog comesa Jurka kasnije zvana de Gepew, te obitelj Ivanović koja potječe od Jaroslava i Ivana (poznatiji u historiografiji kao knez Okićki) sa sjedištem u Brezovici. U drugu skupinu spadaju Babonići, obitelj Széchy, obitelj Toth-Susedgradskih (kasnije Henning), te Baltazar Alapić koji krajem 15. stoljeća formira svoje imanje sa središtem u Vukovini. Promjene vlasništva na ovom dijelu Turopolja reflektiraju neke značajne političke promjene koje su se događale na razini kako zagrebačke županije tako i cijelog Hrvatsko-ugarskog kraljevstva. Tome je također posvećena pozornost; u ovom slučaju promjene u prostoru su promatrane kao refleksija političkih promjena odnosno kroz prizmu političke povijesti. Na kraju ovog poglavlja prezentirani su i podaci dobiveni istraživanjem arheološkog nalazišta Okuje, u prvom redu prostorne promjene koje su se mogle iščitati datiranjem arheoloških struktura i podjelom na horizonte 13., 14. i 16./17. stoljeća. Zaključno se razmotrilo u kojoj mjeri se povijesni i arheološki izvori nadopunjuju te su se definirala pitanja za buduća istraživanja. Lokalitet Šepkovčica je bio okružen isključivo posjedima turopoljskog sitnog plemstva. U ranoj fazi istraživanja je shvaćeno da isprave 13. i 14. stoljeća koje se odnose na prostor naselja koja direktno okružuju lokalitet (Donja Lomnica, Kurilovec, Velika i Mala Gorica, Pleso, Velika Mlaka i Hrašće) nisu ravnomjerno sačuvana za sva naselja te da će se potpuniji rezultati dobiti ako se istraživanje proširi na veće područje na kojem su živjeli turopoljski plemići. Tako je i ovo poglavlje podijeljeno na dvije veće cjeline: naselja na sjeverozapadnom i na naselja na jugozapadnom dijelu Turopolje. Analizom ranih izvora, sa naglaskom na reambulacije granica posjeda zapisanih u izvorima koji su iscrtani na kartama, dobiveni su novi podaci o najranijoj povijesti ovog prostora tj. o razdoblju 13. i 14. stoljeća kada se javljaju prvi pisani izvori. Te spoznaje su donekle dopunjene i rezultatima arheoloških istraživanja (koliko je bilo moguće s obzirom na limitiranost i povijesnih i arheoloških izvora). Nove spoznaje odnose se prvenstveno na rasprostiranje teritorija pojedinih rodova, borbe među rodovima koje se reflektiraju u promjenama granica tih teritorija, raspadanje rodovske zemlje na manje cjeline koje teče paralelno sa raspadanjem većih rodovskih zajednica u manje itd. No, uz to, uočeno je da je ovaj proces tekao u smjeru raspadanja do jedne točke, no da istovremeno neka vrsta rodovske organizacije u Turopolju nije prestala postojati praktički do nestanka Plemenite općine, odnosno do 20. stoljeća. Njezin razvoj u novom vijeku zahtijevao bi posebnu studiju, no budući da je srednjovjekovna povijest osnova za to daljnje istraživanje, nadam se da je ovaj rad još jedan prilog povijest Plemenite turopoljske općine. Na kraju bih željela naglasiti da je cilj ovog rada proučavanje srednjovjekovne povijesti Turopolja na osnovi svih dostupnih izvora. No, iako mislim da su kroz različite vrste izvora dobiveni brojni novi podaci o prošlosti Turopolja, ostavljena su i brojna otvorna pitanja koja upućuju na daljnje istraživanje. Isto tako, koliko god je broj povijesnih izvora korištenih u radu velik sigurna sam da će se s vremenom pojaviti sve više novih izvora; u dokumentima 16. stoljeća koji su generalno slabo obrađeni u arhivima se često nalaze prijepisi dokumenta ranijih stoljeća. Također, određeni broj dokumenata je sačuvan i u vlasništvu obitelji koji su potomci turopoljskih plemića. Uz to, novi podaci će se dobiti i arheološkim istraživanjima. Nadam se da će se time i ovaj rad nadopunjavati i gdje je potrebno, ispravljati.

Introduction. The relevance of the article is due to the approval of the Concept of Spatial Development Strategy of the Russian Federation for the Period up to 2025, where after long discussions the definition of the term agglomeration has been formulated. Currently, the work on the development of the agglomeration with the center in Obninsk has reached the level of conceptual constructions. The purpose of the article is to analyze the process of development of the local North-Eastern settlement system of the Kaluga Region and the formation of the Northern agglomeration of the Kaluga Region. Method of research. The basic research methods are the method of analysis of documents and statistical data in conjunction with the calculations of the authors, the comparative geographical method and the method of system analysis. Results. The author examines the contradictions in the system of definitions of the term agglomeration and the process of transformation of the North-Eastern cluster of settlements of Kaluga Region in second order agglomeration being a part of Moscow Metropolitan area which has great potential for innovative development. Conclusion. The prospects for further work are to update the concept of development of the Northern agglomeration of Kaluga Region. The article is intended for workers of science and education, heads of various levels of management of enterprises and organizations, state and municipal officials, representatives of modern management intelligentsia., Введение. Актуальность статьи обусловлена утверждением концепции «Стратегия пространственного развития Российской Федерации на период до 2025 года», где после долгих дискуссий сформулировано определение термина «агломерация». В настоящее время работы по развитию агломерации с центром в г. Обнинске вышли на уровень концептуальных построений. Цель статьи – проанализировать процесс развития локальной северо-восточной системы расселения Калужской области и формирования северной агломерации Калужской области. Методы. Базовые методы исследования — метод анализа документов и статистических данных в совокупности с расчетами авторов, сравнительно-географический метод и метод системного анализа. Основные идеи исследования, полученные результаты и их обсуждение. Проанализированы противоречия в системе определений термина «агломерация» и процесс трансформации северо-восточного скопления поселений Калужской области в среднюю агломерацию второго порядка, входящую в состав Московской агломерации, имеющую большой потенциал инновационного развития. Заключение. Перспективы последующих работ состоят в актуализации концепции развития Северной агломерации Калужской области. Статья предназначена для работников науки и образования, руководителей различных уровней управления предприятиями и организациями, государственных и муниципальных служащих, представителей современной управленческой интеллигенции., SOCIO TIME / СОЦИАЛЬНОЕ ВРЕМЯ, Выпуск 1 (21) 2020

В системе расселения Российской Федерации средние и большие города имеют большой потенциал развития как суби межрегиональные центры, но в современных социальноэкономических условиях этот потенциал не реализуется, производственная и социальная инфраструктура деградирует, качество жизни снижается, историко-культурное наследие разрушается, население сокращается. Существующие модели пространственного развития устарели и требуют критического переосмысления с учётом отечественного и зарубежного опыта. В статье представлен комплексный анализ современного состояния средних и больших городов в России на примере бассейна Средней Волги, причин и характера снижения в них качества жизни. Рассматриваются методы преодоления негативных процессов их развития, социально-экономические и градостроительные стратегии сохранения, возрождения и устойчивого развития их исторических центров на примерах из отечественного опыта и авторских проектных предложений., In the settling system of the Russian Federation, medium and large cities have a great potential for development as subregional and interregional centers, but in modern socio-economic conditions this potential is not realized, the industrial and social infrastructure is degraded, the quality of life is reduced, the historical and cultural heritage is destroyed, and the population is reduced. The existing models of spatial development are outdated and require a critical rethink, taking into account national and foreign experience. The article presents a complex analysis of the current state of medium and large cities in Russia on the example of the Middle Volga basin, the causes and pattern of the decline in their quality of life. The methods of overcoming the negative processes of their development, socio-economic and urban planning strategies for the preservation, revival and sustainable development of their historical centers using examples from domestic experience and author's project proposals.

В системе расселения средние и большие города имеют большой потенциал развития как суби межрегиональные центры, но в современных социально-экономических условиях существующие модели их пространственного развития требуют критического переосмысления, в частности, с учётом положительного зарубежного опыта. В статье исследуются разнообразные методы реконструкции и развития средних и больших городов Скандинавии в конце ХХ – начале ХХI веков. Рассматриваются возможности их применения для условий городов Европейской России, имеющих ряд похожих природноклиматических и социально-экономических характеристик. Также рассматриваются позитивные и негативные процессы и социально-экономические и градостроительные стратегии сохранения, возрождения и устойчивого развития исторических центров ряда средних и больших городов Дании, Швеции и Финляндии., In the settlement system, medium-sized and large cities have a great potential for development as sub- and interregional centers, but in modern socio-economic conditions, the existing models of their spatial development require a critical rethink, in particular, taking into account the positive foreign experience. The article explores various methods of reconstruction and development of medium and large cities in Scandinavia in the late XX – early XXI century. The possibilities of their application for the conditions of cities in European Russia that have a number of similar natural, climatic and socio-economic characteristics are considered. Positive and negative processes and socio-economic and urban planning strategies for conservation, regeneration and sustainable development of historical centers of a number of medium and large cities in Denmark, Sweden and Finland are also considered.