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This study is part of a government research project which aims to synthesise the current evidence on the factors affecting the intention of mobile application adoption called ‘Tripper Notifier Application’ (TNA) for the hospitality and tourism industrial sector in Thailand. The focus is on small and medium enterprises (SMEs), which emphasize restaurants, hotels, and attraction sites. The present article examines various factors influencing the intention to use such applications by employing the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 (UTAUT-2) as the theoretical underpinning of this research paradigm. Using 84 selected research papers in Scopus published between 2020 and 2022, A thematic analysis incorporating a grounded theory approach to systematically generate themes was conducted, and the findings found three main themes, including business transformation capabilities (BTC), digital transformation capabilities (DTC), and personal innovativeness (PI), as an extension of UTAUT-2 as mediator and moderator variables. To this end, the study fills the research gaps and extends the UTAUT-2 framework by including an initiative of twelve inside attributes-based lines, including performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions, hedonic motivation, price value, habit behavior, behavioral intention, and use behavior, together with three moderators: age, gender, and experience. Finally, the context dimensions of the UTAUT-2 extensions were mapped to highlight all the constructs of the TNA adoption framework for future research directions. The novel contribution of this study is to fill the gap with both theoretical and practical knowledge. On the theoretical level, this study constitutes constructs based on UTAUT-2 theory as a research-based setting to fill a gap in research. On the practical level, it provides insights and information about new capabilities that SME owners, managers, and practitioners should consider in order to differentiate their own capabilities. Doi: 10.28991/esj-2021-SP1-014 Full Text: PDF

The dynamic development of service activities in the world has led to their increasing contribution to the overall economic and social development. The service sector has become the driving force of economic development in most countries and the most dynamic component of international trade. The service sector participates with over 60% in the gross national income of the world economy. While the number of employees in industry and agriculture is rapidly declining, in most developed countries employment in services exceeds 80%. The shift towards services is attributed to the growth of living standards, increase of free time, change of lifestyle, development of technology. Technology development is one of the most important factors in the accelerated development of services. Thanks to the development of information technology and the reduction of communication costs, there has been a significant improvement in international trade in services. The crisis caused by COVID-19 caused huge losses in the export of services, but it pointed out the importance of technology and long-term technological changes in the service sector.

The process approach is one of the most important practices to manage enterprises. However, a limitation in the literature concerns the factors that characterize this management approach in service enterprises. This study seeks to show the differentiating factors of the process approach in services industries, useful to understand business processes and their management in the organizations in this sector. Qualitative research through a single case study in a training service company was carried out by observation, interviews and the use of documentary evidence to identify the factors. Findings show six differentiating factors (organization nature, process nature, process inputs and outputs, process control, human resources, and staff roles) which were classified into three categories: organization, process, and people. This will be beneficial and of value to managers of the service organizations to understand business processes and their management in enterprises.

The article analyses the digitalisation of real estate services in Russia. Empirical works of leading analytical agencies and experts’ academic papers in the field of economic sciences has been summarised and sysrematised. The development key indicators of Russian digital economy, digitalisation level of certain service sectors, digital production features and digital consumption which characterise the digital economy development, have been considered. It has been noted that at present the digital services of in real estate services are at an early stage of development due to the small number of market participants who have fully implemented digital services and online technologies in their activities. It has been revealed that most of the stages of real estate services for the sale or purchase of residential property can be partly or fully realised using digital services and online technologies. Generalised characteristics of real estate services digitalisation at present and prospects for its development have been formulated.

Nearly 100,000 workers are employed in the retail and food service sector in the Philadelphia metropolitan area. Nationally, jobs in the service sector are characterized by low pay and few fringe benefits, and workers employed in the service sector have little control over the days and times that they will work. In addition, many service sector employers across the country rely on just-in-time and on-call scheduling practices designed to minimize labor costs by closely aligning staffing with consumer demand. These practices can introduce a great deal of instability into the lives of workers and their families.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper was to assess and determine the impact of the five core technologies of Industry 4.0 (3D Printing, Big Data Analytics, Cloud Computing, Internet of Things (IoT) and Robotics) on the organizational performance of the retail industry in the context of Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach – Pakistan's retail industry was chosen as the target sector, and the target population was composed of senior-level employees, including managers from first-level positions to top-level positions, as well as subordinate employees working under the supervision of first-level managers, possessing the technological know-how of Industry 4.0. The data were collected through a matrix-based survey questionnaire that was based on a five-point Likert scale, ranging from “strongly agree” to “strongly disagree.” The process of data analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics. Findings – The findings obtained by this research work showed a significant relationship among the five core pillars of Industry 4.0 and the organizational performance of Pakistan's retail industry. Besides, the obtained findings provided preliminary evidence that Industry 4.0's disruptive technologies, particularly, 3D printing, big data analytics, cloud computing, IoT and robotics, could help Pakistan's retail industry solve various problems and challenges, such as meager revenues, increased expenses and unorganized systems. Originality/value – The present study extended the theoretical body of knowledge through studying and examining Industry 4.0's five crucial factors that significantly contribute to the service sector, particularly, the retail industry, of the big emerging markets (BEM) economies, including Pakistan.

The article deals with the essential nature of a new economic category – “service capital”. Its formation is the logical result of the beginning of the new stage of functioning of economic systems in a post-industrial society. The processes of sustainable development imply global laws governing global economy performance. The authors substantiate the idea that service capital is an economic category and should be studied by modern economic scientists. Most of all, it is connected with institutional theory and is most closely related to institutional capital as a form of manifestation of human capital. Institutional capital is transformed in conditions of an innovative-type service economy and takes the form of service capital. In contrast to institutional capital, it is characterized by some distinctive features discussed in this article. Service capital circulates in the service sector, the importance of which is constantly increasing at all levels of the economy: the mega-, macro-, meso- and microlevels. The article highlights the levels of functioning of service capital. The service capital of each level has sublevels, depending on the criteria chosen for their classification. The authors show that service capital is a special component of human capital. It is inseparable from its bearer, a person, and functions only together with other structural components of human capital. It is established that service capital has been introduced into all branches and sectors of the modern economy, so it functions as intersectoral and interindustry capital. Lastly, the directions of development of the theory of service capital are formulated.

The aim of the work was to study and evaluate structural changes in the economy of the regions of the North at the present stage of their development (in the period from 2015 to 2019). On the basis of the methodology previously developed by the author for assessing structural shifts, twenty types of economic activity were grouped into two large spheres: production and non-production (services), each consisting of four combined industries. For these economic spheres and industries, an assessment of sectoral and then territorial structural shifts in the period 2015–2019 was carried out. It was found that in the structure of the economy of the regions of the North during this period, the vector of development changed towards an increase in the share of the production sector and a decrease in the non-production sector by 4,4 %, whereas in the previous period 2005–2015, the opposite picture was observed. The high rates of development of the production sector in all regions of the North were revealed, while it grew most rapidly in the West Siberian region due to the extensive development of new gas fields and the construction of new largest LNG complex in the North on the Yamal Peninsula. As a result, the share of GRP in the Northern zone increased in the country from 13,2 % in 2015 to 14,5 % in 2019, and the pace of development was outstripping: 144,6 % versus 129,2 % in the Russian Federation. It is noted that the pace and volume of both sectoral and territorial structural shifts in the production sector in almost all regions of the North zone are almost entirely related to both the scale of investments directed to the development of their economy and the current situation for their resources in the world commodity markets.

It is unclear how sectoral growth in the agriculture, industrial, and service sectors affects inflation, and the topic is also quite rare. Accordingly, the researchers in this paper examine the long- and short-term effects of agriculture, service, and industry sectors on inflation rates. In order to achieve this, the researchers applied an autoregressive distributed lag model from 1975 to 2019. In order to determine the direction of causation, the Granger causality test was conducted. The results clearly demonstrate the negative relationship between agriculture, services, population, and inflation over the long term. In the short run, previous inflation, the service sector, the second lag in population, and the agricultural sector do not reduce inflation. The industrial sector and the first lag of the population can lower inflation rates. Thus, the industry sector in the long run and the service and agricultural sectors in the short run are inefficient at reducing inflation. Inflation and the agricultural sector are causally linked in both directions. Additionally, unidirectional causality runs from industry and the service sector to inflation. Early researchers have not examined the impact of the service, industry, and agriculture sectors on inflation rate, thus offering a unique contribution to policy makers. Panel data are not used to compare the sectoral responsibility for reducing inflation in other African countries with researchers. Practically, the agriculture and service sectors on the short run, along with the industry sector on the long run, both need attention.

Lean implementation in the service sector has a dilemma related to defining the gap of the lean system and identifying the flaws in the processes which affect the overall performance and efficiency. This paper presents an innovative model that can help service companies to improve lean implementation and integrate appropriate Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) with the strategic goals. The aim of this paper is to also investigate different forms of waste that affect services performance by using the data of a global best practice. It also aims to apply and integrate the KPIs with Lean Management Tools to overcome the potential limitations of the traditional ones. As a first step of improvement, designing a new KPI lean method can lead to determining and reducing all different forms of existing wastes. Furthermore, such a method is expected to (i) improve the existing processes; (ii) enhance performance, (iii) increase time efficiency; and (iv) improve work accuracy. A new model that focuses on low-performance processes has been designed. The proposed model is also used to develop KPIs that are measurable and capable of detecting flaws and identify the possible improvements. When the model is continuously applied by service providers, the waiting time and non-adding value activities are expected to be significantly minimized. Likewise, monitoring and control of internal processes and activities can be improved. Furthermore, lean management is advantageous for the telecommunication sector as it allows a quick response to rapid changes in the telecom technology and, thus, improves the customer satisfaction.

This study is conducted to identify the various sustainability initiatives by the Indian manufacturing and service industry, which are listed in BSE 100. Moreover, the present study indicates the impact of sustainability initiatives on financial performance.A comparative analysis has been conducted between the manufacturing and service sectors. The present study is descriptive and causal design. The sample contains 75 firms listed on BSE 100 and data collected from CMIE Prowess IQ. Panel data regression has been used to check the effect of sustainability measures on financial performance. The significant findings of this study are that investing in sustainability measures has a significant impact on the financial performance of the companies in both sectors; however, in the service sector, sustainability has more impact than in the manufacturing industry. The study’s implications have been classified into broad categories: academic and managerial implications.

Near 60 years the phenomenon burnout is a researches object for the scientific community and especially for the psychologists. As a result from the professional work with people its destructive influence touches the humans behavior with a tension, depersonalisation and exhausing. A pilot research in Bulgarian shows that young people become a risiko group for the emotional burnout between the first and the fift year from theyr work experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CSR implementation is inextricably linked with effective stakeholder engagement, and integrating stakeholders' CSR priorities in management decision-making a prerequisite for effective stakeholder engagement. While the literature points to the need to build such linkages, no mechanism exists that reconciles never mind integrates stakeholders' (often conflicting) views. Addressing these omissions, we propose that there is a need for a framework that (1) reconciles and integrates the often conflicting priorities of stakeholders; (2) helps to construct a 'unified' CSR index inclusive of all stakeholders' views; (3) fosters consensus-driven management decision-making; and thereby (4) facilitates effective CSR stakeholder engagement and implementation. We construct an 'AHP-based Integrative Framework for Stakeholder Engagement'. We construct a 'unified' combined CSR index for Saudi businesses as well as the wider Saudi society as external stakeholders based on 18 CSR indicators identified as relevant through primary data collection. Based on combined rankings for the 18 CSR indicators, the most desirable 'common' CSR attributes are determined for all stakeholders. Notably, the popular notion that the Saudis view CSR in terms of philanthropy as a means of fulfiling their charitable obligations is not supported. The 'AHP-based Integrative Framework for Stakeholder Engagement' delivers measurable and transparent consensus-driven objective decision-making in setting CSR priorities inclusive of all (internal and external) stakeholders' views enabling participatory stakeholder engagement and CSR implementation, as well as objective CSR evaluations and comparisons improving the performance-disclosure gap. While this research focuses on CSR, we demonstrate the 'AHP-based Integrative Framework for Stakeholder Engagement' serves as a general framework that delivers effective stakeholder engagement in any management decision-making reconciling and integrating various stakeholders' often conflicting priorities into common objectives thereby enabling organisations the best possible informed management decisions inclusive of all (internal and external) stakeholders views. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Social Sciences Research / Sosyal Bilimler Arastirmalari Dergisi is the property of ODU Journal of Social Sciences Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper is devoted to the code of ethics as a tool for ethical conflict management in service sector organizations in the same way as in financial institutions in St. Petersburg, Russia. It was compiled on the basis of three previous studies: a pilot survey among service workers in 2014 (N 135) that identified problems, set goals and objectives, facilitated developing and testing methodological tools; formalized interview in 2015-2017 (N 483, including 64 managers and 419 employees), when primary empirical information was accumulated; analytical and project research in 2017-2018, whose purpose was to process and analyze the data obtained, to identify the conditions for the establishment of a behavioral ethics for service workers, and to develop practical design recommendations and social technology to build a behavioral ethics for service employees. Thus, this study determined that the code of ethics design and implementation will prevent conflict occurrences at a service sector company. The conclusion was that the introduction and operation of a code of ethics require the involvement not only of company frontline employees, but also of the CEOs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the relationship between tertiarization and the environment by asking whether this relationship varies according to the type of tertiarization. First, the analysis of types of tertiarization allows us to distinguish between absolute tertiarization and relative tertiarization. According to our data on 126 countries over the period 1992–2014, absolute tertiarization is the most widespread among these two types of tertiarization. Then, using a mathematical model, the analysis indicates that absolute tertiarization is harmful to the environment while relative tertiarization is not always harmful to the environment. Lastly, we employ heterogeneous panel regression techniques to examine the impacts of the two types of tertiarization on CO2 emissions separately. The estimation results tend to show that absolute tertiarization leads to a more than proportional increase in CO2 emissions, while relative tertiarization leads to a less than proportional increase in CO2 emissions. Overall, our results suggest that the type of tertiarization has some influence on the relationship between tertiarization and the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various cultural factors generally influence the communication and success potential of a business. Cultural awareness provides direction to many organizations which perform in a cross-culturally defined market at the international level. Understanding cultural aspects are among the most effective practices for institutions, like tourism, to create a competitive edge in the global market. In terms of tourism, sustainable development, and politics, differences in the work culture and ethics make the nations draw a cooperative framework to stand amongst the global competition. Globalization is linked with procedures, such as the internationalization of services and products, international relationships, unification and diversity, local and global, and many more. India-EU relations are growing exponentially towards rectifying the trade and fiscal relationship and covering all possible interaction segments (Council of the European Union, 2005). This study analyzes the key methodological concerns of cross-cultural issues in the tourism business and how understating the business culture amongst both countries can contribute effectively business production? This study also offers a framework for developing competitive benefits for tourism firms to establish international business with European nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Related to the research of working conditions, the link between organizational factors and health was traditionally analyzed using linear models. However, the literature analysis suggests inconsistencies in linear models predicting workers’ health levels. To clarify this issue, this exploratory research compares the linear and non-linear relationships between job demands-resources (task complexity, time pressure, contact with users, and job autonomy), and the psychological and physical symptoms of employees working in the main five service subsectors: commerce, horeca (hotels, restaurants, and cafés), public administration, education, and healthcare. With a final sample of 4,047 participants, our study data were extracted from the II Andalusian Working Conditions Survey. Following the theoretical framework of JD-R Model and considering the Vitamin Model theoretical approach for nonlinear relationships, our results showed that there were significant differences among the five subsectors analyzed regarding the linear and non-linear relationships between job demands-resources and psychological and physical symptoms of employees. Furthermore, task complexity generated non-linear relationships in higher proportion than time pressure and contact with users. Likewise, non-linear relationships found showed a U-shape. Moreover, the findings of non-linear relationships suggested that medium levels of task complexity should not be exceeded to avoid further negative impact on psychological and physical symptoms for service sector employees, preserving their health. Finally, some general practical implications of work environment interventions are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decoupling relationship between carbon emissions and the economic development in the service sector is conducive to promoting sustainable development. Taking 30 provinces of China as case studies, this study not only examined the decoupling relationship between carbon emissions and economic development in the service sector by adopting Tapio decoupling elasticity model but it also explored the driving factors affecting the changes of carbon emissions of the service sector at different stages by using the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index. The main results are as follows. First, the rapid development of the service sector inevitably consumed a large number of energies, thus generating a deal of carbon emissions in China. Second, the majority of provinces have achieved a weak decoupling relationship between carbon emissions and economic development in the service sector during the four Five-Year Plans. Third, although the inhibiting effect of energy efficiency and energy structure saw a fluctuant growth trend, the provincial average accumulative reduction of carbon emissions was still smaller than that of the industry scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Rozwój Regionalny & Polityka Regionalna is the property of Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza (IH UAM) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

An analysis of the activities of leading transnational corporations (TNCs) for the period from 2000 to 2020 showed that the transformation of the world economic order leads not only to new rules for conducting international business, but also to the occupation of prevailing positions in the world market by TNCs engaged in the service sector. Therefore, the purpose of the study was a systematic analysis of the impact of intangible assets on the growth of the competitiveness of the service sector and the increase in their market capitalization, revenue and asset value. Based on an in-depth study of statistical data, the authors identified trends that led to an increase in the share of intangible assets in the value of companies; an analysis was made of the presence of TNCs in the service sector in the ratings for assessing the level of revenue and market capitalization (based on the Fortune Global 500); comparison of indicators related to intangible assets with the human development index and the business environment, formed taking into account the existing investment climate (based on AON Empower Results, GIFT, World Investment Report); identified the most promising sectors for the use of intangible assets. Based on the results of the study, uniform principles were formed according to which the management of intangible assets of TNCs should take place, in which an important place is occupied by the use of the potential of intangible assets and the advantages of the triple helix of innovations (education - business - government). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employees always play an important role in the service sector. For this study, we have selected Infosys Ltd. as a leading company in the IT sector. The study’s objective is to analyze the expenditure incurred by Infosys Ltd. on their employees and the value of employees’ contribution to Infosys Ltd. using the Human Resources Information System (HRIS), a contribution-based model that consists of 13 variables. Out of the 13 variables, 09 variables are monetary. We have collected data from the latest financial reports of Infosys Ltd. and the Reserve Bank of India’s database for eight monetary variables. Four out of 13 variables are non-monetary for which data have been collected with the help of a standardized questionnaire using 5 points Likert scale. Based on the responses received from 119 employees of Infosys Ltd. and by analyzing data we conclude at both the individual and organization levels that there is a difference between the expenditure incurred by Infosys Ltd. on their employees in total and the Value of all employees’ contribution as an individual and as a group towards Infosys Ltd. This means that the employees’ contributions both individually and collectively are much more than the cost incurred by the organization.

The article is devoted to the history of the organization of consumer services for the population in the areas of construction of the BAM western section in 1974—1989. The features of the material and technical support of the household service, the problems of staffing, the structure and dynamics of services in cities and townships of builders are considered. It is noted that the network of consumer services enterprises was designed in a temporary version for the period of construction of the main railway. It is shown that the lag in the development of the public services system was caused by the sectoral mechanism of construction management, adjustments to design estimates, and a reduction in funding for civil construction. It is emphasized that, unlike other objects of the social sphere, which received the support of the all-Union ministries, the organization of the welfare service was under the territorial jurisdiction. In consumer services for the population of the construction site, such problems as a lack of production space, materials and components, an insignificant degree of mechanization and automation of labor, and a high staff turnover have been identified. Summing it up, the author comes to the conclusion that attempts to reform the industry in the second half of the 1980s could not significantly increase the efficiency of the household service in connection with the completion of the BAM construction and the simultaneous crisis of the Soviet system.

Related to the research of working conditions, the link between organizational factors and health was traditionally analyzed using linear models. However, the literature analysis suggests inconsistencies in linear models predicting workers’ health levels. To clarify this issue, this exploratory research compares the linear and non-linear relationships between job demands-resources (task complexity, time pressure, contact with users, and job autonomy), and the psychological and physical symptoms of employees working in the main five service subsectors: commerce, horeca (hotels, restaurants, and cafés), public administration, education, and healthcare. With a final sample of 4,047 participants, our study data were extracted from the II Andalusian Working Conditions Survey. Following the theoretical framework of JD-R Model and considering the Vitamin Model theoretical approach for non-linear relationships, our results showed that there were significant differences among the five subsectors analyzed regarding the linear and non-linear relationships between job demands-resources and psychological and physical symptoms of employees. Furthermore, task complexity generated non-linear relationships in higher proportion than time pressure and contact with users. Likewise, non-linear relationships found showed a U-shape. Moreover, the findings of non-linear relationships suggested that medium levels of task complexity should not be exceeded to avoid further negative impact on psychological and physical symptoms for service sector employees, preserving their health. Finally, some general practical implications of work environment interventions are suggested.

At the intersection of digitization and sustainability, the current article explores the application of environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG) in the service sector in India. The analysis draws on findings collected through questionnaires and interviews (mixed methods) with managers at middle, senior, and top levels of the hierarchy. The findings suggest that technology can both facilitate and hinder the sustainability effort; therefore, the implications on internal stakeholders, such as workers and managers, can be both positive and negative. Additionally, technologies that are taken for granted in certain parts of the world may be inappropriate in the Indian context. As a result, sustainability frameworks are implemented selectively rather than holistically. The adoption of an ESG framework has a largely positive impact on investors. While companies do not place much emphasis on employees’ wellbeing and ‘human rights’, they still link ESG to ‘Supply Chain Sustainability’. Contributing to the signaling theory, there is also evidence of firms’ motivation to adopt ESG practices for the purposes of legitimacy and forming external stakeholders’ perceptions. The current study is both timely and important due to the high interest in the application of tools facilitating sustainability performance. The study contributes to both the literature and practice, since it adds to our understanding concerning the challenges faced by firms in implementing ESG practices, whereas it also enables administrators to identify areas for the further development of sustainable practices.

Productivity has posed issues for global countries in terms of promoting older employment due to an emergence of questions regarding production efficiency. Individual characteristics result in varying production efficiencies, which in turn provide different levels of productivity. Taking this concern into account, we are here to examine the characteristics of older workers who provide high productivity in order to seek recommendations for fostering decent work for them. We utilized the dataset collected from the pilot service companies in Thailand who participated in a national initiative program for employing older people. A total of 204 older workers and their characters were then observed. Those characters were analyzed by the Generalized Ordered Logit Regression (gologit) model. Empirical findings indicate that allocating work that is related to communication and coordination to older workers would enhance odd ratio of their productivity by as much as 4.79 times compared to general tasks. Furthermore, employing older individuals on a part-time basis tends to generate higher-level productivity than full-time employment. We also found that gender and age differences have no significant effect on productivity in the service sector as people age, and factors related to types of employment, education, health, and financial status are also a precise determinant for the productivity of older workers. This would suggest that the work design for the older workers must be in line with the aforementioned determinants. In addition, the government initiatives utilizing key findings from this study to boost older workers' productivity should give priority on tax incentives, promoting and advocating for employment equality, and vocationalization programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on social exchange, social identity and conservation of resources (COR) theories, we investigate the possible interaction effects between individual's spirituality and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) on employee's task performance. Furthermore, we examined the heterogeneous nature of employment status to explain variations in the interaction effects and other relationships. In all data from 380 respondents in the service sector in Ghana were analyzed using T-test, regression and moderation. Results of hierarchical multiple regression revealed that OCB directly relates to employees' task performance and that an individual's spirituality moderates this relationship. Further analysis revealed variations in the relationships based on employment status. The study concludes with several useful implications for theory and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses data from 1,222 online survey questionnaires of education enterprises to estimate the impact of COVID-19 on the employment expectations of service enterprises. We found COVID-19 had a significant inhibitory effect on employment expectations, and if the shock of COVID-19 increased by one level, the probability that the expected labour demand of enterprises decreased by 30–50% would increase by 0.049 compared to the same prior-year period, and the probability of a reduction of more than 50% would increase by 0.115. The COVID-19 influenced employment expectations mainly through inhibiting two major channels – revenue and cash flow, and its impact on revenue was greater than the impact on cash flow. Specifically, the mediating effects of revenue and cash flow accounted for 42.78% and 14.07% of the total effect, respectively. In addition, the employment expectations of non-micro enterprises, offline enterprises, and enterprises in high-risk regions were more impacted by COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]