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Metacognitive skills are important because they help people develop an understanding of effective strategies. This skill also helps improve one's critical thinking and creative thinking so as to be able to overcome problems in everyday life. The purpose of this research is to train students' metacognitive skills through biology learning using the EAQD-PC learning model (acronym of exploring, analyzing, questioning, defining--peer coaching) which is integrated learning journals (LJ). This research was conducted at the University of Muhammadiyah Bone, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Using a quantitative research design, 43 students were taught by EAQD-PC-LJ. Metacognitive skills were tested with an essay test three times. Previous essay tests were validated by expert raters and tested on previous batches of students to measure empirical validity and reliability. All tests are valid and reliable. The results of the treatment showed an improvement in students' metacognitive skills through three tests. The findings of this study prove that EAQD-PC-LJ is effectively used to improve students' metacognitive skills through the learning process. Learning journals have an important role as a tool to train students' mastery of concepts and knowledge.

This research investigates the integration of environmental science education within maritime curricula at the Maritime Institute Jakarta. Focusing on 70 cadets across Nautical, Technical, and Port and Shipping Management majors, a qualitative descriptive approach is employed. Results reveal varying levels of environmental awareness, integration perception, and challenges. Nautical Major demonstrates high awareness and positivity but faces time constraints. Technical Major shows a mixed perception with resistance to change. Port and Shipping Management Major lags behind, identifying a lack of clear guidelines. The research aligns with theoretical frameworks, emphasising tailored approaches to curriculum development. Implications include curriculum adjustments, targeted interventions, and strategic communication. The results contribute to the goal of producing "eco-navigators" -- maritime professionals adept at both technical proficiency and environmental consciousness. As the maritime industry navigates sustainability challenges, this research provides valuable insights for refining environmental science education, fostering a new generation of maritime professionals aligned with global sustainability imperatives.

The application of effective teaching methods needs to be implemented to improve the quality of microbiology education which can empower important competencies in the current era. This study aims to analyze the application and trajectory of argumentation-based inquiry learning through the application of microbiology lectures. This research uses research design methods consisting of preliminary design steps, teaching experiments and retrospective analysis. The source of the data comes from student learning activities in argumentation-based inquiry learning implemented in microbiology courses. The results showed that the learning trajectory of Hypothetical Learning Trajectory (HLT) in microbiology lectures with an argumentation-based inquiry model was in accordance with the stages of student research ranging from determining research themes, compiling proposals, designing and implementing data collection, analyzing data, discussing research results, writing research reports to conducting scientific publications in journals. Students who carry out microbiology lectures using argumentation-based inquiry learning through the implementation of different research in the field of microbiology experience a similar learning trajectory so that a specific and distinctive set of Hypothetical Learning Trajectory (HLT) can be formulated.

This research aimed to determine students' opinions on technology-supported drama activities applied in teaching the subject of the central nervous system in the biology course. The research used a case study design, a qualitative research method. The study was conducted with 25 students studying biology at a state university. An appropriate sampling method was used to determine the study group. Within the scope of the research, a semi-structured interview form was used to determine students' opinions about technology-supported drama method applications. This form allowed students to express their experiences in depth. The research results indicated that the students had a generally positive perspective on the technology-supported drama method used in the biology course. Since technology-supported creative drama activities provide students with a learning environment that they enjoy, this method can be recommended to increase students' interest in lessons and ensure permanent learning of content.

Using the metaphor of a medieval village, I share and reflect on my story as a PhD student, holder of an underrepresented identity in STEM, and next-generation boundary spanner in science communication. I am a science communicator to faith-based communities--a neglected and often contentious space in science communication. Through 6 years of graduate education, my metaphorical village helped me to discover and refine my "impact identity," the fusion of my outreach with my scholarship that enables me to advance into the next stage of my career with community engagement as one of my strongest assets. Beyond my personal story, I reflect on what a "village" can look like for other boundary spanners. My village concept can help students, universities, and others in higher education navigate the development of next-generation boundary spanners in science communication.

Junior high school is pivotal for developing skills and fostering a lasting interest in science subjects. Understanding the components that either lead to or hinder academic engagement is essential. This research investigates an indicator of the learning environment that significantly influences academic engagement in science of junior high school students. A quantitative descriptive correlational design was employed with 142 junior high school students selected through universal sampling, utilizing adapted instruments to assess the learning environment and academic engagement in science, and the gathered data was statistically analyzed using mean, standard deviation, Pearson r, and linear regression. This study revealed that the level of learning environment and academic engagement in science of junior high school students were both high. In addition, the study found a significant relationship between the learning environment and academic engagement in science among junior high school students. Moreover, the science learning environment indicators that significantly influence the academic engagement of junior high school students were the enjoyment of science lessons and investigation, highlighting the importance of cultivating a positive and enjoyable science learning experience, and the promotion of hands-on investigation in the educational process. Recommendations include fostering an improved overall student learning environment, schools continuing their commitment to quality education, teachers refining instructional delivery, and aligning science activities with student needs. This research is a valuable resource for future studies to contribute to enhancing knowledge in science education.

This study aims to determine the need for multitiered diagnostic instruments to identify misconceptions and their causes, as well as multi-representational profiles in chemistry lessons starting from grade 10 in the initial to the final material for grade 12. The data analysis technique used in this research is descriptive, namely descriptive analysis. Systematic and factual facts are investigated by collecting data, processing and analyzing. The instruments used have been validated by expert lecturers and received improvements in the diction of the question sentences. The subjects used in this study were several chemistry teachers in East Java, totalling 67 teachers who were taken by random sampling. Data collection was carried out through questionnaires distributed using the media google form. The results of the analysis found that diagnostic assessments in chemistry subjects were made up to the macroscopic, submicroscopic, and symbolic levels with a percentage of 93%; it is necessary to apply diagnostic assessments to all chemistry learning topics with a percentage of 61%, diagnostic assessments in chemistry subjects must be carried out in a multitiered manner level 5 with a percentage of 79%.

The perspective of learning science as a way of thinking and inquiry can be realized if teachers can develop higher order thinking skills (HOTS)-oriented science worksheets. Therefore, it is very important to train the creativity of Pre-service Elementary School Teachers (PETs) in developing HOTS-oriented science worksheets in the education of prospective elementary school teachers. This study aims to describe the profile of PETs' creative thinking in developing HOTS-oriented science worksheets. Research involving PETs in one of the universities in Central Java. Data collection was carried out through a creative thinking assessment rubric on worksheet products on 38 PETs. Content analysis with an interactive model is applied in research. The results showed that the aspects of fluency, flexibility, and elaboration were obtained in the sufficient category. While the aspect of originality obtained unfavorable results. The results of the study concluded that creative thinking skills in developing HOTS-oriented science worksheets were still not good. Research recommends that lecturers immediately make efforts to select effective learning methods and tools to enhance PETs' creativity in developing HOTS-oriented science worksheets.

As a result of human beings' activities to dominate nature and transform it for their own benefit as they continue to advance in science and technology, environmental problems such as climate change have become the biggest threat faced by the biosphere in the current century. One of the biggest problems of humanity today is the scarcity of water resources. It is important to reveal the meanings attributed to the concept of water in biology textbooks in order to identify and eliminate the deficiencies or gaps between the concepts related to the subject. The main purpose of this study is to analyze how the concept of water is presented in secondary school biology textbooks. In line with this purpose, answers to the following questions were sought: What biological concepts is water associated with in biology textbooks and how often is it used? Under which categories can the concept of water be classified in biology textbooks? In the study, document analysis was conducted on four biology textbooks published by the Ministry of National Education to be taught in high schools in the 2023-2024 academic year. A qualitative methodology based on inductive logic was used to analyze the data. How water is emphasized in biology textbooks was discussed, and categories were developed to conceptualize explanations about water. These categories were: water as a substance in the structure of organisms, water as a habitat for organisms, water as a substance involved in chemical reactions, water as a human health factor, water as an essential requirement for organisms, water as an environmental problem factor and water as a scarcity factor. According to the results of the textbook content analysis, it was seen that the relationships between water and health concepts in the category of water as a human health factor were well structured. In the study, it was seen that the concept of water was presented in accordance with the target achievements in line with the secondary school biology course curriculum and that the key concepts were given literally. However, it was revealed that the concept of water in textbooks should be structured according to the principles of the systems thinking approach.

The development and acquisition of science process skills (SPS) in science education are closely linked to the development of 21st-century skills and improvements in academic performance. To help facilitate the development of SPS in learners, teachers should acquire and exhibit SPS. This study assesses the SPS acquired by final-year students in a college of education who are pursuing a bachelor's degree in education, using regression correlation to find relationships between their acquired SPS, entry qualifications and academic performance. A parametric achievement test was used to assess the SPS acquired by the student teachers and extant data were used to construct their entry qualifications and academic performance. The data for the study were collected from 236 student teachers in four science colleges affiliated with the University of Cape Coast in Ghana. The results indicated that SPS contributed more to better academic performance than did students' entry qualifications. However, the nature of assessment of academic performance was such that basic SPS was a better influencer of academic performance than integrated SPS. It is recommended that, aside from entry qualifications, SPS acquired by candidates aspiring to pursue science programmes in tertiary institutions should be considered for admissions, and academic assessment instruments should be improved to encourage acquisition and development of integrated SPS.

This study aimed to investigate research trends related to socio-scientific issues (SSI). The SSI articles analysed were from highest-rating five science education journals with the highest impact ratings, published between 2011 and 2022, including "Science Education" [SE], "Journal of Research in Science Teaching" [JRST], "Science and Education" [S&E], "International Journal of Science Education" [IJSE], and "Research in Science Education" [RSE]. A total of 87 selected relevant SSI articles were analysed to determine research types, research topics, research sample groups, research sites, and authors with the most citations. According to the research findings, IJSE articles are the most widely published articles compared to other articles of similar journals. It is revealed that the most discussed issues in those articles of IJSE are argumentation and decision-making, followed by the nature of science. Pupils in middle and high schools constitute the largest sample groups. The continent that has been widely selected as research sites is European continent. Meanwhile, the country with the most research sites is the United States. The data collection tool most frequently used in the research is interview. S&E's "Nature of Science," "Scientific Inquiry," and "Socio-Scientific Issues Arising from Genetics: A Pathway to Developing a Scientifically Literate Citizenry" articles are the most cited articles. Challenges such as addressing efficacy, emotion, and attitude remain noticeably unexplored in SSI studies. Furthermore, exploratory studies on SSI for early childhood education.

The study aimed to investigate preschool children's learning needs related to science and their teachers' science activity practices. A basic qualitative research design was applied. Interviews were conducted with 15 preschool teachers and 48 children living in Ankara and subjected to content analysis. It was found that teachers mostly carried out activities and science experiments to support sense development and observation skills, used science and sensory centres and mostly preferred natural objects and living things. However, it was found that about half of the teachers considered themselves inadequate in science activities. Teachers stated that children need science activities that they can experience on their own, that take place outdoors and that are appropriate for their age, development and interests. They also stated that children need learning experiences that will improve their sensory development, observation and questioning skills. It was found that children mostly wanted to get to know scientists, learn how tools and equipment work, and conduct experiments. As a result of the research, it was revealed that teachers were aware of the importance of developing children's skills and reflected this in practice, but they could not identify the topics that children were interested in very well.

This article describes a study conducted in the discipline of "science education in nature", offered 100% in the distance learning mode, for undergraduate students in biological sciences and pedagogy. The aim was to develop a challenge that would stimulate students creativity and engagement. Through the virtual learning platform, students exchanged information and collaborated with each other. The challenge resulted in a significant increase in student engagement and facilitated the connection between theory and practice. The findings highlight the importance of strategies that promote engagement in distance learning, especially in the discipline in which it was applied. The challenge-based approach stimulates creativity, critical thinking, and the development of essential skills for teacher education in this field.

The rapid development of artificial intelligence and large language models (LLMs) has led to significant advancements in applying machine learning techniques across diverse disciplines, including educational science research. This study investigates the potential of LLMs like ChatGPT for qualitative data analysis, focusing on open, axial, selective coding, theme or pattern identification, and inter-rater reliability. Our findings indicate promising capabilities of ChatGPT in open coding, demonstrating accurate categorization of qualitative data. However, axial coding posed challenges due to the model's limited understanding, which was partially addressed by refining prompts based on ChatGPT's interpretation. ChatGPT also showed competence in selective coding and theme or pattern identification, providing additional insights. For inter-rater reliability, ChatGPT's performance varied across datasets, with improvements observed when providing contextual information. It is important to note the limitations and variability of LLMs such as ChatGPT, which is in public beta and subject to potential limitations in usage and reliability. Our study demonstrates ChatGPT's potential for coding and inter-rater reliability. Improved results are achieved with refined prompts and utilising ChatGPT's own definitions. The adoption of LLMs for qualitative analysis requires further exploration, including addressing algorithmic bias and the potential for inaccurate responses. Validation techniques are crucial in mitigating these risks.

Children's natural curiosity by everything around them is a premise for discovery. Natural phenomena such as the alternation between day and night, elements of nature such as the tree's leaves and their shapes and colors, daily routines as sorting waste, raise many questions in children, stimulating them towards scientific literacy trough what is familiar to them and their personal life experiences. In the science children's books, the concepts' approach sometimes difficult its understanding by children, due to the used vocabulary, the lack of an appealing narrative, among other aspects. In turn, children's literature books without any intention of promoting or developing ideas of science can, through their narrative and illustrations, in a more meaningful context for children, motivate the inquiring and the concepts' exploration. This work results from a presentation session of the children's book "From the outside to inside and from the inside to outside" to children of a Portuguese school of the 1st Cycle of Basic Education, by the authors which are also the researchers, having as aim create an environment based on questioning activity, supported in the story narrative, and develop children's divergent thinking in a context involving scientific ideas.

In this article we offer a conceptual and practical contribution to the field of STEM education by investigating the concepts educators may include in Quantum Technologies (QT) outreach activities. We embed our approach in the discipline-culture (DC) framework, in which we consider the cultural nuances of QT as an important factor which must not be ignored in education efforts. To this end, a survey study by the pilot project Quantum Technologies Education For Everyone (QuTE4E), investigating key concepts for QT outreach, was conducted between December 2021 and June 2022. Here we present the results of the study, analysed through the DC framework, and consider the implications for designing QT outreach activities. The data hints at the perceived value of highlighting core concepts of Quantum Mechanics (QM), while also raising the question of whether QT sits as a discipline of Physics, Computer Science, or elsewhere. This calls for a reordering of the primacy of certain concepts (such as qubit and spin) for outreach purposes, where core concepts in QM might not be core concepts in QT, and vice versa. The results of this study provide valuable insights for those interested in learning more about this rapidly-evolving field.

Preservice teachers who are specialising in the teaching of the subject natural science at a primary school level, ought to demonstrate the ability to present lessons that provoke a joyful yet meaningful educational experience amongst learners. One such approach that was taken, was when natural science preservice teachers were tasked with developing educational science board games as a means to enrich their teaching practice during a recent school visitation opportunity. However, given this educational exercise, what remains a mystery from a teacher development perspective is whether this exercise provoked some form of 'pedagogical thinking' among preservice teachers? It is with this question in mind, that the study investigated whether the task of developing educational science board games sparked the ability of preservice teachers to demonstrate knowledge of pedagogical content. The study draws on a modified understanding of Shulman's pedagogical content knowledge model, which in the context of gamification requires one to effectively transmit 'subject knowledge' in an interactive manner through 'educational board game practices and engagement'. Using a focus group discussion and photo-voice methodology as data collection techniques, this qualitative study uncovered how preservice teachers demonstrated i) knowledge of the curriculum, ii) knowledge of instructional strategies, iii) knowledge of learner-thinking, and iv) knowledge of assessment. This study holds a series of implications for future research in the field of initial teacher development and STEM education. For example, it will be interesting to uncover how preservice teachers experience the use of educational board games in their teaching. In addition, it will also be interesting to discover how educational board games can be used in other STEM subjects such as mathematics, technology, and physical science. Ultimately, more research is also required on the learning benefits of educational board games from a learner's perspective.

This paper uses data from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and employs multiple regression models to investigate the relationship between teacher salary and educational achievement in mathematics and science across 30 countries. After controlling for alternative wage opportunities and two macroeconomic factors (GDP per capita and educational expenditure as percentage of GDP), the results reveal no significant relationship between teacher salary and educational achievement in mathematics and science. These findings imply the need to look beyond a single policy, such as higher salaries, in favor of policy strategies that address working conditions and other challenges facing new teachers.

This study made a preliminary attempt to conduct a needs assessment of teachers' utilization of the SSI-based approach in teaching Science by exploring Filipino teachers' awareness, perceived need, readiness, and willingness. It also aimed to determine which among the demographic profiles of the teachers had significant differences in their perceived need and readiness. A needs assessment using a quantitative survey research design was used in this study. The data-gathering procedure was done using a validated online survey questionnaire with a Cronbach alpha of 0.89. A total of 124 science teachers participated in this study throughout the two-week implementation. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data gathered from this study. Results revealed that more than fifty percent of the teachers were highly aware of the SSI-based approach and perceived the need for its implementation in science classes. Teachers were also willing to participate in an SSI training program to learn more about it and develop their own SSI-related materials. Furthermore, gender and specialization significantly differed in teachers' perceived needs, while specialization significantly differed in readiness. Results obtained from this study can be used as a basis for exploring teachers' perceptions and views of implementing the SSI-based approach.

This research aims to examine the mediation effect of teaching behaviour in the relationship between teachers' transformational leadership practices and students' interest in science. A non-experimental quantitative approach was used, with a total of 250 students from secondary private schools in Malaysia participating voluntarily as respondents in the study. Google Form questionnaires were distributed through email for data collection. The findings indicated significant positive associations between teachers' transformational leadership practices, teaching behaviour, and students' interest in science, as revealed by correlation and regression analyses. Mediation analysis demonstrates that teachers' teaching behaviour partially mediates the relationship between transformational leadership and students' interest in science. This study emphasizes the importance of effective teaching behaviour in fostering students' interest in science, providing valuable insights for educational policymakers, school administrators, and teachers in promoting science education and improving students' academic achievement.

This study aimed to develop a valid and reliable measurement tool to determine the anxiety levels of parents with gifted children. The participants were selected using a convenient sampling method. The sample of this study consisted of 550 parents of gifted middle school students attending 12 Science and Art Centers throughout Turkey in the 2022-2023 academic year. This study utilized the "Anxiety Scale for Parents of Gifted Children," developed by the researchers in this study, which consisted of 30 items, to obtain quantitative data. A Personal Information Form was used for demographic information. The scale's validity was assessed through face, content, and construct validity, and its reliability was examined using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, item discrimination, and test-retest analyses. Expert opinion and a pilot study were conducted for face and content validity, whereas EFA and CFA were performed for construct validity. The data of 300 randomly selected participants (229 females and 71 males) were used for EFA, while the data of the remaining 250 participants (189 females and 61 males) were used for CFA. As a result of the EFA, eleven items were excluded, and CFA was conducted. The analysis yielded the following fit indices for the scale: RMSEA= 0.054, GFI= 0.912, CFI= 0.937, and IFI= 0.939. The Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient was .890. Based on the analyses, a valid and reliable scale comprising 19 items and five factors was developed to assess the anxiety levels of parents with gifted children.

This meta-analysis evaluated how well learners' conceptual understanding, environmental attitudes, and pro-environmental behavior were improved by the Socio-Scientific Issues (SSI)-based approach based on the literature (2017-2021). The research analyzed various studies on the efficacy of SSI-based techniques, such as argumentation, case-oriented approaches, and problem-based learning. The findings showed a strong positive influence on learners' understanding of intricate environmental concerns and their propensity for sustainable conduct. While the study found that the SSI-based approach fosters critical thinking and involvement in several noteworthy ways, it also uncovered potential publication biases in certain aspects. Furthermore, the research stressed the necessity of context-specific strategies and interdisciplinary collaboration to improve the robustness and application of SSI-based interventions in climate change education. The results highlight how the SSI-based approach can cultivate proactive, environmentally conscientious, knowledgeable citizens ready to address urgent global concerns.

The aim of this study was to develop students' chemical literacy by integrating dilemma stories into a Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics (STEAM) project on petroleum. Chemical literacy can help students face future challenges by applying what they learn about chemistry subjects at school to solve problems in their daily lives. A qualitative research method was employed that included interviews, observations, reflective journals, chemical literacy tests, and student activity sheets, as data collection tools. Thirty six secondary school students participated in the research using a project-based approach consisting of five steps: value reflection, problem-solving, project monitoring and evaluation, project development, and transformation. This study used four chemical literacy components according to Shwartz, Ben-Zvi and Hofstein (2006) namely scientific and chemical content knowledge, characteristics of chemistry, chemistry in context, higher-order learning skills, and affective aspect. STEAM integrated with dilemmas stories provides opportunities for students to develop chemical literacy through value reflection, problem solving, and STEAM project. This study uses a dilemma story to understand chemistry concepts whereby students can develop a project by integrating chemistry and STEAM principles. The STEAM Project involved making alternative fuel to find a solution to a problem presented in the dilemma story. The researchers were challenged by the need to find a suitable chemistry-based dilemma story to integrate with a STEAM project while also empowering students and managing time resources.

Science teachers play a crucial role in the science education system, significantly influencing the development of students. However, existing research highlights issues such as a wide age span and uneven quality among science teachers, which undermines the effectiveness of science education. In addition, the role of science teachers can be ambiguously defined, leading to confusion about their responsibilities. To better understand the current situation and future development trend of research on the role of science teachers in China and overseas, this study compares and analyses a total of 30 documents on the role of science teachers in Chinese or English. The documents were from Web of science or CNKI databases. Content analysis was applied on time of publication, volume of papers, research topic, and similarities and differences of the role development of science teachers in China or overseas. Results show that: (1) At present, the development trend of research on the role of science teachers published in English and Chinese is relatively slow and has not received due attention. Most mainstream research paradigms are still in the stage of theoretical exploration; (2) the research theme of the role of science teachers mainly includes five aspects: Role expectation, role orientation, role identification, role transformation, and role; (3) the "should be" research published in Chinese and the "real" research published in English should be combined and form a positive interaction. This study is helpful to systematically analyze the current situation of research on the role of science teachers, with a view to providing a basis for subsequent research on the role of science teachers.

There is an increasing interest in the integration of computational thinking (CT) in the K-12 curriculum. By integrating CT into other disciplines, the aim is to equip students with essential skills to navigate domain-specific challenges. This study conducts a systematic review of 108 peer-reviewed scientific papers to analyze in which K-12 subjects CT is being integrated, learning objectives, CT integration levels, instructional strategies, technologies and tools employed, assessment strategies, research designs and educational stages of participants. The findings reveal that: (a) over two-thirds of the CT integration studies predominantly focus on science and mathematics; (b) the majority of the studies implement CT at the substitution level rather than achieving a transformation impact; (c) active learning is a commonly mentioned instructional strategy, with block-based languages and physical devices being frequently utilized tools; (d) in terms of assessment, the emphasis primarily lies in evaluating attitudes towards technology or the learning context, rather than developing valid and reliable assessment instruments. These findings shed light on the current state of CT integration in K-12 education. The identified trends provide valuable insights for educators, curriculum designers, and policymakers seeking to effectively incorporate CT across various disciplines in a manner that fosters meaningful skill development with an interdisciplinary approach. By leveraging these insights, we can strive to enhance CT integration efforts, ensuring the holistic development of students' computational thinking abilities and promoting their preparedness for the increasingly interdisciplinary domains of digital world.

This study attempts to analyze the innovation of learning media in elementary schools during the COVID-19 pandemic. This library and field research has the data collected from Google Scholar database concerning scientific articles about innovative learning media in elementary schools during the pandemic. The data were collected using the keyword "Innovation of SD learning media". They were taken from 359 data: 280 Indonesian version and 79 Inglish versio. The data were classified into Indonesian, Natural Science, Social Sciences, and Mathematics, Civics, and Thematic subjects.There are more technology-based media than non-technology-based media. The types of media used in this research are video media, games, books, PowerPoint, and concrete objects used in the six subjects focusing on research. Based on the frequency and quantity of instructional media, the researchers recommend that the Indonesian language subjects use books, videos, and concrete objects. In science subjects, video learning media, PowerPoint, and books are used. In social studies subjects, games, videos, and concrete objects are used. In the Mathematics subject, media games, videos, and concrete objects are used. In PKN (Civics) subjects, video learning media, ICT, and comics are used. In thematic learning, video learning media, games, and books are used.

The study investigates students' ability to analyze visual literacy and digital literacy through open-ended inquiry activities with astronomical observations and Heaven View application. The investigation consists of assignments for students to carry out six different variations of observational activities. Supervision is given in introductory astronomy lectures before and after using open-ended inquiry as direct observation and indirect observation activities. We discuss the implicits for open-ended inquiry learning that encourage students to participate in observational activities. Students are expected to develop several 21st century skills through an open-ended inquiry process, including visual-digital literacy. A pretest-posttest control group design with an open-ended inquiry model was applied to the experimental group and a direct instruction model to the control group. This study uses inferential statistical parametric methods, using ANCOVA. Students' visual-digital literacy data were obtained using the pretest and posttest. The results showed that a statistically significant difference between open-ended inquiry through astronomical laboratory observations assisted by Heaven View application compared to direct model recognition. Students' visual-digital literacy has increased due to the application of this learning model. The implications of this research can encourage students' visual-digital science literacy. Other educators can adopt open-ended learning experiences through the Heaven View app-assisted astronomical observation labs to promote visual-digital literacy in science.

This study aims to develop a test to measure sixth grade students' success in 'Circulatory System'. For this purpose, a draft test containing 22 questions was prepared by the researchers. And then, the draft test was submitted to expert opinion and examined in terms of language and content. Following expert opinions, the 22 multiple-choice questions were administered to 128 seventh graders attended to two different secondary schools. Item analysis was performed in the data and thus, two questions were removed from the draft test. According to the findings, the overall item difficulty value of the 20-question final test was calculated as 0.654, and the item discrimination value was calculated as 0.54. KR-20 reliability coefficient of the test was 0.71. Seven of the questions are at the remembering level. Additionally, there were eight questions at the understanding level and five questions at the analysis level according to Bloom' revised taxonomy.

The scope of this preliminary study revolves around investigating the effectiveness of experiential learning in upper-year science laboratory courses in a post-pandemic era. In this study we have explored two key questions: 1. Can experiential learning facilitate independent inquiry in an upper-year undergraduate laboratory in a post-pandemic era? 2. Do incoming students feel prepared to carry out an in-person, hands-on, upper-year undergraduate laboratory experiments in a post-pandemic era? By exploring these questions through student reflections and perceptions in an advanced analytical chemistry inquiry-based laboratory course, we hope to acknowledge the impact the pandemic has had on first- and second-year foundational labs, and on the preparation of students for upper-year undergraduate labs. The shift towards virtual learning during the COVID-19 pandemic may have heavily impacted the development of core wet laboratory skills and thus made it challenging for students to build their confidence and skillset and attain success when challenged at a higher level. [Articles in this journal were presented at the University of Calgary Conference on Postsecondary Learning and Teaching.]

This study analyzes Turkish studies on web-based instruction in the field of science education using the meta-synthesis method with the aim of determining the general trends of the analyzed studies. A total of 20 studies published between 2006 and 2022, including 7 doctoral dissertations, 11 master theses, and 2 journal articles, were analyzed with a qualitative research design. These studies were identified using the databases of the YÖK National Thesis Center, EBSCO, Google Scholar, and ProQuest. The studies were analyzed using a coding form that included ten categories: year of publication, type of publication, purpose of the research, method, data collection tools, data analysis method, grade level, sample size, learning domain, and outcome of the research. The obtained data were interpreted according to the specified categories. It was concluded that a significant portion of the analyzed studies were conducted with the aim of examining web-based instruction and Web 2.0 tools, mixed research designs and semi-structured interview forms were most often used, most studies were conducted with students in the 6th and 7th grades, and web-based instruction was generally found to be more effective than traditional instruction. This study provides an overview of research on webbased instruction in the field of science education, serves as a resource for future research, and offers new ideas and suggestions for researchers in this field.

This study aims to ascertain the research trends of articles on scientific literacy in primary schools. In the study, both bibliometric and content analysis techniques were employed. In the Web of Science database, 145 studies conducted between 1993 and 2021 and 60 studies conducted between 2002 and 2021 were included in the content analysis for bibliometric analysis. According to the findings, there is a rising interest in scientific literacy in primary schools. Bybee, R., and McCrae, B., were the most cited authors in this study. The United States was the most frequently cited country, and the Australian Council for Educational Research was the most frequently cited institution. Few mixed studies have been conducted on the topic of scientific literacy, as qualitative studies have dominated the field. As sample groups, primary school students and college graduates were favored. The study concluded that scientific literacy in primary school is mostly promoted by organizations, journals or authors in developed countries. The results of the study were discussed in light of the relevant literature, and suggestions for further studies were offered.

Climate change and its effects are impacting our world more and more with each passing day. For this reason, we must ensure that our children, as the society of the future, grow up as individuals with high environmental awareness, being aware of climate change and its effects. The aim of this study is to inform students about the subject of climate change and to educate them as individuals with climate change literacy. In this context, a digital game about climate change and its effects was developed for primary school students. A qualitative research method and techniques were adapted in this research. Interview, observation, and document analysis techniques were used to ensure variety in data acquisition in the research. The study was conducted in the 2022 spring semester during the science courses. It was conducted at an urban primary school in Ankara. 22 fourth grade students were participated as control group and 23 fourth grade students were participated as treatment group in the study. It was determined that the students enjoyed this game, called Stop Climate Change; they had fun and simultaneously learned about concepts related to climate change.

This study examined problem-based learning in blended learning classrooms for practicing mathematical problems in an emergency situation, such as Covid-19. For this purpose, a three-week program was framed in contrast to traditional teaching, aiming at enrichment and not remediation, for a group of fifty students' studying mathematics in a science program. The formative experiment research method was used for this study and practiced at public sector Higher Secondary School in Jehangira, district Swabi. The data were collected through a self-developed questionnaire verified by experts and were analyzed by using simple frequency distribution. Findings were mostly positive, indicating that students found problem-based learning productive in practicing mathematics, for example, solved samples helped them in answering similar problems, course work was completed timely, and use of smartphones with peers in groups helped them in better understanding the problems. The findings also revealed some concerns such as poor availability of network/internet services or non-affordability of having smart phone or internet packages, and parents' unwillingness for allowing smartphones and using the internet.

This study aimed to determine the difference in students' level of understanding before and after using synchronous and asynchronous network learning modes. This quantitative study employed a quasi-experimental research design. Data were obtained from 87 students who were divided into two experimental groups. The results show a higher level of mastery among students in Experimental Group 2 compared to Experimental Group 1. This implies that students with high self-efficacy had a different mastery of concepts from those who had moderate or low self-efficacy. This study concludes that the application of learning networks and self-efficacy influences and improves student science learning outcomes.

Background: Preschool teachers play a key role in early scientific education, and their understanding and ability to communicate scientific concepts are crucial. Researchers have extensively studied their grasp of basic scientific concepts, but their understanding of important concepts related to buoyancy, such as floating and sinking, remains relatively underexplored at this level. Aim: This study sought to investigate Grade R teachers' understanding of buoyancy principles by focusing on the concepts of floating and sinking. Setting: The study was conducted in Maseru, Lesotho with four Grade R teachers in their schools. Methods: This study employed a qualitative research approach characterised by a case-study design within an interpretive paradigm. Thematic data analysis was used, drawing from semi-structured interviews with four purposefully selected Grade R teachers. Results: The study found that Grade R teachers have a partial grasp of floating and sinking concepts. While they can describe these principles at a basic level, their ability to explain the reasons behind objects floating or sinking is limited. Conclusion: The incomplete understanding of the floating and sinking concepts among Grade R teachers could negatively impact students' knowledge of science. Therefore, it is advisable to implement an in-service science content-focused programme to empower and equip teachers with the necessary knowledge and skills. Contribution: This study contributes to the limited literature on understanding basic scientific concepts such as floating and sinking in early childhood education. Neglecting these concepts may impede students' learning if not properly addressed.

COVID-19 challenges induced a U.S. meatpacking industry bottleneck. Ohio Extension identified the need and responded by creating a three-step hands-on training for teenage junior fair exhibitors. Ohio Extension Meat Scientist and graduate students assisted in demonstrating an on-farm hog harvest and processing event in collaboration with a local Extension office for 4-H and FFA teenagers. To add a practical perspective, a local hog-producing and harvesting family was asked to assist with the event. An online post-survey reflected 90-100% gains in five educational areas and 100% said they would a similar event in the future and recommend it to a friend.

This study explores the sense of belonging of rural middle and high school Latinx science students in Wisconsin. Between 2000 and 2015, the Latinx population was the fastest growing ethnic group in Wisconsin and increased by 95%. Yet, little is known about the experiences of these students in rural schools or their engagement in science learning. Our research contributes to addressing this knowledge gap and provides insights into Latinx student experiences relative to the science classroom and community. Our findings indicate that a primary determinant of Latinx science students' positive sense of belonging is a positive relationship with their teachers.

The teaching competencies of science teachers significantly influence students' science academic achievement. It shapes the students' understanding of complex science concepts and their ability to excel in scientific exploration, ultimately nurturing their scientific literacy. This study assessed the teaching competencies influencing the teaching performance of 58 primary science teachers relative to the academic achievement of their students in science at the Tinoc District, Tinoc, Ifugao, Philippines. The significant differences by teacher demographics were also determined. This is relevant to the district's observed low scientific literacy and achievement of students in science education as assessed in recent years. Using a quantitative approach, the study employed a modified questionnaire that was validated and pilot-tested. Results disclosed that the science teachers strongly agreed that professionalism is the most common teaching competence influencing their performance, indicating their adherence to local and national standards and code of conduct. They also strongly agreed with teaching effectiveness, personal skills, educational planning, and management skills. Generally, there were no significant differences among the teaching competencies regardless of the teachers' gender, age, highest educational attainment, and years in service. Meanwhile, the students' science academic achievement was determined to be lower average, suggesting low scientific literacy. Correspondingly, the teaching competencies and students' academic achievement were not correlated. Nonetheless, the teacher's capacity to impact the learners' scientific exploration and achievement remains intact. Further studies are recommended to be undertaken.

This study aimed to develop and evaluate a web-based TPACK scaffolding for online learning to enhance the TPACK skills of preservice chemistry teachers. The preliminary study identified the lack of a clear perception of TPACK among preservice chemistry teachers. Therefore, we developed a web-based TPACK scaffolding tool consisting of five menus: Home, Instructions, Teaching Materials, TPACK Activity, and Evaluation. The tool provides scaffolding for preservice chemistry teachers to integrate TPACK into chemistry learning, such as a TPACK integrated syllabus, a TPACK integrated lesson plan, and a TPACK integration matrix in chemistry learning. We evaluated the readability and comprehensibility of the web-based TPACK scaffolding using the thinking aloud protocol (TAP) method. In addition, the participants provided suggestions for improving the website, such as adding an instruction button, grouping learning activities according to the sequence of scaffolding strategy steps, and grouping integrated TPACK lesson plans in chemistry learning according to grade levels in high school. The web-based TPACK scaffolding can support and guide preservice chemistry teachers in enhancing their TPACK skills. The tool can educate them about subject-specific pedagogy with TPACK integration and provide examples of TPACK activities that could be utilized in teaching and learning chemistry. The study's findings can enhance preservice teachers' TPACK skills and promote effective integration of technology in chemistry education.

This instrumental case study (Stake, 1995) explores the external factors that influence international science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) postdoctoral scholars in the United States to pursue a career in STEM. Interviews with 20 international STEM postdoctoral scholars were analyzed deductively to shed light on their unique backgrounds and experiences. Three themes emerged: (a) parents were highly encouraging, (b) a love of science was nurtured in school, and (c) they were eager to engage in and promote scientific innovation. These findings illustrate the ways in which family, schools, and community influence the STEM career trajectories of international postdoctoral scholars.

The waning interest of students in science became a global concern. The purpose of this research was to translate, adapt, and validate the My Attitude toward Science [MATS] questionnaire instrument, which was used to measure students' attitudes toward science in the Indonesian context. We also investigated the items that contributed to gender and academic level differences in responses. To analyze the psychometric properties of the instrument, 223 students participated in the four-dimensional Indonesian variant of the MATS instrument. The unidimensionality and model fit of the four dimensions of the questionnaire were evaluated using Rasch analysis. In general, In general, the MATS instrument has been confirmed as multidimensional, attaining a configuration of three dimensions through the amalgamation of two previously distinct dimensions. The reliability of the instruments was quite good, but the reliability of the instruments in the expectation and perception toward scientist dimensions is still relatively low. The questionnaire was incapable of distinguishing between students with positive and negative expectation and perception toward scientist. The range of MNSQ values for all three dimensions was approximately 0.73 to 1.55. In the gender based DIF analysis, two items were identified: MATS 14 (-0.68) and MATS 21 (-0.75). In the meantime, each class responded differently to one or more items based on their academic level. In conclusion, this study concluded by recommending the simplification of the scale used to assess the expectation and perception toward science dimensions. It is anticipated that the Indonesian version of the MATS instrument will aid educators, researchers, and policymakers in obtaining valid and dependable data regarding student attitudes toward science. The implications and future studies on masculinity, oldscientists, and lower ATS in early high school classes have been discussed.

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are global action plans that aim to address various problems globally in the social, economic, cultural, energy, and environmental fields. One of the global problems is the significant open unemployment rate due to the gap between graduates and available jobs. Therefore, we need an innovation in learning to train students to develop their competencies. Competency development can be done through chemoentrepreneurship-based chemistry learning (CEP). CEP-based learning is chemistry learning through projects in product manufacturing and marketing. This study aims to measure students' social and vocational skills through CEP learning. This research was conducted at Islamic Senior High School in Rembang, Indonesia. The research subjects were 47 students. The results of the N-gain test showed that the social skills of the experimental and control groups experienced an increase in the low/effective less category. The N-gain value of the experimental group's social skills was 50.06, while the control group was 41.32. The results of the N-gain test for vocational skills in the experimental group were better than those in the control group. The increase in the vocational skills of the experimental group was in the medium/quite effective category (58.32), while the control group experienced a very low/ineffective increase in the category (33.47). [Note: The issue number (1) shown on the PDF is incorrect. The correct issue number is 2.]

This study aims at a detailed analysis of bibliometric studies in science education through articles published in peer-reviewed journals. The bibliometric network analysis performed on 846 articles in the Scopus database was conducted on the bibliographic data obtained using the VOSviewer program. In the citation analysis phase, the bibliometrix program, Lotka's law and author impact ratio measurements were used. The results obtained provide trends in the field of science education and important clues for researchers. According to the results obtained, it was determined that the most studies were carried out in 2022, according to years. According to the keyword analysis, it showed that the most frequently used keywords in articles were "education", "research", "bibliometrics", "citation analysis". Looking at the most frequently used terms, the terms "research productivity", "pandemic", "h index", "average" are respectively according to their high relevance scores. It has emerged that the most cited countries are the Spain, America, China, Brazil respectively. "Scientometrics", "Sustainability (Switzerland)", "Computers and Education", "Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology" are the most cited journals in studies.

The study explored the extent learners' age variances impacted their achievement in a national education assessment in Ghana and how these were moderated by the types of schools (i.e., private and public) they attended. A multistage sampling method was used, and the data were analyzed using a multilevel modeling technique. The sample comprised 19,210 primary grade 3 and 17,088 primary grade 6 learners from 525 and 499 schools, respectively. Relatively younger learners outperformed their older peers in both subjects except for primary 3 mathematics achievement. Schools marginally reduced the age effect on both subjects except primary 3 mathematics achievement, where there was an increase. Moreover, there was a statistically insignificant difference in private and public schools' impact on age-linked effects on subjects except for primary 3 mathematics. The study concludes that being relatively overage for a specific grade level is not beneficial, especially for English language achievement. Hence, enrolling learners at the prescribed age and school term is highly recommended.

This article addressed the significant issue of identity crisis experienced by students in their choice of profession, as highlighted in various research studies. The importance of examining professional was emphasized to identity development from a disciplinary perspective, particularly in the biosciences and allied fields. To achieve this, we conducted a synthesis of 85 research articles, aiming to comprehend the definitions and measurement approaches employed in understanding professional identity and its development within these disciplines. Our analysis also encompasses a summary of the factors influencing professional identity development, coupled with strategies to support it. The findings suggest that professional identity is linked to an individual's persistence and success in a given profession. This research provides valuable insights for researchers and educators striving to create an optimal learning environment that facilitates students in exploring and shaping their professional identities.

The objectives of the present study are to investigate both the history of the collection of scientific instruments from the Maraslean Teaching Center (MTC) and the potential for the collection's use in STEM education programs. Although MTC went by a number of different names during its long history, its institutional goal remained the same: training the Greek state's primary school teachers-to-be. To so do, it was necessary to assemble a collection of scientific instruments. The first objective of the paper is to present in detail the gradual enlargement of the collection from the last quarter of the 19th century through to the 1930s, along with the way the instruments were used in science lessons and the central role MTC played in relation to other regional teaching schools in Greece in terms of the distribution, administration, repair and maintenance of the equipment. The second objective is to investigate the role the historical scientific instruments can play not only in the history of science, but also in contemporary science teaching. The findings reveal that the history of laboratory physics education in MTC along with the corresponding collection of the historical scientific instruments can be a fertile ground for implementing STEM education programs. Finally, the findings imply the broader integration of STEM education and history of science in order to promote cultural and procedural aspects of science in student teachers and beyond. Such integration gives rise to broader research on introducing STEM education to cultural embedded environments, such as museums and historically important schools and laboratories, such as MTC.

Out-of-school time (OST) programs serving predominantly racialized minority communities can help reduce racial disparities in STEM as they provide a culturally affirming learning environment that includes supportive staff of similar ethnic identities as the youth. However, staff at OST programs located in underserved communities that serve racially minoritized youth, often have limited academic credentials and have constrained opportunities for social mobility. These staff's contributions to informal science learning have largely been neglected by research. A staff mentoring program was piloted to provide professional development in STEM education for racially minoritized staff also referred to as youth development professionals or specialists, at an OST learning organization located in the Midwestern US, that serves predominantly African American low-income communities. The pilot paired three racially minoritized part-time staff (mentees) with three full-time staff including educators and program leaders (mentors) for year-long mentoring relationships. Qualitative data collection tools were used to examine the impact of the pilot program on participants. Results indicate numerous gains for participants including personal and professional skills. These findings contribute to the broader literature on mentoring and suggest that the mentorship program represents a model for access to STEM educational and professional development for OST staff in racially minoritized underserved communities.

This study examined pre-service science teachers' pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) about seasons. The framework of this study was based on the Refined Consensus Model (RCM), and pre-service teachers' topic-specific PCK was also discussed in two dimensions: personal PCK (pPCK) and enacted PCK (ePCK), which are included in this model. The pPCK of the pre-service teachers represents their declarative PCK, and their ePCK represents their dynamic PCK. This qualitative descriptive research included 18 pre-service science teachers. In the study, knowledge of pre-service teachers' pPCK was collected in vignette-based individual semi-structured interviews, and data on their competencies regarding their ePCK, which they revealed in a real classroom environment, were collected through field observations and teaching video recordings. The study's qualitative data were evaluated using two separate rubrics developed by the author using the literature. Accordingly, it was determined that the pre-service teachers who participated in the research had limited pPCK and ePCK on the seasons and that their topic-specific pPCK was partially better quality than their topic-specific ePCK. Moreover, pre-service teachers' ePCK was observed to be different from their pPCK, but their ePCK was based on their pPCK. In this context, it was seen that the results of this research are consistent with RCM.