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Introduction: An ideal irrigant should exhibit good antimicrobial activity along with smear removal. Various plant extracts have been used for disinfection of the root canal system. The present study aims in evaluating the tissue response and systemic toxicity of ethanolic extract of Morinda citrifolia versus Morinda citrifolia fresh fruit juice in an animal model. Materials and Methods: A total 48 female adult wistar albino rats were randomly allocated into 4 groups as Group I- 3% sodium hypochlorite (n = 12), Group II- Saline (Control) (n = 12), Group III- ethanolic extract of Morinda citrifolia (n = 12), Group IV- Morinda citrifolia Fresh Fruit Juice (n = 12). A trough was made in the periapical bone, and the test sample was placed in the respective groups. The animals were euthanized for 7th day, 14th day and 30th day and the tissue specimen was prepared for histopathological evaluation, and serum analysis was done for oxidative stress markers, liver and renal function tests. Results: Serum analysis exhibited significant elevation of Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX) and Glutathione Reductase (GR) and histopathology showed a higher inflammatory response at 7th and 14th days in group II and group III (p < 0.05), as compared to the other groups. At the 30th day time interval, there was no statistically significant difference in serum analysis and inflammatory response, in all the four groups analysed (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Ethanolic extract of Morinda citrifolia was not biocompatible and more cytotoxic than a Morinda citrifolia fresh fruit juice. So, fresh fruit juice of Morinda citrifolia can be a preferred choice of natural root canal irrigant, with least possible cytotoxic effects as compared to the ethanolic extract.

Abstract Background Previous study drew different conclusions on significant differences between saline and balanced crystalloid solution infused in critical illness but both showed a statistical difference in the sepsis subgroup. Thus, we will specifically focus on septic patients in this study to compare the effects of saline and balanced solution. We hypothesize that effects of saline on renal outcomes are related to the underline acute kidney injury (AKI) severity and total volumes of infusion. Methods/design The investigators designed a pragmatic, multi-center parallel controlled trial recruiting 312 patients who are diagnosed with sepsis/septic shock in the intensive care unit (ICU) and will be assigned with either acetate Ringer’s solution or saline in the corresponding month. Patients with an end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or who need renal replacement therapy (RRT) prior to or at the time of enrolment are excluded. Enrolled patients will be regarded as with mild, moderate, or severe sepsis on the basis of the severity of their illness and will be divided into subgroups according to their initial renal function and various intravenous infusion volumes when being analyzed. The primary outcome is major adverse kidney events within 28 days (MAKE28), including the composite of in-hospital death, receipt of new renal replacement therapy, or persistent renal dysfunction. Secondary outcomes include 28-day mortality, internal environment disturbance, incidence and duration of vasoactive drug treatment, duration of mechanical ventilation, duration of RRT, and ICU and hospital length of stay. Results and conclusions To our knowledge, this study will be the first to focus on septic patients and provide credible and evident data on the comparison of outcome between acetate Ringer’s solution and saline for intravenous infusion in adult septic patients on the basis of baseline renal function and infusion volumes taken into consideration. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03685214 . Registered on August 15, 2018

Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the reaction of different final irrigants to the bond strength of root dentin exposed to chloroform. Materials and Methods: Fifty extracted maxillary central incisors were selected. Working length was determined, and canal was instrumented with ProTaper rotary system (Dentsply Maillefer) till F4 file. The specimens were then divided into five groups (n = 10). Group 1: not disclosed to any root canal solvent, Group 2: disclosed to chloroform for 5 min, Group 3: chloroform for 5 min followed by absolute alcohol, Group 4: chloroform for 5 min followed by chlorhexidine (CHX), And Group 5 – chloroform for 5 min followed by saline. The canals were obturated with F4 gutta-percha cones with AH Plus sealer. The samples will be sectioned horizontally into 1 ± 0.1 mm thick slices. The push-out bond strength was performed in a universal testing machine. Results were statistically analyzed by one-way analysis of variance. Results: There existed a significant difference between the mean push-out bond strength of different groups. Irrigation with chloroform negatively affected the bonding between root canal sealer and root dentine. Absolute alcohol significantly improved the bond strength values. Conclusion: Exposure with chloroform during the retreatment will decrease the bonding between sealer (AH Plus) and root dentine. The use of absolute alcohol as a final irrigant improved the bonding between sealer and dentin. CHX and saline showed no improvement in bond strength.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the positive effect of ultrasound-assisted saline thawing (UST) on the technological properties (water mobility, water holding capacity, colour, pH, shear force, TVB-N, oxidation reaction and microstructure) of mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). The results present in the study showed that different thawing methods had negative impacts on the quality of mirror carp to varying degrees. Among them, UST samples had significant lower thawing loss, centrifugal loss and cooking loss than ultrasound thawing (UT) and air thawing (AT) samples (P < 0.05). The analysis result of low-field nuclear magnetic resonance illustrated that UST inhibited the mobility and distribution of water effectively. Decrease in shear force and TVBN values were observed in all thawing samples, and the UST samples maintained the significant better texture property and freshness than UT and AT samples did (P < 0.05). In addition, the treatment of UST obtained 1% salt concentration inhibited the oxidation reactions effectively. Investigation of the microstructure of samples demonstrated that the treatment of UST kept the relatively complete structure of tissue than other thawing methods. Therefore, UST can be an alternative strategy to the traditional thawing of meat.

Background: Sodium bicarbonate Ringer’s solution has been widely used in clinical practice in recent years. There are few clinical studies on the efficacy and safety of this fluid among critically ill patients until now.Method: This retrospective cohort study included critically ill adult patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) of Tongji Hospital from 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2020. By reviewing exclusively the use of either sodium bicarbonate Ringer’s solution or saline for resuscitation or maintenance, the patients were included into two groups, respectively. The primary outcome was the major adverse kidney event within 30 days (MAKE30), including death, new receipt of renal replacement therapy, or persistent renal dysfunction. Safety outcomes were focused on arterial blood gas and plasma biochemical alterations, which might potentially be induced by the administration of bicarbonate Ringer’s solution.Result: A total of 662 patients were included in the cohort. Compared to the saline group, the bicarbonate Ringer’s group had a significantly lower rate of the new receipt of renal replacement therapy [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.591, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.406 to 0.861; p = 0.006]. There was no significant difference between the two groups in 30-day mortality, final creatinine level ≥200% of baseline, and major adverse kidney event within 30 days. In subgroup analysis, the incidence of MAKE30 was higher in the bicarbonate Ringer’s group than that of the saline group among patients with cardiovascular disease. The patients in the bicarbonate Ringer’s group had a longer length of intensive care unit stay than patients in the saline group, but their new renal replacement therapy days were shorter. No major alterations were found in arterial blood gas and plasma biochemical during the follow-up period.Conclusion: Compared to saline, sodium bicarbonate Ringer’s solution exhibited a potential renal function protective effect while causing no major alterations in arterial blood gas and plasma biochemistry. However, the application in patients with cardiovascular disease diagnosis at ICU admission should be cautious.

Introduction: The infection caused by COVID-19 ranges from mild to moderate infection, but it can also cause severe infection and death in some people mostly in people who are old, or immunocompromisedSARSCoV-2 has shown evidence of having higher capacity of binding to human cells and can settle in upper and lower portion of the respiratory tract it being the two important hotspots. Symptoms localized to the upper respiratory tract are mild which usually includes anosmia/hyposmia, ageusia/dysgeusia, rhinitis along with sore throat. Material and methods: This study included individuals who were diagnosed with COVID-19 having mild symptoms of the disease which could be managed at their homes. Random assignment (50/50 chance) of subjects was done into two groups (A and B) for this study. Participants in group A were asked to perform the nasal washing and gargling with salt water up to 10 times a day for 14 days or until they felt better. Results: The leading cause for hospitalization for 15 (53.57%) people was that the oxygen saturation fell to below 93. Some scores compared between the two groups showed significant results in parameters of headache, postnasal drip, anosmia, sinusitis, sore throat, body ache, dry cough by unpaired two tailed P test. The age groups of 26 to 35, and 56 to 65 had comparatively higher values of adherence as compared to different age groups. Conclusion: The study demonstrates the hypothesis that nasal irrigation and saline gargling can have promising results to reduce the severity of COVID-19 infection when initiated within 24 hours of a positive test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Compare pain intensity at entry into the cervical os, during uterine distension and 15 min after the procedure, in patients undergoing diagnostic hysteroscopy with room temperature normal saline versus that with saline warmed to 38–40°C, using visual analog scale (VAS) score. Furthermore, compare the time taken and failed procedures between them. Materials and Methods: This was a randomized controlled, prospective study conducted at a Tertiary Care Center on 100 patients planned for diagnostic hysteroscopy with a 4 mm 30° hysteroscope using vaginoscopy technique. They were divided into two groups of 50 each, with control undergoing the procedure using normal saline at room temperature and the test with saline warmed to 38–40°C as distension medium. Primary outcomes were VAS at the point of entry into the internal os (T0), 1 min later (T1), and 15 min after the procedure (T15). Secondary outcomes were procedural acceptance, time taken, and failed procedures. Results: The mean VAS in the control group at T0, T1, T15 was 3.31 (1.461;‒0.870–0.245), 2.46 (1.398;‒0.539–0.498), 0.75 (0.911;‒0.379–0.338), respectively, as compared to the test group of 3.62 (1.282;‒0.870–0.245), 2.48 (1.148;‒0.540–0.498), 0.77 (0.911;‒0.379–0.379), respectively. About 73.5% of controls and 68.8% in the test group were willing to undergo the procedure again. About 93.9% of controls would recommend it further as against 93.8% among the test controls. The time taken and number of failed procedures showed no statistical difference. Conclusion: No significant difference was noted in terms of outcomes measured by warming the distension medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Otorhinolaryngology (25288253) is the property of Ukrainian Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mediterranea (18270506) is the property of Edizioni Quasar di Severino Tognon s.r.l. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Natura Croatica is the property of Natura Croatica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To investigate the effect of saline solutions of different osmotic pressures on the lethal triad, liver and kidney functions, and survival in hemorrhagic shock rats combined with seawater immersion. Methods The rats were immersed in 15 ℃ seawater, and inflicted to establish the model of hemorrhagic shock (40 mmHg for 2 h). After being immersed for 2 h, they were placed into the temperature control box for rewarming and treated with Lactate Ringer's (LR) solutions of different osmotic pressures (containing 0.3%, 0.6%, and 0.9% saline, respectively) for resuscitation. Then their blood samples were collected to measure the pH value and evaluate the coagulation, liver and kidney functions. Meanwhile, the body temperature and blood pressure were recorded, and the survival was observed within 72 h. Results The mean arterial pressure (MAP) was significantly decreased after seawater immersion combined with hemorrhagic shock. All the fluids of different osmotic pressures obviously increased the MAP. The pressure could be maintained at 60~70 mmHg with 0.6% saline solution. Seawater immersion combined with hemorrhagic shock induced the rats to develop lethal triad, with notable decreases in body temperature, pH value, and coagulation dysfunction. While, fluid resuscitation treatment alleviated lethal triad, elevated the body temperature and pH value to different degrees, and improve the coagulation function. The treatment of 0.6% saline solution significantly improved the pH value and fibrinogen level, reduced the prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and international normalized ration (INR), with significant differences when compared with simple LR solution (P < 0.05). The results of organ functions showed that 0.6% saline solution significantly reduced the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Crea), which were decreased by 32.5%, 29.9%, 22.5% and 19.6%, respectively when compared with simple LR solution (P < 0.05). What's more, 0.6% saline solution also improved the survival rate and prolonged the survival time, with a 72-hour survival rate of 7/16 and a survival time of 35.4±34.0 h, and the survival rate was only 3/16 and the time was merely 29.4±29.1 h after simple LR solution treatment. Conclusion Appropriate hypo-osmotic fluid resuscitation can attenuate acidosis and coagulation dysfunction, protect organ functions, prolong the survival time, and improve the survival rate after seawater immersion combined with hemorrhagic shock.

Abstract Background The choice of intravenous infusion products for critically ill patients has been studied extensively because it can affect prognosis. However, there has been little research on drug diluents in this context. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of diluent choice (saline or 5% dextrose in water [D5W]) on electrolyte abnormalities, blood glucose control, incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI), and mortality. Methods This before-after, two-group comparative, retrospective study enrolled adult patients who stayed for more than 48 h in a general intensive care unit from July 2015 to December 2018. We changed the default diluent for intermittent drug sets in our electronic ordering system from D5W to saline at the end of 2016. Results We included 844 patients: 365 in the D5W period and 479 in the saline period. Drug diluents accounted for 21.4% of the total infusion volume. The incidences of hypernatremia and hyperchloremia were significantly greater in the saline group compared to the D5W group (hypernatremia 27.3% vs. 14.6%, p < 0.001; hyperchloremia 36.9 % vs. 20.4%, p < 0.001). Multivariate analyses confirmed the similar effects (hypernatremia adjusted odds ratio (OR), 2.43; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.54–3.82; hyperchloremia adjusted OR, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.31–3.34). There was no significant difference in the incidences of hyperglycemia, AKI, and mortality between the two groups. Conclusions Changing the diluent default from D5W to saline had no effect on blood glucose control and increased the incidences of hypernatremia and hyperchloremia.

Abstract Objective To assess the efficacy of saline nasal irrigation (S‐NI) and xylitol nasal irrigation (X‐NI) for chronic rhinosinusitis in participants with Gulf War illness (GWI). Methods This 26 week, 3‐arm (1:1:1) randomized controlled trial examined veterans meeting criteria for GWI with moderate‐to‐severe chronic rhinosinusitis and fatigue symptoms. All participants received standard of care for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS); additionally, S‐NI or X‐NI participants added twice‐daily NI using 2% saline or 5% xylitol solutions. Outcomes included disease‐specific quality of life (primary; sino‐nasal outcome test [SNOT‐20]; 0‐100 points), overall quality of life (Short‐Form 36), and fatigue (Multidimensional Fatigue Index). Outcome assessors were blind to allocation group. Intention‐to‐treat analysis used repeated measures modeling; statistical significance was evaluated at the two‐sided α level of .05. Results Randomization (N = 40) produced three similar groups regarding sex (male, 80%), age (53.8 ± 7.8 years), duration (19.8 ± 7.7 years), and illness severity (48.5 ± 12.7 SNOT‐20 points). Age‐ and gender‐adjusted between‐group comparison showed that X‐NI participants, compared with control, reported improved SNOT‐20 scores at 8 weeks (13.5 points, 95% confidence interval [CI] −27.9 to 0.9) and at 26 weeks (15.4 points, 95% CI −30.1 to −0.6). S‐NI participants improved by 13.4 points (95% CI −28.8, 2.1) at 26 weeks compared with control. The improvement in both NI groups approached minimal clinical important difference compared to control for the SNOT‐20 in the general population. Secondary outcomes were not different between groups. Satisfaction in both irrigation groups was high. Conclusions This randomized controlled trial suggests that NI with saline or xylitol improves chronic sinus symptoms among participants with GWI with improvement scores similar to those in the general population. Level of Evidence 1b, individual randomized controlled trial.

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of heparinised saline as flushing media for frequency-domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) image acquisition during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) optimisation. Methods and results: Twenty-seven patients undergoing FD-OCT–guided PCI were enrolled. Heparinised saline was injected into the coronary during FD-OCT image acquisition. A total of 118 runs were analysed for image quality and diagnostic value. FD-OCT runs were categorised as follows: good runs (GRs), clinically usable runs (CURs) and clinically not usable runs (NURs); GRs and CURs were combined as clinically effective runs (ERs). Saline FD-OCT enabled visualisation of all possible coronary lesions. Of the 118 runs analysed, 61%, 27.1%, 11.9% and 88.1% were GRs, CURs, NURs and ERs, respectively. Sixty-one percent of total runs were left coronary system (LCS) and 39% were right coronary system (RCS) runs. Among LCS runs, 55.6%, 30.6%, 13.8% and 86.2% were GRs, CURs, NURs and ERs, respectively. Among RCS runs, 69.6%, 21.7%, 8.7% and 91.3% were GRs, CURs, NURs and ERs, respectively. Conclusion: This is the first study to demonstrate the technical feasibility of isolated saline FD-OCT for PCI optimisation.

Abstract Background During drilling of bone, which is common in clinical surgeries, heat generation increases local temperature in the drilling site. Transmission of excessive heat to the surrounding bone tissue can cause thermal osteonecrosis. Consequently, it may lead to failure of implants and fixation screws or delay in healing process. Using cooling is a method for limiting temperature elevation. Materials and methods In this study, through comparing three conditions of drilling without cooling, external cooling with normal saline, and external cooling with OpSite spray, the efficiency of OpSite as coolant is studied. In this regard, 2 drill bit diameters, 3 drilling speeds, and 3 drilling feed-rates are considered as drilling variables in the experiments. Results For the whole experiments, while cooling with normal saline resulted in lower maximum temperatures than without cooling condition, OpSite had even better results and limited the temperature elevation during drilling of bone efficiently. Conclusion OpSite spray, which has lower infection risks than normal saline on one hand and lower maximum temperature rise with all combinations of drilling parameters on the other hand, can be considered in clinical surgeries for cooling applications.

Abstract Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) is an important complication encountered during the course of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Plasma-Lyte with lower chloride concentration than saline has been shown to be associated with reduced incidence of AKI in adults with septic shock. No study has compared this in DKA. Methods This double-blind, parallel-arm, investigator-initiated, randomized controlled trial compared 0.9% saline with Plasma-Lyte-A as initial fluid in pediatric DKA. The study was done in a tertiary care, teaching, and referral hospital in India in children (> 1 month–12 years) with DKA as defined by ISPAD. Children with cerebral edema or known chronic kidney/liver disease or who had received pre-referral fluids and/or insulin were excluded. Sixty-six children were randomized to receive either Plasma-Lyte (n = 34) or 0.9% saline (n = 32). Main outcomes Primary outcome was incidence of new or progressive AKI, defined as a composite outcome of change in creatinine (defined by KDIGO), estimated creatinine clearance (defined by p-RIFLE), and NGAL levels. The secondary outcomes were resolution of AKI, time to resolution of DKA (pH > 7.3, bicarbonate> 15 mEq/L & normal sensorium), change in chloride, pH and bicarbonate levels, proportion of in-hospital all-cause mortality, need for renal replacement therapy (RRT), and length of ICU and hospital stay. Results Baseline characteristics were similar in both groups. The incidence of new or progressive AKI was similar in both [Plasma-Lyte 13 (38.2%) versus 0.9% saline 15 (46.9%); adjusted OR 1.22; 95% CI 0.43–3.43, p = 0.70]. The median (IQR) time to resolution of DKA in Plasma-Lyte-A and 0.9% saline were 14.5 (12 to 20) and 16 (8 to 20) h respectively. Time to resolution of AKI was similar in both [Plasma-Lyte 22.1 versus 0.9% saline 18.8 h (adjusted HR 1.72; 95% CI 0.83–3.57; p = 0.14)]. Length of hospital stay was also similar in both [Plasma-Lyte 9 (8 to 12) versus 0.9% saline 10 (8.25 to 11) days; p = 0.39]. Conclusions The incidence of new or progressive AKI and resolution of AKI were similar in both groups. Plasma-Lyte-A was similar to 0.9% Saline in time to resolution of DKA, need for RRT, mortality, and lengths of PICU and hospital stay. Trial registration Clinical trial registry of India, CTRI/2018/05/014042 ( ctri.nic.in ) (Retrospectively registered).

Background and Aims: Epidural analgesia is widely used for pain relief but confirmation of accurate epidural placement is poorly understood. We proposed that sensory blockade to cold sensation would predict the accurate placement of epidural. The primary outcome was the assessment of sensory blockade at 5 and 10 min with a standard epidural test dose versus test dose with additional saline. We looked at haemodynamic changes following administration as secondary outcomes. Methods: Following Ethics Committee approval, 161 patients presenting for elective abdominal surgery needing epidural analgesia with general anaesthesia were randomly allocated into Group 1 receiving standard test dose (3 ml of 2% lignocaine with 1:2,00,000 adrenaline) or Group 2 (standard test dose with 6 ml of saline) epidurally. The blockade to cold sensation was assessed at 5 and 10 min. The heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were recorded at baseline, 1, 5, and 10 min following epidural dosing. Statistical analysis was performed with Chi-square test for categorical and Student's t-test for continuous variables. Results: The sensory blockade at 5 min was 69.5% versus 82.3% (P = 0.059), and at 10 min 85.4% versus 97.5% (P = 0.01) in Groups 1 and 2, respectively. The MAP at 5 min (P = 0.032) and the HR and MAP at 10 min (P = 0.015, 0.04) were significantly lower in Group 2. Conclusion: An epidural test dose of 3 ml followed by additional 6 ml saline accurately predicted sensory blockade to cold at 10 min in comparison to the standard dose of 3 ml but was associated with a decrease in the HR and MAP.

Background: Lactated Ringers reduced mortality more than saline in sepsis patients but increased mortality more than saline in traumatic brain injury patients.Method: This prospective cohort study was conducted in a medical intensive care unit (ICU) in central Taiwan. We applied standard sepsis evaluation protocol and identified heart, lung, liver, kidney, and endocrine comorbidities. We also evaluated resuscitation response with central venous pressure, central venous oxygen saturation, and serum lactate level simultaneously. Propensity-score matching and Cox regression were used to estimate mortality. The competing risk model compared the lengths of hospital stays with the subdistribution hazard ratio (SHR).Results: Overall, 938 patients were included in the analysis. The lactated Ringers group had a lower mortality rate (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.59; 95% CI 0.43-0.81) and shorter lengths of hospital stay (SHR, 1.39; 95% C.I. 1.15-1.67) than the saline group; the differences were greater in patients with chronic pulmonary disease and small and non-significant in those with chronic kidney disease, moderate to severe liver disease and cerebral vascular disease. The resuscitation efficacy was the same between fluid types, but serum lactate levels were significantly higher in the lactated Ringers group than in the saline group (0.12 mg/dl/h; 95% C.I.: 0.03, 0.21), especially in chronic liver disease patients. Compared to the saline group, the lactated Ringers group achieved target glucose level earlier in both diabetes and non-diabetes patients.Conclusion: Lactate Ringer's solution provides greater benefits to patients with chronic pulmonary disease than to those with chronic kidney disease, or with moderate to severe liver disease. Comorbidities are important in choosing resuscitation fluid types.

Fractures of the anterior teeth are a common form of dental trauma. This article includes three case reports of uncomplicated fractures of upper anterior teeth in which collaborators had different treatment protocols. The choice of the treatment method is based on the direction of the specific clinical case and the clinical findings. Of great importance to the treatment approach are the measures taken by the patient to preserve the fractured fragment, the age of the fracture, and the time available to patients and clinicians. When the fractured fragment is available and is well-preserved, the best approach is to fix it to the crown of the tooth. This protocol is extremely fast and inexpensive, with minimal potential for problems in esthetics and function. In the absence of the fractured fragment, the treatment approaches are different, as described in cases 2 and 3. If the patient or the clinician is unable to make a repeat visit, the restoration is carried out using a freehand technique. Protocols involving fracture repair using composite materials are more labor-intensive. Esthetic complications are often observed, which may be due to wrong determined shade, loss of luster, and change over the years in the color of the restoration, as well as fracture of the restoration. With advances in dentistry, these disadvantages have been minimized., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Zaneva-Hristova et al.)

Many people infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) never develop substantial symptoms. With more than 34 million people in the United States already infected and highly transmissible variants rapidly emerging, it is highly probable that post- and presymptomatic people will form an important fraction of those seeking dental care. Salivary carriage rates in these populations are not known. Moreover, although preventing transmission is critical for controlling spread, the efficacy of mouthrinses in reducing oral viral load is poorly studied. The authors recruited 201 asymptomatic, presymptomatic, postsymptomatic, and symptomatic people and measured copy numbers of SARS-CoV-2 in unstimulated saliva using real-time reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Subsequently, the authors inducted 41 symptomatic people into a randomized, triple-blinded study and instructed them to rinse with saline, 1% hydrogen peroxide, 0.12% chlorhexidine, or 0.5% povidone-iodine for 60 seconds. The authors measured viral load 15 and 45 minutes after rinsing. Salivary SARS-CoV-2 was detected in 23% of asymptomatic, 60% of postsymptomatic, and 28% of presymptomatic participants. Neither carriage rate nor viral load correlated with COVID-19 symptomatology, age, sex, or race or ethnicity. All 4 mouthrinses decreased viral load by 61% through 89% at 15 minutes and by 70% through 97% at 45 minutes. The extent of reduction correlated significantly with initial viral load. Nonsymptomatic people can pose a risk of transmitting the virus, and mouthrinses are simple and efficacious means of reducing this risk, especially when the load is less than 104 copies per milliliter. At a time when resources are stretched, the findings of this study contribute to evidence-based selection of personal protection equipment and simple infection-control practices to reduce contagion at source. This clinical trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov. The registration number is NCT04603794. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Practical Pharmacy & Clinical Remedies is the property of Editorial Department of Practical Pharmacy & Clinical Remedies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: An ideal irrigant should exhibit good antimicrobial activity along with smear removal. Various plant extracts have been used for disinfection of the root canal system. The present study aims in evaluating the tissue response and systemic toxicity of ethanolic extract of Morinda citrifolia versus Morinda citrifolia fresh fruit juice in an animal model.Materials and Methods: A total 48 female adult wistar albino rats were randomly allocated into 4 groups as Group I- 3% sodium hypochlorite (n = 12), Group II- Saline (Control) (n = 12), Group III- ethanolic extract of Morinda citrifolia (n = 12), Group IV- Morinda citrifolia Fresh Fruit Juice (n = 12). A trough was made in the periapical bone, and the test sample was placed in the respective groups. The animals were euthanized for 7th day, 14th day and 30th day and the tissue specimen was prepared for histopathological evaluation, and serum analysis was done for oxidative stress markers, liver and renal function tests.Results: Serum analysis exhibited significant elevation of Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX) and Glutathione Reductase (GR) and histopathology showed a higher inflammatory response at 7th and 14th days in group II and group III (p < 0.05), as compared to the other groups. At the 30th day time interval, there was no statistically significant difference in serum analysis and inflammatory response, in all the four groups analysed (p > 0.05).Conclusion: Ethanolic extract of Morinda citrifolia was not biocompatible and more cytotoxic than a Morinda citrifolia fresh fruit juice. So, fresh fruit juice of Morinda citrifolia can be a preferred choice of natural root canal irrigant, with least possible cytotoxic effects as compared to the ethanolic extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Nasal irrigation or nebulizing aerosol of isotonic or hypertonic saline is a traditional method for respiratory or nasal care. A recent small study in outpatients with COVID-19 without acute respiratory distress syndrome suggests substantial symptom resolution. We therefore analyzed pharmacological/pharmacodynamic effects of isotonic or hypertonic saline, relevant to SARS-CoV-2 infection and respiratory care. Methods: Mixed search method. Results: Due to its wetting properties, saline achieves an improved spreading of alveolar lining fluid and has been shown to reduce bio-aerosols and viral load. Saline provides moisture to respiratory epithelia and gels mucus, promotes ciliary beating, and improves mucociliary clearance. Coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2 damage ciliated epithelium in the nose and airways. Saline inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication in Vero cells; possible interactions involve the viral ACE2-entry mechanism (chloride-dependent ACE2 configuration), furin and 3CLpro (inhibition by NaCl), and the sodium channel ENaC. Saline shifts myeloperoxidase activity in epithelial or phagocytic cells to produce hypochlorous acid. Clinically, nasal or respiratory airway care with saline reduces symptoms of seasonal coronaviruses and other common cold viruses. Its use as aerosol reduces hospitalization rates for bronchiolitis in children. Preliminary data suggest symptom reduction in symptomatic COVID-19 patients if saline is initiated within 48 h of symptom onset. Conclusions: Saline interacts at various levels relevant to nasal or respiratory hygiene (nasal irrigation, gargling or aerosol). If used from the onset of common cold symptoms, it may represent a useful add-on to first-line interventions for COVID-19. Formal evaluation in mild COVID-19 is desirable as to establish efficacy and optimal treatment regimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction/aim: The supraphysiologic chloride concentration of normal saline may contribute to acute kidney injury (AKI). Balanced crystalloids can decrease chloride concentration and AKI in critically ill patients. We aim to test the hypothesis that, in patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis (pSAP), compared with saline, fluid therapy with balanced crystalloids will decrease plasma chloride concentration.Methods/Design: This is a multicenter, stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized, controlled trial. All eligible patients presenting to the 11 participating sites across China during the study period will be recruited. All sites will use saline for the first month and sequentially change to balanced crystalloids at the pre-determined and randomly allocated time point. The primary endpoint is the plasma chloride concentration on day 3 of enrollment. Secondary endpoints will include major adverse kidney events on hospital discharge or day 30 (MAKE 30) and free and alive days to day 30 for intensive care admission, invasive ventilation, vasopressors, and renal replacement therapy. Additional endpoints include daily serum chloride and sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score over the first seven days of enrollment.Discussion: This study will provide data to define the impact of normal saline vs. balanced crystalloids on plasma chloride concentration and clinical outcomes in pSAP patients. It will also provide the necessary data to power future large-scale randomized trials relating to fluid therapy.Ethics and Dissemination: This study was approved by the ethics committee of Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University (2020NZKY-015-01) and all the participating sites. The results of this trial will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals and at scientific conferences.Trial registration: The trial has been registered at the Chinese Clinical Trials Registry (ChiCTR2100044432).

Synthetic fungicides have been the main control of phytopathogenic fungi. However, they cause harm to humans, animals, and the environment, as well as generating resistance in phytopathogenic fungi. In the last few decades, the use of microorganisms as biocontrol agents of phytopathogenic fungi has been an alternative to synthetic fungicide application. Actinomycetes isolated from terrestrial, marine, wetland, saline, and endophyte environments have been used for phytopathogenic fungus biocontrol. At present, there is a need for searching new secondary compounds and metabolites of different isolation sources of actinomycetes; however, little information is available on those isolated from other environments as biocontrol agents in agriculture. Therefore, the objective of this review is to compare the antifungal activity and the main mechanisms of action in actinomycetes isolated from different environments and to describe recent achievements of their application in agriculture. Although actinomycetes have potential as biocontrol agents of phytopathogenic fungi, few studies of actinomycetes are available of those from marine, saline, and wetland environments, which have equal or greater potential as biocontrol agents than isolates of actinomycetes from terrestrial environments.

In this study, different plasma-activated liquids were evaluated for their antimicrobial effects against Escherichia coli, as well as for their cytotoxicity on mammalian cells. The PALs were prepared from distilled (DIS), deionized (DI), filtered (FIL), and tap (TAP) water. Additionally, 0.9% NaCl saline solution (SAL) was plasma-activated. These PALs were prepared using 5 L/min air gliding arc plasma jet for up to 60.0 min of exposure. Subsequently, the physicochemical properties, such as, the oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), the pH, the conductivity, and the total dissolved solids (TDS) were characterized by a water multiparameter. The PALs obtained showed a drastic decrease in the pH with increasing plasma exposure time, in contrast, the conductivity and TDS increased. In a general trend, the UV-vis analyses identified a higher production of the following reactive species of nitrogen and oxygen (RONS), HNO2, H2O2, NO3−, and NO2−. Except for the plasma-activated filtered water (PAW-FIL), where there was a change in the position of NO2− and NO3− at some pHs, The higher production of HNO2 and H2O2-reactive species was observed at a low pH. Finally, the standardized suspensions of Escherichia coli were exposed to PAL for up to 60.0 min. The plasma-activated deionized water (PAW-DI pH 2.5), plasma-activated distilled water (PAW-DIS pH 2.5 and 3), and plasma-activated tap water (PAW-TAP 3.5) showed the best antimicrobial effects at exposure times of 3.0, 10.0, and 30.0 min, respectively. The MTT analysis demonstrated low toxicity of all of the PAL samples. Our results indicate that the plasma activation of different liquids using the gliding arc system can generate specific physicochemical conditions that produce excellent antibacterial effects for E. coli with a safe application, thus bringing future contributions to creating new antimicrobial protocols.

Many saline lakes throughout the world are shrinking due to overexploitation of water in their drainage basins. Among them are two of the world’s largest saline lakes, the U.S.A.’s Great Salt Lake, and Iran’s Lake Urmia. Here we provide a comparative analysis of the desiccation of these two lakes that provides insights on management decisions that may help save them and that are relevant to saline lake management worldwide. Great Salt Lake and Lake Urmia were once remarkably similar in size, depth, salinity, and geographic setting. High rates of population growth in both basins have fueled a demand for irrigated agriculture and other uses. In the Great Salt Lake basin, this development began in the late 1800’s and is continuing. The lake’s volume has decreased by 67%, with 75% of the loss driven by water development and 25% by a millennial drought which may portend the start of global climate change impacts. This has greatly increased salinities to 180 g·L−1 stressing the invertebrates in the lake on which birds depend. Only 1% of people in the basin are employed in agriculture; thus, reducing the demand for irrigation development. Population densities in the Urmia basin are double those of the Great Salt Lake basin, and 28% of people are employed in agriculture. These demographics have led to a rapid increase in reservoir construction since 2000 and the subsequent loss of 87% of Lake Urmia’s volume. The water development of Lake Urmia was later, but much faster than that of Great Salt Lake, causing Urmia’s salinity to increase from 190 to over 350 g·L−1 in just 20 years, with subsequent severe ecological decline. Dust storms from the exposed lakebeds of both systems threaten the health of the surrounding populations. To save these lakes and others will require: (1) transparent and collaborative involvement with local interest groups; (2) shifts away from an agricultural-based economy to one based on manufacturing and services; (3) consideration of the diverse ecosystem services of the lakes including mineral extraction, recreation, bird habitats in surrounding wetlands, and dust control.

Background: Transurethral resection of prostate is considered as gold standard surgical procedure for treatment of benign enlargement of prostate. It can be performed in two forms-monopolar transurethral resection and bipolar transurethral resection. Aims and Objective: This study was conducted to know which energy source among monopolar and bipolar energy leads to more post-operative morbidity after performing transurethral resection of prostate. Materials and Methods: In this study, total eighty (80) cases were included. They were suffering from lower urinary tract symptoms which were diagnosed to be due to benign enlargement of prostate after careful clinical and radiological examination. In forty cases, transurethral resection of prostate was performed by using monopolar energy source and in another forty cases, resection of prostate by transurethral route was done using bipolar energy source. Results: In our study, we found that development of TURP syndrome was more in monopolar TURP group in which pre-operative weight of prostate was more than 50 grams in comparison to bipolar TURP group in which there was no incidence of development of TURP syndrome in same class. Further, post-operative hospital stay and post-operative urethral catheter in situ was less in bipolar TURP group in terms of days as compared to monopolar TURP group. Conclusion: Our study concludes that Bipolar TURP is better in terms of development of less post-operative morbidity as compared to monopolar TURP. Bipolar TURP must be used extensively in teaching hospitals where students take more time than a seasoned surgeon to perform a surgical procedure and bipolar TURP will come handy in that situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is crucial to identify a shunt point for spinal arteriovenous malformation (AVM) treatment. For this purpose, some intraoperative supports have been reported—intravenous injection of indocyanine green (ICG), selective arterial injection of ICG, and selective arterial injection of saline with a high frame rate digital camera. However, there are difficulties in accurately identifying the shunt point, especially if the lesion has multiple feeders. The aim of this technical note was to report a novel method, selective arterial injection of saline to subtract signals of ICG, to precisely identify perimedullary arteriovenous fistula shunt points having multiple feeding arteries. After exposing the lesion, a 4-F catheter was cannulated into the origins of the segmental artery. ICG was injected intravenously as a first step, and then heparinized saline solution was flushed from the catheter. Compared with other methods, this method could identify the exact shunt point and was effective for certain shunt point obliterations. Despite having similar invasiveness, selective arterial injection of saline to subtract signals of ICG is superior to previously described techniques, such as selective arterial injection of ICG. Therefore, it will be useful in spinal arteriovenous malformation surgical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to find out the efficacy of adrenaline and tramadol in controlling perioperative hemorrhage and postoperative pain respectively. Materials and Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted in the ENT department of Benazir Bhutto Hospital Rawalpindi for 6 months (21-11-2016 to 21-5-2017). The data was collected by operating surgeons. A total of 60 patients were included in the study with 1:1 randomization. Simple random sampling was used for the Selection of patients. Patients were divided into two groups. Group A was provided with the peri-tonsillar injection of tramadol with adrenaline while Group B was provided with normal saline injection (Placebo). Both groups were followed for 6 hours to measure mean pain scores and mean hemostasis time. After approval from the ethical review board, consent forms were distributed to patients. An Independent t-test was applied for the comparison of different variables. Results: Among all patients 60(100%), 25 (41%) males, and 35(59%) females. The mean age of patients was 12.2 years ± 4.49 SD. The mean time required for hemostasis was 4.9 minutes ± 1.92 SD. The mean pain scores were 1.3 (mild pain) ±1.12 SD. A statistically significant difference was found with time (p=0.01), mean pain (p=0.00), weight (p=0.00) and age (p=0.00) while insignificant with gender (p=0.06). Conclusion: Peri-tonsillar injection of tramadol with adrenaline during tonsillectomy leads to a significant reduction in peroperative hemorrhage and post-operative pain as compared to injection of normal saline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Saline, with its different concentrations, is the most used crystalloid solution in medicine. In dermatology, no large studies investigated the benefits of saline. The aim of this article is to review the different possible uses of saline in dermatology, in order to give final recommendations based on the literature review and our experience. Methods: We performed a literature search based on PubMed, EMBASE, WHO Global Health Library, Virtual Health Library, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Research gate. using the keywords: saline, physiological, hypertonic, isotonic, hypotonic, salt solution, sodium chloride, 0.9% NaCl, solvent, drug delivery, injection mixtures, diluent, sclerosant, intravenous, intralesional, injection, topical, soaks, fomentation, inhalation, alopecia, psoriasis, scars, atopic dermatitis, eczema, bromoderma, iododerma, lipodystrophy, in various combinations with the Boolean operators AND, OR and NOT. We also hand‐searched textbooks. Results: Saline was used as a diluent with intralesional injection of steroids to minimize the risk of steroid‐induced atrophy, being safe and free from preservatives that may precipitate steroids at site of injection and maximize their side effects. Saline has also been used after surgery, when atrophic scars take place or anticipated, and through injection in leishmaniasis, granuloma annulare, atrophic acne scars before using other expensive and less tolerated treatment options. Conclusions: The saline represents a helpful option as a diluent with intralesional injection of steroids in various dermatologic therapeutic indications. Moreover, the use of saline in this setting could help to minimize the risk of steroid‐induced atrophy. We encourage the use of saline after surgery, when atrophic scars take place or anticipated. Also, we encourage a trial of saline injection in leishmaniasis, granuloma annulare, atrophic acne scars before using other expensive and less tolerated treatment options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To determine whether basal‐bolus administration of glargine insulin is a safe and effective alternative treatment compared to the standard continuous rate infusion (CRI) protocol. Design: Prospective randomized clinical trial. Setting: University teaching hospital. Animals: Twenty cats diagnosed with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Interventions: The cats were block‐randomized to either a CRI protocol using regular insulin (CRI‐group; n = 10) or a basal‐bolus SC and IM glargine protocol (glargine‐group, n = 10). Baseline blood gases, electrolytes, glucose, and β‐hydroxybutyrate (β‐OHB) concentrations were measured at the time of admission and later at predefined intervals until reaching the primary endpoint of the study, defined as a β‐hydroxybutyrate concentration < 2.55 mmol/L. Measurements and main results: The main outcome measure was time (h) to resolution of ketonemia. Secondary outcome measures were time until first improvement of hyperglycemia and ketonemia, decrease of glucose to ≤13.9 mmol/L (250 mg/dL), resolution of acidosis, consumption of first meal, and discharge from hospital. Additionally, occurrence of treatment‐associated adverse events and death were compared. Seventeen cats (85%) survived to discharge, with no difference in survival between groups (P = 1.0). Median times to β‐OHB < 2.55 mmol/L were 42 (CRI‐group) and 30 (glargine‐group) hours, respectively (P = 0.114). Median times to first improvement of hyperglycemia (glargine‐group: 2 h; CRI‐group: 6 h; P = 0.018) and until discharge from hospital (glargine‐group: 140 h; CRI‐group: 174 h; P = 0.033) were significantly shorter in the glargine‐group. No significant differences were observed in any other parameter under investigation (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Basal‐bolus administration of glargine insulin appears to be an effective and safe alternative to the current standard CRI‐protocol for the management of DKA in cats. The positive outcomes and simplicity make it a viable option for the treatment of feline DKA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the reaction of different final irrigants to the bond strength of root dentin exposed to chloroform. Materials and Methods: Fifty extracted maxillary central incisors were selected. Working length was determined, and canal was instrumented with ProTaper rotary system (Dentsply Maillefer) till F4 file. The specimens were then divided into five groups (n = 10). Group 1: not disclosed to any root canal solvent, Group 2: disclosed to chloroform for 5 min, Group 3: chloroform for 5 min followed by absolute alcohol, Group 4: chloroform for 5 min followed by chlorhexidine (CHX), And Group 5 - chloroform for 5 min followed by saline. The canals were obturated with F4 gutta-percha cones with AH Plus sealer. The samples will be sectioned horizontally into 1 ± 0.1 mm thick slices. The push-out bond strength was performed in a universal testing machine. Results were statistically analyzed by one-way analysis of variance. Results: There existed a significant difference between the mean push-out bond strength of different groups. Irrigation with chloroform negatively affected the bonding between root canal sealer and root dentine. Absolute alcohol significantly improved the bond strength values. Conclusion: Exposure with chloroform during the retreatment will decrease the bonding between sealer (AH Plus) and root dentine. The use of absolute alcohol as a final irrigant improved the bonding between sealer and dentin. CHX and saline showed no improvement in bond strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Iodide retention by a Cu canister under potential repository conditions was studied. • CuI (s) formed on the Cu coupon surface was characterized by XRD, XPS, and TEM/SEM. • Iodide was immobilized through the formation of CuI (s) in a saline environment. • Oxidized Cu+ remained stable under saline conditions, resulting in CuI (s) formation. • The Cu canister functions as a barrier, impeding the migration of radioactive iodide. Radioactive iodine, particularly 129I, is one of the most hazardous radioisotopes found in deep geological repositories for high-level radioactive waste (HLW). This study investigated the iodide retention capacity of Cu coupons, simulating Cu canisters, under potential repository conditions. In saline environments (0.1 M NaCl + 0.01 M MgSO 4), iodide was immobilized through CuI (s) formation on the oxidized surface of Cu coupons. This process was facilitated by the favorable affinity between Cu+ oxidized from the Cu coupons and I−. The iodide retention capacity of Cu coupons exhibited notable sensitivity to the pH and chemical composition of the solutions. Cu+ remained stably complexed with Cl− under saline conditions, leading to the CuI (s) formation. However, in distilled water, iodide retention decreased over time due to the transformation of CuI to CuO through Cu oxidation. In an alkaline solution (0.1 M KOH), iodide retention was negligible. These results indicate that radioactive iodide ions, released in the event of canister failure, can be effectively immobilized, and their migration to the ecosystem can be impeded through CuI (s) formation on oxidized Cu canisters in saline conditions. Consequently, Cu canisters can serve as an effective barrier against radioactive iodide migration and as a long-term isolation medium for HLW, particularly under saline conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A generic framework is proposed for classifying freshwater and saline lake typology. • The framework leverages hydroclimate, remote sensing, and literature evidence. • The method is largely based on open-access data requiring no additional field measures. • Lake typology results in the Tibetan Plateau and Australia show promising accuracies. • The framework demonstrates potential for performing a global-scale lake classification. Separating saline and freshwater lakes is of immense importance for monitoring lentic ecosystems and assessing surface freshwater availability. However, conventional lake typology often relies on in situ salinity measurements, thus limiting the feasibility of a global application. To enable an effective workaround, we here propose and test a framework that classifies saline and freshwater lakes through systematic, integrated leveraging of hydrological, climatological, spectral, and literature evidence. In principle, saline lakes were sequentially identified if a lake is (1) located at the drainage terminal where salinity tends to build up as a result of lacking surface outflow (hydrological evidence), (2) distributed in an arid/semiarid climate with lacustrine evaporites visible from a high-resolution multispectral image (climatological and spectral evidence), or (3) documented to be (sub)saline or have measured salinity exceeding the maximum freshwater threshold (literature evidence). We applied the HydroSHEDS hydrography dataset, the Köppen-Geiger climate classification, and a large volume of spectral satellite images and literature to implement this framework. This framework was tested on the Tibetan Plateau using the Landsat-based, 30-m-resolution UCLA Circa-2015 global lake mask, and the result was benchmarked against the Chinese national lake survey. Our collected literature shows a 95% agreement between the lake types classified using hydrological, climatological, and spectral evidence alone and those documented in the literature. After further corrections based on the literature evidence, our final classification reached an overall accuracy of nearly 70% in terms of lake count and 94% in lake area, implying that the efficacy of our method tends to favor relatively large lakes. Given such promising accuracies, we further applied our framework to Australia, showcasing its effectiveness for lake typology classification without additional in situ surveys across the world's most saline continent. While our method, in theory, results in a conservative recognition of saline lakes and should not be considered a complete substitute for in situ surveys, the proposed framework demonstrates potential for performing global-scale freshwater and saline lake typology classification with reasonable accuracies, using only remote sensing images, open-source hydrography and climate data, and existing literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present the constructive solution for a cage with two storeys for the Unirea Shaft from the Slănic Prahova Saline with the purpose of doubling the flux of persons transportation on teh shaft.

In this paper, we show the solution for the realisation of two ramps for embarking tourists starting from the construction of the cage with two storeys,wich doubles the transportation capacity for the Unirea shaft at the SlănicPrahova Saline, in order to enlarge the persons transportation flux on the shaft.

Abstract Objective The study evaluated the efficacy of phototherapy and 20% albumin infusion to reduce total serum bilirubin (TSB) in neonates with severe hyperbilirubinemia. The primary outcome was a reduction of TSB at the end of treatment. The secondary outcomes were the need for exchange transfusion, inpatient mortality, neurological outcomes at discharge, and development outcomes at 12-months follow-up. Results One hundred and eighteen neonates were randomly assigned to phototherapy and 20% albumin (n = 59) and phototherapy and saline (n = 69). The median age at admission was 5 (interquartile range (IQR) 3–6) days, and the median gestation was 36 (IQR 36–38) weeks. No significant differences were found in the change in TSB (Mann–Whitney U =609, p = 0.98) and rate of change in TSB per hour after treatment (Mann–Whitney U = 540, p = 0.39) between the two groups. There were no significant differences between the two groups in the proportion of participants who required exchange transfusion (χ2 (2) = 0.36, p = 0.546); repeat phototherapy (χ2 (2) = 2.37, p = 0.123); and those who died (χ2 (2) = 0.92, p = 0.337). Trial registration The trial was registered in the International Standardized Randomized Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN); trial registration number ISRCTN89732754.

Productivity of rice as staple food of Indonesia needs to be improved. One of the efforts is by utilizing saline area for agricultural land. Salinity can be a serious problem leading to a decrease in crop productivity. Plant adaptation under salinity is an alternative to lower the risk, which can be improved by seedling pretreatment. The experiment was conducted in Baros, Kretek, Bantul, Yogyakarta. The objective of this research was to determine the growth and yield response of rice cv. Dendang to the salt pretreatment at early stage. The experiment was arranged in completely randomized design. The treatments used were salt pretreatment (T1) and without salt pretreatment (T2). The salt pretreatment increased K+ concentration, total dry matter, plant height and number of tillers. However, it decreased proline and Na+ concentration of leaf. There was no significant difference on the yield and yield component. Increasing EC values up to 8.35 dSm-¹ at generative phase reduced the rice ability to cope this level of salinity despite the application of salt pretreatment. The benefit of salt pretreatment was exhibited on rice grown under EC value 5 dSm-¹.

Abstract Background Intravenous continuous rate infusion (IVCRI) of lispro at a starting dose of 0.09 U/kg/h and the use of 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl) for fluid resuscitation in cats with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) have not been reported. Protocols for correction of electrolyte deficiencies in cats with DKA are lacking. Objectives To characterize the use of IVCRI lispro at an initial dose of 0.09 U/kg/h and the use of NaCl for resuscitation. Explore protocols for electrolyte supplementation in cats with DKA. Animals Twelve cats with DKA enrolled from the cat population of a university hospital. Methods Randomized, controlled, blinded study. Six cats were randomized into each group, the lispro insulin treatment group (LITG) and regular insulin treatment group (RITG). All cats received IVCRI fluid resuscitation with NaCl. Solutions with higher than previously published electrolyte concentrations were used to treat electrolyte deficiencies. Results The median time to blood glucose (BG) concentration

Introduction: The enhancement of osteogenesis by tissue engineering is a challenge in periodontal therapy. Several graft materials in conjunction with carriers, such as blood or saline, are used for this purpose. This study aimed to assess the effect of phosphate buffered saline (PBS), Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS) and saline on the activity of MG-63 osteoblast-like cells in the presence and absence of beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP). Materials and Methods: In this in vitro experimental study, MG-63 osteoblast-like cells were cultured in 10% PBS, HBSS and saline (10%) with and without β-TCP granules for 24 and 72 h and five days. At 24 and 72 h, cell viability and proliferation were assessed. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity test was used to assess bone activity. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 (IBM Corp. Released 2011. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp) via one-way and two-way ANOVA (P

INTRODUCTION: In this study, the effects of adrenaline bleeding control on myringosclerosis (MS) development after myringotomy in experimental model were investigated. METHODS: Sixteen Wistar-Albino healthy male rats were used in the experiment. The right and left ear of each rat were accepted as the control group and the ears were divided into 4 groups. Group 1: 8 rats, examined 48 hours after Miringotomy, with adrenaline applied to the left ear. Group 2: 8 rats, examined 120 hours after miringotomy, with adrenaline applied to the left ear. Group 3: 8 rats, examined 48 hours after miringotomy, with saline applied to the right ear. Group 4: 8 rats, examined 120 hours after miringotomy, with saline applied to the right ear.At the end of the experiment, ears of rats were examined otomicroscopically and histopathologically. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of vascular dilatation, congestion, inflammatory cell, leukocyte count, mast cell degranulation, connective tissue increase and sclerosis. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In this study, we have investigated the view that hemorrhage from the margins of myringotomy and the development of inflammatory cell migration to the myringotomy site and the development of inflammation may contribute to the development of myringosclerosis. It is important that the local administration of adrenaline, by virtue of its vasoconstrictor effect, may reduce the amount of bleeding and thereby prevent the development of myringosclerosis. However, there is a need for wider working groups to determine its statistical significance.

Aim. The aim of the study is to assess the environmental problems and develop a proposal for the identification and analysis of the state of saline and solonetzic lands. Basing on this research, it is crucial to develop proposals for the effective use of lands for the agricultural needs in the first agro-climatic zone of the Stavropol Territory.Methods. Monitoring studies of agricultural lands were carried out using modern methods which include both remote sensing and annual local surveys in areas of the first agro-climatic zone of the Stavropol Territory. Based on this, agricultural land was divided into four groups: highly productive, productive, low productive and unproductive.Results. It has been established that the territory of the first agro-climatic zone is represented by agricultural lands for more than 95%, and over the 16-year study period, the area of these lands increased by 27,906 ha. Salinization of land is global in nature, since the total area of land with a degree of salinity is 644,334 ha, that is, more than 37% of agricultural land in this agroclimatic zone is already salinized to varying degrees. In addition, solonetzic complexes are widespread here.Conclusion. We have established that in order to increase the efficiency of the use of these lands, their qualitative zoning with the subsequent development of agromeliorative measures is necessary. This division of land reflects their qualitative condition, degree of exposure to various degradation processes, the possibility of further land use, a set of measures for the preservation, restoration and protection of these lands and securing the corresponding status of a particular zone based on the developed regulations.