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The shale revolution has involved the production of oil and gas from shale reservoirs enabled by modern techniques such as horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing. Large volumes of water-based fluids are required for hydraulic fracturing, some of which return to the surface as produced water. The recycling and effective disposal of produced water reduces water demand and avoids environmental impacts, respectively. Yet risks of water quality degradation surrounding shale oil and gas extraction operations remain highest during produced water treatment and disposal. Risk assessments related to produced water use are difficult to generate due to a lack of standard monitoring methods to characterise produced water and a lack of baseline monitoring data of surrounding water resources. We have performed a study on laboratory shale leachates using fluorescence Excitation Emission Matrix (EEM) spectra and have demonstrated the utility of this spectroscopic technique as a standard method for environmental screening in which the chemical constitution of produced water is monitored. EEM spectra recorded in this work show that dissolved organic matter (DOM) in laboratory shale leachates contains chromophores such as humic acid-like and soluble microbial-like material. Short emission wavelengths (

Underground railway systems are recognised spaces of increased personal pollution exposure. We studied the number-size distribution and physico-chemical characteristics of ultrafine (PM0.1), fine (PM0.1-2.5) and coarse (PM2.5-10) particles collected on a London underground platform. Particle number concentrations gradually increased throughout the day, with a maximum concentration between 18:00 h and 21:00 h (local time). There was a maximum decrease in mass for the PM2.5, PM2.5-10 and black carbon of 3.9, 4.5 and ~ 21-times, respectively, between operable (OpHrs) and non-operable (N-OpHrs) hours. Average PM10 (52 μg m-3) and PM2.5 (34 μg m-3) concentrations over the full data showed levels above the World Health Organization Air Quality Guidelines. Respiratory deposition doses of particle number and mass concentrations were calculated and found to be two- and four-times higher during OpHrs compared with N-OpHrs, reflecting events such as train arrival/departure during OpHrs. Organic compounds were composed of aromatic hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) which are known to be harmful to health. Specific ratios of PAHs were identified for underground transport that may reflect an interaction between PAHs and fine particles. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) chemical maps of fine and ultrafine fractions show they are composed of Fe and O in the form of magnetite and nanosized mixtures of metals including Cr, Al, Ni and Mn. These findings, and the low air change rate (0.17 to 0.46 h-1), highlight the need to improve the ventilation conditions.

Multilevel barriers can arise after a cancer diagnosis, especially in underserved racial/ethnic minority patient populations, raising the need for diverse and contextually adapted interventions. However, limited data exists on Arab American (ArA) cancer patients’ needs, partly due to their racial/ethnic misclassification as Whites. This study leveraged the perspectives of cancer survivors and community stakeholders (i.e., healthcare and community leaders) to identify ArA cancer patients’ needs, as well as their preferred intervention strategies to address them. Using a hybrid inductive-deductive content analysis approach, we analyzed qualitative data from interviews with 18 ArA community stakeholders recruited through community partners in Chicago. Participants associated cancer stigma to ArA patients’ concealment of their diagnosis and aversion to cancer support groups. Economic and language barriers to treatment were emphasized. A lack of resources for ArA cancer patients was also noted and was partly attributed to their misclassification as White. In response to these needs, participants suggested peer mentorship programs to overcome privacy concerns, hospital-based patient navigation to address language and economic barriers in healthcare, diversification of the healthcare workforce to overcome language barriers, and community coalitions to recognize ArA as an ethnic group and increase cancer support resources. Such advocacy will be essential to accurately characterize patients’ cancer burden and obtain funding to support community programs and resources. Our findings suggest that multilevel interventions at the patient, healthcare, and community levels are needed to address ArA cancer patients’ needs.

PURPOSE: The Prostate Health Index is validated for prostate cancer detection but has not been well validated for Gleason grade group 2-5 prostate cancer detection in Black men. We hypothesize that the Prostate Health Index has greater accuracy than prostate specific antigen for detection of Gleason grade group 2-5 prostate cancer. We estimated probability of overall and Gleason grade group 2-5 prostate cancer across previously established Prostate Health Index ranges and identified Prostate Health Index cutoffs that maximize specificity for Gleason grade group 2-5 prostate cancer with sensitivity >90%. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We recruited a “cancer-free” Black control cohort (135 patients) and a cohort of biopsy naïve Black men (158) biopsied for elevated prostate specific antigen. Descriptive statistics compared the prostate cancer cases and controls and the frequency of Gleason grade group 2-5 prostate cancer across Prostate Health Index scores. Receiver operating characteristics compared the discrimination of prostate specific antigen, Prostate Health Index and other prostate specific antigen related biomarkers. Sensitivity and specificity for Gleason grade group 2-5 prostate cancer detection were assessed at prostate specific antigen and Prostate Health Index thresholds alone and in series. RESULTS: Of biopsied subjects 32.9% had Gleason grade group 2-5 prostate cancer. In Blacks with prostate specific antigen from 4.0–10.0 ng/ml, Prostate Health Index and prostate specific antigen had similar discrimination for Gleason grade group 2-5 prostate cancer (0.63 vs 0.57, p=0.27). In Blacks with prostate specific antigen ≤10.0, a threshold of prostate specific antigen ≥4.0 had 90.4% sensitivity for Gleason grade group 2-5 prostate cancer; a threshold of prostate specific antigen ≥4.0 with Prostate Health Index ≥35.0 in series avoided unnecessary biopsy in 33.0% of men but missed 17.3% of Gleason grade group 2-5 prostate cancer. Prostate specific antigen ≥4.0 with Prostate Health Index ≥28.0 in series spared biopsy in 17.9%, while maintaining 90.4% sensitivity of Gleason grade group 2-5 prostate cancer. CONCLUSIONS: The Prostate Health Index has moderate accuracy in detecting Gleason grade group 2-5 prostate cancer in Blacks, but Prostate Health Index ≥28.0 can be safely used to avoid some unnecessary biopsies in Blacks.

PURPOSE: Social support improves several quality of life (QOL) domains among African American breast cancer survivors. Further, how different dimensions of social support are associated with QOL among African American breast cancer survivors may differ from other populations. This study explores this hypothesis by examining associations of positive social support (supportive interactions that promote affection) and negative social support (non-supportive interactions or interactions wherein the provider of support may not have the best intended actions) with QOL among Chicago-based African American breast cancer survivors. METHODS: Study participants were eligible if they: 1) identified as being an African American female, 2) were at least 18 years of age or older, and 3) were diagnosed with breast cancer during or after navigation was implemented at the study hospital. Participants completed validated questionnaires via telephone or in-person interviews. RESULTS: Among our sample of 100 participants, positive support was associated with greater mental well-being in non-imputed (Std β=1.60, CI: 0.51, 2.69, p= 0.004) and imputed models (Std β= 1.67, CI: 0.68, 2.73, p=0.001). There was also a weaker inverse association with negative support and mental well-being when using non-imputed data (Std β=−0.82, CI: −1.65, 0.02, p= 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that positive support, in particular, is highly influential for improving mental well-being among African American breast cancer survivors. Simultaneously, negative support appears to be an independent, albeit weaker, determinant of mental well-being.

Purpose To assess the prevalence of intra-articular findings with ankle arthroscopy in patients undergoing operative fixation for ankle fractures. Methods This is a retrospective review of ankle fractures that were treated with arthroscopy and open reduction and internal fixation by a single surgeon. Between August 2016 and July 2018, operative reports, office notes, and images were reviewed to identify intra-articular pathology and fracture type. An analysis was performed with regard to fracture type, presence and location of osteochondral lesions, loose-bodies, syndesmotic injury, and deltoid injury. Results Fifty-seven ankle fractures were identified that met inclusion criteria. In total, 84.2% of the fractures had intra-articular pathology, most commonly a syndesmotic injury followed by presence of intra-articular loose bodies and osteochondral defects. Conclusions In our study, use of arthroscopy before open ankle fracture fixation identified intra-articular pathology in 84.2% of subjects. The most common pathology was syndesmotic injury. The addition of an arthroscopic assessment in patients with operatively treated ankle fractures may help improve treatment provided to patients during ankle fracture surgery. Level of Evidence Level 4 Therapeutic Case Series.

While cancer mortality is declining in the United States, significant racial, ethnic, economic and geographic inequities persist. To help address inequities in cancer treatment, care, support and research, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) instituted the community outreach and engagement (COE) mandate for NCI-designated comprehensive cancer centers (CCCs). The Bristol Myers Squibb Foundation designed a convening and listening session on COE with NCI leaders and staff gathering representatives from CCCs and the broader cancer community. This paper captures recommendations from the listening session for the NCI and CCCs to further evolve the implementation and impact of the COE mandate on cancer control and outcomes.

Background:The modified Broström (MB) procedure has long been the mainstay for the treatment of chronic lateral ankle instability (CLAI). Recently, suture tape (ST) has emerged as augmentation for this repair. The clinical benefit of such augmentation has yet to be fully established. The purpose of this study was to determine if ST augmentation provides an advantage over the traditional MB.Methods:Adult patients were identified for inclusion in the study based on indications for primary lateral ligament reconstruction for CLAI. The primary outcome measure was time to return to preinjury level of activity (RTPAL). Secondary outcome measures included complications, ability to participate in an accelerated rehabilitation protocol (ARP), patient-reported outcomes (PROs), and visual analog pain scale (VAS). A total of 119 patients with CLAI were enrolled and randomized to the MB (59 patients) or ST (60 patients) treatment arm.Results:Average RTPAL was 17.5 weeks after MB and 13.3 weeks after ST ( P < .001). At 26 weeks, 12.5% of patients in the MB group and 3.6% of patients in the ST group had not managed RTPAL ( P = .14). The complication rate was 8.5% in the MB group vs 1.7% in the ST group ( P = .12). Four patients in the MB group failed to complete the ARP vs 1 in the ST group ( P = .144).Conclusion:Results from this multicenter, prospective, randomized trial suggest that ST augmentation allows for earlier RTPAL than MB alone. ST augmentation may support successful accelerated rehabilitation and did not result in increased complications or morbidity.Level of Evidence:Level II, prospective comparative study.

Optical microscopy techniques are ideal for live cell imaging for real-time nanoparticle tracking of nanoparticle localization. However, the quantification of nanoparticle uptake is usually evaluated by analytical methods that require cell isolation. Luminescent labeling of gold nanoparticles with transition metal probes yields particles with attractive photophysical properties, enabling cellular tracking using confocal and time-resolved microscopies. In the current study, gold nanoparticles coated with a red-luminescent ruthenium transition metal complex are used to quantify and track particle uptake and localization. Analysis of the red-luminescence signal from particles is used as a metric of cellular uptake, which correlates to total cellular gold and ruthenium content, independently measured and correlated by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Tracking of the luminescence signal provides evidence of direct diffusion of the nanoparticles across the cytoplasmic membrane with particles observed in the cytoplasm and mitochondria as nonclustered "free" nanoparticles. Electron microscopy and inhibition studies identified macropinocytosis of clusters of particles into endosomes as the major mechanism of uptake. Nanoparticles were tracked inside GFP-tagged cells by following the red-luminescence signal of the ruthenium complex. Tracking of the particles demonstrates their initial location in early endosomes and, later, in lysosomes and autophagosomes. Colocalization was quantified by calculating the Pearson's correlation coefficient between red and green luminescence signals and confirmed by electron microscopy. Accumulation of particles in autophagosomes correlated with biochemical evidence of active autophagy, but there was no evidence of detachment of the luminescent label or breakup of the gold core. Instead, accumulation of particles in autophagosomes caused organelle swelling, breakdown of the surrounding membranes, and endosomal release of the nanoparticles into the cytoplasm. The phenomenon of endosomal release has important consequences for the toxicity, cellular targeting, and therapeutic future applications of gold nanoparticles.

In some universities, there is a significant population of first year chemistry students who enter the system with very little prior knowledge of the subject. This, coupled with preconceived ideas of subject difficulty, necessitates that the introduction of key concepts is carried out in a nonthreatening, engaging, simplistic, and efficacious manner. The periodic table is one of the most important and fundamental tools and forms the base of the scaffold for all aspects of not only chemistry but all of the sciences. Traditionally, this is introduced in a historical manner which identifies various elemental properties and builds up the table through time, often highlighting key individuals. We have adopted a novel nonhistorical approach as a preintroduction to the formal periodic table to our first-year chemistry students. This introduction focuses on key characteristic aspects of the table construction, such as grouping objects using columns, rows, blocks, and color; numbering of objects; use of abbreviations for objects; combining individual objects; and transitioning across and down the table, e.g., size changes across and down the table. These features are demonstrated using a variety of pseudo “periodic tables”, including the Periodic Tables of iPad Apps, Fruit and Nuts, Meat, and Superheroes. The delivery of the various tables to introduce students to the chemical periodic table could be adopted (and appropriately adapted) to any level of the education system (from primary to tertiary levels). Feedback from students (n = 226) using the Likert scale showed the utilization of this form of introduction to be an effective way in teaching the various critical concepts of the periodic table.

The study of the sea in the Bible has been governed by an interest in chaos; this and the dominance, until recently, of “green” over “blue” ecology means that ecological approaches to the sea in the Bible are as yet comparatively undeveloped. There are two primary areas of research focus: on the sea itself and also on the varied life it supports. Both are portrayed as creatures of God and as responding to him in praise and obedience, as well as being vulnerable to climate change and pollution. In addition, the sea may be understood both as a source of life and as an increasing threat, with rising sea levels being of particular concern to island and coastal communities. The biblical theme of “chaos” is particularly problematic for “blue” theology, yet there are fresh approaches here, too, from challenging underlying models of dominion and recovering the sea’s “voice” to questioning the applicability of this motif to a range of biblical passages or balancing it with contrasting marine images. Interest in sea creatures is brought into dialogue with biblical material especially in relation to fishing, with the ideas of “stewardship” and sabbath rest or jubilee being discussed in relation to fisheries. This chapter briefly discusses some of the key passages relating to the sea in the Bible, such as Rev 21:1; Gen 1; Ps 104:24–26 and the divine speeches of Job, and it concludes by suggesting some future avenues for research.

In Fig. 1c of this Article, the x-axis scale was inadvertently duplicated from Fig. 1b. The original Article has been corrected online.

Air pollutant concentration of Trivandrum, the capital of Kerala, exceeded the limits of National Ambient Air Quality (NAAQ) standards, according to a study conducted in 2015 by NATPAC. These polluted corridors harbour vegetation on roadsides and traffic islands, planted solely for aesthetic appeal. Analysis of air pollution tolerance levels of existing plants can act as a scientific basis for efficient planning of the urban landscape. Sixty-seven species, including flowering, fruit-bearing, ornamental, shade-providing and timber-yielding species, were screened for their relative resistance to air pollution. Based on leaf pH, relative water content, chlorophyll and ascorbic acid levels, the Air Pollution Tolerance Indices (APTI) of each species were formulated and they were grouped into the following: tolerant, moderately tolerant, intermediate and sensitive groups. Agave americana (18.40), Cassia roxburghii (17.63), Anacardium occidentale (11.97), Cassia fistula (11.60), Mangifera indica (11.59) and Saraca asoca (10.88) may be considered for planting near green spaces like roundabouts and near pollution prone industrial areas, as they belong to tolerant category. Comparison of APTI during summer and monsoon also revealed the stability of Agave americana, Saraca asoca, Ficus benghalensis, Peltophorum pterocarpum, Ficus elastica, Ixora finlaysoniana, Mangifera indica, Canna indica and Delonix regia in maintaining pollution tolerance even during water disparity. Agave americana, Anacardium occidentale, Ficus elastica, Mangifera indica, Syzygium cumini, Ficus benghalensis, Nerium oleander and Ficus benjamina were found to be suited for mass planting, as was evident from their Anticipated Performance Indices (API).

Purpose: To quantify the differences in daily physical activity (PA) patterns, intensity-specific volumes, and PA bouts in youth with and without heart disease (HD). Methods: Seven-day PA was measured on children/adolescents with HD (n = 34; median age 12.4 y; 61.8% male; 70.6% single ventricle, 17.7% heart failure, and 11.8% pulmonary hypertension) and controls without HD (n = 22; median age 12.3 y; 59.1% male). Mean counts per minute were classified as sedentary, light, and moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA), and bouts of MVPA were calculated. PA was calculated separately for each hour of wear time from 8:00 to 22:00. Multilevel linear mixed modeling compared the outcomes, stratifying by group, time of day, and day part (presented as median percentage of valid wear time [interquartile range]). Results: Compared with the controls, the HD group had more light PA (33.9% [15%] vs 29.6% [9.5%]), less MVPA (1.7% [2.5%] vs 3.2% [3.3%]), and more sporadic bouts (97.4% [5.7%] vs 89.9% [9.2%]), but fewer short (2.0% [3.9%] vs 7.1% [5.7%]) and medium-to-long bouts (0.0% [1.9%] vs 1.6% [4.6%]) of MVPA. The HD group was less active in the late afternoon, between 15:00 and 17:00 (P Conclusion: Children/adolescents with HD exhibit differences in intensity-specific volumes, PA bouts, and daily PA patterns compared with controls.

The loading ratio of a solvent extraction process is the ratio of moles of metal extracted to moles of extractant fed. Since the efficiency has several limitations, it is recommended to quantify a metal-extraction system in terms of its loading ratio in addition to its efficiency or extraction rate coefficient. In this study, the loading ratio was compared to the efficiency and equations relating the two metrics were derived. It was shown that due to competing effects of the extractant concentration on the loading ratio, an optimum extractant concentration exists for nearly all metal-extraction systems. This optimum is dependent solely on the equilibrium data and the phase ratio. A method to predict the optimum extractant concentration and the loading ratio at any extractant concentration was presented. The method was validated by comparing the predicted loading ratios to the observed loading ratios for previous metal-extraction studies. The advantages of quantifying a process by its loading ratio and targeting the optimum extractant concentration to maximize the loading ratio were discussed.

This article presents three types of (inter)active learning pedagogical tools to better prepare future administrators for complex, real-world tasks. We propose a framework of narrative linearity and responsiveness to examine digital cases, digital simulations, and clinical simulations as bridging pedagogies from abstract class-based methods to fully immersive internships. We illustrate how these characteristics influence learner interaction with the rich, hypothetical contexts these tools offer. A specific example is presented for each tool, and their cognitive demands on the learner are discussed. We raise implications for their use at the course and program levels.

This study level process design represents an economically viable method for extracting thorium dioxide and other rare earth elements from monazite ore. This paper incorporates results from the 2019 capstone project from the honors Design Internship in Green Engineering in Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering. In this activity, senior students in Chemical Engineering at the University of Tennessee (UT) focused on the development and study of a process for the recovery of thorium dioxide and P2O5 from monazite. While not mandated, the process offers rare earth oxides as attractive byproducts. The project focused on recovery of byproducts rather than the creation or addition to waste streams. Additionally, (1) the process economics relied heavily on recovery of rare earth byproducts, (2) thorium handling portions of the process could be effectively segregated from rare earth and phosphate handling portions of the process, and (3) thorium and uranium content of waste streams should be carefully managed and eliminated where possible.

In an effort to explore new knowledge and to develop meaningful collaborations for improving child health, the First Pan African Workshop on Newborn Screening was convened in June 2019 in Rabat, Morocco. Participants included an informal network of newborn screening stakeholders from across Africa and global experts in newborn screening and sickle cell disease. Over 150 attendees, representing 20 countries, were present including 11 African countries. The agenda focused on newborn screening rationale, techniques, system development, implementation barriers, ongoing research, and collaborations both globally and across Africa. We provide an overview of the workshop and a description of the newborn screening activities in the 11 African countries represented at the workshop, with a focus on sickle cell disease.

Background Trends in breast cancer mortality in the United States are decreasing, but racial disparities persist. Using an implementation science framework to inform evidence-based breast cancer screening and navigation within federally qualified health centers (FQHCs) with community stakeholders can mitigate barriers to screening. Methods Using an integrated theoretical framework of the Practical, Robust Implementation and Sustainability Model and the Social Ecological Model, the University of Illinois Cancer Center and Mile Square Health Centers (MSHC) FQHC developed a breast cancer screening and navigation program, known as the Mile Square Accessible Mammogram Outreach and Engagement (Mi-MAMO) program, to tackle breast cancer disparities in Chicago among underresourced communities. To increase access to screening, patient navigators conducted community outreach activities. Partnerships were forged with community-based organizations, health care systems, and insurers. Outcomes were monitored with standardized performance measures. Results Between January and December 2017, 103 women received a screening mammogram at MSHC. To increase screening rates, Mi-MAMO was started in August 2017. Between January and December 2018, the number of women who received a screening mammogram increased to 567. From August 2017 to December 2018, 779 women received navigation to screening and/or diagnostic services through the Mi-MAMO program. The majority of women were uninsured (63.9%), and 95.5% were racial/ethnic minorities. Twenty-four percent (n = 185) completed diagnostic services, and 10 women received positive breast cancer diagnoses (mean age, 49.7 years); all successfully navigated to treatment. The Mi-MAMO program is ongoing. Conclusions Deploying an integrated framework for patient navigation programs can increase breast cancer screening utilization and awareness among underresourced populations at higher risk for breast cancer.

Most of the ethical decision making literature that guides mental health practice comes from the Western hemisphere. The well-meaning application of Western values in supervision can result in the ...

Objective: We assessed feasibility of an educational program designed to enhance stakeholder knowledge and perceptions of pharmacogenomics at a federally qualified health center (FQHC). Design: FQHCs have a rich history of providing care to the underserved, but often are not represented by studies evaluating cutting-edge concepts. We used a novel educational platform to provide participato­ry genomic testing and classroom education. We assessed participant knowledge and perceptions using questionnaires between May and July 2018. Setting: We partnered with a FQHC affili­ated with an academic medical center in Chicago. Participants: Using convenience sampling, we recruited 20 providers and 10 commu­nity members for a feasibility study. Provid­ers included physicians, physician extend­ers, community health workers, and patient health navigators. Community members were patients, supporters, and/or FQHC advisory board members. Intervention: Participants had the option to undergo personal genomic testing. Online educational modules included basic genet­ics, cardiovascular pharmacogenomics, and personalized medicine. Education conclud­ed in a 2-hour live course with case-based discussions. Main Outcome Measures: Our main out­come was testing pilot feasibility. Baseline knowledge and perceptions were compared with post-intervention assessments using descriptive statistics, t tests (or Wilcoxon rank-sum) for continuous variables and chi-squared (or Fisher’s exact) for categorical variables. Results: We found that attitudes toward the intervention were positive and remained so after intervention. Our intervention was both feasible and acceptable. Genomics knowledge increased for nearly all partici­pants. Conclusions: We have determined that a pharmacogenomics educational program tailored for an underrepresented commu­nity is feasible and acceptable. Outcomes will advise methodology for larger imple­mentation studies. Ethn Dis. 2020;30(Suppl 1):167-176; doi:10.18865/ed.30.S1.167

Submarine landslides occur on continental margins globally and can have devastating consequences for marine habitats, offshore infrastructure and coastal communities due to potential tsunamigenic consequences. Evaluation of the magnitude and distribution of submarine landslides is central to marine and coastal hazard planning. Despite this, there are few studies that comprehensively quantify the occurrence of submarine landslides on a margin-wide scale. We present the first margin-wide submarine landslide database along the eastern margin of New Zealand comprising >2200 landslide scars and associated mass-transport deposits. Analysis of submarine landslide distribution reveals 1) locations prone to mass-failure, 2) spatial patterns of landslide scale and occurrence, and 3) the potential preconditioning factors and triggers of mass wasting across different geologic settings. Submarine landslides are widespread on the eastern margin of New Zealand, occurring in water depths from ~300 m to ~4,000 m. Landslide scars and mass transport deposits are more prevalent, and on average larger, on the active margin, compared the passive margin. We attribute higher concentrations of landslides on the active margin to the prevalence of deforming thrust ridges, related to active margin processes including oversteepening, faulting and seamount subduction. Higher sediment supply on the northernmost active margin is also likely to be a key preconditioning factor resulting in the concentration of large landslides in this region. In general, submarine landslide scars are concentrated around canyon systems and close to canyon thalwegs. This suggests that not only does mass wasting play a major role in canyon evolution, but also that slope undercutting in canyons may be a fundamental preconditioning factor for slope failure. Results of this study offer unique insights into the spatial distribution, magnitude and morphology of submarine landslides across different geologic settings, providing a better understanding of the causative factors for mass wasting in New Zealand and around the world.

Objectives High-yielding crop varieties will become critical in meeting the future food demand in the face of worsening weather extremes and threatening biotic stressors. Bread wheat cultivar Sonmez-2001 is a registered variety that is notable for its performance under low irrigation conditions, which further improves upon irrigation. In order to explore and exploit the genomic potential of this elite variety, in 2015, we sequenced the modern elite cultivar Sonmez genome which represents a diverse genetic background. Data description Here, we provide a reference-guided whole genome sequence of Sonmez-2001, assembled into 21 chromosomes of the A, B and D genomes and totaling to 13.3 gigabase-pairs in length. Additionally, a de novo assembly, of an additional 1.05 gigabase-pairs, was generated that represents either Sonmez-specific sequences or sequences that considerably diverged between Sonmez and Chinese Spring. We identified up to 24 million sequence variants, of which up to 2.4% reside in coding sequences, that can be used to develop molecular markers that should be of immediate use to the cereal community.

Ancient martian organic matter is likely to take the form of kerogen-like recalcitrant macromolecular organic matter (MOM), existing in close association with reactive mineral surfaces, especially iron oxides. Detecting and identifying a biological origin for martian MOM will therefore be of utmost importance for life detection efforts at Mars. We show that Type I and Type IV kerogens provide effective analogues for putative martian MOM of biological and abiological (meteoric) provenances respectively. We analyse the pyrolytic breakdown products when these kerogens are mixed with mineral matrices highly relevant for the search for life on Mars. We demonstrate that, using traditional thermal techniques as generally used by the Sample Analysis at Mars and Mars Organic Molecule Analyser instruments, even the breakdown products of highly recalcitrant MOM are transformed during analysis in the presence of reactive mineral surfaces, particularly iron. Analytical transformation reduces the diagnostic ability of this technique, as detected transformation products of both biological and abiological MOM may be identical (low molecular weight gas phases and benzene) and indistinguishable. The severity of transformational effects increased through: calcite < kaolinite < haematite < nontronite < magnetite < goethite. Due to their representation of various habitable aqueous environments and the preservation potential of organic matter by iron, it is not advisable to completely avoid iron-rich strata. We conclude that haematite-rich localities, with evidence of extensive aqueous alteration of originally reducing phases, such as the Vera Rubin Ridge, may be relatively promising targets for identifying martian biologically-sourced MOM.

We report on GaN lasers with extremely narrow linewidth (~1MHz) at ‘magic wavelengths’ for cold-atom quantum sensors and optical atomic clocks, using extended cavity GaN laser diodes and DFB GaN laser diodes.

The All of Us Research Program is building one of the nation’s largest most diverse research platforms that is transforming the future of health by providing researchers expansive, integrated, diverse health data including populations historically underrepresented in biomedical research (UBR). The All of Us dataset is available through the All of Us Research Hub, a centralized, secure, cloud-based platform examining biological, behavioral, and environmental factors that influence health and a broad range of diseases and conditions, including cancer. Participant data includes biological samples, health and social determinant surveys, electronic health records (EHR) and wearable data. Data is available through a private and secure tiered system, with anonymized aggregate data on an open-access public tier, and curated, individual-level, and genomic data on registered and controlled tiers. As of August 2022, the dataset includes over 518,000 participants, 80% UBR and 50% racial and ethnic minorities. Of the 227,000 participants who share EHR, over 42,000 indicate at least one form of cancer diagnosis and nearly 200 different cancer types. More than 2,800 researchers on the All of Us Researcher Workbench study this data, 21% of whom are underrepresented in the biomedical workforce (UBW) by race and ethnicity, from 393 institutions across 47 states. The diversity of research powered by All of Us data matches the diversity of its participants and researchers, as more than 150 projects have “cancer” in the project title and over 240 in the scientific question being studied. To date, there are five cancer-focused publications using the data—demonstrating the program’s early impact in cancer research. The program is intentional in ensuring data access to a diverse researcher community. These efforts include investing in the researcher pipeline and building capacity—from K-12 including educators, undergraduate and graduate students, post-docs and early stage investigators, seasoned researchers, and community and citizen scientists. At the collegiate level, one example is the Research Scholar Program (RSP), an annual offering of professional development workshops and curriculum, providing mentorship and training to support students in a research project utilizing All of Us data. RSP students present at the annual Minority Student Research Symposium, where in 2022, 27 UBW research scholars presented their findings to more than 300 attendees. For early-career investigators, the Baylor College of Medicine UBR Faculty Summit provides training on the Researcher Workbench and year-long support for attendees to continue research in teams utilizing All of Us data. Another capacity building effort is one with engagement partners RTI and the Community Campus Partnerships for Health to provide support for faculty, post-doctoral fellows, and students in six HBCUs to participate in an All of Us Researcher Academy that will provide training, technical assistance, and network-building for researchers and their mentors. Citation Format: Karriem S. Watson. The All of Us Research Hub: A dataset for all of us [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 15th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2022 Sep 16-19; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr IA021.

The All of Us Research Program is a historic, longitudinal effort to gather data from one million or more people living in the United States to accelerate research and improve health. The program seeks to engage a community of participants that reflects the diversity of the United States. Our approach to creating a diverse database has been intentional and is unique given the historical lack of underrepresentation of certain communities in biomedical research. All of Us is committed to doing things differently and is succeeding at having a transformational research program focused on diversity. All of Us has built the largest, most diverse biomedical data resource of its kind, which is being used in research that is investigating health disparities and will move us closer to achieving health equity. Currently more than 30 studies on health equity, disparities, and social determinants of health are in progress based on All of Us data. 80% of participants are from communities underrepresented in biomedical research (including racial and ethnic minorities, sexual and gender minorities, people with disabilities, and others). Additionally, nearly 50% of participants self-identify as racial and ethnic minorities. Our ability to have a diverse participant pool is in part because of our community engagement efforts and the ecosystem built to support community partners. A key component of the All of Us Research Program is the deep investments we have made in building a community engagement ecosystem to raise the public’s awareness of the program and to build lasting relationships with communities. The program has been intentional in its efforts to build an engagement ecosystem since its inception and understood that representation matters. For instance, research has not always been conducted in places where the populations reflect the diversity of the United States. With this in mind, the program was intentional in its selection and inclusion of community health centers like Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs) as part of our enrollment sites and their location to ensure everyone has a seat at the table. Two important aspects of our engagement ecosystem are the Community and Provider Gateway Initiative Partners (CPGI partners) and National Community Engagement Partners. These organizations have deep reach into communities that have been historically underrepresented in biomedical research and help bridge trust and serve as program validators in communities across the country. We have more than 100 Funded Partner Organizations and 8 National Community Engagement Partners, including Stanford University School of Medicine (PrideNet), National Baptist Convention, National Alliance for Hispanic Health, FiftyForward, Delta Research and Educational Foundation, Asian Health Coalition, and American Association on Health and Disability.The purpose of this presentation is to share the community engagement ecosystem and efforts that have led to the All of Us Research Program’s success as a diverse research program, moving us closer to achieving health equity. Citation Format: Karriem S. Watson. Achieving health equity through the All of Us research program [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 15th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2022 Sep 16-19; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr IA007.

The interrogative sequence אִם‎ . . . הֲ‎ in Biblical Hebrew can be employed in two forms of disjunctive question. The first offers mutually exclusive questions and the second comprises a rhetorical pair. Close examination of the extant examples reveals no difficulty in distinguishing between these two forms and, further, that, when employed to express a rhetorical question, the double rhetorical sequence אִם‎ . . . הֲ‎ anticipates the answer ‘No’. Careful study of a debated example, Jer. 31.20, confirms that a negative answer is implied here, hence the evidence strongly favours this reading in the other contentious passage, Hab. 3.8. Here, triple rhetorical questions introduced by the interrogative particles אִם‎ . . . אִם‎ . . . הֲ‎ are employed in a motivated interrogative sentence, suggesting that a negative answer is therefore expected.

Introduction:The purpose of this article is to describe the process of developing and implementing a transdisciplinary community-based research center, the Center for Health Equity Research (CHER) Chicago, to offer a model for designing and implementing research centers that aim to address structural causes of health inequality.Methods:Scholars from diverse backgrounds and disciplines formed a multidisciplinary team for the Center and adopted the structural violence framework as the organizing conceptual model. All Center activities were based on community partnership. The Center activities were organized within three cores: administrative, investigator development, and community engagement and dissemination cores. The key activities during the first year were to develop a pilot grant program for early-stage investigators (ESIs) and to establish community partnership mechanisms.Results:CHER provided more than 60 consultations for ESIs, which resulted in 31 pilot applications over the three application cycles. Over 200 academic and community partners attended the community symposium and discussed community priority. Some challenges encountered were to improve communication among investigators, to clarify roles and responsibilities of the three cores, and to build consensus on the definition and operationalization of the concept of structural violence.Conclusion:There is an increasing need for local hubs to facilitate transdisciplinary collaboration and community engagement to effectively address health inequity. Building consensus around a shared vision among partners is a difficult and yet important step toward achieving equity.

ImportanceImmune-related adverse events (irAEs) due to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) have been shown to be positively associated with survival. Among patients with metastatic melanoma, evidence supporting this association has been conflicting, while ipilimumab-nivolumab combination ICB has been examined only in small clinical cohorts.ObjectiveTo examine the association between irAEs and survival among patients with metastatic melanoma, in particular for those receiving combination ICB.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsA retrospective cohort of 492 consecutive patients with metastatic melanoma treated with ICB at 2 tertiary and 4 regional cancer centers in Alberta, Canada, from August 1, 2013, to May 31, 2020, was observed. Patients were aged 18 years or older with metastatic melanoma agnostic to primary site, who received 1 or more doses of an anti–programmed cell death protein 1 agent as single or combination ICB. Clinically significant irAEs requiring systemic corticosteroids and/or treatment delay were captured. To minimize immortal time bias, only patients surviving 12 weeks after ICB initiation were included in survival analyses. Statistical analysis was conducted on December 10, 2021.ExposuresDevelopment of irAEs requiring systemic corticosteroids and/or treatment delay.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was overall survival (OS), with the association of irAE development with OS assessed via Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards regression analyses. The association of hospitalization for irAEs and ICB resumption after irAE with OS was examined.ResultsAmong 492 patients, the median age of those with irAEs was 61.8 years (IQR, 52.9-72.1 years), and the median age of those without irAEs was 65.5 years (IQR, 56.5-76.9 years), while sex distribution was comparable (137 of 198 men [69.2%] with irAEs vs 183 of 294 men [62.2%] without irAEs). There was an association between irAEs and OS both in the overall cohort (with irAEs: median OS, 56.3 months [95% CI, 38.2 months to not evaluable] vs without irAEs: median OS, 18.5 months [95% CI, 14.4-23.2 months]; P P P = .53), while resumption of ICB was associated with longer OS than not resuming ICB (median, 56.3 months [95% CI, 40.8 months to not evaluable] vs 31.5 months [95% CI, 21.0 months to not evaluable]; P = .009). A favorable independent association of irAEs with OS was confirmed in multivariable analysis (hazard ratio for death, 0.382 [95% CI, 0.254-0.576]; P Conclusions and RelevanceThis study suggests an association between irAEs and OS for patients with metastatic melanoma, including those treated with combination ICB and those with severe irAEs requiring hospitalization. The potential benefit associated with ICB resumption after irAEs warrants further investigation.