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Мақалада әйелдер қозғалысының қалыптасу үдерісі феминистік шерулерді өткізудегі халықаралық және қазақстандық тәжірибе призмасы арқылы қарастырылады. Зерттеудің мақсаты – Қазақстандағы әйелдер қозғалысының қалыптасу процестерін жақсырақ түсіну үшін феминистік шерулердің тарихын, ұлттық және шетелдік тәжірибесін салыстырмалы талдау. Мақалада феминистік марштың өзінің пайда болу кезеңіндегі төрт биік толқындары сипатталған. Сонымен қатар, қазақстандық тәжірибедегі әйелдер маршының басқа елдердің мысалында салыстырыла отырып, белгілі бір елдің саясатына байланысты феминистік қозғалыстарға деген сақтық қарым-қатынасы, сонымен қатар әйелдер құқықтарын қамтамасыз етудегі мәселелері көтерілді. Зерттеудің әдістемелік негізі ретінде салыстырмалы талдау, әлеуметтанулық зерттеу әдістері бұқаралық ақпарат құралдарын контент-талдау, тереңдетілген сұхбат, сауалнама әдістері қолданылды. Бұл шетелдік және қазақстандық феминистік марштың даму тарихын, әр түрлі мемлекеттердің саясатына байланысты жалпылай және айрықша ерекшеліктерін анықтауға, ал сұхбат әдісі Қазақстандағы феминизмнің қазіргі жағдайы мен марш ұйымдастырудағы мәселелер жайында ақпараттар алуға мүмкіндік берді. Жұмыстың негізгі нәтижелері бойынша, авторлар тек феминистік қозғалыс пайда болғаннан бастап әйелдердің құқықтарын үнемі және жүйелі түрде қорғады, ал қозғалыстың нәтижелілігі (атап айтқанда, қазіргі уақытта және ХХ ғасырдың басында әйелдерге экономикалық, азаматтық және саяси құқықтарды, ең алдымен сайлау құқығын беру) феминистік қозғалыстың қоғамдық-саяси өмірде маңызды рөл атқарғанын тұжырымдайды. Сондай-ақ талдау қазақстандық феминистік марштарды ұйымдастыруда саяси билік тарапынан толыққанды қолдау болмайтындығын және марштар өткізуге рұқсат алудың өзі үлкен күш пен қажырлы еңбекті талап ететінін көрсетті. Зерттеудің практикалық маңыздылығы зерттеуде алынған тұжырымдарды әйелдердің қоғамдық-саяси ұйымдарының жұмысында, әйелдер қозғалысының тарихы бойынша отандық тарих, саясаттану және әлеуметтану курстарын дайындауда қолдануға болатындығымен анықталады. Түйін сөздер: гендер, феминизм, феминистік марш, әйелдер қозғалысы, халықаралық тәжірибе, саясат.

Abstract Background Long-term sequelae are frequent and often disabling after epidermal necrolysis (Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN)). However, consensus on the modalities of management of these sequelae is lacking. Objectives We conducted an international multicentric DELPHI exercise to establish a multidisciplinary expert consensus to standardize recommendations regarding management of SJS/TEN sequelae. Methods Participants were sent a survey via the online tool “Survey Monkey” consisting of 54 statements organized into 8 topics: general recommendations, professionals involved, skin, oral mucosa and teeth, eyes, genital area, mental health, and allergy workup. Participants evaluated the level of appropriateness of each statement on a scale of 1 (extremely inappropriate) to 9 (extremely appropriate). Results were analyzed according to the RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method. Results Fifty-two healthcare professionals participated. After the first round, a consensus was obtained for 100% of 54 initially proposed statements (disagreement index

The purpose of the study is to determine the growth, development and yield quality of sweet corn varieties and hybrids when grown in different mulching materials in the soil-climatic conditions of Karakalpakstan.Methods. Selected sweet corn Zamin variety and Megaton F1 hybrids were grown in different mulching materials in the fallow season and evaluated for their growth, development and productivity in the conditions of Karakalpakstan in 2018-2020. Mulching materials were selected for growing varieties and hybrids. According to the results of the selection, the varieties and hybrids with a positive conclusion were recommended for use in the production of cultivation in mulching materials.Results. In 2018‒2020, the selected Zamin variety of sweet corn and the Megaton F1 hybrid, when grown on different mulching materials, yield varied from 10.8 t to 13.1 t per hectare. The highest productivity was recorded when mulching with manure and black membrane, it was 11.5-12.2 t per hectare in the Zamin variety, and 12.4-13.1 t in the Megaton F1 hybrid. Cultivation of sweet corn mulched with manure and black membrane has the highest net profit (19509.0 - 21890.8 thousand sums and 22120.5-24150.9 thousand sums) and the highest yield (123,8-138.6% and 134.7-146.8%).Conclusion. It was found that sweet corn varieties Zamin and Megaton F1 hybrids have high productivity indicators when mulched with black membrane and manure in the main term for the soil and climate conditions of Karakalpakstan, and it was recommended for large-scale planting in farms.

AIM: to analyze various indices of insulin resistance and plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels, and their association with the preoperative status and in-hospital complications after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in normoglycemic patients and patients with carbohydrate metabolism disorders (CMD).MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 708 patients who underwent CABG. The glycemic status, preoperative parameters, the specifics of surgical intervention, in-hospital complications were analyzed. The patients were divided into 2 groups: Group 1 (n=266) — patients with CMD (type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and prediabetes); Group 2 (n=442) — patients without CMD. Plasma FFA and fasting plasma insulin levels were determined, the Disse index, the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI), revised QUICKI were estimated in 383 patients.RESULTS: Screening prior to CABG increased the number of patients with T2DM from 15.2% to 24.1%, prediabetes – from 3.0% to 13.4%, with any CMD – from 18.2% to 37.5%.Patients with CMD showed a higher percentage of significant hospital complications (25.2% vs 17.0%, p=0.007), progression of renal failure (6.3% vs 2.9%, p=0.021), multiple organ failure (4.5% vs 1.7%, p=0.039), sternal wound complications (6.3% vs 2.9%, p=0.018), renal replacement therapy (3.7% vs 1.1%, p=0.020), surgery on peripheral arteries (1.5% vs 0%, p=0.039).According to the results of multivariate analysis, the Disse index turned out to be a significant predictor of the end point (hospital stay >10 days or any significant complication CABG) in several regression models (OR 1.060 in one of the models; 95% CI 1.016–1.105; p=0.006). Independent predictors of the end point were: female gender, age, body mass index, cardiopulmonary bypass duration, left atrium size, left ventricular end diastolic dimension, T2DM, FFA levels (OR 3.335; 95% CI 1.076–10.327; p=0.036), average postoperative glycemia on the 1st day after CABG, failure to achieve the target range of perioperative glycemia.CONCLUSION: Screening for CMD prior to CABG can significantly increase the number of patients with diagnosed CMD. Significant in-hospital complications after CABG tend to be more prevalent in patients with CMD compared with normoglycemic patients. Insulin resistance index Disse, FFA, postoperative glycemia are independent predictors of prolonged hospital stay or postoperative complications of CABG.

Surface piercing propellers are special supercavitation propellers operating at free surface. These propellers are designed to have the best performance at the highest speed. The geometric parameters of the number of blades and the pitch ratio will significantly impact the critical advance coefficient range, ventilation and consequently the hydrodynamic performance of the propeller. Therefore, in this paper, the effect of two crucial parameters of pitch ratio and number of blades were experimentally studied in free surface water tunnel. After calibration and evaluation of uncertainty, two 5-bladed propellers with same section profile and pitch ratio of 1.5 and 1.4 used to investigate effect of pitch ratio. The results of two 5-blade and 6-blade propellers with same section profile and pitch ratio of 1.4 were compared. The immersion ratio was 40%, and the shaft inclination angle was zero. Results showed that increasing the pitch ratio increased the thrust and torque coefficients by 30%; while increasing the critical advance coefficient. Consequently that has led to the development of a full ventilation range and improved hydrodynamic performance of the propeller. In addition, by increasing the number of blades, at values greater than the critical advance coefficient, the thrust and torque coefficients were increased by 10%. However, the critical advanced coefficient changes were negligible. Comparing the results in the three-dimensional contours showed that with the change in the number of blades, by increasing the pitch ratio, the critical advance coefficient increased; which led to a further increase in efficiency.

BACKGROUND: The problem of metabolic syndrome is considered a demographic catastrophe. According to WHO experts,«by 2025, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) in the world will amount to more than 300 million people, and in the next 25 years it is expected to increase by 50%.» The pathophysiological mechanisms of MS formation and the role of unhealthy diet on the development of intestinal dysbiosis, mitochondrial insufficiency remain unclear.AIM: To study the effect of unhealthy diet on the state of the intestinal microbiota and the development of metabolicmitochondrial insufficiency in the formation of a multi-organ metabolic syndrome, evaluation of ways of correction.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinical picture assessment, anthropometric data (body mass index), laboratory results (glucose, cholesterol and fractions) were carried out in patients with MS, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, C-reactive protein, lipid peroxidation indicators: malondialdehyde, diene conjugates, schiff bases, hydroperoxides, catalase, superoxide dismutase, succinate dehydrogenase (ASDH), α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (α-AGFDH). Hemorheological parameters were evaluated by the apparent viscosity of blood, the yield strength, the aggregation coefficient of erythrocytes and platelets. The microbiota and microbiome of the intestine were evaluated by species, strain composition and the level of metabolites-propionic, butyric, acetic acid, lipopolysaccharides, peptidoglycans. A questionnaire was conducted to study the nature of nutrition.RESULTS: The study included 128 patients with MS and 25 healthy individuals. According to medical outpatient records from anamnesis, questioning of each patient, complaints and clinical picture, 26.2% of patients had type 2 diabetes, 3.74% of men had erectile dysfunction, 7.5% of women had polycystic ovaries, 15.1% had night apnea syndrome, 8.7% hyperuricemic syndrome, 96.5% of patients had metabolic fatty liver steatosis. According to the results of the survey, it was revealed that 99.8% of patients adhered to an unhealthy and unbalanced, high-calorie diet, 46.4% of patients had a low level of physical activity, 48.7% had an average. The revealed disorders of lipid, carbohydrate metabolism, microbiota and intestinal microbiome were associated with increased lipid peroxidation, decreased levels of antioxidant defense enzymes, indicators reflecting mitochondrial function against the background of hemorheological disorders.CONCLUSION: In multi-organ MS, unhealthy diet can be considered as a targeted risk factor triggering pathophysiological mechanisms at the level of the intestinal microbiota, followed by a cascade of metabolic disorders in the form of activation of lipid peroxidation with inhibition of antioxidant defense enzymes, the development of multi-organ mitochondrial insufficiency and the development of latent hemorheological syndrome. The revealed metabolic complex obviously constitutes a multiorgan morphological cluster underlying the development of multi-organ metabolic syndrome. Based on the identified disorders, pathogenetically justified correction of MS should include a balanced diet with mitochondrial protective therapy.

Abstract This article reports on the inclusive production cross section of several quarkonium states, $$\textrm{J}/\psi $$ J / ψ , $$\psi \mathrm{(2S)}$$ ψ ( 2 S ) , $$\Upsilon \mathrm (1S)$$ Υ ( 1 S ) , $$\Upsilon \mathrm{(2S)}$$ Υ ( 2 S ) , and $$\Upsilon \mathrm{(3S)}$$ Υ ( 3 S ) , measured with the ALICE detector at the LHC, in pp collisions at $$\sqrt{s} = 5.02$$ s = 5.02 TeV. The analysis is performed in the dimuon decay channel at forward rapidity ( $$2.5< y < 4$$ 2.5 < y < 4 ). The integrated cross sections and transverse-momentum ( $$p_{\textrm{T}}$$ p T ) and rapidity ( $$y$$ y ) differential cross sections for $$\textrm{J}/\psi $$ J / ψ , $$\psi \mathrm{(2S)}$$ ψ ( 2 S ) , $$\Upsilon \mathrm (1S)$$ Υ ( 1 S ) , and the $$\psi \mathrm{(2S)}$$ ψ ( 2 S ) -to- $$\textrm{J}/\psi $$ J / ψ cross section ratios are presented. The integrated cross sections, assuming unpolarized quarkonia, are: $$\sigma _{\textrm{J}/\psi }$$ σ J / ψ ( $$p_{\textrm{T}}

Satellite-based retrievals of tropospheric NO2 columns are widely used to infer NOx (≡ NO + NO2) emissions. These retrievals rely on model information for the vertical distribution of NO2. The free tropospheric background above 2 km is particularly important because the sensitivity of the retrievals increases with altitude. Free tropospheric NOx also has a strong effect on tropospheric OH and ozone concentrations. Here we use observations from three aircraft campaigns (SEAC4RS, DC3, and ATom) and four atmospheric chemistry models (GEOS-Chem, GMI, TM5, and CAMS) to evaluate the model capabilities for simulating NOx in the free troposphere and attribute it to sources. NO2 measurements during the Studies of Emissions and Atmospheric Composition, Clouds, and Climate Coupling by Regional Surveys (SEAC4RS) and Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry (DC3) campaigns over the southeastern U.S. in summer show increasing concentrations in the upper troposphere above 10 km, which are not replicated by the GEOS-Chem, although the model is consistent with the NO measurements. Using concurrent NO, NO2, and ozone observations from a DC3 flight in a thunderstorm outflow, we show that the NO2 measurements in the upper troposphere are biased high, plausibly due to interference from thermally labile NO2 reservoirs such as peroxynitric acid (HNO4) and methyl peroxy nitrate (MPN). We find that NO2 concentrations calculated from the NO measurements and NO–NO2 photochemical steady state (PSS) are more reliable to evaluate the vertical profiles of NO2 in models. GEOS-Chem reproduces the shape of the PSS-inferred NO2 profiles throughout the troposphere for SEAC4RS and DC3 but overestimates NO2 concentrations by about a factor of 2. The model underestimates MPN and alkyl nitrate concentrations, suggesting missing organic NOx chemistry. On the other hand, the standard GEOS-Chem model underestimates NO observations from the Atmospheric Tomography Mission (ATom) campaigns over the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, indicating a missing NOx source over the oceans. We find that we can account for this missing source by including in the model the photolysis of particulate nitrate on sea salt aerosols at rates inferred from laboratory studies and field observations of nitrous acid (HONO) over the Atlantic. The median PSS-inferred tropospheric NO2 column density for the ATom campaign is 1.7 ± 0.44 × 1014 molec. cm−2, and the NO2 column density simulated by the four models is in the range of 1.4–2.4 × 1014 molec. cm−2, implying that the uncertainty from using modeled NO2 tropospheric columns over clean areas in the retrievals for stratosphere–troposphere separation is about 1 × 1014 molec. cm−2. We find from GEOS-Chem that lightning is the main primary NOx source in the free troposphere over the tropics and southern midlatitudes, but aircraft emissions dominate at northern midlatitudes in winter and in summer over the oceans. Particulate nitrate photolysis increases ozone concentrations by up to 5 ppbv (parts per billion by volume) in the free troposphere in the northern extratropics in the model, which would largely correct the low model bias relative to ozonesonde observations. Global tropospheric OH concentrations increase by 19 %. The contribution of the free tropospheric background to the tropospheric NO2 columns observed by satellites over the contiguous U.S. increases from 25 ± 11 % in winter to 65 ± 9 % in summer, according to the GEOS-Chem vertical profiles. This needs to be accounted for when deriving NOx emissions from satellite NO2 column measurements.

As the third most important greenhouse gas (GHG) after carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), tropospheric ozone (O3) is also an air pollutant causing damage to human health and ecosystems. This study brings together recent research on observations and modeling of tropospheric O3 in the Arctic, a rapidly warming and sensitive environment. At different locations in the Arctic, the observed surface O3 seasonal cycles are quite different. Coastal Arctic locations, for example, have a minimum in the springtime due to O3 depletion events resulting from surface bromine chemistry. In contrast, other Arctic locations have a maximum in the spring. The 12 state-of-the-art models used in this study lack the surface halogen chemistry needed to simulate coastal Arctic surface O3 depletion in the springtime; however, the multi-model median (MMM) has accurate seasonal cycles at non-coastal Arctic locations. There is a large amount of variability among models, which has been previously reported, and we show that there continues to be no convergence among models or improved accuracy in simulating tropospheric O3 and its precursor species. The MMM underestimates Arctic surface O3 by 5 % to 15 % depending on the location. The vertical distribution of tropospheric O3 is studied from recent ozonesonde measurements and the models. The models are highly variable, simulating free-tropospheric O3 within a range of ±50 % depending on the model and the altitude. The MMM performs best, within ±8 % for most locations and seasons. However, nearly all models overestimate O3 near the tropopause (∼300 hPa or ∼8 km), likely due to ongoing issues with underestimating the altitude of the tropopause and excessive downward transport of stratospheric O3 at high latitudes. For example, the MMM is biased high by about 20 % at Eureka. Observed and simulated O3 precursors (CO, NOx, and reservoir PAN) are evaluated throughout the troposphere. Models underestimate wintertime CO everywhere, likely due to a combination of underestimating CO emissions and possibly overestimating OH. Throughout the vertical profile (compared to aircraft measurements), the MMM underestimates both CO and NOx but overestimates PAN. Perhaps as a result of competing deficiencies, the MMM O3 matches the observed O3 reasonably well. Our findings suggest that despite model updates over the last decade, model results are as highly variable as ever and have not increased in accuracy for representing Arctic tropospheric O3.

Hydrocarbon spills play a vital part in contaminating water resources such as the seas and oceans. Establishing a quick and accurate approach to identifying hydrocarbons is critical to addressing these pollutants' harmful effects on the aquatic environment and local residents. The use of satellite remote sensing to detect large-scale oil spills is one of the most extensively used domains for this purpose. A machine learning method with high speed and accuracy was proposed in this study to detect occurring hydrocarbon leaks in a SAR image captured by the Sentinel-1A satellite in the Caspian Sea. The suggested method is a dense-structured network of deep learning (DenseNet) that takes the required image as input and divides it into two classes, namely, oil Spill and non-oil Spill. This dense Network outperforms the standard convolutional neural network algorithm (CNN). As a result of using the Sentinel-1A SAR image of the Caspian Sea, we achieved an overall accuracy of 99.83% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.9055.

Abstract The future Ricochet experiment aims at searching for new physics in the electroweak sector by providing a high precision measurement of the Coherent Elastic Neutrino-Nucleus Scattering (CENNS) process down to the sub-100 eV nuclear recoil energy range. The experiment will deploy a kg-scale low-energy-threshold detector array combining Ge and Zn target crystals 8.8 m away from the 58 MW research nuclear reactor core of the Institut Laue Langevin (ILL) in Grenoble, France. Currently, the Ricochet Collaboration is characterizing the backgrounds at its future experimental site in order to optimize the experiment’s shielding design. The most threatening background component, which cannot be actively rejected by particle identification, consists of keV-scale neutron-induced nuclear recoils. These initial fast neutrons are generated by the reactor core and surrounding experiments (reactogenics), and by the cosmic rays producing primary neutrons and muon-induced neutrons in the surrounding materials. In this paper, we present the Ricochet neutron background characterization using $$^3$$ 3 He proportional counters which exhibit a high sensitivity to thermal, epithermal and fast neutrons. We compare these measurements to the Ricochet Geant4 simulations to validate our reactogenic and cosmogenic neutron background estimations. Eventually, we present our estimated neutron background for the future Ricochet experiment and the resulting CENNS detection significance. Our results show that depending on the effectiveness of the muon veto, we expect a total nuclear recoil background rate between 44 ± 3 and 9 ± 2 events/day/kg in the CENNS region of interest, i.e. between 50 eV and 1 keV. We therefore found that the Ricochet experiment should reach a statistical significance of 4.6 to 13.6 $$\sigma $$ σ for the detection of CENNS after one reactor cycle, when only the limiting neutron background is considered.

Abstract Background Camponotus floridanus ant colonies are comprised of a single reproductive queen and thousands of sterile female offspring that consist of two morphologically distinct castes: smaller minors and larger majors. Minors perform most of the tasks within the colony, including brood care and food collection, whereas majors have fewer clear roles and have been hypothesized to act as a specialized solider caste associated with colony defense. The allocation of workers to these different tasks depends, in part, on the detection and processing of local information including pheromones and other chemical blends such as cuticular hydrocarbons. However, the role peripheral olfactory sensitivity plays in establishing and maintaining morphologically distinct worker castes and their associated behaviors remains largely unexplored. Results We examined the electrophysiological responses to general odorants, cuticular extracts, and a trail pheromone in adult minor and major C. floridanus workers, revealing that the repertoire of social behaviors is positively correlated with olfactory sensitivity. Minors in particular display primarily excitatory responses to olfactory stimuli, whereas major workers primarily manifest suppressed, sub-solvent responses. The notable exception to this paradigm is that both minors and majors display robust, dose-dependent excitatory responses to conspecific, non-nestmate cuticular extracts. Moreover, while both minors and majors actively aggress non-nestmate foes, the larger and physiologically distinct majors display significantly enhanced capabilities to rapidly subdue and kill their adversaries. Conclusions Our studies reveal the behavioral repertoire of minors and majors aligns with profound shifts in peripheral olfactory sensitivity and odor coding. The data reported here support the hypothesis that minors are multipotential workers with broad excitatory sensitivity, and majors are dedicated soldiers with a highly specialized olfactory system for distinguishing non-nestmate foes. Overall, we conclude that C. floridanus majors do indeed represent a physiologically and behaviorally specialized soldier caste in which caste-specific olfactory sensitivity plays an important role in task allocation and the regulation of social behavior in ant colonies.

Abstract Upcoming Lepton Flavour Violation experiments searching for μ → 3e and μ to e conversion in nuclei processes will provide new opportunities to test the fundamental properties of the neutrino sector, and possibly the origin of matter. In recent work, it was shown that the Type II Seesaw mechanism alone can simultaneously explain the neutrino masses, Leptogenesis, and inflation. A key prediction of this model was the possibility of signals being produced in Lepton Flavour Violation decays. Searches at future experiments such as Mu3e and COMET will be integral to determining the properties of the associated triplet Higgs, and will complement other terrestrial experimental searches and cosmological measurements. In this work, we survey the detection prospects for the ingredients of the Type II Seesaw Leptogenesis scenario, and discuss the corresponding dependencies on the neutrino oscillation parameters and CP $$ \mathcal{CP} $$ phases.

Introduction. Today, due to the insufficient diagnostic accuracy of existing tools for determining clinically significant forms of prostate cancer, the search for new indicators that predict the course of the disease and the effectiveness of radical treatment is relevant. Various malignant tumors could increase glucose consumption and grow under hypoxic conditions. It seems promising to assess the expression level of glucose transporter type 1 (GLUT1) and carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) in prostate adenocarcinoma cells of different malignancy score.Objective. To determine CAIX and GLUT1 expression in ISUP grades 1-5 prostate adenocarcinoma cells for evaluation of the disease prognosis and radical prostatectomy effectiveness.Materials and methods. Immunohistochemical study of postoperative material after radical prostatectomy with determination of GLUT1 and CAIX expression by tumor cells was carried out. The presence or absence of biochemical recurrence within one year after surgery was determined. The correlation between the level of expression, the presence of biochemical relapse and a few other clinical parameters was determined.Results. GLUT1 expression level statistically significant correlated with ISUP 4 and 5 (r = 0.457, p < 0.0001), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level (r = 0.378, p < 0.0001), pT3b disease stage (r = 0.380, p < 0.0001), extracapsular extension (r = 0.355, p = 0.001), and inversely correlated with ISUP 1 (r = -0.274, p = 0.009). CAIX immunoexpression was observed in 10.0% of samples and the intensity was low (< 20% of cells).Conclusion. Elevated expression of glucose transporter type 1 (GLUT1) by prostate adenocarcinoma cells among patients after radical prostatectomy is associated with high grade of malignancy (ISUP 4 and 5), pT3b disease stage, extracapsular extension of the tumor, as well as high PSA, which allows using it for the prognosis evaluation.

Adding biochar to soil can alter soil properties and thus affect plant growth; however, the effect of biochar on biological nitrogen fixation, carbon accumulation and water-use efficiency of chickpea in tropical soils is not fully understood. Therefore, this study assessed the efficacy of biochar derived from poultry litter (denoted as PLB) and acacia (denoted as ACB) feedstocks on biological nitrogen fixation, carbon accumulation and water-use efficiency (δ13C) of chickpea grown in three contrasting soils of Fernwood (Arenosol) and Griffin (Helvic Acrisol) and Pinedene (Gleyic Acrisol). The biochars were applied at the rate of 0.5%, 1% and 2% (w/w) with control (0%) and replicated four times. Chickpeas grown in PLB treatments in Griffin and Pinedene soils investigated accumulated more N and C, for greater biomass production, resulting in an average total N-fixed of 77 and 52 mg N/plant, respectively. Nitrogen fixation and carbon accumulation of chickpea increased by the addition of 0.5% PLB and ACB in the Fernwood soil. The findings of this study demonstrate the potential of improving N inputs through biological nitrogen fixation with poultry litter biochar application in soils with varying nutrient status and texture, which is important in arid environments with limited N inputs.

Hausa Vernacular architecture is informed and shaped by cultural and religious values, wherein, Dakali and Zaure are unique features that plays a pivotal role. Cities are metaphorically described as historically solidified environment in time and in space. Thus, depicting physical, archival and artefacts of the past and present, from which it develops the future of human civilization and cultures set in a time series continuum. Hausa vernacular architecture is gradually getting evolved through modern trends by renewing, re-ordering and replacement of these features. Therefore, there is the need for studies to be carried out extensively on or before adaptation, adoption and implementation of evolving trends, in order to conserve and preserve the Hausa man’s cultural and religious values in their architecture. The paper seeks to draw attention towards the preservation and conservation of indigenous heritages through vernacular architecture, especially with the examples from the characters of Hausa architecture, without arguing for a complete reversal to the past life styles, value and techniques that would neither be out-of-place with emerging trends and acceptability of modern technology nor be balkanized. Information was essentially extracted from relevant literature on the subject matter; adopts purposive sampling and content analysis method in the selection of study area and sample size; as well as, in the extraction of features of Hausa vernacular architecture respectively. This was complimented with field survey in the form of interviews, observation and case study. Results therefrom were discussed and descriptively presented. Findings revealed that, the identified features have remained prominent and continued to perform their expected functions. The paper conclude by underscoring the need to stimulate awareness, rejuvenate and regenerate the Hausa/Fulani vernacular architecture and cultural-heritage perceptibility through creative and integrative use of architectural designs and planning concepts and skills that will be sensitive to the rebirth of cultural symbols, relics, configurations, ornamentations as symbolic expressions depicting history, branding and conveying one message or the other, about the inhabitants for better understanding and conservation of fun-memories of the cultural/traditional values and heritages.

The article tells about ordinary hops growing in the East Kazakhstan region, which can currently be used as raw materials for the production of environmentally friendly and cost-effective food products, collecting natural plant products to increase the competitiveness of their products in a market economy. The ordinary hops taken for research were collected from special Semey forestry and dried in a special dry room. The study showed that ordinary hops contain vitamins A, D3 C, B-carotene and amino acids, saponins, alkaloids, silt substances. Also, the composition of ordinary hops is rich in macro-microelements. Among these elements there is a very high content of Ca, K, Fe, Mg, which are necessary for the human body. In connection with these results, an extract of the hop plant was obtained. In addition, the hop plant can be used not only in brewing in the production of bread, but also in the production of dairy products.

Abstract The production of non-prompt D0 mesons from beauty-hadron decays was measured at midrapidity (|y| < 0.5) in Pb-Pb collisions at a nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy of s NN $$ \sqrt{{\textrm{s}}_{\textrm{NN}}} $$ = 5.02 TeV with the ALICE experiment at the LHC. Their nuclear modification factor (R AA), measured for the first time down to p T = 1 GeV/c in the 0–10% and 30–50% centrality classes, indicates a significant suppression, up to a factor of about three, for p T > 5 GeV/c in the 0–10% central Pb-Pb collisions. The data are described by models that include both collisional and radiative processes in the calculation of beauty-quark energy loss in the quark-gluon plasma, and quark recombination in addition to fragmentation as a hadronisation mechanism. The ratio of the non-prompt to prompt D0-meson R AA is larger than unity for p T > 4 GeV/c in the 0–10% central Pb-Pb collisions, as predicted by models in which beauty quarks lose less energy than charm quarks in the quark-gluon plasma because of their larger mass.

Abstract Background T1 colorectal cancer (CRC) without histological high-risk factors for lymph node metastasis (LNM) can potentially be cured by endoscopic resection, which is associated with significantly lower morbidity, mortality and costs compared to radical surgery. An important prerequisite for endoscopic resection as definite treatment is the histological confirmation of tumour-free resection margins. Incomplete resection with involved (R1) or indeterminate (Rx) margins is considered a strong risk factor for residual disease and local recurrence. Therefore, international guidelines recommend additional surgery in case of R1/Rx resection, even in absence of high-risk factors for LNM. Endoscopic full-thickness resection (eFTR) is a relatively new technique that allows transmural resection of colorectal lesions. Local scar excision after prior R1/Rx resection of low-risk T1 CRC could offer an attractive minimal invasive strategy to achieve confirmation about radicality of the previous resection or a second attempt for radical resection of residual luminal cancer. However, oncologic safety has not been established and long-term data are lacking. Besides, surveillance varies widely and requires standardization. Methods/design In this nationwide, multicenter, prospective cohort study we aim to assess feasibility and oncological safety of completion eFTR following incomplete resection of low-risk T1 CRC. The primary endpoint is to assess the 2 and 5 year luminal local tumor recurrence rate. Secondary study endpoints are to assess feasibility, percentage of curative eFTR-resections, presence of scar tissue and/or complete scar excision at histopathology, safety of eFTR compared to surgery, 2 and 5 year nodal and/or distant tumor recurrence rate and 5-year disease-specific and overall-survival rate. Discussion Since the implementation of CRC screening programs, the diagnostic rate of T1 CRC is steadily increasing. A significant proportion is not recognized as cancer before endoscopic resection and is therefore resected through conventional techniques primarily reserved for benign polyps. As such, precise histological assessment is often hampered due to cauterization and fragmentation and frequently leads to treatment dilemmas. This first prospective trial will potentially demonstrate the effectiveness and oncological safety of completion eFTR for patients who have undergone a previous incomplete T1 CRC resection. Hereby, substantial surgical overtreatment may be avoided, leading to treatment optimization and organ preservation. Trial registration Nederlands Trial Register, NL 7879, 16 July 2019 ( https://trialregister.nl/trial/7879 ).

The photostationary state (PSS) equilibrium between NO and NO2 is reached within minutes in the atmosphere and can be described by the PSS parameter, φ. Deviations from expected values of φ have previously been used to infer missing oxidants in diverse locations, from highly polluted regions to the extremely clean conditions observed in the remote marine boundary layer (MBL), and have been interpreted as missing understanding of fundamental photochemistry. Here, contrary to these previous observations, we observe good agreement between PSS-derived NO2 ([NO2]PSS ext.), calculated from measured NO, O3, and jNO2 and photochemical box model predictions of peroxy radicals (RO2 and HO2), and observed NO2 ([NO2]Obs.) in extremely clean air containing low levels of CO ( ppbV) and VOCs (volatile organic compounds). However, in clean air containing small amounts of aged pollution (CO > 100 ppbV), we observed higher levels of NO2 than inferred from the PSS, with [NO2]Obs. / [NO2]PSS ext. of 1.12–1.68 (25th–75th percentile), implying underestimation of RO2 radicals by 18.5–104 pptV. Potential NO2 measurement artefacts have to be carefully considered when comparing PSS-derived NO2 to observed NO2, but we show that the NO2 artefact required to explain the deviation would have to be ∼ 4 times greater than the maximum calculated from known interferences. If the additional RO2 radicals inferred from the PSS convert NO to NO2 with a reaction rate equivalent to that of methyl peroxy radicals (CH3O2), then the calculated net ozone production rate (NOPR, ppbV h−1) including these additional oxidants is similar to the average change in O3 observed, within estimated uncertainties, once halogen oxide chemistry is accounted for. This implies that such additional peroxy radicals cannot be excluded as a missing oxidant in clean marine air containing aged pollution and that modelled RO2 concentrations are significantly underestimated under these conditions.

The third Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog (GWTC-3) describes signals detected with Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo up to the end of their third observing run. Updating the previous GWTC-2.1, we present candidate gravitational waves from compact binary coalescences during the second half of the third observing run (O3b) between 1 November 2019, 15∶00 Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) and 27 March 2020, 17∶00 UTC. There are 35 compact binary coalescence candidates identified by at least one of our search algorithms with a probability of astrophysical origin p_{astro}>0.5. Of these, 18 were previously reported as low-latency public alerts, and 17 are reported here for the first time. Based upon estimates for the component masses, our O3b candidates with p_{astro}>0.5 are consistent with gravitational-wave signals from binary black holes or neutron-star–black-hole binaries, and we identify none from binary neutron stars. However, from the gravitational-wave data alone, we are not able to measure matter effects that distinguish whether the binary components are neutron stars or black holes. The range of inferred component masses is similar to that found with previous catalogs, but the O3b candidates include the first confident observations of neutron-star–black-hole binaries. Including the 35 candidates from O3b in addition to those from GWTC-2.1, GWTC-3 contains 90 candidates found by our analysis with p_{astro}>0.5 across the first three observing runs. These observations of compact binary coalescences present an unprecedented view of the properties of black holes and neutron stars.

Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) constitutes a large fraction of atmospheric aerosol. To assess its impacts on climate and air pollution, knowledge of the number of phases in internal mixtures of different SOA types is required. Atmospheric models often assume that different SOA types form a single phase when mixed. Here, we present visual observations of the number of phases formed after mixing different anthropogenic and biogenic SOA types. Mixing SOA types generated in environmental chambers with oxygen-to-carbon (O/C) ratios between 0.34 and 1.05, we found 6 out of 15 mixtures of two SOA types to result in two phase particles. We demonstrate that the number of phases depends on the difference in the average O/C ratio between the two SOA types (Δ(O/C)). Using a threshold Δ(O/C) of 0.47, we can predict the phase behavior of over 90 % of our mixtures, with one- and two-phase particles predicted for Δ(O/C)<0.47 and Δ(O/C)≥0.47, respectively. This threshold ΔO/C value provides a simple parameter to predict whether mixtures of fresh and aged SOA form one- or two-phase particles in the atmosphere. In addition, we show that phase-separated SOA particles form when mixtures of volatile organic compounds emitted from real trees are oxidized.

Due to the high prevalence of anogenital warts, their significant economic and psychosocial burden, the lack of routine vaccination against papillomavirus infection, monitoring of the epidemiological situation for one of the common forms of papillomavirus infection – anogenital warts is relevant.The aim is to assess the epidemiological situation of anogenital warts in Tatarstan Republic for 2011–2020.Materials and methods. The study design is an observational descriptive epidemiological study. A retrospective epidemiological analysis of the incidence of anogenital warts in Tatarstan Republic for 2011–2020 was carried out. The analysis of long-term dynamics of incidence of the population as a whole and in age and sex groups is carried out. The structure of the incidence of anogenital warts was assessed. Intensive (per 100,000) and extensive morbidity rates (%) were calculated.Results. There is a decrease in the incidence of anogenital warts in Republic Tatarstan from 123,80/0000 in 2011 to 68,80/0000 in 2020. The dynamics of the incidence of anogenital warts among the female and male population had a unidirectional character – a decrease in the incidence. A comparison of incidence levels showed that the incidence of women was higher than that of men (80,40/0000 versus 55,80/0000, respectively, in 2020). The greatest incidence of anogenital warts was observed in the 18–29 age group during the observation period. The average annual incidence of anogenital warts in women aged 18–29 was 535,60/0000, in men of the same age group – 233,00/0000.Conclusion. Despite the decrease in the incidence of anogenital warts in Tatarstan Republic as a whole and in certain age and gender groups, high levels of incidence among people aged 18-29 years remain. The data obtained from the results of a retrospective analysis of the incidence of anogenital warts indicate the need to introduce routine vaccination against HPV infection, which will prevent large treatment costs, and will have a positive impact on public health indicators.

The review is devoted to the relationship between the pathogenetic mechanisms of coronavirus infection (COVID-19) and immunoinflammatory rheumatic diseases (IRD). The current knowledge on the pathogenesis of COVID-19 is summarized, including the mechanisms of coagulopathy, hyperproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and antiphospholipid antibodies that are common with IRD. The presence and clinical significance of detection of various autoantibodies in COVID-19, which probably play a pathogenetic role in immune dysregulation, were analyzed. Based on the data of recent studies, risk factors and features of the severe course of infection in patients with IRD are considered.

The article presents the results of endovascular diagnosis and treatment of 76 women suffering from migraine cefalgia, which as a result of the survey also identified signs of a congenital disease. The failure of the ovarian vein valve apparatus and reversed blood flow on them with the formation of pelvic full-volume was detected in 100 % of cases. The results of the endovascular correction of pelvic venous blood flow make it possible to approve about the connection of the congenital syndrome with migraine cefalgia with a high propriety.

Weaknesses in process representation in chemistry–climate models lead to biases in simulating surface ozone and to uncertainty in projections of future ozone change. We here develop a deep learning model to demonstrate the feasibility of ozone bias correction in a global chemistry–climate model. We apply this approach to identify the key factors causing ozone biases and to correct projections of future surface ozone. Temperature and the related geographic variables latitude and month show the strongest relationship with ozone biases. This indicates that ozone biases are sensitive to temperature and suggests weaknesses in representation of temperature-sensitive physical or chemical processes. Photolysis rates are also an important factor, highlighting the sensitivity of biases to simulated cloud cover and insolation. Atmospheric chemical species such as the hydroxyl radical, nitric acid and peroxyacyl nitrate show strong positive relationships with ozone biases on a regional scale. These relationships reveal the conditions under which ozone biases occur, although they reflect association rather than direct causation. We correct model projections of future ozone under different climate and emission scenarios following the shared socio-economic pathways. We find that changes in seasonal ozone mixing ratios from the present day to the future are generally smaller than those simulated without bias correction, especially in high-emission regions. This suggests that the ozone sensitivity to changing emissions and climate may be overestimated with chemistry–climate models. Given the uncertainty in simulating future ozone, we show that deep learning approaches can provide improved assessment of the impacts of climate and emission changes on future air quality, along with valuable information to guide future model development.

According to the First President of Kazakhstan, it is important to exclude any possibility of food shortages. In this regard, the primary task of the population is to create innovative technologies for the successful promotion and avoidance of food shortages. Bread is one of the most important food products in Kazakhstan. Consequently, the main task of the population of the bakery industry today is the creation of innovative technologies for functional food products. The article presents the results of an organoleptic study of the bread of innovative preparation using composite flour and ozonated water. To create a scientific basis in the production of bread "Composon", a study of organoleptic indicators was conducted. The quality of bread was assessed for compliance with the requirements of regulatory documents. The use of ion-ozone technology makes it possible to reduce environmental pollution, increase the nutritional value of bakery products, as well as reduce material and energy resources. As a result of the study, it was found that the use of ionized water with composite flour affects the improvement of organoleptic indicators of product quality: the color is more uniform, the taste and smell are pronounced and fragrant, the shape of the product is rounded, the texture of the crumb with uniform porosity. Wheat bread, which was made from composite flour and using ozonated water according to the studied technology, retains the freshness of the crumb for 48 hours, has a lower possibility of infection with potato disease, and is also characterized by good organoleptic characteristics.

Abstract Background Physicians’ behavior may unknowingly be impacted by prejudice and thereby contribute to healthcare inequities. Despite increasingly robust data demonstrating physician implicit bias (The Office of Minority Health. Minority Population Profiles, 2021; COVID-19 Shines Light on Health Disparities, National Conference of State Legislatures 2021), the evidence behind how to change this with training programs remains unclear. This scoping review therefore reports on the implementation, outcomes, and characteristics of post-graduate physician implicit bias curricula. Methods The authors conducted a literature review using scoping review methodology. They searched 7 databases in February and November 2020 for English-language academic and gray literature on implicit bias curricula for physicians at all levels of post-graduate training. Ten reviewers screened studies for eligibility independently, then extracted data from these studies and compiled it into a chart and analytical summary. Results Of the 4,599 articles screened, this review identified 90 articles on implicit bias interventions for post-graduate physicians. Inductive data analysis revealed a spectrum of educational approaches, which were categorized int o 4 educational models called Competence, Skills-Based, Social Contact, and Critical Models. The most commonly reported strength was the interactive nature of the curricula (26%), and the most frequently identified challenges were related to time and resources available (53%). Half of the interventions discussed facilitator preparation, and the majority (62%) evaluated outcomes using pre and post self-assessments. Conclusions This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of the literature on physician implicit bias curricula. It is our goal that this supports medical educators in applying and improving aspects of these interventions in their own programs.

Cerebral ischemic events, including ischemic stroke (IS) and transient ischemic attack (TIA), are among the most common extracardiac complications of infective endocarditis (IE).Objective: to evaluate cerebral ischemic events (prevalence, clinical and neuroimaging characteristics, predictors, prognosis) in patients with “left-sided” IE, who underwent cardiac surgery, according to the registry of the Federal Center for Cardiovascular Surgery.Material and methods. A retrospective review of data from the hospital information system was performed in one of the federal centers for cardiovascular surgery of the Russian Ministry of Health. Inclusion criteria in the study: age of patients ≥18 years, significant or probable (Duke criteria) IE of the left heart – aortic and/or mitral valves. Patients with isolated right heart IE (tricuspid valve, pacemaker-associated endocarditis), nonbacterial thromboendocarditis, and chronic IE were excluded from the study. For the analysis, 222 cases of IE in 216 patients were used. IS was observed in 43 (19.4%) patients with “left-sided” IE, TIA – in 4 (1.8%). In 2/3 of cases, patients suffered a minor stroke (NIHSS 10 mm (OR 3.552; 95% CI 1.066–11.8463; p=0.039), mobile vegetations (OR 6.112; 95% CI 1.105–33.784; p=0.038) and multiple vegetations (OR 5.2 08, 95% CI 1.189–22.805, p=0.029). The impact of cerebral embolism on prognosis (in-hospital and long-term mortality) in patients undergoing cardiac surgery was not established.Conclusion. According to the neuroimaging data, cerebral infarcts in IE correspond to the main signs of cardioembolism. The characteristics of the vegetations (size >10 mm, mobility, multiplicity) are a crucial indicator of the embolic potential of IE.

Abstract The potential probiotic yeast was isolated from the Kyzyl Anor pomegranate variety growing in the Turkestan region (Kazakhstan). The yeast strain was identified as Saccharomyces cerevisiae Az-12. Molecular genetic identification was carried out using the Sanger sequencing method. The degree of homology of the S. cerevisiae Az-12 strain with the strain MH608341.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolate extr03 was 99.65%. Antagonistic effect of the yeast against pathogenic bacteria was confirmed according inhibition zones for Staphylococcus aureus 13.5 ± 0.05 mm; the inhibition zones for Escherichia coli 12.8 ± 0.05 mm; and 10.7 ± 0.05 mm for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Scanning microscopy of S. cerevisiae Az-12 and S. aureus confirmed the adhesive ability of the yeast cell surface to S. aureus. S. cerevisiae Az-12 were chosen as the most promising, as they are able to quickly ferment juices. Functional drinks containing pomegranate juice and yeast with a probiotic effect can be considered as a useful synbiotic product formulation.

Aim. This study aims to compare efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) with vitamin K antagonist (VKA) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages IV and V.Material and methods. We systematically searched the PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science databases from 1990 to 2022 and included all published studies that compared DOACs with VKA in patients with atrial fibrillation and chronic kidney disease stages IV and V. To search the articles, we used the PICO strategy: Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome of Interest. Data extraction was undertaken by five independent researches, and then a meta-analysis was performed.Results. Out of all, 6 studies were included in the meta-analysis: 3 randomized controlled trials (n=353) and 3 retrospective analyses (n=37470). The efficacy of DOACs was comparable with VKA. In terms of safety, DOACs and VKA also showed no statistical differences: hemorrhagic stroke, major/minor/gastrointestinal bleeding, general mortality.Conclusion. In terms of efficacy and safety, the indicators of DOACs and VKA were generally comparable.

Russian Society of Cardiology, National Society of Preventive Cardiology

Иран билігі мен күрдтер арасындағы шиеленіскен қақтығыстар соңғы бір ғасыр бойы жалғасып келеді. Иран күрдтерінің жергілікті билікпен қарым-қатынасы әр режим тұсында әр түрлі дамып келді. Ирандағы күрдттердің мәселелерін қамтитын зерттеулер көлемі жағынан Түркия, Иран, Сирия күрдтері туралы зерттеулер санынан салыстырмалы түрде азырақ. Оның себебі, Ирандағы мемлекеттік саясат жекелеген ғалымдарға зерттеу жүргізуге қажетті дереккөздерге қолжетімділігін шектеуге бағытталғандығымен түсіндіріледі. Ирандағы күрдтердің мәселесі осы күнге дейін тек, ұлттық қозғалыс пен бірегейлік мәселелері шеңберінде жүргізіліп келгендігін ескерсек, жергілікті күрдтер мен Тегеран билігінің өкілдерімен қақтығыстық қарым-қатынасқа белгілі бір тұжырымдық концепция тұрғысынан түсіндіру әрекеттері жетіспейтіндігін айтуға болады. Бұл зерттеу жұмысы Иран билігі мен күрдтер қақтығысын Э. Азардың ұзақ мерзімді әлеуметтік қақтығыс тұжырымы тұрғысынан қарастырады. Талдау критерийлері ретінде, топтардың қоғамдық құрылымы, адами негізгі қажеттіліктерінің қамтамасыз етілмеуі, басқару және мемлекеттің, халықаралық байланыс элементтері алынды. Зерттеу қорытындысына бойынша, біріншіден, Ирандағы күрдтер ғасырлар бойы өз бірегейлігін жоғалтпаған, ассимиляцияға төтеп бере алатын және жұмылдыру деңгейі жоғары ұлттық топ екендігін көрсете алды. Екіншіден, Иран үкіметі күрдттердің экономикалық, саяси, әлеуметтік, мәдени қажеттіліктерін қамтамасыз етуде шектеулер қою саясатын ұстанып келді. Үшіншіден, Иран үкіметі тарихи әр кезеңде күрдтерге қатысты ассимиляциялық және репрессиялық саясатты ұстанып келді. Бұл әсіресе, исламдық республика шеңберінде айқын байқалады. Себебі, Иранның ұлттық интеграциялық идеологиясы жекелеген ұлттар бірге өмір сүретін федерациялық формаға емес, керісінше, «мұсылмандық умма» деп этникалық шеңберден шығатын универсалды идеяға негізделді. Төртіншіден, ирандық күрдтер әрқашан да шетелдегі күрд диаспоралармен тығыз байланыста екендігі мәлім болды. Бұл оларға өз мәселелерін халықаралық деңгейде көтеріп, әрқашан қолдау ала алатындықтарын білдіреді. Демек, Э. Азардың тұжырымы Иран билігі мен күрдтер арасындағы қақтығыстың ұзақ мерзімді болуының себептерін түсіндіруге келеді. Түйін сөздер: иранның ұлттық саясаты, күрдтер қозғалысы, ұзақ мерзімді әлеуметтік қақтығыс, ассимиляция, ұлттық саясат

Preceding a core-collapse supernova (CCSN), various processes produce an increasing amount of neutrinos of all flavors characterized by mounting energies from the interior of massive stars. Among them, the electron antineutrinos are potentially detectable by terrestrial neutrino experiments such as KamLAND and Super-Kamiokande (SK) via inverse beta decay interactions. Once these pre-supernova (pre-SN) neutrinos are observed, an early warning of the upcoming CCSN can be provided. In light of this, KamLAND and SK, both located in the Kamioka mine in Japan, have been monitoring pre-SN neutrinos since 2015 and 2021, respectively. Recently, we performed a joint study between KamLAND and SK on pre-SN neutrino detection. A pre-SN alert system combining the KamLAND detector and the SK detector was developed and put into operation, which can provide a supernova alert to the astrophysics community. Fully leveraging the complementary properties of these two detectors, the combined alert is expected to resolve a pre-SN neutrino signal from a 15 M _⊙ star within 510 pc of the Earth at a significance level corresponding to a false alarm rate of no more than 1 per century. For a Betelgeuse-like model with optimistic parameters, it can provide early warnings up to 12 hr in advance.

Among multimessenger observations of the next Galactic core-collapse supernova, Super-Kamiokande (SK) plays a critical role in detecting the emitted supernova neutrinos, determining the direction to the supernova (SN), and notifying the astronomical community of these observations in advance of the optical signal. In 2022, SK has increased the gadolinium dissolved in its water target (SK-Gd) and has achieved a Gd concentration of 0.033%, resulting in enhanced neutron detection capability, which in turn enables more accurate determination of the supernova direction. Accordingly, SK-Gd’s real-time supernova monitoring system has been upgraded. SK_SN Notice, a warning system that works together with this monitoring system, was released on 2021 December 13, and is available through GCN Notices. When the monitoring system detects an SN-like burst of events, SK_SN Notice will automatically distribute an alarm with the reconstructed direction to the supernova candidate within a few minutes. In this paper, we present a systematic study of SK-Gd’s response to a simulated Galactic SN. Assuming a supernova situated at 10 kpc, neutrino fluxes from six supernova models are used to characterize SK-Gd’s pointing accuracy using the same tools as the online monitoring system. The pointing accuracy is found to vary from 3° to 7° depending on the models. However, if the supernova is closer than 10 kpc, SK_SN Notice can issue an alarm with three-degree accuracy, which will benefit follow-up observations by optical telescopes with large fields of view.

Parker Solar Probe (PSP) observations of a small dispersive event on 2022 February 27 and 28 indicate scatter-free propagation as the dominant transport mechanism between the low corona and greater than 35 solar radii. The event occurred during unique orbital conditions that prevailed along specific flux tubes that PSP encountered repeatedly between 25 and 35 R _s during outbound orbit 11. This segment of the PSP orbit exhibits almost stationary angular motion relative to the rotating solar surface, such that in the rotating frame, PSP’s motion is essentially radial. The time dispersion often observed in impulsive solar energetic particle (SEP) events continues in this case down to velocities including the core solar-wind ion velocities. Especially at the onset of this event, the ^3 He content is much larger than the usual SEP abundances seen in the energy range from ∼100 keV to several MeV for helium. Later in the event, iron is enhanced. The compositional signatures suggest this to be an example of an acceleration mechanism for generating the seed energetic particles required by shock (or compression) acceleration models in SEP events to account for the enrichment of various species above solar abundances in such events. A preliminary search of similar orbital conditions over the PSP mission has not revealed additional such events, although favorable conditions (isolated impulsive acceleration and well-ordered magnetic field connection with minimal magnetic field fluctuation) that would be required are infrequently realized, given the small fraction of the PSP trajectory that meets these observation conditions.

The radial evolution of particles accelerated at corotating interaction regions (CIRs) is not fully understood, particularly the distance range over which this particle acceleration occurs and how the energy spectra are modulated by transport through the inner heliosphere. Here, we present observations of energetic proton enhancements associated with a CIR observed by Parker Solar Probe on 2021 April 25 during the inbound leg of its orbit near ∼46 R _s (∼0.21 au). The CIR is identified at additional spacecraft (Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory, STEREO-A; Solar Orbiter, SolO; and Advanced Composition Explorer, ACE) using a corotation time delay estimation, and energetic proton spectra from each spacecraft are compared. We find that (1) energetic protons are observed near 46 R _s streaming sunward ahead of the CIR; (2) the CIR persists for at least one solar rotation and the corresponding energetic proton enhancements are observed at STEREO-A, SolO, and ACE; and (3) the proton energy spectrum is steeper near the Sun and hardens near 1 au. This observation presents the closest in situ energetic particle observation of a CIR to the Sun ever recorded. Results presented here suggest that particles can be accelerated by CIR structures within 1 au and these particles can penetrate very deep into the inner heliosphere.

The zero-age main sequence (ZAMS) is a critical phase for stellar angular momentum evolution, as stars transition from contraction-dominated spin-up to magnetic wind-dominated spin-down. We present the first robust observational constraints on rotation for FGK stars at ≈40 Myr. We have analyzed TESS light curves for 1410 members of five young open clusters with ages between 25 and 55 Myr: IC 2391, IC 2602, NGC 2451A, NGC 2547, and Collinder 135. In total, we measure 868 rotation periods, including 96 new, high-quality periods for stars around 1 M _⊙ . This is an increase of ten times the existing literature sample at the ZAMS. We then use the τ ^2 method to compare our data to models for stellar angular momentum evolution. Although the ages derived from these rotation models do not match isochronal ages, we show that these observations can clearly discriminate between different models for stellar wind torques. Finally, τ ^2 fits indicate that magnetic braking and/or internal angular momentum transport significantly impact rotational evolution even on the pre-main sequence.

The a priori procedure was designed as a pre-data procedure whereby researchers could find the sample sizes necessary to ensure that sample statistics to be obtained are within particular distances of corresponding population parameters with known probabilities. Researchers specify desired precisions (distances of sample statistics from corresponding population parameters) and desired confidences (probabilities of being within desired distances), and this procedure provides necessary sample sizes to meet precision and confidence specifications. Although the a priori procedure has been devised for a variety of experimental paradigms, these have all been simple. The present article constitutes its extension to analysis of variance models. A fortunate side effect of the equations to be proposed is an improvement in efficiency even for a paradigm that fits a previously published article.

We describe and benchmark a new quantum charge-coupled device (QCCD) trapped-ion quantum computer based on a linear trap with periodic boundary conditions, which resembles a race track. The new system successfully incorporates several technologies crucial to future scalability—including electrode broadcasting, multilayer rf routing, and magneto-optical trap (MOT) loading—while maintaining, and in some cases exceeding, the gate fidelities of previous QCCD systems. The system is initially operated with 32 qubits, but future upgrades will allow for more. We benchmark the performance of primitive operations, including an average state preparation and measurement error of 1.6(1)×10^{-3}, an average single-qubit gate infidelity of 2.5(3)×10^{-5}, and an average two-qubit gate infidelity of 1.84(5)×10^{-3}. The system-level performance of the quantum processor is assessed with mirror benchmarking, linear cross-entropy benchmarking, a quantum volume measurement of QV=2^{16}, and the creation of 32-qubit entanglement in a GHZ state. We also tested application benchmarks, including Hamiltonian simulation, QAOA, error correction on a repetition code, and dynamics simulations using qubit reuse. We also discuss future upgrades to the new system aimed at adding more qubits and capabilities.

To predict hydrologic responses to inputs and perturbations, it is important to understand how precipitation is stored in catchments, released back to the atmosphere via evapotranspiration (ET), or transported to aquifers and streams. We investigated this partitioning of precipitation using stable isotopes of water (18O) at the Can Vila catchment in the Spanish Pyrenees mountains. The isotope data covered four years of measurements, comprising >550 rainfall and >980 stream water samples, capturing intra-event variations. They were complemented by fortnightly plant water isotope data sampled over eight months. The isotope data were used to quantify how long it takes for water to become evapotranspiration or to be discharged as streamflow using StorAge Selection (SAS) functions. We calibrated the SAS functions using a conventional approach fitting the model solely to stream water isotope data and a multi-objective calibration approach in which the model was simultaneously fitted to tree xylem water isotope data. Our results showed that the conventional model-fitting approach was not able to constrain the model parameters that represented the age of water supplying ET. Consequently, the ET isotope ratios simulated by the conventionally calibrated model failed to adequately simulate the observed xylem isotope ratios. However, the SAS model was capable of adequately simulating both observed stream water and xylem water isotope ratios, if those xylem water isotope observations were used in calibration (i.e., the multi-objective approach). The multi-objective calibration approach led to a more constrained parameter space facilitating parameter value identification. The model was tested on a segment of data reserved for validation showing a Kling–Gupta Efficiency of 0.72 compared to the 0.83 observed during in the calibration period. The water-age dynamics inferred from the model calibrated using the conventional approach differed substantially from those inferred from the multi-objective calibration model. The latter suggested that the median ages of water supplying evapotranspiration is much older (150–300 d) than what was suggested by the former (50–200 d). Regardless, the modeling results support recent findings in ecohydrological field studies that highlighted both subsurface heterogeneity of water storage and fluxes and the use of relatively old water by trees. We contextualized the SAS-derived water ages by also using young-water-fraction and endmember-splitting approaches, which respectively also showed the contribution of young water to streamflow was variable but sensitive to runoff rates and that ET was largely sourced by winter precipitation that must have resided in the subsurface across seasons.

A better understanding of aerosol–cloud interaction processes is important to quantify the role of clouds and aerosols on the climate system. There have been significant efforts to explain the ways aerosols modulate cloud properties. However, from the observational point of view, it is indeed challenging to observe and/or verify some of these processes because no single instrument or platform has been proven to be sufficient. Discrimination between aerosol and cloud is vital for the quantification of aerosol–cloud interaction. With this motivation, a set of observational field campaigns named balloon-borne aerosol–cloud interaction studies (BACIS) is proposed and conducted using balloon-borne in situ measurements in addition to the ground-based (lidar; mesosphere, stratosphere and troposphere (MST) radar; lower atmospheric wind profiler; microwave radiometer; ceilometer) and space-borne (CALIPSO) remote sensing instruments from Gadanki (13.45∘ N, 79.2∘ E), India. So far, 15 campaigns have been conducted as a part of BACIS campaigns from 2017 to 2020. This paper presents the concept of the observational approach, lists the major objectives of the campaigns, describes the instruments deployed, and discusses results from selected campaigns. Balloon-borne measurements of aerosol and cloud backscatter ratio and cloud particle count are qualitatively assessed using the range-corrected data from simultaneous observations of ground-based and space-borne lidars. Aerosol and cloud vertical profiles obtained in multi-instrumental observations are found to reasonably agree. Apart from this, balloon-borne profiling is found to provide information on clouds missed by ground-based and/or space-borne lidar. A combination of the Compact Optical Backscatter AerosoL Detector (COBALD) and Cloud Particle Sensor (CPS) sonde is employed for the first time in this study to discriminate cloud and aerosol in an in situ profile. A threshold value of the COBALD colour index (CI) for ice clouds is found to be between 18 and 20, and CI values for coarse-mode aerosol particles range between 11 and 15. Using the data from balloon measurements, the relationship between cloud and aerosol is quantified for the liquid clouds. A statistically significant slope (aerosol–cloud interaction index) of 0.77 found between aerosol backscatter and cloud particle count reveals the role of aerosol in the cloud activation process. In a nutshell, the results presented here demonstrate the observational approach to quantifying aerosol–cloud interactions.

Abstract The energy deposited at very forward rapidities (very forward energy) is a powerful tool for characterising proton fragmentation in pp and p-Pb collisions. The correlation of very forward energy with particle production at midrapidity provides direct insights into the initial stages and the subsequent evolution of the collision. Furthermore, the correlation with the production of particles with large transverse momenta at midrapidity provides information complementary to the measurements of the underlying event, which are usually interpreted in the framework of models implementing centrality-dependent multiple parton interactions. Results about very forward energy, measured by the ALICE zero degree calorimeters (ZDCs), and its dependence on the activity measured at midrapidity in pp collisions at s $$ \sqrt{s} $$ = 13 TeV and in p-Pb collisions at s NN $$ \sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} $$ = 8.16 TeV are discussed. The measurements performed in pp collisions are compared with the expectations of three hadronic interaction event generators: PYTHIA 6 (Perugia 2011 tune), PYTHIA 8 (Monash tune), and EPOS LHC. These results provide new constraints on the validity of models in describing the beam remnants at very forward rapidities, where perturbative QCD cannot be used.

Infective endocarditis is a serious diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for doctors of many specialties. In order to form a structured approach to patient management, the article discusses the key points regarding the neurological aspects of the disease, which are formulated in ten rules. They cover the clinical diagnosis of endocarditis in patients with stroke, features of reperfusion therapy, approaches to prescribing antithrombotic and antibiotic therapy, as well as issues of surgical treatment.

Abstract Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) is a powerful molecular technique that enables direct visualisation of specific bacterial species. Few studies have established FISH protocols for tonsil tissue in Carnoy’s fixative, accordingly limiting its application to investigate the pathogenesis of tonsillar hyperplasia. Tonsil tissue from 24 children undergoing tonsillectomy for either recurrent tonsillitis or sleep-disordered breathing were obtained during a previous study. The specificity of each of the five FISH probes (Fusobacterium spp., Bacteroides spp., Streptococcus spp., Haemophilus influenzae and Pseudomonas spp.) were successfully optimised using pure and mixed bacterial isolates, and in Carnoy’s fixed tonsil tissue. Bacteroides spp. were present in 100% of patients with microcolonies. In comparison, the prevalence of Fusobacterium spp. was 93.8%, Streptococcus spp. 85.7%, H. influenzae 82.35% and Pseudomonas spp. 76.5%. Notable differences in the organisation of bacterial taxa within a single microcolony were also observed. This is the first study to establish a robust FISH protocol identifying multiple aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in Carnoy’s fixed tonsil tissue. This protocol provides a strong foundation for combining histological and microbiological analyses of Carnoy’s fixed tonsil samples. It may also have important implications on the analysis of microorganisms in other human tissues prepared using the same techniques.

We describe the development of a block-structured, equal-CPU-load (central processing unit), multi-grid-nesting interface for the Boussinesq wave model FUNWAVE-TVD (Fully Nonlinear Boussinesq Wave Model with Total Variation Diminishing Solver). The new model framework does not interfere with the core solver, and thus the core program, FUNWAVE-TVD, is still a standalone model used for a single grid. The nesting interface manages the time sequencing and two-way nesting processes between the parent grid and child grid with grid refinement in a hierarchical manner. Workload balance in the MPI-based (message passing interface) parallelization is handled by an equal-load scheme. A strategy of shared array allocation is applied for data management that allows for a large number of nested grids without creating additional memory allocations. Four model tests are conducted to verify the nesting algorithm with assessments of model accuracy and the robustness in the application in modeling transoceanic tsunamis and coastal effects.

This article discusses the problems of studying the issue of joint motion of liquids in the porous space. The article provides the construction of a mathematical model of the theory of ltration, which describes phase transitions. The main diculty in constructing this model is associated with the fact that free interphase boundaries create regions that change over time, and it is required to nd the temperature or concentration elds of substances in them. In this case, the coordinates of the considered phase boundaries are not initially specied and must be calculated already in the process of solving. For this, a derivation of the averaged equation for the problem of nding the rupture surface during the movement of two incompressible viscous liquids in the pores of the soil skeleton was proposed. The article deals with the case when the skeleton is an absolutely rigid body. The rationale was given for the choice of an averaged ltration model instead of a microscopic one. The main research methods are classical methods of mathematical physics, functional analysis and computation methods of the theory of partial dierential equations, as well as dierence methods. The formulation of the problem is given, and the denition of a generalized solution for solving the problem is provided. Next, an averaged model is derived and the existence of at least one generalized solution to the problem is proved.

The article presents the results of research on the use of granulated vika of the "Lugovchanka" variety in the production of feed for broiler chickens. An analysis of literary sources shows that there is no information on the use of vika in the feed industry in Kazakhstan. The chemical, mineral and vitamin composition of the grain of wiki are defined. To reduce the anti-nutritional substances of the vika, granulation of the vika was carried out. Optimal technological regimes for granulation of vika have been established. Comparisons of the chemical composition of vika with the chemical composition of the legumes used showed that the protein content compared to chickpeas is higher by (22.6%), fodder beans (25.0%) are lower by 4.3%, and the fat content is compared to chickpeas. (1.7%) lower by 13.3%, and with fodder bean (1.50%) at the same level. In addition, vika contains vitamins A, B and mineral elements. The results of the study showed that vika varieties "Lugovchanka" contains an anti-nutritional substance - hydrocyanic acid 1.1 mg / 100 g. To reduce anti-nutritional substances and increase the nutritional value of mixed fodder, granulation of mixed fodder was carried out. The results of the research showed that during the granulation of the vika, the total bacterial contamination decreased by 22.5%, the fungal contamination by 11.2%, the content of hydrocyanic acid by 22.72%. Permissible storage periods for loose and granulated vika have been determined.