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High-impulsive subjects often do say things on the spur of the moment and/or make up their minds quickly. The description of impulsivity as a personality trait involves a number of basic research questions including: 1. 1. From a psychometric viewpoint, how inclusive or broad is impulsivity as a personality trait? 2. 2. How does impulsivity relate to other personality traits? 3. 3. Is there a pattern of biological correlates of impulsivity that is distinct from other personality traits? 4. 4. What is the relationship between cognitive and behavioral impulsivity? This paper addresses those four questions. Psychometric analysis of issues in impulsivity indicates the need for a distinction between broad and narrow impulsivity traits and further redefinition of the latter in terms of cognitive and motor components. This research has also shown that impulsiveness has an orthogonal relationship with measures of anxiety. In perceptual-motor tasks, high-impulsive subjects perform less efficiently and with greater variability on a wide range of these tasks, and in particular when the task involves responding to two or more sequential stimuli. High-impulsive subjects underproduce time intervals in time-judgment tasks; this and other findings suggest that high-impulsive subjects have a faster cognitive tempo than low-impulsive subjects. The interaction of impulsivity and anxiety in the performance of perceptual-motor tasks is also reflected in psychophysiological measures; differences in impulsivity are more evident with electrocortical measures and differences in anxiety are reflected in ANS measures while performing the tasks.

Mono-ligand complexes MnLX 2 (L = pyridine, 4-pyrrolidinopyridine, X = Cl, Br, I, NCS) have been prepared. The pyridine complexes contain only bridging halide and pseudohalide groups, whereas the 4-py complexes contain both bridging and terminal bound anions. Ethanol is coordinated in Mn(EtOH)X 2 (X=C1, Br) and Mn(EtOH) 2 X 2 (X=I, NCS). Although the MnLX 2 complexes have the same stoichiometry as the Mn(PR 3 )X 2 complexes none show any activity towaxds binding dioxygen either in the solid state or in solution.

Within a general systems model of personality, we are currently studying impulsiveness and other personality traits using multitrait-multimethod multivariate designs. The research involves a wide spectrum of techniques in an effort to find consistent relationships among biological, cognitive, behavioral, and environmental correlates of the personality traits. The goal is to develop unique profiles of personality traits based on these four classes of measurements. Our research has demonstrated that impulsiveness and anxiety are personality traits that have loadings on two orthogonal higher order personality factors that we have labeled action-oriented and mood-feeling. From both an empirical research and a clinical viewpoint, we have identified three subtraits of impulsiveness: cognitive (Ic), motor (Im), and nonplanning (Inp). Inp is hypothesized to relate to frontal lobe brain processes, while Ic and Im are more related to neural mechanisms that (1) control performance on tasks with “timing-and-rhythm” demands and/or (2) are related to seizure disorders. High-impulsive subjects (especially when high on Ic and Im) are less efficient at performing a wide range of psychomotor tasks. We hypothesize that this inefficiency relates to the information-gating properties of the nervous system being out of “synch” with efficient performance of selected tasks. High-impulsive subjects are visual N100 event-related potential augmentors, which would be consistent with this dyssynchrony occurring in the early stages of information processing. We also hypothesize that impulsiveness is related to serotonin (high impulsiveness related to low serotonin levels). Our psychopharmacological-psychophysiological studies of information processing would be consistent with the latter hypothesis.

The effects of 100 mg of phenytoin on the topographic distribution of augmenting/reducing (amplitude response/nonresponse to increases in stimulus intensity) of the visual NlOO component of the event

Model studies on isolable complexes of ruthenium and osmium suggest that homogeneously catalysed carbon monoxide hydrogenation occurs via successive intermolecular additions of H− and H+ to coordinated carbon monoxide.

Tbe band spectra of the alkali metals are now well known, and it has been established that they are due to a small proportion of diatomic molecules, which are normally present in the vapours of these metals. It is as yet uncertain how many other metals, with vapours which, according to the ordinary methods of measurement, appear to be monatomic, give similar spectroscopic proof of association. Throughout a large number of experiments with the saturated vapours of the alkaline earth elements, up to 1200° C., we have found no evidence of band spectra which can be attributed to diatomic molecules of these metals. The elements of Group II b of the Periodic Table are much more interesting in this respect, and it is with experiments on the absorption spectra of these that this communication is concerned.

In a previous communication (‘ Roy. Soc. Proc.,’ A, vol. 105, p. 221 (1924) a band system has been described which is found only in the absorption spectrum of the mixed vapours of sodium and potassium. It was suggested in explanation of this observation that molecules of a volatile compound of the two metals must be present in such mixtures; a supposition which H. G. Smith has since confirmed by comparison of the fine structure of these bands with that of the normal sodium and potassium band spectra (‘ Roy. Soc. Proc.,’ A, vol. 106, p. 400 (1924) ). Bands probably analogous in origin have now been found in the absorption spectra of mixtures of the vapours of magnesium and alkali metals. Two of these spectra —which may be called the “magnesium-sodium” and the “magnesium-potassium” bands —were recorded many years ago by Liveing and Dewar (‘ Roy. Soc. Proc.,’ vol. 27, p. 350 (1878), and ‘Collected Papers,’ p. 13), but appear to have attracted no subsequent attention. This early description has been amplified, and corresponding absorptions have been shown to exist in mixtures of magnesium with rubidium and cæsium.

A Behavioral Activity Index for rapid assessment of spontaneous cage behavior of the squirrel monkey is described. Observing the behavior of six male squirrel monkeys, it was found that four readily identifiable behaviors accounted for 62% of the total activity during a 30 minutes observation period. The need for a technique to reliably assess changes in baseline behavior is discussed in relation to behavioral pharmacological investigations.

It is curious, in view of the close attention which has been paid to many of the compounds formed between the halogens, that our knowledge of bromine chloride should be so vague that its very existence has frequently been denied. In 1826 Balard described a compound between bromine and chlorine formed by direct union, and a few years later Loewig claimed to have isolated a hydrate. BrCl. 5H 2 O, from solutions. Berthelot threw some doubt upon this early work on account of the small heat of solution of chlorine gas in liquid bromine. Lebeau found that the crystals prepared in accordance with Balard’s directions were variable in their composition and concluded from this and from the melting point curve of chlorine-bromine mixtures that no compound really exists. The same conclusion was reached by Karsten and has been very generally adopted, except that the behaviour of bromine-chlorine mixtures in certain organic reactions, has occasionally led to suspicions of compound formation. One very cogent argument in favour of compound formation was touched upon by Balard, but has ever since been neglected—the marked diminution in the colour of bromine produced by admixture of chlorine. Our attention was drawn to this phenomenon by Mr. G. M. B. Dobson, of the Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford, who observed it in preparing filters for ultra-violet light from mixtures of the two gases and who found further that the ultraviolet absorptions are not additive in these mixtures. It is with his kind permission that we have now investigated the matter more fully. The obvious explanation of the colour change is the formation of a compound between the two halogens, which is more transparent in the visible than is bromine; though some physical influence of the chlorine on the bromine cannot immediately be ruled out as a hypothesis. The experiments described in the present communication were designed to test the chemical explanation, and to determine, if possible, the formula of the compound and the amount of it formed.

There are, in addition to the line and the positive and negative band spectra of nitrogen, several other series of bands, in the production of which this element plays some part. The emission centres responsible for these bands have generally been identified with the molecules of compounds of nitrogen with other elements, though these molecules are not necessarily those of compounds which can be isolated under normal circumstances, and possibly may prove to be more of the nature of temporary associations. Such spectra include the so-called third positive band spectrum of nitrogen, the various spectra attributed to ammonia or other nitrogen-oxygen complexes, and also the cyanogen bands. The NO bands, Deslandres’ third positive group of nitrogen bands, are found in vacuum tubes filled with nitrogen, when they contain a trace of oxygen as impurity. They have also been observed in the carbon arc surrounded by a magnesia block, in uncondensed spark discharges in air and nitrogen, and in the flames of cyanogen and ammonia. They were formerly believed to be due to nitrogen alone, but Deslandres, Schniederjost, Lewis and others have proved that their production is dependent upon the presence of oxygen.

Two orthogonal personality traits or predispositions, impulsiveness and anxiety, have been invariant in five separate factor analyses. One of these analyses is presented here along with an item analysis of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) which has a high loading on the impulsiveness factor. The BIS has never significantly correlated with any of the various anxiety or emotional stability measures in over 50 administrations of the scale, further evidence for the invariance of these two second-order factors.

The drug, SQ 10,496, an experimental antidepressant, raised the threshold for electrically induced amygdaloid seizures. It also blocked or diminished the behavioral effects of LSD-25. The blocking effect of SQ 10,496 is related to neurophysiological mechanisms which are possibly the bases for the behavioral effects obtained with LSD-25.

It has been uncertain until recently, whether any of the many intermetallic compounds which have been established in liquid and solid alloys can persist into the vapour state, or whether they invariably dissociate into mere mixtures of the individual metal vapours. Volatile compounds have occasionally been suspected ( e. g ., between magnesium and zinc) on account of the deposition of typical crystals of compounds during the distillation of an alloy of the two metals, but such evidence is so indirect that it carries little weight. The most promising way of approaching this question is by a study of the absorption spectra of mixtures of metallic vapours. The metals that are known to possess a measurable proportion of diatomic or polyatomic molecules in the vapour state invariably indicate this property by the appearance of bands in their absorption spectra. In fact, since it has been accepted that band spectra cannot originate from single atoms, the observation of such bands has become the most delicate test for the existence of association in the vapours. For example, the usual methods of molecular weight determination have led to the belief that the alkali metal vapours are solely monatomic. This cannot, however, be true, as each of these metals possesses an extensive band spectrum, which appears at quite low vapour pressures. There can be no doubt, on the basis of this spectroscopic evidence, that an appreciable fraction of the molecules in the vapour of boiling sodium, etc., are di- (or poly-) atomic. This point will be discussed fully below.

Modern theoretical investigations have met with signal success in providing an explana­tion for the production of the primary spectrum of Hydrogen, generally known as the Balmer series5 but the many-lined or secondary spectrum has hitherto proved to be a much more formidable problem. There can be little doubt that a completely satis­factory explanation of its genesis will mark an important step in our knowledge or the origin of spectra. The detection of regularities amongst such a vast number of lines is in itself an exceedingly difficult task, and one for which it is essential that the data relating to wave-lengths should be accurate and complete. Although some of the early investigators were of the opinion that the secondary spectrum was to be referred to impurities in the discharge tube, it is now generally agreed that both the Balmer series and the secondary spectrum are to be attributed to Hydrogen. The relative intensities of the two spectra vary in a surprising manner. Such traces of Hydrogen as are necessary to exhibit the earlier members of the Balmer series are indeed difficult to eliminate from luminous sources, but the secondary spectrum only appears in sources in which considerable quantities of Hydrogen are present, and its intensity relative to that of the Balmer series is greatly enhanced by the complete removal of all impurities.

It has been known since the early days of spectroscopy that there is a group of band spectra associated with the halogen salts of the alkaline earths. Probably the first distinction between the oxide and chloride bands of these elements was made by Lecoq de Boisbaudran when he observed relative intensity fluctuations between two band systems on introducing hydrochloric acid vapour into a flame charged with calcium chloride. The system intensified by the acid vapour he attributed to the chloride. The other halides were also found to yield characteristic spectra. Since their discovery they have been the subject of only one publication of any real note. Olmsted made a careful study of these spectra as they are found under flame excitation, and his catalogue of bands contains the only reliable data concerning these spectra which is available. An exception must be made of the fluoride spectra, which have been closely studied by Dufour, Datta, and others. The origin of the present investigation of these bands was the discovery that it is possible to observe them, very conveniently, in absorption against a continuous background spectrum. In the course of attempts to find band spectra of the alkaline earth metals (corresponding to those of the alkali metals) a pair of bands at about λ 6200 was observed in the absorption spectrum of a column of calcium vapour at temperatures of 900°C. and upwards. On measurement, these bands, which are reproduced in Plate 2, figs. 1, 2 and 5, were found to coincide with two prominent calcium chloride bands. Ordinary commercial calcium had been used for the experiments, and on analysis approximately 0·05 per cent, of chloride was found in it. It seemed evident that the development of the bands was due to this impurity in the metal, and the matter was clinched by adding a trace of bromide to the metal before heating, when the calcium bromide bands in the red also appeared prominently in absorption.

Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (δ9-THC) has been shown to be the major psychotomimetically active constituent in marijuana (1–3). Ataxia, catalepsy, and hyperreactivity to external stimuli have been commonly observed in the dog (4, 5), rat (6, 7), mouse (5, 8), and cat (9, 10) in response to δ9-THC or marijuana. In rhesus monkeys δ9-THC has been shown to cause stimulation and depression as well as loss of ability or motivation to perform complex memory and visual discrimination tasks (11). Humans treated with marijuana (12) or δ9-THC (13) experience euphoria, altered time sense, visual distortions, feelings of depersonalization, and difficulty in concentrating.The present study concerns the development of a rating scale based on the observed gross behavior of marijuana-treated rats. The rating scale demonstrated the existence of a dose-effect relationship as well as a sex difference in the responses of rats to varying doses marijuana.Methods. Male and female rats were tested in a series of behavioral tasks ...

The influence of marijuana extract distillate on (+)-amphetamine stimulation of locomotor activity was examined in rats. Marijuana was administered orally and amphetamine was injected intraperitoneally. In rats acclimated to the activity cages, doses of the extract of 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg Δ 9 -THC administered one hour before amphetamine resulted in a significant antagonism of the locomotor stimulation induced by 1 mg/kg (+)-amphetamine; doses of 0·625, 1·25 and 2·5 mg/kg Δ 9 -THC had no effect on the amphetamine response. A dose of 10 mg/kg Δ 9 -THC (as the extract) antagonized the stimulation produced by 0·5,1 and 2 mg/kg (+)-amphetamine in acclimated animals without depressing baseline activity; however, the same dose of marijuana failed to alter significantly the stimulant effect of 1 mg/kg (+)-amphetamine in nonacclimated rats. Although pretreatment with marijuana extract 1 hr before injection of amphetamine resulted in a marked depression of the amphetamine response, when both drugs were administered at the same time only a small and non-significant decrement in the amphetamine response was observed. In conclusion, this study clearly demonstrates that orally administered marijuana antagonizes amphetamine-induced locomotor stimulation in the rat. Mo evidence of enhancement of the amphetamine effect was observed.

It has been known for many years that bands of great complexity occur in the absorption spectra of the alkali metals. The extensive absorption bands of sodium vapour in the green and red portions of the spectrum have, in particular, attracted considerable attention. R. W. Wood has discussed fully the structure of these bands, the manner in which they fluctuate with change in certain physical conditions, and their connection with the fluorescence spectrum. The existence of these bands leads to the conclusion that a certain number of the atoms in an alkali metal vapour are associated, though other considerations have indicated that the proportion present in the molecular form cannot be large. It is reasonable to suppose that, in a mixture of the vapours of two alkali metals, "mixed" molecules containing atoms of both elements will "exist" molecules containing atoms of both elements will exist, in addition to these normally present in the unmixed vapours. These "mixed" molecules if present in sufficient number will exhibit an absorption spectrum, probably similar in character to the bands of the simple alkali metals. In the present communication a new band spectrum is described which is developed only in the vapour of mixtures of sodium and potassium and which, it is suggested, is produced by the sodium-potassium molecules present in the mixed vapour.

(1953). An Analysis of Verbal Reports of Solving Spatial Problems as an Aid in Defining Spatial Factors. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 17-25.

The line absorption spectra of metallic vapours have become the subject of renewed experiment since the earlier empirical observations have been inter­preted in terms of the Bohr theory. Their chief importance now lies in the indication they afford of the character of the normal orbit of the “ valency ” or “ optical ” electrons in unexcited atoms, since such atoms can clearly absorb only those series for which this orbit determines the constant term. In this way the normal orbits have already been fixed for several groups of elements in the Periodic Table. The main features of the absorption spectra of the alkali metals were well-known long before the introduction of the Bohr theory. Wood and Bevan and other investigators had found that the principal series of the alkali metals are very readily developed in absorption; so readily that many more of the higher members of these series can be observed in this way than by any emission method. On the other hand, there is no absorption corres­ponding to the emission lines of the sharp or diffuse series. These facts together show that the outermost electron in these elements at the temperature used in the observations (200°-500° C.) must be present exclusively in the Is orbit. Sur and Ghosh (‘ Phil. Mag.,’ vol. 49, p. 60 (1925)) have recently found that at much higher temperatures a small proportion of the atoms are capable of absorbing the subordinate series lines, showing that their electrons have been expelled to an outer orbit by thermal excitation.

Sensorineural hearing loss was detected in nine (33%) of 27 patients with beta-thalassaemia major. All were receiving regular hypertransfusion and nightly subcutaneous infusions of desferrioxamine. A retrospective analysis of these patients was undertaken to determine the risk factors for the development of deafness. No statistically significant differences were found between the affected and unaffected groups with respect to age, ferritin levels or lengths of time that they had received desferrioxamine, but the trends were similar to those reported by other authors. However, the desferrioxamine dosage was similar in both our groups (less than 60 mg/kg a day), and lower in the affected group than other authors have reported. Two patients experienced some resolution of their deafness when their dosage of desferrioxamine was lowered. These results suggest that the ototoxic effect of desferrioxamine is dose-related and can occur at relatively low doses of the drug.

Interference fringes are used instead of the lines of a discontinuous source for determining match-points in divided beam spectrophotometry. In this way errors arising from the use of the metal spark may be eliminated without the inconvenience of continuous sources.

SummaryMarijuana extract distillate enhanced shuttle-box avoidance of rats with a previously established base line of poor performance. When drug was discontinued, performance returned to base line. Marijuana facilitated acquisition of avoidance behavior; performance level was maintained after treatment ended. The data suggest that the facilitative effect is due to an action of the drug different than that which causes depression of conditioned behavior.

The preparation of trans-[Ru(CHO)(CO)(dppb)2][SbF6][dppb = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene] from hydridic reduction of trans-[Ru(CO)2(dppb)2][SbF6]2 is described. The formyl complex decomposes with first-order kinetics (t½= 28 min) at 30 °C to give exclusively trans-[RuH(CO)(dppb)2][SbF6]. Detailed studies of the decomposition reaction including the observation of initiation of free-radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate during the reaction lead to the postulation of rate-determining homolytic cleavage of the Ru–CHO bond. The low rate of initiation of polymerization, together with the high isotope effect for the decomposition (kH/kD= 2.3) and the failure to observe cross-over products during co-decomposition of trans-[Ru(13CHO)(13CO)(dppb)2][SbF6] and trans-[Ru(CDO)(CO)(dppb)2][SbF6], lead to the conclusion that another decomposition pathway, involving concerted H migration and CO loss in a six-co-ordinate complex, operates. These results are compared with those obtained for trans-[Ru(CHO)(CO)(dppe)2][SbF6][dppe = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane].

Abhangig von der Anzahl der 2-Cyanethylgruppen im tert. Phosphin reagieren die entsprechenden wasserfreien Mn(II)-Salze mit den Phosphinen in Ether zu den Anion-verbruckten, pseudo-oktaedrischen, dimeren Komplexen (Ia) und (Ib) mit dreizahnig koordinierten Phosphinen bzw. zu den pseudo-tetraedrischen di- oder polymeren Komplexen (II), in denen das Phosphin als einzahniger P-Ligand fungiert.

The present investigation sought to determine whether the relationship between event-related potential (ERP) principal components analysis (PCA) factor scores and analogous waveform amplitude measures could be improved by high- and low-pass filtering the waveforms at a suitable cutoff value. Visual oddball ERPs were submitted to a varimax-rotated PCA performed on the variance/covariance matrix. Principal components corresponding to P300 and Slow Wave were obtained. In keeping with the fact that the variance/covariance PCA analyzes sources of variance around the grand mean waveform, the grand mean waveform was subtracted from each of the original waveforms, and baseline-referenced amplitude measurements were then made of P300 and Slow Wave. P300 was measured both as the maximum positive peak between 275 and 425 ms, and as the average amplitude during that interval. Slow Wave was measured as the average amplitude during the interval 400–700 ms. The P300 measurements were then repeated after high-pass filtering the difference waveforms at 2 Hz. Slow Wave measurements were repeated after low-pass filtering at 2 Hz. The value of 2 Hz was chosen as giving a reasonable cutoff based upon estimates of the wavelengths of the two components derived from inspection of their respective factor loading vectors. The correlation between factor scores and amplitude measurements was .94 for unfiltered Slow Wave and actually declined slightly but significantly to .91 when the waveforms were low-pass filtered. It would appear that Slow Wave factor scores emerging from a PCA can be fairly well approximated by a time-band measurement algorithm, and that this approximation is not improved by low-pass filtering. For both filtered and unfiltered measurements of P300, the amplitude/factor score correlation was significantly higher for the time-band method than for the peak method. Further, high-pass filtering at 2 Hz improved the time-band/factor score correlation significantly from .62 to .75. This improvement is probably because the unfiltered measurements were tapping sources of variance due both to the higher frequency P300 component as well as a simultaneously active, lower frequency Slow Wave component. Theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.

In a visual event-related potential experiment, both N100 augmenting/reducing data and oddball paradigm P300 data were collected from the same subjects. A significant correlation was obtained between augmenting/reducing and the degree to which stimulus probability affected P300 amplitude. Subjects who augment/reduce in response to increased stimulus brightness in the sensory domain also appear to augment/reduce in response to low probability in the cognitive domain.

The results of pretreatment with drug having selective action on brain biogenic amine levels on the subsequent effects of acute marijuana treatment were assessed for behavior and EEG measures. Behavioral changes and alterations in the spontaneous EEG indicated that pretreatment with drugs affecting brain levels of 5-HT was most effective in altering the dual properties of acute marijuana treatment. The present findings support the interpretation that the availability of serotonin interacts with the effects of acute marijuana treatment but do not eliminate the possible involvement of other neurotransmitters in the action of marijuana.

Following a 30-day baseline, 60 days of sodium pentobarbital treatment (5 mg/kg) were given to squirrel monkeys 2 h prior to the start of a 12-h recording of EEG and EOG. Following the drug-treatment phase, an additional 30-day period was used to determine the rate of recovery. Repeated pentobarbital treatment significantly reduced awake time and slow wave sleep while it elevated the time spent in drowsy and light sleep. The recovery phase indicated a brief recovery of rapid eye movement sleep while the other stages failed to return to baseline levels. The cyclical nature of the changes observed with chronic pentobarbital suggest the importance of circadian fluctuations in the study of chronic drug treatment and the sleep-wakefulness process.