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Substitution reactions of some parasubstituted anilines with 2-chloro-5-nitropyridine and 2-bromo-5-nitropyridine were carried out conductometrically in dimethylsulfoxide/acetonitrile mixtures. The correlation of second order rate constants with Hammett's substituent constants yields a fairly linear straight line with a negative slope. The correlation of rate data with Kamlet–Taft's solvatochromic parameters is excellent (100R2= 97%) in both the substrates. The solvation model proposed is well supported by the solvatochromism exhibited by aniline in the solvent mixture under investigation. The molar extinction coefficient (emax ) of aniline varies appreciably up to ∼25% with the change in composition of the mixture. The multivariate correlation analysis of emax (with α, β, π*) suggests that the solvation around NH2 moiety of aniline through hydrogen bond donor (HBD) property is found to be dominant in the solvation process and consequently in altering the rate. The observation is that the dominance of HBD property in solvation is further confirmed by the cyclic voltammetric oxidation of aniline in the solvent mixture. © 2011 Wiley Peiodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 43: 409–417, 2011 more...

Background: It is of high value to be assess the relationship between doses of Acenocoumarol and the INR values to offer better patient care. Since Acenocoumarol is a commonly used drug with a narrow therapeutic range it is essential to monitor the variations encountered in response to it to avoid drastic complications and to provide better health care. Aim: The aim of this study is to compare the INR values with different doses of Acenocoumarol, to compare the association of dose of Acenocoumarol with their respective INR and to find out the occurrence of bleeding with different doses of Acenocoumarol.Methods: The study was conducted in a Tertiary care hospital. 40 patients taking Acenocoumarol were recruited in the study. Relevant details like age, weight, dose of Acenocoumarol, INR and other concomitant drugs were obtained in a prospective manner. Correlation of dose of Acenocoumarol with respective INR was done by simple linear regression.Results: The relationship between dose and INR was analyzed using Simple linear regression and the scatter plot revealed no significant correlation between the dose and INR values. There is a lot of inter-individual variability in the dose response and thereafter the INR values.Conclusions: The dose of Acenocoumarol cannot predict INR values. Patient can ideally be started treatment on a low dose of Acenocoumarol and based on the INR values, dose can be titrated. There is a need for consideration of other factors which influence the dose and INR values. more...

This paper describes the microfabric and mineralogical changes in an expansive soil from Siruseri (South-East Chennai, Tamilnadu, India), when treated with inorganic additives such as Calcium Hydroxide and Calcium Chloride. The engineering and index properties and mineralogical composition of the untreated and treated soil were determined. The soil particles have been found to get altered and new products are formed in the case of the calcium hydroxide treated samples. The fabric becomes more flocculated and the microfabric results indicate the formation of new aggregations and bindings due to the addition of the stabilizer. The X-ray diffraction tests on the treated samples indicated a shift in the basal spacing and reduction in peak intensities which is due to the formation of the flocculated structure. This shows that the stabilizing effect of an effective additive brings a change in the microfabric and mineralogy, which causes a change in the engineering and index properties of the original so... more...

In this project, it is proposed to investigate the effect of suction/injection on the unsteady oscillatory flow of an incompressible viscous electrically conducting fluid through a channel filled with porous medium and non-uniform wall temperature. The fluid is subjected to a uniform magnetic field normal to the channel and the velocity slip at the cold plate is taken into consideration. With the assumption of magnetic Reynolds number to be very small, the induced magnetic field is neglected. Assuming pressure gradient to be oscillatory across the ends of the channel, resulting flow as unsteady oscillatory flow. Under the usual Bousinessq approximation, a mathematical model representing this fluid flow consisting of governing equations with boundary conditions will be developed. Closed form solutions of the dimensionless governing equations of the fluid flow, namely momentum equation, energy equation and species concentration can be obtained . The effects of heat radiation and chemical reaction with suction and injection on temperature, velocity and species concentration profiles will be analysed with tables and graphs. more...

Aims and objectives Elevated lipid profile and reduced antioxidants accelerate the formation of atherosclerosis. Multiple lines of evidences have suggested that increased lipids and low antioxidants are the major risk factors for the incidence of acute coronary syndrome. Oxidative stress evaluation is now considered as an index for the assessment of development of coronary artery disease. Therefore, we studied association of the levels of non-enzymic antioxidants and lipid profile in controls and patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Methods and results The present study was carried out on 485 patients admitted to the emergency care unit, of whom 89 patients were diagnosed as non-cardiac chest pain (NCCP). Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides were analysed along with non-enzymic antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin E, reduced glutathione, MDA and protein thiol in controls and patients with ACS. The levels of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were significantly raised in patients when compared to controls in contrast to lowering of HDL-cholesterol levels in patients than controls. Vitamin C, vitamin E, reduced glutathione, MDA and protein thiol levels were significantly lowered in patients than controls (p Conclusion Oxidative stress and lipid profile should be included as important markers in the early detection of acute coronary syndrome. more...

Imidazolium fluorochromate (IFC) oxidation of 11 meta- and para-substituted benzylamines, in varying mole fractions of benzene/2-methylpropan-2-ol binary mixtures, is first order in IFC and acid and zero order in substrate The Hammett correlation yielded a U-shaped curve, indicating a change in the relative importance of bond formation and bond fission in the transition state The rate data failed to correlate with macroscopic solvent parameters such as epsilon(r) and E(T)(N) The correlation of k(obs) With Kamlet-Taft solvatochromic parameters Suggests that. H-bonding between the reacting species and the solvent plays a major role in governing the reactivity (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals. Inc Int J Chem Kinet 42 159-167, 2010 more...

Substitution reactions of some para-substituted anilines with 2-bromo-5-nitropyridine are carried out conductometrically in binary acetonitrile/dimethylformamide mixtures. The second-order rate constants correlate well with Hammett’s substituent constants yielding a negative value of ρ. The multiparameter correlation with Kamlet-Taft’s solvatochromic parameters is excellent (100R2 ~ 98%), and the computed percentage contributions of these parameters (Pα = 58%, Pβ = 4%, Pπ∗ = 38%) suggest that both specific and non-specific solute-solvent-solvent interactions influence the reactivity. The solvation model proposed is well supported by the solvatochromism exhibited by the anilines in the solvent mixture under investigation. The molar extinction coefficient (εmax) of aniline varies appreciably up to ~ 25% with a change in the mole fraction of the mixture. The multivariate correlation analysis of εmax (with α, β , π∗) suggests that the solvation around the NH2 moiety of aniline through the solvent’s hydrogen-bond donor (HBD) property is found to be dominant in the solvation process and consequently in altering the rate. The dominance of the solvent’s HBD property in solvation is further confirmed by the cyclic voltammetric oxidation of aniline in the solvent mixture. more...

The oxidation of methionine by quinolinium fluorochromate (QFC) was studied in the presence of chloroacetic acid, in water/organic solvent mixtures of varying excess molar free energy function. The reaction is first order with respect to both QFC and acid. The reaction rates were determined at different temperatures and the activation parameters computed. The rate data was correlated with different solvent parameters using linear multiple regression analysis. From the results, information on the solvent-reactants and the solvent-transition state interactions was obtained. . more...

Here, we report a NH3 and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) sensing prototype of CuO nanorods with peculiar sensing characteristics at room temperature. High quality polycrystalline nanorods were synthesized by a low temperature hydrothermal method. The rods are well oriented with an aspect ratio of 5.71. Luminescence spectrum of CuO nanorods exhibited a strong UV-emission around 415 nm (2.98 eV) which arises from the electron-hole recombination phenomenon. The absence of further deep level emissions establishes the lack of defects such as oxygen vacancies and Cu interstitials. At room temperature, the sensor response was recorded over a range of gas concentrations from 100-600 ppm of ammonia, ethanol and methanol. The sensor response showed power law dependence with the gas concentration. This low temperature sensing can be validated by the lower value of calculated activation energy of 1.65 eV observed from the temperature dependent conductivity measurement. more...

Electrochemical oxidation of 15 para- and meta-substituted anilines in different mole fractions of water in 2-methylpropan-2-ol has been investigated in the presence of 0.1 M sulfuric acid as a supporting electrolyte. The oxidation potential data of anilines correlate well with the Brown–Okamoto's substituent constants affording a negative reaction constant. The effect of para- and meta-substituents on the oxidation potential confirms to Swain's F and R, affording negative reaction constants. The oxidation potential values also correlate satisfactorily with macroscopic solvent parameter such as relative permittivity, er. The results of Kamlet–Taft multiple correlation analysis show that specific solute–solvent interactions play a dominant role in governing the reactivity. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 39: 289–297, 2007 more...

Substitution reactions of 13 para- and meta-substituted anilines with benzenesulfonyl chloride in varying mole fractions of benzene in propan-2-ol have been investigated conductometrically. The second-order rate constants correlate well with pKa values of anilines and with the Hammett's equation. The negative Hammett reaction constant indicates the formation of an electron-deficient transition state. The rate data correlate satisfactorily with macroscopic solvent parameters such as relative permittivity, er, and polarity, ETN. Correlation of rate data with Kamlet–Taft solvatochromic parameters (α, β, π*) suggests that both the specific and nonspecific solute–solvent interactions influence the reactivity. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 39: 657–663, 2007 more...

The kinetics of oxidation of 11 para- and meta-substituted benzylamines by imidazolium fluorochromate (IFC) in different organic solvent media has been investigated in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid (TsOH). The reaction was run under pseudo-first-order conditions. The rate of the reaction was found to be first order in IFC and found to increase with increase in [TsOH]. Solution IR studies in combination with kinetic measurements were used to get a better insight into the mechanism of the oxidation process. The product analysis was carried out using GC–MS. Various thermodynamic parameters for the oxidation have been reported and discussed along with the validity of the isokinetic relationship. The specific rate of oxidizing species benzylamines reaction (k2) correlates with Hammett's substituent constants affording positive reaction constants. The rate data failed to correlate with macroscopic solvent parameters, such as er and ENT, while showing satisfactory correlation with Kamlet–Taft's solvatochromic parameters (α, β, and π*) which suggests that the specific solute–solvent interactions play a major role in governing the reactivity, and the observed solvent effects have been explained on the basis of solute–solvent complexation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 39: 362–369, 2007 more...

Objectives: The objective of this research work is to analyse the learning styles of individual users in an e-learning system and to formulate a mathematical model to determine it. Methods: This research work proposes MNDBO, a rough set based clustering technique for elucidating learning styles by finding minimum normalized dissimilarity between objects in e-learning. The proposed clustering technique uses a normalized score value for estimating the deviation between data’s through the equivalence property of rough set theory. Findings: Further, the result predicts that the clusters produced by MNDBO algorithm perform better than MADO by 11%, 14% than SDR and 16% than MMR in terms of cohesion. Furthermore, MNDBO algorithm also produces better results than MADO by 15%, 23% than SDR and 27% than MMR in terms of coupling. In addition MNDBO algorithm maximizes the cohesion and simultaneously reduces the coupling rate based on varying number of cluster size on an average 15% and 19% respectively. Applications/Improvements: If this Rough set based clustering technique is used means we can able to discover successfully relations with inconsistent or incomplete data. more...

Electrochemical oxidation of fifteen para- and meta-substituted anilines in different mole fractions of acetic acid in water has been investigated in the presence of 0.1 M sulphuric acid as supporting electrolyte. The oxidation potential data of anilines correlates well with Hammett’s and Brown- Okamoto’s substituent constants affording negative reaction constants. The effect of para- and metasubstituents on the oxidation potential conforms to Swain’s F and R parameters, affording negative reaction constants. The oxidation potential values correlate well with macroscopic solvent parameters such as relative permittivity, εr, and polarity, ET N. Multiple correlation analysis also shows an excellent correlation with the oxidation potential values. more...

Summary The imidazolium fluorochromate (IFC) oxidation of fifteen meta - and para-substituted anilines, in varying mole fractions of benzene in 2-methylpropan-2-ol as mixtures, in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid (TsOH) is first order in IFC and TsOH and zero order in substrate. The various thermodynamic parameters for the oxidation have been reported and discussed. The validity of the isokinetic relationship and various linear free energy relationships have been tested and discussed. The activation free energy data failed to correlate with macroscopic solvent parameters such as εr and E T N. Correlation of Δ G # with Kamlet–Taft solvatochromic parameters (α, β and π*) suggests that the specific solute–solvent interactions play a major role in governing the reactivity. more...

The oxidation of methionine by imidazolium fluorochromate (IFC) were studied, in the presence of chloroacetic acid, in water-acetic acid mixtures of varying molar compositions. The reaction is first order with respect to methionine, IFC and acid. The reaction rates were determined at different temperatures and the activation parameters were computed. The reaction rate increases with increasing mole fraction of acetic acid in the mixture and specific solvent-solvent-solute interactions were found to predominate (86 %). A solvation model and a probable mechanism for the reaction are postulated. more...

The imidazolium fluorochromate (IFC) oxidation of meta- and para-substituted anilines, in seven organic solvents, in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid (TsOH) is first order in IFC and TsOH and is zero order with respect to substrate. The IFC oxidation of 15 meta- and para-substituted anilines at 299–322 K complies with the isokinetic relationship but not to any of the linear free energy relationships; the isokinetic temperature lies within the experimental range. The specific rate of oxidizing species-anilines reaction (k2) correlates with substituent constants affording negative reaction constants. The rate data failed to correlate with macroscopic solvent parameters such as er and ENT. A correlation of rate data with Kamlet–Taft solvatochromic parameters (α, β, π*) suggests that the specific solute–solvent interactions play a major role in governing the reactivity, and the observed solvent effects have been explained on the basis of solute–solvent complexation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 38: 166–175, 2006 more...

The kinetics of oxidation of 15 para- and meta-substituted anilines by nicotinium dichromate (NDC) in different organic solvent media in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid (TsOH) has been investigated. The rate of the reaction is zero order with respect to substrate, first order in NDC, and is found to increase with increase in {TsOH}. The various thermodynamic parameters for the oxidation have been reported and discussed along with the validity of the isokinetic relationship. The specific rate of oxidizing species-anilines reaction (k 2 ) correlates with Hammett's substituent constants affording negative reaction constants. The effect of para-and meta-substituents on the oxidation rates confirms to Swain et al.'s substituent constants F and R, both with negative reaction constants. The rate data failed to correlate with macroscopic solvent parameters such as e r and E N T while showing satisfactory correlation with Kamlet-Taft's solvatochromic parameters (α, β, and π*). more...

The nicotinium dichromate (NDC) oxidation of anilines, in varying mole fractions of benzene/2- methylpropan-2-ol mixtures, in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid (TsOH) is first order in NDC and TsOH and zero order with respect to anilines in the concentration range investigated. The NDC oxidation of 15 meta- and para-substituted anilines complies with the isokinetic relationship but not to any of the linear free energy relationships. The activation free energy data failed to correlate with macroscopic solvent parameters such as εr and ENT. Correlation of ΔG# with Kamlet-Taft solvatochromic parameters (α, β , π*) suggests that the specific solute-solvent-solvent interactions play a major role in governing the reactivity. more...

The oxidation of methionine by quinolinium chlorochromate (QCC) has been studied, in the presence of chloroacetic acid, and in water-acetic acid mixtures of varying mole fractions. The reaction is first order with respect to methionine, QCC and acid. The reaction rates were determined at three different temperatures (25, 35 and 45 ?C) and the activation parameters were computed. The reaction rate increased with increasing mole fraction of acetic acid in the mixture and specific solvent-solvent-solute interactions were found to predominate (81 %). A solvation model and a suitable mechanism for the reaction are postulated. more...

Long term evolution based fourth generation (4G) mobile technology has provided a platform for fast and efficient wireless communication. The advanced encryption standard (AES) is one of the three cryptographic algorithms used in 4G networks for encryption of sensitive data. In spite of offering high immunity, AES is still vulnerable to few attacks. This weakness in AES algorithm makes 4G susceptible to several security issues. This paper specifically focuses on fault attacks performed on AES. A fault induced in any one of the rounds of AES helps the attacker to derive information about the secret key. In this manner, these fault attacks pose a serious threat to wireless mobile communication as he or she may gain access to any network that is encrypted with AES. In earlier works, various countermeasures have been suggested to prevent them. However, each of these preventive measures has their own limitations and vulnerabilities. This paper proposes an enhanced method of preventing fault attacks in AES by incorporating a combination of non-linear and linear diffusion techniques. This method identifies if a fault has been injected and diffuses the fault well into the matrix, providing no information about the secret key to the attacker. The performance evaluation proves that the proposed prevention method outperforms the others in terms of time, cost and efficiency. more...

Plasma cell granuloma is a rare benign lesion characterized by the infiltration of plasma cells; primarily occurring in the lungs. It is also seen to occur in the brain, kidney stomach, heart, and so on. In the intraoral region it is seen to involve the tongue, oral mucosa, and gingiva. This case presents a 42-year-old female, with an enlargement in the maxillary anterior region, treated by excisional biopsy. Histological evaluation revealed plasma cell infiltrates in the connective tissue. The immunohistochemistry revealed kappa and lambda light chains with a polyclonal staining pattern, which confirmed the diagnosis of plasma cell granuloma. more...

In this paper, we present a comparative performance of six multicast protocols for mobile ad hoc networks—BEMRP, MZRP, MCEDAR, ODMRP, DCMP, and FGMP focusing on the effects of changes such as the increasing number of receivers or sources and increasing the number of nodes. Although some simulation results of MANET protocols have been published before, these six protocols have not been compared in isolation. In recent years, a number of new multicast protocols have been proposed for ad hoc networks. Due to the limited transmission range of wireless mobile nodes, multiple network hops may be required for one node to exchange the data with another across the network. Multicasting is an efficient method for implementing group communications. But, it is difficult to achieve this, due to the difficulty in group membership management over a dynamic topology. A systematic performance evaluation of these protocols is done by performing certain simulations under NS-2. more...

Extensive molecular dynamics studies of 13 different silica polymorphs are reported in the isothermal-isobaric ensemble with the Parrinello-Rahman variable shape simulation cell. The van Beest-Kramer-van Santen (BKS) potential is shown to predict lattice parameters for most phases within 2%–3% accuracy, as well as the relative stabilities of different polymorphs in agreement with experiment. Enthalpies of high-density polymorphs – CaCl2-type, α-PbO2-type, and pyrite-type – for which no experimental data are available as yet, are predicted here. Further, the calculated enthalpies exhibit two distinct regimes as a function of molar volume—for low and medium-density polymorphs, it is almost independent of volume, while for high-pressure phases a steep dependence is seen. A detailed analysis indicates that the increased short-range contributions to enthalpy in the high-density phases arise not only from an increased coordination number of silicon but also shorter Si–O bond lengths. Our results indicate that amorphous phases of silica exhibit better optimization of short-range interactions than crystalline phases at the same density while the magnitude of Coulombic contributions is lower in the amorphous phase. more...

Expansive soils have the tendency to undergo volume change behavior and cause large uplift pressures and upheaval of structures built on them. Avoiding expansive soil in most of the cases is not practically possible, hence stabilization practices are undertaken to treat them. Chemical stabilization through lime is the most sought after treating method. In this study, soil from an expansive soil site, Siruseri near Chennai, was treated with lime to understand the microstructural changes taking place and its influence on the macro structural properties. X-ray diffraction, SEM and microporosimetry were the techniques used to understand the microstructural properties of lime treated soils. The expansive soil was treated with different percentage of lime, 2, 4, 6, and 8 % and cured for 3, 7, 14, and 28 days. The concept of lime modification optimum (LMO) was used as a reference to understand the progression of lime reactions. The change in the physical properties of the soil was determined through UCC, chemical batch testing, pH and chemical conductivity. The lime addition higher than the LMO brings about more permanent pozzolanic reactions which cause tremendous increase in strength. The time dependency of the reactions was observed through the change in pH values, conductivity and batch test results. At the microstructural level, lime addition reduces the specific surface area and increases the pore size. The SEM results also revealed larger clusters and aggregation of the clay particles. � 2013 Indian Geotechnical Society. more...

Background: Candida and epithelial dysplasia have long been associated with oro-mucosal lesions. Aim and Objective: The present study was designed to evaluate the correlation between presence of Candida organisms and epithelial dysplasia in various oral mucosal lesions associated with areca nut and tobacco use. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 individuals were selected, between age range of 19-70 y. Three separate cytosmears were prepared for each participant. All the slides were stained with PAS stain and the best slide was viewed for candidal organisms. Statistical Tests: The data was analysed using the SPSS version16. Chi square test was performed. Results: Out of these, samples of 26 participants displayed presence of Candida. It was further observed that all the samples that were positive for presence of Candida displayed the organism in hyphal form. Out of 50 biopsy specimens stained for presence of Candida using PAS stain, samples of only 2 participants demonstrated presence of Candida in hyphal form, whereas the biopsy specimens stained for demonstrating dysplastic changes using H&E stain displayed various levels of cellular atypia in samples of 16 participants. Out of these 12 were mild, 3 were moderate & 1 displayed severe dysplastic changes. Conclusion: The study revealed a statistically non significant correlation between the presence of Candida and epithelial dysplasia in oral mucosal lesions. more...

Ough set theory is considered to be a highly suitable approach for elucidating knowledge and deciding possible learning styles in any E-learning environments as it possess the potential of extracting knowledge from uncertain and imprecise data. In this paper, a Dynamic Two-stage Rough Set Synthetic Evaluation Model (DWRSSEM) is proposed for effective decision making. DWRSSEM is identified as the effective method for elucidating knowledge for identifying the learning styles as it incorporates a two-stage approach that integrates the significance of primary and multi-level sub-factors. In this model, the impact of primary and multi-level sub-factors towards the identification of learner's learning style are quantified through conditional reliable attribute and marginal reliable attributes found to be more efficient in identifying the learning styles and also for discriminating various learning styles exhibited by e-learners. The results confirm that the degree of accuracy facilitated by DWRSSEM is 23% superior to the benchmark rough set theory approaches considered for investigation. The results also proves that DWRSSEM improves the effectiveness and efficiency in identifying e-learners style by utilizing a Two-Stage Rough Set Evaluation Factor (OSRSEF) that increases the performance by 27%, 22% and 25% in terms of discrimination rate, precision and recall value than the baseline elucidating approaches. more...

PG and Research Department of Chemistry, Thiagarajar College (Autonomous), Madurai-625 009, Tamilnadu, India E-mail : bukanch@yahoo.co.in Manuscript received online O3March 2012, revised 22 April 2012, accepted 24 April 2012 Substitution reactions of some of para-substituted anilines with biphenylsulphonyl chlolrideand naphthalenesulphonyl chloride were carried out conductometrically in dimcthylformamide/acctonitrile mixtures. The correlation of second order rate constants with Hammett's substituent constants yil'lds a fairly linear straightline with a negative slope. The correlation of rate data with Kamlet-Taft's solvatochromic parameters is excel! cut (100R2 = 97%) in both the substrates. The solvation model proposed is well supported by the solvatochromism exhibited by aniline in the solvent mixture under investigation. The molar extinction coefficient (ɛ\(max\))of aniline varies appreciably up to ~25% with the change in composition of the mixture. The multivariate correlation analysis of ɛ\(max\) (with \(α\), \(β\), \(π\)*) suggeststhat the solvation around NH2 moiety of aniline through hydrogen bond donor (HBD) property is found to he dominant in the solvation process and consequently in alteringthe rate. The observation is that the dominance of HBDproperty in solvation is further confirmed by the cyclic voltammetric oxidation of aniline in the solvent mixture. more...

Secure group communication is a challenging task with respect to MANET's. Since its introduction as a communication medium, wireless technology found broad application on the battlefield. Robust and reliable group communication plays a major role in developing distributed mobile application in which unannounced disconnections will occur frequently due to the mobility of the nodes which take part in mobile applications. Accompanying dramatic advances in wireless technology and the capabilities associated with small computing devices, the demand for advanced mechanisms to employ wireless technology in the battlefield continues to grow. The main objective here is to achieve robust and reliable group communication in mobile ad hoc network. Performance of the group communication is compared with the given protocols through simulation in NS-2. The analysis is made with respect to the throughput, packet transmission between source and destination. We propose four Ad hoc Routing Protocols AODV, DSR, TORA and OLSR. more...

This paper discusses a novel and fast exemplar based approach for filling missing portions in an image. Images are used everywhere and a single image can express more than a thousand words. Inpainting is the art of modifying an image in a form that is not detectable by an ordinary observer. There are numerous and very different approaches to tackle the inpainting problem. This work is based on the exemplar based approach. The basic idea behind this approach is to find a similar patch with a higher priority from the original image and replace the lost data with it. This technique can be used in restoring old photographs or damaged film. It can also be used in removing superimposed text like dates, subtitles etc., or even entire objects from the image. more...

P.G. and Research Department of Chemistry, Thiagarajar College (Autonomous), Madurai-625 009, Tamilnadu, India E-mail : bukanch@yahoo.co.in Department of Chemistry, Gandhigram Rural Institute (Deemed University), Gandhigram-624 302, Tamilnadu, India Manuscript received 29 September 2010, revised 08 March 2011, accepted 17 March 2011 Substitution reactions of some para-substituted anillnes with 2-chloro-3,5-dinltropyridine were carried out conductometrically in dimethylformamlde/acetonitrile mixtures. The rate data correlate poorly with macroscopic solvent parameters while excellently with Kamlet-Taft's solvatochromic parameters (100R2 = 97%). The computed percentage contributions of these parameters (Pα = 65%, Pβ = 34%, Pπ* = 1%) suggests that the specific solute-solvent-solvent interactions Influences the reactivity to a greater extent. These solvent effects on the reactivity were also explained on the basis of electronic spectra and cyclic voltammetric techniques. more...

Despite clozapine's superior clinical efficacy in Treatment Resistant Schizophrenia (TRS), its adverse effects, need for periodic leukocyte monitoring, cost and variable clinical outcomes make the therapeutic decision making process difficult and mandate a clinical need to predict its treatment response. Hence, we investigated various clinical variables associated with treatment responses and adverse events of clozapine in TRS.We assessed socio-demographic and clinical profiles, premorbid adjustment, traumatic life events, cognition, disability, psychopathology and serum clozapine levels of 101 patients with TRS on stable dose of clozapine using the following instruments: Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Abnormal Involuntary Movements Scale, Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-Revised, WHO Disability Assessment Scale-II, Childhood and Recent Traumatic Events Scale, and Premorbid Assessment Scale. We defined clozapine response a priori, adopted a case-control design framework and employed appropriate multivariate analyses.Past history of catatonia (p = 0.005), smoking more than one pack/day (p = 0.008), hyper-somnolence (p = 0.03) and cognitive dysfunction (p = 0.007) were associated with non-response to clozapine. Outcome definitions of non-response to clozapine influenced its association with clinical predictors.Clinical variables are useful to predict response to clozapine. Smoking can be a potentially modifiable risk factor. Future longitudinal studies, investigating clinical and pharmacogenetic variables together, are desired. more...

Objective: To develop a reliable method of diagnosing the position of a displaced maxillary canine on the basis of a single radiograph. Study design: Based on the criteria of selection, 50 subjects [19 males and 31 females] with a total of 67 impacted canines were evaluated. The ratio of the width of the displaced canine to the width of the homo-lateral central incisor [the canine-incisor index] and the ratio of the width of the displaced canine to the width of the contra lateral canine [caninecanine index] were calculated. The height of the crown of each displaced canine was classifi ed in the vertical plane, relative to the adjacent incisor, as apical, middle or coronal. Results: The canine incisor index [CII] ranges for the labially and palatally impacted canines were 0.66-1.75 and 0.7-2.00 respectively. There was presence of an overlap in these ranges .The canine-canine index [CCI] for labially and palatally impacted canines were 0.875 -1.750 and 0.800-1.857 which again showed an overlap. A cut off point of 1.16 was determined. Conclusion: Provided that vertical restriction and the canine-incisor index were used, the panoramic radiograph can serve as a useful indicator as a single radiograph for determining the position of unerupted maxillary canines. more...

PSNA College of Engineering and Technology, Dindigul-624 622, Tamilnadu, India Department of Chemistry, Gandhigram Rural University, Gandhigram-624 302, Tamilnadu, India E-mail : drkpelango@rediffmail.com Manuscript received 14 May 2008, revised 23 October 2008, accepted 27 October 2008 The oxidation of meta- and para-substituted anilines by CrVI oxidant, imidazolium fluorochromate (IFC), in aqueous acetic acid mixtures of varying compositions in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTS) is first order in IFC and PTS. Michaelis-Menten type kinetics is observed with all of the anilines. The IFC oxidation of 15 meta- and para-substituted anilines at 299-322 K complies with the isokinetic relationship but not to any of the linear free energy relationships. The isokinetic temperature lies within the experimental range. The rate data failed to correlate with macroscopic solvent parameters such as relative permittivity, \(\varepsilon_r\), and ionizing power, Y, correlation of rate data with Kamlet-Taft solvatochromic parameters (hydrogen bond donor acidity, α, hydrogen bond acceptor basicity, β and dipolarity/polarizability, π*) is linear which suggests that the specific solute-solvent interactions play a dominating role in governing the reactivity. more...

Department of Chemistry, Gandhigram Rural University, Gandhigram-624 302, Tamilnadu, India E-mail : drkpelango@rediffmail.com Manuscript received 16 April 2008. revised 15 October 2008, accepted 27 October 2008 Substitution reactions of fourteen para- and meta-substituted anilines with benzenesulphonyl chloride in different mole fractions of propan-2-ol in 2-methylpropan-2-ol have been investigated conductometrically. The second order rate constants correlates satisfactorily with pKavalues of the anilines and also with the Hammett's substituent constant. The para-substituted anilines shows a satisfactory correlation with Charton's LDR equation. The results of these correlations indicate the formation of an electron deficient transition state. The rate data correlate satisfactorily with macroscopic solvent parameters such as relative permittivity, єr and polarity, ETN. Multiple correlation analysis of the rate data via Kamlet-Taft's solvatochromic parameters reveals that the solvent dipolarity/polarizability plays a dominant role in governing the reactivity. more...

Department of Chemistry, Gandhigram Rural University, Gandhigram-624 302, Tami!r.adu, India . E-mail : drkpelango@rediffmail.com Manuscript received 28 May 2007, revised 10 September 2007, accepted 19 September 2007 Substitution reactions of eleven para- and meta-substituted anilines with benzenesulphonyl chloride in different mole fractions of benzene in 2-rnethylpropan-2-ol have been investigated. conduclornetrically. The second order rate constants don't corrclate either with pKa values of the anilines or with the Hammett's and its modified equations. The para·substituted anilines shows a satisfactory correlation with Charton's LDR equation and the results indicate the formation of an electron deficient transition state. The rate data correlate satisfactorily with macroscopic solvent parameters such asrelative permittivity, єr, and polarity, ETN. Multiple correlation analysis of the rate data via Kamlet-Taft's solvatochromic parameters reveals that the solvent hydrogen bond donor property plays a dominant role in governing the reactivity. more...

Department of Chemistry, Gandhigram Rural Institute (Deemed University), Gandhigram-624 302, Tamilnadu, India E-mail : drkpelango@rediffmail.com Manuscript received 19 October 2005. revised 20 June 2006, accepted 7 July 2006 Mechanistic studies on the oxidation of 15 para- and meta-substituted anilines by nicotinium dichromate in water-acetic acid medium of varying mole fractions have been performed. The reaction can be characterized by the experimental rate equation, \(x = {-b[oxidizing agent]{} \over dt}\)=\(x = {-Kk [Kk [substrate] [HCrO-4] {} \over (1 + K [substratel])}\) The addition of \(p\)-toluenesulfonic acid enhances the reaction. The oxidation substituted anllines at 299-322 K complies with the isokinetic relationship but not to any of the linear free energy relationships, the isokinetic temperature lies within the experimental range. Correlation of rate data with Kamlet-Taft solvatochromic parameters (α, β, π*) suggests that the specific solute-solvent interactions play a major role in governing the reactivity. more...