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Hierarchical fuzzy modeling using fuzzy neural networks (FNN) is one of the effective approaches for modeling of nonlinear systems. Decision of antecedent structures of fuzzy models of nonlinear systems is made possible by a combination of FNN and genetic algorithm (GA). The disadvantage of this fuzzy modeling method is that the learning of FNN is time consuming. This paper presents an efficient fuzzy modeling method using simple fuzzy inference. The results of fuzzy modeling are heavily dependent on evaluation criteria. This paper also studies effects of evaluation criteria for the decision of the antecedent structure. Numerical experiments are done.

The frequency of the HLA-DR4-DQ4 haplotype (DRB1(*)0405-DQA1(*)0302-DQB1(*)0401) is significantly increased in Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and DRB1(*)0405-binding peptide motifs were identified in our previous studies. To clarify the DQ4-binding peptide motifs, the primary structure of DQ4-binding peptides was determined by affinity-based selection of a phage random peptide library. Analog peptides of a high-affinity DQ4 binder revealed that two major anchors (VxxxxxxxR; where x is any amino acid) play an essential role in binding to DQ4. The affinity of synthetic VAAAAAAAR-based analog peptides showed that substituting V to W, G, L, I, M, P, F, Y or A and R to H, M, L, I or V allows binding. The involvement of the ninth residue of the peptides, especially Arg, was critical for high-affinity binding. In comparison with other class II-binding peptide motifs reported to date, peptide motifs for DQ4 were unique, in that Gly and Pro are allowed as low-affinity N-terminal anchors. Interestingly, 94 putative DQ4-binding motifs were detected in the human type II collagen molecule, since it is composed of (Gly-X1-X2)n and is rich in R and P at positions X2. However, no significant differences were observed between the affinities of the collagen-derived peptides with DR or DQ molecules of RA-susceptible DR4-DQ4 and with those of non-susceptible DR4-DQ8 (DRB1(*)0406-DQA1(*)0301-DQB1(*)0302) haplotypes, indicating that the susceptibility to RA is not a simple immune response gene phenomenon specific to collagen. The immunogenetic implications of the unique peptide motifs for DQ are discussed.

Genetic manipulation of somatic cells may be of therapeutic value in a variety of infectious diseases, particularly in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Stable insertion of "resistance genes" into cells, susceptible to HIV, could reduce the viral burden in infected individuals and potentially retard the characteristic progressive immune dysfunction. Alternatively, ectopic expression of genes that encode viral antigens, might induce potent antiviral immune responses and form the basis for novel prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines. While laboratory studies have proved that the approach works in principle, preclinical and clinical studies will be necessary to evaluate the therapeutic benefits of such gene-based therapies. Currently, more than 400 patients have already been treated by this innovative therapeutic strategy in the US. In Japan, the Expert Committee on Gene therapy was set up in the council on Science and the Public Health and Welfare in 1991. Recently, gene therapy for ADA has been approved. It is thought that the first gene therapy against HIV infection in Japan is not far away.

The effects of continuous oral administration of antibiotics in mice were investigated. Sulfamerazine, ampicillin, and chlortetracycline were tested at a rate of 500 mg/L of drinking water. Mice were infected by intranasal inoculation with 10(6) bacilli of the SMR strain of cilia-associated respiratory (CAR) bacillus. The mice were treated with the antibiotics starting 1 week before, 1 week after, or 4 weeks after the inoculation, for 5, 3, or 4 weeks respectively, then were examined. The infected mice lost body weight, and this loss was prevented or regained by all of the antibiotic treatments. Serologically no antibodies were detectable in the mice administered sulfamerazine starting 1 week before the inoculation. Mice administered sulfamerazine starting 1 week after the inoculation and ampicillin or chlortetracycline starting 1 week before or after the inoculation yielded a low titer of antibodies compared with nontreated infected mice. Mice administered antibiotics starting 4 weeks after the inoculation yielded the same titer of antibodies as nontreated infected mice. No pathologic respiratory tract lesions were observed in mice administered sulfamerazine starting 1 week before the inoculation. Mice administered sulfamerazine starting 1 week after the inoculation or ampicillin starting 1 week before or after the inoculation had slight peribronchitis without CAR bacillus colonization. Mice administered chlortetracycline, starting either 1 week before or after inoculation, developed peribronchitis, with colonization of the bacillus on the airway mucosa. In mice medicated starting 4 weeks after the inoculation, respiratory tract lesions developed, but their severity was reduced. The airway mucosa in mice treated with chlortetracycline was associated with the CAR bacillus but not in mice treated with sulfamerazine and ampicillin. These findings suggest that prevention and eradication of CAR bacillus infection is possible by treatment with sulfamerazine.

A 59-year-old man underwent CABG with left internal thoracic artery (LITA) to the first diagonal branch and saphenous vein graft (SVG) to the right coronary artery (RCA). Pump off was quite uneventful, but re-anastomosis was done because bypass graft flow measured before the closure of chest was 6 ml/min, which was most likely due to sclerotic right coronary artery and technical error. After re-anastomosis, bypass flow of SVG to RCA was measured 95 ml/min. Root mean square total (RMST) immediately after aortic declamp for the first time was 39% compared with that measured prior to operation, but improved to 49% after aortic declamp at the second time. It recovered to 127% 2 days after operation, and 137% at 7th postoperative day. RMST indicates the total electropotential per unit time from the beginning to the end of QRS. It has the specificity to predict VT and postoperative pump failure. In this case, it is suspected that RMST may be a predictor that revascularization would be complete or incomplete in operations for ischemic heart disease.

From 1990 to 1992, we surveyed 14,438 Japanese high school students from nine prefectures on drinking behavior. Based on this survey, we developed a new Quantity-Frequency Scale (QF Scale) for adolescent problem drinking. Each adolescent is scored from 0 to 6 by the QF Scale, which is composed of scores of drinking quantities and frequencies. Adolescents were assessed as normal adolescent, drinkers and problem drinkers by QF Scale scores. The normal adolescent (score 0) categorized by the QF Scale drinks none or little and obeys the Law Prohibiting Adolescents from Drinking. The drinker (score 1-3) categorized by the QF Scale drinks at least several times a year, but drinks little each time. The problem drinker (score 4-6) categorized by the QF Scale drinks several times a week and has at least two drink (1 drink is equivalent to a glass of beer) each time, once a week with at least 3 drinks, or once or twice a month with at least 6 drinks each time. The problem drinkers show a physical, psychological and social high risk for alcohol. The validity of the QF Scale was examined. The results showed that the problem drinkers had significantly frequent blackout, significantly frequent drinking when they had emotional conflicts or they were alone, and drank significantly more hard liquor than the drinkers and normal adolescents. Among the high school students surveyed, 39.5% were normal adolescents, 43.2% were drinkers and 17.4% were problem drinkers. In conclusion, the QF Scale is a useful instrument for assessment of adolescent problem drinking.

delta-Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) is the second enzyme in the heme biosynthetic pathway and catalyzes two molecules of delta-aminolevulinate (ALA), which is a potent agonist for GABA autoreceptors. ALAD has two common alleles and thus consists of three distinct isozymes, designated 1-1, 1-2, and 2-2. It has been shown recently that ALAD1 allele is associated with alcoholic liver injury. This association was ascribed to possible differences among isozymes in sensitivity to oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and this sensitivity is increased in erythrocytes of alcoholic patients. In the present study we measured erythrocyte ALAD activity from subjects with different ALAD genotype and found ALAD-1 is most sensitive to GSSG. We then investigated allele frequencies of ALAD in alcoholics (n = 126) and healthy controls (n = 115). For the control group, the frequencies were 0.94 (ALAD1) and 0.06 (ALAD2) and for the overall alcoholic group, 0.91 (ALAD1) and 0.09 (ALAD2). There were no significant differences in allele frequencies at the ALAD locus between the two groups. Subtyping the alcoholics according to the presence or absence of delirium tremens, hallucinosis, withdrawal seizure or liver cirrhosis failed to show statistically significant differences in the allele frequencies. We conclude that our data do not support the evidence of an allelic association between the ALAD1 and alcoholism.

This article describes trends in application of various imaging technology in surgical planning, navigation, and computer aided surgery. Imaging information is essential factor for simulation in medicine. It includes three dimensional (3D) image reconstruction, neuro-surgical navigation, creating substantial model based on 3D imaging data and etc. These developments depend mostly on 3D imaging technique, which is much contributed by recent computer technology. 3D imaging can offer new intuitive information to physician and surgeon, and this method is suitable for mechanical control. By utilizing simulated results, we can obtain more precise surgical orientation, estimation, and operation. For more advancement, automatic and high speed recognition of medical imaging is being developed.

Seven thousand three hundred seventy-six sudden or violent manner of deaths were inspected or autopsied at Tokyo Metropolitan Medical Examiner's Office in 1989. Out of these victims, 693 (9.4%) victims were regarded as heavy drinkers on the basis of the drinking habits and the autopsy reports and 196 (2.7%) victims without past problem drinking were thought to be drunk at death from the family statements or the blood alcohol analysis. The total 889 (12.1%) alcohol-related cases (autopsy was performed on the 489 cases) were studied from epidemiological and etiological viewpoints. The average age of the alcohol-related victims (male: 811, female: 78) was 52 +/- 11 years. In middle-aged (45-54 years) men, 34% of the all sudden or violent deaths were alcohol-related. About half of the alcohol-related victims were living alone and jobless and they often died at home, particularly in the bed. In the alcohol-related victims, the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) analysis revealed that the average BAC of female was significantly higher than that of male. (2.12 +/- 1.73 mg/ml vs. 1.33 +/- 1.75, P0.01). This difference may be associated with sex difference in ethanol metabolism, body composition and drinking habits. Among the major causes of the alcohol-related deaths, alcoholic liver diseases accounted for 226 (25%), gastro-intestinal bleedings for 115 (13%), cardiovascular diseases for 105 (12%) and violent deaths (e.g., acute alcohol intoxication, falls, traffic accidents, suicide) for 329 (37%). By histopathological examination of the liver, about 30% of the alcoholic liver disease cases showed mainly fatty metamorphosis and 48% showed liver cirrhosis. Only 12% of the cirrhotics had either jaundice or ascites, suggesting hepatic failure. Alcoholic cardiomyopathy was suspected in only 11 cases. In conclusion, many people, particularly middle-aged men, lose their lives due to heavy drinking and there are many pathologically unexplainable sudden deaths of alcoholics.

It is not well known how the formation of styrene by microorganisms can occur in foods. In this study, we described and characterized the production of styrene by a yeast isolated from chikuwa fish paste. The styrene was not detected in fresh and normal food products nor in the food package's plastic film. The food containing styrene contained cinnamic acid as an antimicrobial agent and spice, and it was contaminated by 5.4 x 10(6) CFU of a yeast per gram. On the basis of morphological and biochemical features, the yeast isolated was determined to be a strain of Pichia carsonii, now designated strain CHI. Strain CHI, which was able to grow on cinnamic acid, had the ability to form styrene from trans-cinnamic acid via trans-p-coumaric and caffeic acids. The MIC of trans-cinnamic acid against strain CHI was 230 micrograms/ml. Strain CHI thrived well at pH 5.0 and 26.0 degrees C and was tolerant to 20% NaCl. Styrene was subsequently produced in ground fish meat containing cinnamic acid into which strain CHI had been inoculated. The yeast was found to be an environmental contaminant in food processing plants of the chikuwa manufacturer.

The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is the late-stage clinical manifestation of long-term persistent infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Immune responses directed against the virus and against virus-infected cells during the persistent infection fail to mediate resolution of the infection. As a result, a successful AIDS vaccine must elicit an immune state that will prevent the establishment of the persistent infection following introduction of the virus into the host. The third hypervariable (V3) domain of the HIV-1 gp120 envelope glycoprotein is a disulphide-linked closed loop of about 30 amino acids which binds and elicits anti-HIV-1 type-specific virus-neutralizing antibodies. The in vitro characteristics of anti-V3 domain antibody suggest that this antibody could by itself prevent HIV-1 infection in vivo, an idea supported by chimpanzee challenge studies in which protection against the HIV-1 persistent infection seemed to correlate with the presence of anti-V3 domain antibody. Here we directly demonstrate the protective efficacy of anti-V3 domain antibody in vivo and propose that this antibody is potentially useful as both a pre- and post-exposure prophylactic agent.

In Japan, an increase in the consumption of alcohol by young people has been noted. This survey on drinking problems was performed on 1062 students of second year high school in 1990 using the Adolescent Alcohol Involvement Scale (AAIS). The results revealed that among all of the survey subjects of both sexes, 21.4% were abstainers, 4.2% normal adolescents, 60.9% non-problem drinkers, 12.6% alcohol misusers and 0.9% alcoholic-like drinkers. A high alcohol consumption rate and high percentages of those with drinking problems were observed among high school students. Students who used other addictive substances (i.e., smoking or thinner inhalation) reported significantly higher AAIS scores than those who didn't. Similarly high mean AAIS scores were found among students with family problems such as drinking parents or broken homes than those without this problem. Alcohol misusers and alcoholic-like drinkers accounted for 14.2% of males and 12.7% of females. In a survey performed 10 years previously on high school students, no alcoholic-like drinkers were found and only 1% were alcohol misusers. These results indicated that problem drinkers have dramatically increased among Japanese high school students in the last 10 years.

The immunological and virological status of three hemophiliacs infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) was monitored for 11 months. One of these patients was also infected with human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), and HIV-1 could be isolated only from this patient among the three subjects. The doubly infected subject had the fewest T4 (helper) lymphocytes and the highest proportion of T8 lymphocytes with DR human leukocyte antigens (DR-Ag). The serum level of HIV-1 antigen increased in this patient during the observation period, and this increase was accompanied by a decrease in the proportion of DR-Ag-positive cells among the T8 lymphocytes. This patient was treated with 800 mg of zidovudine daily for 50 days. With treatment, the nonspecific clinical symptoms improved and the proportions of DR-Ag positive cells among the T8 lymphocytes decreased. Serum levels of HIV-1 antigen decreased immediately when therapy was started but later increased during therapy. In persons infected with both HTLV-1 and HIV-1, HIV-1 seems to proliferate readily.

application/pdf, Codoping of boron (B) and phosphorus (P) atoms was performed during the synthesis of silicon nanowires (SiNWs) by laser ablation. The observation of a local vibrational mode of B clearly showed B doping in codoped SiNWs, while Fano broadening due to heavy B doping disappeared, indicating compensation by P donors. The electrospin resonance signal of conduction electrons also disappeared due to compensation by B acceptors. These results indicate that codoping of B and P atoms was achieved in SiNWs during laser ablation.

A valveless, single-orifice counterpulsation device powered by skeletal muscle was applied to the pulmonary artery for right heart assist. Latissimus dorsi muscles of six dogs had been electrically conditioned for four months in advance (Group 1); the muscles of eight dogs were not preconditioned (Group 2). A polyvinyl chloride balloon was placed beneath the latissimus dorsi muscle and connected to the left pulmonary artery using a noncollapsing graft. Latissimus dorsi muscle was paced synchronously to the cardiac cycle to produce pulmonary artery diastolic augmentation. Percent changes in diastolic augmentation pressure (% DAP) in the main PA was measured. Percent DAP after 180 min assistance was 91 +/- 10% in Group 1, whereas it decreased to 17 +/- 12% in Group 2 (p less than 0.001). These results demonstrate that electrically conditioned skeletal muscle is effective as a power source in right heart assist.

application/pdf, Phosphorus (P) doping was performed during the synthesis of silicon nanowires (SiNWs) by laser ablation. At least three types of signals were observed by electron spin resonance (ESR) at 4.2 K. Phosphorus doping into substitutional sites of crystalline Si in SiNWs was demonstrated by the detection of an ESR signal with a g value of 1.998, which corresponds to conduction electrons in crystalline Si, and by an energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy spectrum of the P Kalpha line. The ESR results also revealed the presence of defects. These defects were partially passivated by hydrogen and oxygen atoms.

Ten strains of Escherichia coli isolated from 10 travellers with sporadic diarrhea who were returning to Tokyo, Japan, from abroad were found to be of serotype O121:NM and were positive in the Serény test for invasiveness; this suggests that this serotype can cause a shigellosis-like illness in humans. The E. coli O121:NM strains were positive in the cell invasion test in HeLa cells. Analysis of the plasmid content of these strains showed that they contained a high-molecular-mass plasmid of 120 to 140 MDa which has been associated with invasiveness and were positive in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of the virulence plasmid-encoded proteins of Shigella spp. and enteroinvasive E. coli.

We report the ultraviolet (UV) electro-luminescence (EL) of highly purified polysilanes at low temperatures (below 210 K) for the first time. We observed a sharp EL band in highly purified polydihexylsilane (PDHS) thin film at 3.35 eV (370 nm) which is attributed to the radiative decay of the 1Bu exciton state. The decrease of the EL quantum yield at high temperature is attributed to the thermally activated fluctuation of the Si backbone configuration. We also report the phosphorescence spectrum of the PDHS thin film observed at 4.2 K.

Propagation characteristics of hydromagnetic waves in a cold plasma mixed with a hot plasma under a uniform static magnetic field are investigated. The existence of cold plasma seriously affects the polarization properties of the waves. The results are applied to the interpretation of Pcl and Pc5 with righthand polarizations guided along the geomagnetic field line.

IMF sector effects on the polar geomagnetic field, particularly in winter, are examined with a use of the geomagnetic data from 13 northern and 6 southern high-latitude geomagnetic stations. Detailed behavior of the winter reversal of the sector effects near 70° invariant latitude is investigated. A method to improve the sector estimation from geomagnetic data is suggested, and formation of the winter reversal is briefly discussed, taking electric-field propagations along field lines from the summer hemisphere as well as upward and downward field-aligned electric current effects into consideration.

The mean electromotive force perpendicular to the mean current (Radler effect) by random hydromagnetic waves in a collisionless plasma is derived. The results are applied to the field-aligned currents in the Earth's magnetotail. It is shown that the Radler-effect electric field is large enough to give the observed value of the field-aligned currents and can be identified as a possible source for the field-aligned currents.

In the low-latitude ionospheric F2-region the electron density distribution is affected by E × B drift and neutral wind as well as by production and loss processes and diffusion. At Jicamarca, Peru (dip angle, 2°), the daily variation of the measured vertical drift velocity undergoes changes in amplitude and phase between the December and June solstices. Incorporating models of the observed vertical drift velocity, the electron density as a function of latitude and local time is theoretically calculated by solving the time dependent plasma continuity equation. In this study the effects of east-west drift are specifically ignored. The results are compared with ionosonde observations at Huancayo, Peru (dip angle, 1°), and Tucuman, Argentina (dip angle, −22°), to determine the extent to which seasonal differences in the drift velocity can account for the seasonal differences in the maximum electron density, NmF2, measured at these two stations. Solving the equations with and without a neutral wind, it is found that at Huancayo the seasonal differences in NmF2 are caused primarily by the differences in E × B drift and only secondarily by neutral wind and production processes. At Tucuman, both E × B drift and neutral wind play important roles in accounting for the seasonal differences. Between the hours of 1200 and 1900 LT for both solstitial periods the meridional neutral wind must be blowing poleward to achieve good agreement between calculated and observed NmF2 values.

The objective of this study was to elucidate the cellular mechanism of IgE nonresponse to the Cryptomeria japonica (Japanese cedar) pollen antigen (CPAg), which was shown in our previous study to be HLA-linked (1). We established an assay system for the measurement of small amounts of anti-CPAg IgE antibody, both in an antigen-specific and isotype-specific manner, and a culture system to induce antigen-driven IgE antibody synthesis in vitro. By using these methods, we clarified that the function of the HLA-DR molecule in the CPAg-driven IgE response is similar to that of I-A or I-E molecule in mice, namely the product of immune response genes (Ir-genes), because anti-HLA-DR monoclonal antibody blocked the response, and the interaction between monocyte and monocyte-depleted peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) to respond to CPAg was restricted by HLA-DR. Furthermore, PBL from nonresponders revealed a specific IgE response to CPAg when the Leu-2+3- T cell fraction was depleted, thereby suggesting that even nonresponders have Leu-2-3+ T cell and B cell clones specific for CPAg, and they apparently show no response due to the presence of CPAg-specific Leu-2+3- suppressor T cells. This suppressor T cell fraction abolished the IgE response of the autologous B + monocyte + Leu-2-3+ T cell in a CPAg-specific manner. The current cellular analysis together with our previous genetic analysis strongly suggest that the HLA-linked IgE nonresponse to CPAg is mediated by CPAg-specific suppressor T cells. The HLA-linked gene controlling the nonresponsiveness to CPAg is thus designated as the immune suppression gene for CPAg (Is-CPAg). Mapping of Is-CPAg within HLA-DQ subregion is discussed.

Gd-Co films which have uniaxial magnetic anisotropy perpendicular to the film plane are prepared by the rf-sputtering technique. The transverse Hall effect and the planar Hall effect are studied on these films. Results obtained show that the transverse Hall effect is much larger than the planar one in these films. It is also found that the extraordinary Hall effect plays a dominant role in the transverse Hall effect. At the compensation temperature the polarity of the Hall voltage is reversed. The hysteresis loop of the Hall characteristic corresponds to the M-H loop observed by the Kerr magneto-optic effect.

The level of the mid-latitude geomagnetic northward component on quiet days in northern summer is observed to decrease or to increase by about 5 γ, depending on whether the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) is directed predominantly toward or away from the sun. This effect produces about a 4° equatorward or poleward shift of the Sq current focus location. A simple method to determine the IMF polarities based on the effect is suggested.

Hydroperoxy derivatives of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) can be separated from their respective phospholipids by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). However, ultraviolet absorption due to conjugated diene cannot detect the hydroperoxy group. In this work, an electrochemical (EC) detector was first applied to the analysis of hydroperoxy phospholipids. Both the PC and PE hydroperoxides from rat liver were reduced quantitatively by the glassy carbon electrode at -300 mV vs Ag/AgCl. Since neither the hydroxy derivatives nor unoxidized phospholipids showed any response, it would seem this technique can be used to distinguish phospholipid hydroperoxides from their hydroxy derivatives. Thus, the reverse phase HPLC-EC detection method is proposed for the specific analysis of hydroperoxy phospholipids in biological tissues.

Wind velocities at 140 to 200 km altitude were observed by a low-g accelerometer calibration system (LOGACS) flown on an Agena satellite during a geomagnetic storm. An interesting wind reversal observed by the satellite at auroral latitudes is satisfactorily explained by the neutral air motion caused by the E x B drift deduced from the ground-based geomagnetic data recorded at stations near the meridian of the satellite orbit.

The ionospheric storm of 4–5 August 1972 is analyzed using data from 35 middle and low latitude ionospheric stations and 7 magnetic stations in the Asia-Australia-Pacific longitude sector. The largest ionospheric and geomagnetic disturbances were both observed in the mid-Pacific. Strong upward electrodynamic drifts occurred in the western Pacific during the initial phase of the storm. True-height profiles of electron density in the Pacific area show that the ionosphere was raised during the first several hours after the geomagnetic storm sudden commencement, that large variations later occurred in the mid-Pacific, possibly caused by wave-like thermospheric winds, and that the F -layer was reduced in density and raised in height during the main phase of the storm on the following day. Synoptic pictures of the variations in foF 2 are presented, showing that electron density enhancements occurred during the storm initial phase in the western Pacific at middle latitudes, peaking in the 20°–45° geomagnetic latitude range, and becoming density deficits during the storm main phase. The observed variations are interpreted in terms of possible physical mechanisms.

Temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity and the galvanomagnetic effect for amorphous rare earth-transition metal ferrimagnetic films between 1.5K and 700K has been studied. Thc absolute value of resistivity is about 270-400 μΩ·cm and the temperature coefficient of resistivity is negative and 10-4/K for Fe alloys and 10-5/K for Co alloys. The temperature characteristic of resistivity is divided into two regions. The logarithmic temperature dependence is dominant from 1.5K to 35K and the square dependence from 50K to 340K. The logarithmic temperature dependence disappears after annealing (1/2 hour at 700K). The square dependence is characterized by the resistivity minimum at about 340K.The transverse magnetoresistance effect decreases with increasing temperature and exhibits the minimum value near the compensation temperature. The electrical resistivity changes about 2.5% and the magnetoresistance effect about 0.01% over the range from 4.2K to 300K. This result shows that the number of domain walls makes very small contribution to the temperature dependence of

Stripe domains and bubble domains are observed in Gd-Co sputtered films. The domain patterns are different from one another for different preparation conditions. In this paper, preparation conditions and some properties of Gd-Co films, namely the domain pattern observed by the polar Kerr magneto-optic effect and the M-H loops measured by the Kerr and the Hall effect, are reported. The temperature dependence of the M-H loop is studied about the compensation temperature. The properties of Gd-Co sputtered films are discussed not only for bubble domain but also for thermomagnetic application.

An estimate of the global-scale joule heating rates in the thermosphere is made based on derived global equivalent overhead electric current systems in the dynamo region during geomagnetically quiet and disturbed periods. The total neutral gas heating rate due to joule dissipation is proportional to the Pedersen conductivity and the square of the total electric field perpendicular to the geomagnetic field line. The equivalent total electric field distribution is calculated from Ohm's law as applied to the dynamo region using the equivalent overhead currents estimated from geomagnetic data and the components of the two-dimensional conductivity tensor determined from global empirical models of the electron and neutral gas number density distributions. The global-scale joule heating rates are calculated for various monthly average periods in 1965. The calculated joule heating rates maximize at high latitudes in the early evening and postmidnight sectors. During geomagnetically quiet times the daytime joule heating rates are considerably lower than heating by solar EUV radiation. However, during geomagnetically disturbed periods the estimated joule heating rates increase by an order of magnitude and can locally exceed the solar EUV heating rates. The results show that joule heating is an important and at times the dominant energy source at high latitudes. However, the global mean joule heating rates calculated near solar minimum are generally small compared to the global mean solar EUV heating rates.

Ogo 4 measurements of the UV equatorial airglow made during a period which included a major magnetic storm are analyzed and used as an indicator of wind direction and velocity as well as ExB drift magnitude and phase. Some features of the airglow intensity and distribution are explained in terms of storm-induced changes in vertical drift velocity, neutral composition, or both. The observations are shown to be consistent with an eastward neutral wind that transports ionization from the Southern to the Northern Hemisphere while raising the F layer in the South and lowering it in the North. Theoretical modeling of the low-latitude F-region ionosphere indicates that an eastward wind with velocity approaching 300 m/s at 2100 LT can qualitatively produce the observed hemispheric asymmetries in airglow emission rates.

Equivalent ionospheric current systems representing IMF sector effects on the geomagnetic field in high latitudes are examined for each of the twelve calendar months by spherical harmonic analyses of geomagnetic hourly data at 13 northern polar stations for seven years. The main feature of obtained equivalent current systems includes circular currents at about 80° invariant latitude mostly in the daytime in summer and reversed circular currents at about 70° invariant latitude mainly at night in winter. Field-aligned current distributions responsible for equivalent currents, as well as vector distributions of electric fields and ionospheric currents, are approximated numerically from current functions of equivalent current systems by taking assumed distributions of the ionospheric conductivity. Two sets of upward and downward field-aligned current pairs in the auroral region, and also a field-aligned current region near the pole show seasonal variations. Also, ionospheric electric-field propagation along geomagnetic field lines from the summer hemisphere to the winter hemisphere with auroral Hall-conductivity effects may provide an explanation for the winter reversal of sector effects.