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This commentary is in response to “Commentary on Cues to Care: future directions for ecological landscapes” (Nassauer 2020) that stated there were “errors and apparent misunderstanding” of Cues to Care (CTC) in a published perspectives article (Hostetler in Urban Ecosyst 24:11–19, 2021). This perspectives article reviewed CTC studies that explored landscaping designs and maintenance practices needed to meet aesthetic expectations for managed urban and rural landscapes. I write this commentary to state that there were no misunderstandings of CTC by (Hostetler in Urban Ecosyst 24:11–19, 2021) and reiterate ways to conduct future CTC studies in order to create more sustainable landscapes.

The dendrometric characteristics are functions of tree age and ecological growth conditions. On relatively small areas of homogeneous sites, the stand age structure and the phytosocial interaction between the trees are the major factors influencing the stand characteristics. We hypothesise that the correlation between the basic dendrometric variables and tree age can be used as a yardstick discriminating silvopastoral oak woods from silvicultural stands managed for timber. The tree age, diameter at breast height (DBH), and height (H) were determined in 14 silvopastoral oak woods in the East Carpathian region, which were compared to the respective forest inventory data of 31 silvicultural oak stands. The correlation between DBH, H and their ratio – the slenderness index (si) and age of oaks – were very weak and insignificant compared to the conspicuous age effect on the dendrometric features in the forestry-grown stands, which can be explained by a more complex development dynamics and spatial structure of silvopastoral woods. The study implies that the habitat conditions and processes related to traditional husbandry are better harmonised with the intrinsic oak ecological adaptations than modern silvicultural treatments. Therefore, we advise to promote the revival of silvopastoralism in the Carpathian region as a cost-efficient way of perpetuating the rural ‘oakscape’, an outstanding bio-cultural landscape asset. Keywords: slenderness index, height-diameter, oak, cultural landscape, agroforestry, cattle grazing, wood-pastures

UIDB/04209/2020 UIDP/04209/2020 Este texto é sobre transformação da paisagem e seus impactos societais no Sul de Portugal. O enfoque empírico é centrado numa micro-região do Norte Alentejano, confinante com os concelhos de Alter do Chão e Crato. Apresentam-se aqui resultados preliminares de uma investigação (em curso) sobre memórias da ruralidade e(m) contextos de transformação paisagística motivados pela instalação no território de um olival (super)intensivo. A abordagem metodológica envolve pesquisa documental e pesquisa etnográfica exploratória. This text is about landscape transformation and its societal impacts in Southern Portugal. The empirical focus is centered on a micro-region of the North Alentejo, bordering the municipalities of Alter do Chão and Crato. The paper presents preliminary results of an (ongoing) investigation on memories of rurality and (m) contexts of landscape transformation motivated by the installation in the territory of a (super) intensive olive grove. The methodological approach involves documentary research and exploratory ethnographic research. publishersversion published

2020.01697.CEECIND UIDB/00749/2020 UIDP/00749/2020 UIDB/04059/2020 El Vale de Galegos (Castelo de Vide) conserva un paisaje de penillanura con numerosos afloramientos graníticos donde se documentan sepulturas excavadas en la roca, normalmente individualizadas, en ocasiones formando conjuntos de dos o tres ejemplares. Estos sepulcros son la evidencia más representativa del periodo altomedieval en el territorio, aunque también son frecuentes los vestigios en superficie que revelan la presencia de espacios productivos y habitacionales, como pesos de lagar, alineamientos pétreos y dispersión de material cerámico. La existencia de una vía con un claro protagonismo en la articulación del poblamiento de la zona hace de este un territorio idóneo para el estudio de las comunidades campesinas de la Alta Edad Media. Proponemos aquí una reconstrucción de la ocupación rural altomedieval en el Vale de Galegos a partir de los resultados obtenidos en las campañas de prospección y excavación durante el proyecto PramCV. Defendemos la idea de que en este territorio se observa un modelo de poblamiento disperso, pero no aislado, en el que los sepulcros rupestres muestran un claro vínculo con los espacios de los vivos. publishersversion published

Green infrastructure is an emerging approach to make cities sustainable, healthy and more liveable. Based on a strategically planned network of natural and semi-natural areas in urban, peri-urban and rural landscapes, green infrastructure aims to provide sustainable urban development and to link green and blue spaces at both urban and regional scales.

Landscape represents, for Massimo Quaini’s research activities and publications, a recurrent and growing focus: from early 70’s studies about rural landscapes of Liguria, to Hérodote/Italia, to later writings directly inquiring this concept and relating its fortune to ‘modernity crisis’, calling for grassroots action in order to reactivate local practices and knowledge, essential for developing landscape potentialities as a political project. This essay reflects upon publications and research experiences which contribute to define the specific legacy of Quaini as a landscape scholar, outlining a unique figure in the Italian context.

In the twentieth century, Japan produced an extraordinary documentary film heritage around the rural world which has not received sufficient attention. This article identifies three different approaches to the rural in Japanese film history: first, the wartime interest in place as providing an 'authentic essence' of a national identity. Second, the post-war representation of the rural in public relations films (PR eiga), mainly interested in geography. And third, the release of Ogawa's Summer in Sanrizuka in 1968 which brought a new dimension to a countryside transformed into both a battlefield and an icon of the political protest of the era.

Understanding gendered spaces in natural resource utilisation is critical in correcting gender inequalities in rural landscapes of developing states and thus ensuring sustainable development. This paper, therefore explores gendered spaces in mopane worm and woodland utilisation in Bulilima district of Zimbabwe by analysing niches of: exploitation, temporal dimension and niches that are resource-specific. This paper utilised a cross–sectional exploratory multi-method research design. However, the qualitative approach dominated within this design. This design found practical expression through the use of both qualitative and quantitative techniques within a participatory framework. Taking this approach ensured methodological triangulation which was key in enhancing the validity of study findings. The quantitative dimensions of the study were elicited through a survey questionnaire whereas the qualitative dimensions involved the use of Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and Key Informant Interviews (KIIs). Results reveal that spaces where men and women interact, use and exert control over mopane resources are influenced by institutions that make them complex and fluid. The paper concludes that policies should target efforts that reinforce those institutions and spaces in which women assume leadership in natural resource governance in order to make 2030 Agenda a reality.

In Alice Cary’s Clovernook Sketches (volumes one and two) and in her three ghost stories published for the journal, The Ladies Repository, rural hauntings occur in the most mundane and unexpected situations. Homes are not seen as safe, nature is seen as a dark force, and relationships never thrive. The women need to negotiate the separate spheres between domestic and public, while the men are burdened by the world of commerce in the rural landscapes and in the encroaching cityscape, and the children cannot find solace at home, at work, or at play. There is no nostalgia for the past. Many chapters end with the death and burial of a protagonist and with the ghost of the departed returning in a truly grotesque manner.

This paper intends to propose an integrated methodology for reconstructing the rural landscape of Mongardino, a municipality in the cross-border area of the UNESCO Buffer Zone of the ‘Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont: Langhe-Roero and Monferrato’. A multi-source approach was established to detect land use changes that occurred in its dynamic agricultural mosaic from the 17th century to date and intuiting future land-use variations. Qualitative comparisons have combined literature, historical maps from archives, repeated photo- and postcard-based research, statistical dataset interpretations and WebGIS surveys. This research has delineated the significance of historical studies to detect and interpret current matrices of change and build an enhanced comprehension of the evolutionary trajectories of a wine-growing landscape over time. Findings reveal that changes do not follow administrative boundaries but rather linear, non-linear, external and internal dynamics that are local and context-dependent. On the one hand, no asymmetries or prevailing trends have been found between the areas encompassed or not in the UNESCO Buffer Zone. On the other hand, land-use and historical permanencies are detected as indicators of integrity and qualifying landscape elements upon which to build rural strategies and policies for local-based landscape planning and management.

The fast pace of work life has resulted in increased attention toward the rural landscape. Most research on rural landscapes has focused on visual preferences based on public consensus, but in-depth studies assessing a broad range of individual factors influencing visual and auditory preferences are still lacking. This study assessed the influence of 6 social/demographic/health factors and 7 visit-related factors on the preference for 11 visual and auditory elements of rural environments. Visit-related factors had a more significant impact on landscape preference than social/demographical/health factors. Length of stay was the most important factor, associated with 5 visual elements and 4 sounds. Females and older people showed greater preference for biological sounds. Thus, it is necessary to pay attention to the influence of individual factors on landscape preference and strengthen the support of rural internal and external environment to people���s needs to provide more rich and satisfying experiences in rural areas.

Nature-based solutions (NBS) are becoming increasingly important in both the EU and individual countries’ political agendas, as a sustainable means to reduce the risk posed by hydrometeorological hazards. However, as the use of NBS is increasing, a number of barriers regarding their practical implementation also become apparent. A number of review studies have summarized and classified barriers, mainly in urban settings. PHUSICOS is a Horizon 2020 Innovation Action to demonstrate the use of NBS in rural and mountain landscapes. Large-scale demonstrator case sites with several sub-projects are established in Italy, Norway and in the French and Spanish Pyrenees. The present paper describes the project’s NBS measures and their experienced barriers, some of which have resulted in full cancellation of the planned interventions. Many of the barriers experienced in rural settings have the same root causes as the ones described from urban areas, and the main barrier-creating mechanisms are institutional factors, resistance among stakeholders and technical and economic issues. The key element, however, is the lack of knowledge about the ability of NBS to deliver a series of co-benefits in addition to their risk-reducing effects and that long-term thinking is required to see the effect of many of these co-benefits.

Today, both territorial transformations and morphological changes in rural spaces raise some questions that can only be understood from a historical and systemic view. Canton Ambato has its own dynamics that make it a unique space in the country, as it has an economic system anchored to a local history that shows a basic social organization and a strong artisan and industrial productivity. However, the advance of urban logics over rural spaces puts at risk the conservation of these dynamics through the loss of material heritage. This article aims to highlight the changes in the patterns of rural housing as well as other buildings and their progressive replacement by contemporary architectural codes and patterns that contribute to the process of destructuring rural spaces, as well as urban-rural articulations. Likewise, it is intended to make visible the alternatives that the actors have to preserve their cultural capital while building themselves as a society in the midst of an accelerated process of urbanization. En la actualidad, tanto las transformaciones territoriales como los cambios morfológicos en los espacios rurales plantean algunas interrogantes que solo pueden ser comprendidas desde una visión histórica y sistémica. El Cantón Ambato posee dinámicas propias que hacen de él un espacio único en el país, al tener un sistema económico anclado a una historia local que da cuenta de una organización social de base y de una productividad artesanal e industrial fuerte. Sin embargo, el avance de las lógicas urbanas sobre los espacios rurales pone en riesgo la conservación de estas dinámicas a través de la pérdida del patrimonio material. El presente artículo tiene por objetivo poner en evidencia los cambios en los patrones de la vivienda rural y otras edificaciones y su progresivo remplazo por códigos y patrones arquitectónicos contemporáneos que contribuyen al proceso de desestructuración de los espacios rurales, así como de las articulaciones urbano rurales. De igual manera se pretende visibilizar las alternativas que poseen los actores para conservar su capital cultural al tiempo que se construyen como sociedad en medio de un acelerado proceso de urbanización.

Nature Based Solutions (NBS) are becoming increasingly important in both the EU and individual countries' political agendas, as a sustainable means to reduce the risk posed by hydrometeorological hazards. However, as the use of NBS is increasing, a number of barriers regarding their practical implementation also becomes apparent. A number of review studies have summarized and classified barriers, mainly in urban settings. PHUSICOS is a H2020 Innovation Action to demonstrate the use of NBS in rural and mountain landscapes. Large scale demonstrator case sites with several sub-projects are established in Italy, Norway and in the French and Spanish Pyrenees. The present paper describes the project's NBS measures, and their experienced barriers, some of which have resulted in full cancellation of the planned interventions. Many of the barriers experienced in rural settings have the same root causes as the ones described from urban areas, and the main barrier-creating mechanisms are institutional factors, resistance among stakeholders and technical and economic issues. The key element, however, is lack of knowledge about the ability of NBS to deliver a series of co-benefits in addition to their risk-reducing effects, and that long-term thinking is required to see the effect of many of these co-benefits.

The landscape is the result of a complex and dynamic system where natural and cultural factors interact, perceived in a particular way by each observer. In Southern Europe, this interaction is particularly complex due to a detailed mosaic of natural conditions and a long history of human occupation. This complexity has been accentuated in recent decades, by overlapping multiple functions in the landscape or a successive replacement of some functions by others, not known before. In the South the multiple landscape functions are not segregated in space and time, but overlap and interconnect in the same space and at the same time, reflecting a hybridity formerly related to agriculture and now related also to other uses of the landscape. Thus, to understand the landscape, the description and classification of the pattern of spatial elements proves to be insufficient. In this chapter we describe the multiple changes ongoing in Southern European rural landscapes and the drivers that need to be considered to understand such changes, ranging from that hybridity to urban-rural and local-global linkages. The chapter proposes adaptive conceptual models to interpret the ongoing changes and finishes by raising awareness to the complex drivers now at play, which require novel management paradigms, if the character of the landscape is to be preserved.

Islamic archaeology in Morocco has its roots in the colonial period and developed in concert with architectural and urban studies of the imperial cities of Fes, Marrakech, and Meknes. For many years, it remained the poor relation to classical archaeology, and it was only in the 1970s and 1980s that systematic excavations began at Islamic sites. Since then, there has been a significant rise in the number of projects and amount of evidence available for urban and rural sites, particularly between the 8th and 14th centuries, though many challenges remain in terms of funding, training, finds analysis, and the use of new scientific technologies. This chapter charts the development of Islamic archaeology and lays out the key developments in urban and rural archaeology and the study of material culture in Morocco.

North Africa played a pivotal part in the development of Islamic archaeology as a discipline through the important French excavations at the Qal’a of the Beni Hammad in Algeria in the late 19th century, one of the earliest excavations at an Islamic site by European archaeologists anywhere in the Islamic world. Despite this early promise, for most of the 20th century, the Islamic period was the preserve of art historians, with only a handful of small-scale excavations conducted at the spectacular palatial-cities, mosques, ribats, and fortresses of Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya. Since the 1990s, there has been a significant rise in the number of projects and amount of evidence available, as well as a new interest in revisiting old questions and models for the Islamic period. This chapter charts the development of Islamic archaeology and lays out the key scholarly debates in Ifriqiya and the central Maghreb, broadly understood as encompassing modern-day Tunisia, Algeria, and western coastal Libya.

This study adopts a choice modelling framework to disentangle individual preferences for rural landscape attributes based on the viewing of photographs of the Irish countryside. Using ordered logit and standard panel and pooled regression models, societal preferences are quantified for rural landscape attributes, grouped into natural, agricultural and human-built non-agricultural categories. The preferences of 430 individuals towards 50 rural landscape photographs are analysed. The results show positive preferences for landscapes with natural attributes such as cliffs, mountainous features, water and native trees, as well as preferences for neat/managed agricultural landscapes and traditional human-built features such as stone walls and planted hedgerows. The study shows negative preferences for features such as flooding, unmanaged landscapes, industrial turf cutting and mechanised features such as wind turbines. There is significant preference heterogeneity observed across the sample particularity across the urban-rural residency divide. It is argued that analysing preferences for specific attributes of landscapes rather than preferences for individual landscape photographs allows for further applications particularly in the area of simulation., Bio-based and Applied Economics, Vol. 9 No. 2 (2020): Economics of culture and food in evolving agri-food systems and rural areas

This issue of Via@ aims to explore the following question: What part do rural landscapes play in tourism development in South (India, Nepal) and Southeast Asia (Laos, Vietnam and China)? This question is addressed here in six articles written by researchers of five nationalities. In this introduction we outline the questions taken up in this special issue of the journal Via. The first angle of approach is to discern by whom, and for whom, the rural landscape is produced. This social co-produc...

With the development of emerging technologies, the three-dimensional virtual VR technology solves the problem that rural people can’t really feel the design effect in the design of rural landscapes, and is conducive to enhancing the level of village appearance and construction under the revitalization of rural areas. The construction of rural landscape environment uses VR technology to bring different sensory experiences to people. The emergence of VR technology has brought new changes to landscape design. In order to help the development of 3D virtual VR technology in the development of rural landscape environment, this article aims to use Three-dimensional virtual VR technology is used to construct a rural landscape environment.

[EN] After developing a systematic analysis of the vernacular phenomenon in different disciplines, this paper presents a flexible model to understand the multiple factors and the different degrees of vernacularity behind the many processes that lead to the generation of material culture. The conceptual model offers an open, polythetic and integrative approach to the vernacular by assuming that it operates in different dimensions (temporal, socio-political, sociological, locational, epistemological, procedural, economic and functional), and that the many attributes or characteristics included in those dimensions are all relevant but not strictly necessary. The model is intended to facilitate a more methodical and rigorous connection between the vernacular concept and contemporary discourses on sustainability, resilience, globalization, governance, and rural-urban development. In addition, and due to its transdisciplinary character, the model will enable the development of comparative studies within and between a wide range of fields (architecture, landscape studies, design, planning and geography). A prospective analysis of the use of the model in rural landscapes reveals its potential to mediate between the protective approach that has characterized official planning during the last decades and emergent approaches that advocate the reinterpretation of the vernacular as a new form to generate new collective identities and to reconnect people and place.

After developing a systematic analysis of the vernacular phenomenon in different disciplines, this paper presents a flexible model to understand the multiple factors and the different degrees of vernacularity behind the many processes that lead to the generation of material culture. The conceptual model offers an open, polythetic and integrative approach to the vernacular by assuming that it operates in different dimensions (temporal, socio-political, sociological, locational, epistemological, procedural, economic and functional), and that the many attributes or characteristics included in those dimensions are all relevant but not strictly necessary. The model is intended to facilitate a more methodical and rigorous connection between the vernacular concept and contemporary discourses on sustainability, resilience, globalization, governance, and rural-urban development. In addition, and due to its transdisciplinary character, the model will enable the development of comparative studies within and between a wide range of fields (architecture, landscape studies, design, planning and geography). A prospective analysis of the use of the model in rural landscapes reveals its potential to mediate between the protective approach that has characterized official planning during the last decades and emergent approaches that advocate the reinterpretation of the vernacular as a new form to generate new collective identities and to reconnect people and place.

In Chapter 5, Morton and Bradley widen the view on non-pharmaceutical interventions in rural areas by considering how those dwelling within rural landscapes and communities (rather than visiting them in order to consume rurality) interact with non-pharmaceutical interventions. They do so by considering two case studies from rural Scotland – a nature on prescription programme and an outdoor cycling programme. The case studies are used in order to illustrate and discuss how services can utilise natural capital in rural areas but also issues relating to accessibility, challenges, successes, costs, benefits, and barriers.

Multifunctional agriculture (MFA) has attracted increased attention from academics and policymakers in recent years. Academic researchers have utilised various approaches to assess and measure the multifunctionality of agriculture and rural landscapes. This paper outlines the nature of MFA and key supporting policies, before reviewing the applied research approaches, drawing primarily from the European Union and China where specific policies on MFA have been implemented to support rural development and promote sustainable rural communities. Four distinct types of valuation of modern MFA are recognised: economic, biophysical, socio-cultural, and holistic. Following a search of both the recent and older MFA literature, evaluations of the strengths and weaknesses of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods applications are provided using examples from a range of recent studies. The review illustrates the diversity of approaches to measure MFA. While noting that many studies operate at a landscape scale, the challenge remains that the lack of commonality in the research approaches applied means it is difficult to provide effective comparisons between studies or to compare findings. A future research agenda will need to emphasise the need for more consideration of the roles of MFA research to support decision-makers, especially policy makers, but also farmers who largely make decisions for individual farms but, if considered collectively, can transform production systems at a landscape scale.

Since the inception of Renaissance scholarship in the late 1800s, the mendicant orders of friars – above all the Franciscans – have been considered pivotal for the artistic and urban renewal underway in Italy from the 1200s onwards. This dissertation provides the first comprehensive study of the ‘third’ mendicant order: the Hermits of St Augustine, long dismissed as pale imitators of the Franciscans and the Dominicans. My major re-evaluation of the Augustinians’ artistic legacy reveals them to be innovative patrons who used art discerningly to promote a distinctive identity, with much wider implications for our prevailing understanding of Franciscan patronage as a normative model for artistic renewal. My thesis systematically considers the use of different media – illuminated manuscripts, panel paintings, wall paintings, and shrines – both as individual pieces, and combined as part of the church interior. By building on extensive field work, my research brings into conversation a wide array of dispersed artefacts, isolated hermitages, and new archival evidence to investigate the complicated mechanisms behind commissioning art. Scholars have questioned whether Augustinian artistic patronage had any distinctive characteristics at all. My research reveals for the first time the existence of overarching iconographic and artistic themes. In contrast to St Francis for the Friars Minor and St Dominic for the Order of the Preachers, the Augustinian friars lacked a charismatic contemporary saintly founder, and were threatened with suppression on account of their recent foundation. In reaction to this, the Hermits forged an origin myth in which they claimed to be founded directly by the late antique church father St Augustine. I argue that the Augustinians employed art as a key platform to develop this fictive past which proved to be crucial to their survival and emphasized eremitical themes often overlooked by the resolutely urban focus of scholarship on late medieval Italy. This dissertation examines the art, sanctity, and unique identity of the Augustinian friars, and, more broadly, provides a new model for how control over the past can be exercised through artistic patronage and how artworks played a crucial role in the institutional consolidation and survival of a religious order., Thesis funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) Lander Scholarship at Pembroke College and the Cambridge Trust European Scholarship.

U ovom radu se sagledava važnost šibenskih vinograda kao kulturne baštine. Naime, nekoć je vinogradarstvo bilo glavna gospodarska grana šibenskog kraja, dok je danas znatno manje prisutno. Materijalnu i vizualno upečatljivu ostavštinu nekad bogatoga vinogradarskog kraja čine ruralni kulturni krajolici koji su prepušteni degradaciji i postupnom nestajanju. Iz tog razloga su analizirane mogućnosti njihova očuvanja i zaštite u svrhe revitalizacije vinogradarstva, ali i podizanja životnog standarda stanovništva u ruralnim krajevima. Da bi se dobio bolji uvid u trenutno stanje vinogradarstva statistički su obrađeni podatci trenutačnih površina pod vinovom lozom. Njihovi potencijali su analizirani u skladu s dostupnom literaturom koja problematizira pitanje zaštite krajolika kao kulturne baštine. Prilikom proučavanja navedene problematike iskristalizirala su se dva područja Grada Šibenika koja se po svojim razvojnim karakteristikama razlikuju. Riječ je o kopnenom području koje je u maloj mjeri uspjelo sačuvati tradiciju uzgoja vinove loze, ali u novim gospodarskim okolnostima, i o otočnom području s kojeg su vinogradi nestali početkom 20. stoljeća kada su zamijenjeni maslinama. Na kopnenom prostoru se može izdvojiti Jadrtovac na čijem je području zahvaljujući očuvanosti njegova izvornog okoliša započela revitalizacija vinogradarstva na temeljima održivog razvoja. Površina pod vinovom lozom se može naći i u plodnim udolinama poput Donjeg Polja, Dubrave i Danila, međutim tu je riječ o malim nerentabilnim parcela u vlasništvu velikog broja uzgajivača koje pretežno služe za podmirivanje vlastitih potreba. Uzgoj vinove loze je utjecao na oblikovanje ruralnih krajolika koji su, zbog očuvanosti i vizualne upečatljivosti, najrazvijeniji na otocima i imaju najveću mogućnost vrednovanja. This paper examines the importance of Šibenik vineyards as cultural heritage. Namely, once viticulture was the main economic branch of the Šibenik region, while today it is much less present. The material and visually striking legacy of the once rich wine-growing region consists of rural cultural landscapes that have been left to degradation and gradual disappearance. For this reason, are analyzed the possibilities of their preservation and protection for the purposes of revitalization of viticulture, but also for raising the living standard of the population in rural areas. In order to get a better insight into the current state of viticulture, the data of current areas under vines were statistically processed. Their potentials have been analyzed in accordance with the available literature that problematizes the issue of landscape protection as cultural heritage. During the study of this issue, two areas of the City of Šibenik crystallized, which differ in their development characteristics. It is a mainland area that has managed to preserve the tradition of growing vines to a small extent, but in new economic circumstances, and an island area from which vineyards disappeared in the early 20th century when they were replaced by olives. On the mainland, Jadrtovac can be singled out, in the area of which, thanks to the preservation of its original environment, the revitalization of viticulture began on the basis of sustainable development. The area under vines can also be found in fertile valleys such as Donje Polje, Dubrava and Danilo, but these are small unprofitable plots owned by a large number of growers that mostly serve to meet their own needs. The cultivation of vines has influenced the formation of rural landscapes which, due to their preservation and visual impact, are the most developed on the islands and have the greatest possibility of evaluation.

Uomini e lupi: riflessioni geo-letterarie da un romanzo per ragazzi L’articolo propone una riflessione relativa al significato sociale e culturale del ritorno del lupo in Italia. Utilizzando un approccio geo-letterario lo studio si concentra sul romanzo di Giuseppe Festa e intitolato La lune è dei lupi, ascrivibile al genere della letteratura per ragazzi. Il romanzo pone al centro della narrazione un branco di lupi che compiono un viaggio attraverso i paesaggi rurali e naturali dell’Appennino centro-settentrionale. Attraverso le vicende narrate si propone di procedere a una riflessione sul rapporto tra naturalità e ruralità degli spazi boscosi, agricoli e urbani tra Marche, Umbria, Toscana ed Emilia-Romagna. Il potere espressivo del testo letterario consente al giovane lettore destinatario dell’opera di immergersi nei boschi e di interpretarne il reale significato, derivante da una secolare stratificazione di pratiche colturali e culturali. Su queste basi teoriche e metodologiche, l’obiettivo dell’articolo è di proporre una riflessione sulla dimensione sociale della natura nelle aree interne italiane, con lo scopo di interpretarla nella sua dimensione intrinsecamente rurale. Hommes et loups : reflections géo-littéraires sur un roman pour adolescents L'article propose une réflexion sur la signification sociale et culturelle du retour du loup en Italie. En utilisant une approche géo-littéraire, l’étude se concentre sur le roman de Giuseppe Festa intitulé La lune est aux loups, attribuable au genre de la littérature pour adolescents. Le roman place au centre de la narration une meute de loups qui fait un voyage à travers les paysages ruraux et naturels des Apennins du centre-nord. À travers les histoires racontées, l’article propose une réflexion sur la relation entre la naturalité et la ruralité des espaces boisés, agricoles et urbains placés entre Marches, Ombrie, Toscane et Émilie-Romagne. Le pouvoir expressif du texte littéraire permet au jeune lecteur de recevoir l’œuvre pour s’immerger dans les bois et mieux comprendre leurs véritables sens, dérivant d’une stratification séculaire des pratiques agricoles et culturelles. Sur ces bases théoriques et méthodologiques, l’objet de cet article est de proposer une réflexion sur la dimension sociale de la nature dans les régions intérieures de l'Italie dans le but de l'interpréter dans sa dimension intrinsèquement rurale., Semestrale di studi e ricerche di geografia, N. 1 (2020)

In recent years, the profile of rewilding, a conservation approach emphasising reduced human interventions in ecosystems, restored ecosystem processes and autonomous nature, has increased. This has prompted critiques of how wildness, nature, and non-human co-existence with humans, are conceptualised within rewilding. Yet so far, there has been no detailed empirical exploration of the views held by rewilding advocates on what rewilding is, and how it should be done. Here we present an analysis of the views of rewilding practitioners and advocates across Europe, using Q-methodology. We identify two distinct visions, one focusing on extensive radical transformation of rural landscapes towards wilder states, and another focused on pragmatism, embracing different forms of rewilding in different places. Divisions over pragmatism versus radical transformation have not previously been identified in studies of rewilding but have critical implications for how rewilding is enacted. These differences also map onto distinct positions in whether rewilding compliments or challenges existing conservation practice. Beyond these distinctions, we find important areas of consensus, such as seeing humans as part of nature, which challenges arguments that rewilding strives for people-free wildernesses or facsimiles of past ecosystems. Overall, our analyses suggest greater coherence within rewilding than has previously been identified.

A aplicação das novas tecnologias de informação, comunicação e localização aos domínios da educação ambiental, da floresta autóctone e das plantas invasoras, no contexto de paisagens rurais integradas em produtos turísticos de expressão nacional e internacional, configura o referencial para esta reflexão, a qual pretende, por um lado, apresentar uma breve síntese do quadro teórico e conceptual através de uma revisão de literatura e, por outro, explicitar a metodologia e analisar os primeiros resultados após a implementação (no segundo semestre de 2018) do projeto “Biocaching Portugal” nas quatro unidades de paisagem da Rede das Aldeias do Xisto (Serra da Lousã; Serra da Açor; Zêzere; Tejo/Ocreza). Este, por sua vez, tem o propósito de utilizar o arvoredo notável e as plantas invasoras como âncora para induzir a descoberta e fruição da paisagem, mas também como pilar para ações de sensibilização e educação ambiental no território.

Resumo Este trabalho resulta da reconstrução teórico-conceitual realizada para verificar empiricamente a existência de urbanização extensiva na Amazônia com base na incorporação de noções demográficas ao referencial em questão. Observou-se como o tecido urbano contribui para a reconfiguração rural, evidenciando as múltiplas dimensões que perpassam o fenômeno urbano. Com indicadores demográficos sensíveis aos processos socioespaciais urbano-rurais, foram analisados territórios rurais de dois recortes regionais no oeste do estado do Pará. Os resultados confirmam que a propagação dos vetores urbanos tende a intensificar a aglomeração populacional (coeficiente de Gini) e a predominância espacial de mulheres (razão de sexo) por mecanismos de diferenciações espaciais. A existência de um eixo de mobilidade populacional, o regime de ocupação e a distância do centro urbano são os elementos estruturantes da emergência de um mosaico de ruralidades imersas em contextos urbanos. Com os resultados, concebeu-se um modelo teórico-metodológico com uma abordagem analítica inédita na literatura sobre urbanização. Abstract This paper unfolds to develop a new theoretical-conceptual reference about urbanization, working with demographic parameters into the extended urbanization theory. We intend to explore how the urban tissue contributes to the rural reconfiguration in the Brazilian Amazon fostering the multiples dimensions of urban phenomenon. Based on demographic indicators that are sensitive to socio-spatial processes, we build a methodological framework to analyze rural landscapes of two areas in the west side of Pará state, in Brazil. The results confirm that propagation of urban vectors tends to intensify the population agglomeration (Gini Index) and the women predominance (Sex Ratio) by mechanisms of spatial differentiation. The existence of a mobility axis, the population settlement regime and the distance from the urban center are the structural elements for creating a mosaic of ruralities immersed in urban contexts. With our findings, we conceived a theoretical-methodological model with an analytical approach unprecedented in the literature on urbanization.

Desde que en el año 2003 se instituyera la denominada Lista Representativa del Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial de la Humanidad, a instancias de la UNESCO, esta vía ha sido ampliamente transitadas por los Estados integrantes de la organización para salvaguardar aquellos bienes culturales más desprotegidos, especialmente cuando podían producir importantes réditos económicos. Sin embargo, los complejos procedimientos establecidos para llevar a cabo las declaraciones, tanto por la UNESCO como por los propios Estados, no siempre garantizan la eficacia de los resultados. La decisión adoptada por la organización en 2018 en relación con las técnicas de la de la piedra seca constituye un significativo ejemplo. El objetivo del presente artículo es mostrar, a título de ejemplo entre otros posibles, la relevancia que adquieren las técnicas constructivas de la piedra seca en un singular paisaje cultural, localizado en la Comunidad Autónoma de Cantabria, la cual, sin embargo, no se halla entre las que obtuvieron el reconocimiento de la UNESCO en aquella ocasión., Since the establishment of the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2003, at the request of UNESCO, this route has been widely travelled by the organisation's member states to safeguard the most vulnerable cultural assets, especially when these could produce significant economic returns. However, the complex procedures established to carry out the declarations, both by UNESCO and by the States themselves, do not always guarantee the effectiveness of the results. The decision taken by the organisation in 2018 regarding dry stone techniques is a significant example. The aim of this article is to show, by way of example among others, the importance of dry stone building techniques in a unique cultural landscape, located in the Autonomous Community of Cantabria, which, however, is not among those that obtained recognition from UNESCO on that occasion., Grupo de investigación Antropología y Filosofía (SEJ-126). Universidad de Granada. Departamento de Antropología, Geografía e Historia. Universidad de Jaén. Departamento de Filosofía II. Universidad de Granada.

Coupled human and natural systems exhibit complex interactions (e.g. feedback-loops) that are often poorly understood. Decision-makers from regional (e.g., state or provincial) scale environmental stewardship programs to international policy makers are often faced with uncertainties about future climatic and sociopolitical conditions (henceforth, system change) when supporting livelihoods and ecosystem services derived from lands and waters they oversee. Understanding how these system changes interact with adaptive decision-making processes toward stewardship of ecosystem services represents a considerable gap in knowledge. Adaptation, or iterative adjustment of management practices in response to or anticipation of system change, has been forwarded as a means of effective ecosystem stewardship. Furthermore, lack of clarity about value tradeoffs among competing program objectives (e.g., economics and aesthetics) often precludes development and implementation of adaptation. Although there have been several qualitative studies on regional to national adaptation, lacking is an empirical understanding of how the drivers and value tradeoffs associated with adaptation differ among regions and between related sectors spanning multiple countries. Diverse cultural heritages and political structures among regions of central Europe offer great opportunities for examining spatial patterns of limitations to regional-scale adaptation in forest and agricultural sectors. This project will develop a quantitative index of adaptation for examining hypotheses about patterns of rural adaptation within regions of nine countries in central Europe. Alternative hypotheses describe contrasting assumptions regarding geographic variation in the relative importance among drivers and objectives associated with adaptation. Predictions derived from these hypotheses will be examined through a survey instrument that gathers information from programs focused on rural stewardship. Survey data will be analyzed using a hierarchical Bayesian approach that accounts for biases and missing information often resulting from surveys. Interviews will be used to validate survey responses and receive feedback on inferences made from the analysis of the survey data. Placing findings within the context of existing adaptation literature and evaluating subtler patterns that emerge from the survey data will generate new hypotheses to be examined through future research. The research will be conducted at University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) in Vienna. The applicant Harald Vacik from the Institute of Silviculture at the Department of Forest and Soil Sciences has proven his expertise on the evaluation of natural resource management in the context of sustainability, biodiversity and climate change. The post docs Brady Mattsson, Pia Kieninger and the PhD student Werner Toth contribute with their experience in developing climate adaptation decision support systems and providing uncertainty analysis in environmental decision-making. The proposed study will be an important step in advancing knowledge about adaptation and the interplay between humans and nature in maintaining a sustainable supply of ecosystem goods and services. This novel research integrates multiple scientific disciplines (e.g., ecology, sociology, decision theory, statistics) and to generate an integrated index of adaptation.

В статье проанализированы специфические причины появления в советских детских фильмах эпизодов, демонстрирующих городские и сельские ландшафты Литвы и создающих особую атмосферу в кадре. Поскольку вильнюсское барокко испытало на себе влияние итальянской архитектуры, то съёмки в Литве создавали в советском кинематографе иллюзию Италии. Ещё одна из причин лежит в плоскости инаковости культуры, внутри которой легко сотворить образ врага. Но вместе с этой крайностью в контексте детского кинематографа лежит и полярно другая целевая причина: визуально продемонстрировать абсолютную идентичность литовского городского пространства российскому, точнее, советскому пространству. Использование ландшафтов литовских городов носило мозаичный характер. Определённые места, которые зритель видит в кадре, по смыслу выполняют иную функцию, нежели та, которая характерна для них в реальности. Городское пространство Литвы в детском советском кинематографе лишено присущей ему семантики. В статье выявляются закономерности, согласно которым авторы фильмов намеренно отказывают в узнаваемости историческим и повседневным объектам этой прибалтийской республики.The article analyzes the specific reasons for the occurrence of episodes demonstrating urban and rural landscapes of Lithuania and creating a distinctive atmosphere within the frame in Soviet children films. Since Vilnius baroque was influenced by Italian architecture, filmmaking in Lithuania created the illusion of Italy for Soviet cinema. Another reason lies in the ground of otherness of the culture, inside which an image of an enemy was easier to create. But along with this extreme point there is another opposite aspect in the context of Soviet children cinematograph – visual demonstration of the absolute identity of Lithuanian urban space to Russian, or, more precisely, Soviet one. The use of Lithuanian cities landscapes was mosaic by its nature. Different meaning, than the one they performed in reality, was attributed to certain places that the audience saw in frames. The urban space of Lithuania in children’s Soviet cinema is devoid of its true meaning. The article reveals those patterns by which filmmakers deliberately refuse to show historical and everyday objects of this Baltic republic in a recognizable way.

Au Cameroun, la liberalisation intervenue dans la filiere cafe-cacao au debut des annees 1990 s’est accompagnee d’une pauperisation croissante des producteurs. Ces derniers ont adopte des strategies d’adaptation diverses. Dans un contexte de crise cafeiere au Cameroun, le present article vise a evaluer les strategies paysannes de diversification des cultures de rente et leurs impacts dans la recomposition des paysages ruraux. Des enquetes ont ete menees aupres de 400 producteursrepartis dans les trois bassins de production de Santchou. Les resultats montrent que depuis la liberalisation des filieres agricoles et la crise cafeiere qui a suivi, les producteurs dans leurs strategies de survie ont diversifie les cultures de rente dans leurs exploitations familiales. Meme si la cafeiculture reste dominante, il faut relever que les cultures du cacao et du palmier a huile jadis rare connaissent une croissance fulgurante. Avec la saturation fonciere, les cacaoyers et les palmiers sont non seulement inseres entre les lignes mais aussi, remplacent les plants de cafeiers morts. Il en resulte une recomposition, voire une restructuration des paysages ruraux avec le developpement des systemes agroforestiers de multicultures cafeierscacaoyers-palmiers. Pour la durabilite de ces nouveaux systemes un accompagnement adapte de ces changements endogenes est necessaire. In Cameroon, the liberalization that occurred in the coffee-cocoa sector in the early 1990s came alone with an increasing impoverishment of producers who had to develop adaptation strategies to survive. In the context of the coffee crisis in Cameroon, this article aims at assessing farmers' cash crops diversification strategies and their impacts on the recomposition of rural landscapes. Surveys were conducted with 400 farmers in the three Santchou production basins. The results show that since the agricultural commodity chains liberalization and the coffee crisis that followed, farmers have diversified their cash crops strategies on their family farms. Although coffee culture still dominates, cocoa and oil palm farming, which were once rare, are experiencing an explosive growth. With land saturation, not only are cocoa and palm trees planted between the rows, they are also, replacing dead coffee trees. As a result, we observe a recomposition, or even a restructuring of rural landscapes with the development of agroforestry systems of multiple cropping (that is coffee, cocoa and palms trees). In order to assure the sustainability of these new systems, an appropriate support of these endogenous changes is essential.

In Madagascar, biodiversity, local livelihoods and agroecosystems are increasingly threatened. It is critical to understand and support local social-ecological systems that sustain livelihoods and value biodiversity. This study investigates why Betsileo communities in Ambendrana and Sahabe protect isolated individuals and clusters of Ficus species in their rural landscapes. Ficus trees have multiple values and sustain webs of ecological interactions that favor biodiversity. We show that spontaneous seedlings of Ficus are protected and that people also actively propagate Ficus by stem cuttings. Their multiple values and uses and the distribution patterns of each species, are linked to social-ecological dynamics and to the historical construction of local landscapes. Both past and present uses associated with each Ficus species define how they are protected. Different sets of practices associated with each species are governed by both material and symbolic considerations. Ficus reflexa, a boundary marker of zebu corrals, has a symbolic role in protecting humans and livestock and checks erosion; F. lutea is a marker of residences of ancient noble classes and F. tiliifolia is a remnant of swidden agriculture and a marker of the memory of ancestors, but its numbers are shrinking. Ficus trees are protected but there is no strict taboo against cutting them when they hinder crop production. Their potential role for biodiversity conservation is linked to these social-ecological dynamics. Based on these findings, we propose some rules of thumb for developing collaborative approaches which consider synergies between local and scientific knowledge.