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244 specimens of Periplaneta americana Linnaeus from 13 localities of Ica were studied. Nematodes and protozoa were identified. They are Lophomonas blattarum, Leptomonas sp., Leidynema appendiculatum and Hammerschmidtiella diesingi. Also, parasites of man were found, three of which are pathogenic: Giardia lamblia, Blastocystis hominis and Cryptosporidium sp.

Sarcopenia is characterized by a loss of muscle mass, quality, and function, and negatively impacts health, functionality, and quality of life for numerous populations, particularly older adults. Creatine is an endogenously produced metabolite, which has the theoretical potential to counteract many of the morphological and metabolic parameters underpinning sarcopenia. This can occur through a range of direct and indirect mechanisms, including temporal and spatial functions that accelerate ATP regeneration during times of high energy demand, direct anabolic and anti-catabolic functions, and enhanced muscle regenerating capacity through positively impacting muscle stem cell availability. Studies conducted in older adults show little benefit of creatine supplementation alone on muscle function or mass. In contrast, creatine supplementation as an adjunct to exercise training seems to augment the muscle adaptive response to the training stimulus, potentially through increasing capacity for higher intensity exercise, and/or by enhancing post-exercise recovery and adaptation. As such, creatine may be an effective dietary strategy to combat age-related muscle atrophy and sarcopenia when used to complement the benefits of exercise training.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of asymptomatic vertebral fractures on the quality of life in older women as part of the Sao Paulo Ageing & Health Study. METHODS: This study was a cross-sectional study with a random sample of 180 women 65 years of age or older with or without vertebral fractures. The Quality of Life Questionnaire of the European Foundation for Osteoporosis was administered to all subjects. Anthropometric data were obtained by physical examination, and the body mass index was calculated. Lateral thoracic and lumbar spine X-ray scans were obtained to identify asymptomatic vertebral fractures using a semi-quantitative method. RESULTS: Women with asymptomatic vertebral fractures had lower total scores [61.4(15.3) vs. 67.1(14.2), p = 0.03] and worse physical function domain scores [69.5(20.1) vs. 77.3(17.1), p = 0.02] for the Quality of Life Questionnaire of the European Foundation for Osteoporosis compared with women without fractures. The total score of this questionnaire was also worse in women classified as obese than in women classified as overweight or normal. High physical activity was related to a better total score for this questionnaire (p = 0.01). Likewise, lower physical function scores were observed in women with higher body mass index values (p

To review all specific questionnaires regarding quality of life in osteoporosis and to describe their distinctive indications, we searched Medline, the Scientific Electronic Library Online database, and the Latin-American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature database. Nine specific questionnaires related to osteoporosis quality of life were found: 1) the Women's Health Questionnaire, 2) Osteoporosis Quality of Life Questionnaire, 3) Osteoporosis Assessment Questionnaire, 4) Osteoporosis Functional Disability Questionnaire, 5) Quality of Life Questionnaire of the European Foundation for Osteoporosis, 6) Osteoporosis-Targeted Quality of Life Questionnaire, 7) Japanese Osteoporosis Quality of Life Questionnaire, 8) the 16-item Assessment of Health-Related Quality of Life in Osteoporosis, and 9) the Quality of Life Questionnaire in Osteoporosis (QUALIOST TM). The Quality of Life Questionnaire of the European Foundation for Osteoporosis is the osteoporosis-specific questionnaire most commonly used in the literature. The Quality of Life Questionnaire of the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the Osteoporosis Quality of Life Questionnaire are targeted more toward fracture assessment, and the Osteoporosis Functional Disability Questionnaire can be used for longitudinal studies involving exercise. In the present study, the authors summarize all of the specific questionnaires for osteoporosis and demonstrate that these questionnaires should be selected based on the objectives to be evaluated. Osteoporosis-specific quality of life questionnaires should be validated in the language of the country of origin before being used.

Antecedentes: La posibilidad de que un recién nacido presente algún tipo de defecto congénito al nacimiento es de un 2-4% y la aplicación de métodos de cribado de cromosomopatías y de malformaciones estructurales puede reducir la prevalencia de estos defectos congénitos al nacimiento. Objetivos: Demostrar que es posible la implantación de un cribado de malformaciones congénitas de garantía (sensibilidad de diagnóstico para malformaciones estructurales mayores y para síndrome de Down del 80%) y universal (aplicado al 90% de gestantes). Proponemos que la implantación de este cribado supone una disminución de la tasa de los defectos congénitos no diagnosticados al nacimiento a menos del 0,5% de los recién nacidos. Método: Estudio prospectivo. Hemos valorado 12.478 gestantes (julio 2006-septiembre de 2009). Método de cribado de defecto congénitos: test combinado asociado a ecografía morfológica (18-22 semanas) Resultados: La prevalencia de defecto congénito fue de 2,26% [IC 95%: 1,9-2,5] (282/12478). Valoración ecográfica fue del 99,2% de las gestantes. Tasa de diagnóstico de malformaciones estructurales fue de 79,3% [IC 95%: 74,3-84,4] (196/247) y 95,6% [IC 95%: 91,8-99,3] (110/115) para las malformaciones mayores. Se ofertó un cribado de cromosomopatias al 95,1% de las gestantes con una tasa de diagnóstico del 88,5% [IC 95%: 79,9-99] (31/35). Conclusiones: Un cribado de defectos congénitos universal y de garantías logró disminuir la prevalencia de defectos congénitos al nacimiento sin diagnosticar a un 0,5%.Background: The probability of a newborn presenting some kind of congenital defect at birth is 2-4% and the application of methods of screening for chromosomal and structural abnormalities can reduce the prevalence of these defects at birth. Objectives: The aim of this study is to prove that it is possible to implement a screening for congenital malformations that is standardised (diagnostic sensitivity [Sen]>80% for major structural deformations and Down's syndrome) and universal (90% of pregnant women). We also want to prove that this screening reduces the rate of undiagnosed congenital defects at birth. Methods: Prospective study. We assessed 12,478 pregnant women (July 2006- September 2009). A morphological ultrasound (18-22 weeks) and a combined test were carried out as the methods for screening for congenital defects. Results: The prevalence of congenital defects was 2.26% [95% CI: 1.9-2.5] (282/12478). The ultrasound scan was performed on 99.2% of the pregnant women. There was a Sen of 79.3% [95% CI: 74.3-84.4] (196/247) for structural malformation and 95.6% [95% CI: 91.8-99.3] (110/115) for major malformations). Screening for chromosomal anomalies was performed on 95.1% of pregnant women with a Sen of 88.5% [95% CI: 79.9-99] (31/35). Conclusions: A standardised and universal screening for congenital defects reduced the prevalence of undiagnosed congenital defects at birth to 0.5%.

El artículo analiza el debate ambientalista con el fin de determinar de dónde surgen los métodos e instrumentos de normalización y certificación y el porqué de las nuevas apuestas en turismo sostenible. Propone un enfoque metodológico para el diseño de un Sistema de Gestión para la Sostenibilidad en los destinos turísticos, el cual da respuesta a cada uno de los componentes de las normas técnicas sectoriales en esta materia, y las conclusiones generales de estas experiencias participativas que apuntan a que Playa del Muerto en el Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona en el departamento del Magdalena, Puerto Nariño en el departamento del Amazonas y, recientemente, el Centro Histórico de Cartagena, sean destinos turísticos sostenibles certificados en turismo sostenible en Colombia. En este contexto, el Ministerio de Comercio Industria y Turismo de Colombia ha venido impulsando, desde finales de los noventa, una política de competitividad sectorial (Min. Comercio, 1998), dentro de la cual se ha considerado la creación de las Unidades Sectoriales de Normalización –USN– conducentes a la mejora de la oferta turística del país. Dentro de ellas, se propuso la Unidad Sectorial en Turismo Sostenible, cuyo objetivo es diseñar normas que incorporen criterios ambientales, económicos y socioculturales para que, tanto los empresarios como los destinos, asuman un compromiso con el desarrollo sostenible. El enfoque metodológico que se presenta a continuación, incorpora los elementos para la formulación de un Sistema de Gestión para la Sostenibilidad de los destinos, el cual contempla la declaración de la política de sostenibilidad; la definición de la estructura de la organización responsable del funcionamiento del sistema; la formulación de programas de gestión a partir de la identificación de los impactos ambientales socioculturales y económicos que se generan en el destino; la identificación de acciones que incorporen el uso turístico sostenible en el desarrollo territorial de la zona; los procedimientos de monitoreo y seguimiento, y la formulación del sistema de evaluación para planear, ejecutar, implementar y mantener continuamente acciones y estrategias encaminadas al mejoramiento continuo, identificando los factores que han impedido la consecución de sus objetivos, metas y acciones.

La creciente oferta de alojamiento no formal en los principales destinos turísticos nacionales origina un detrimento en la calidad y la sostenibilidad de los productos turísticos en atención a su oferta no controlada ni organizada. Este artículo presenta algunas reflexiones en torno a esta clase de oferta como integrante de un destino y de su producto turístico, pero en algunos casos presentando impactos negativos en la sostenibilidad y calidad del territorio turístico. El mercado turístico que la prefiere sobre la formal, encuentra en este tipo de oferta de alojamiento un gran atractivo no sólo por las tarifas más benéficas sino por la flexibilidad que muchas veces corresponde a la inexistencia de reglas de convivencia. Sin embargo este mismo mercado es consciente de las limitaciones que ofrece este tipo de alojamiento y reconoce la superioridad en servicios y la seguridad que le brinda la hotelería convencional. El impacto económico de esta práctica irregular es significativo en las economías locales y las administraciones públicas dejan de percibir importantes recaudos por impuestos en atención a la informalidad con la que se presta este servicio. La solución que se establece en este artículo tiene que ver con la integración de esta oferta a la cadena productiva del sector turístico, que asegure la sostenibilidad del destino mediante la adopción de una normatividad clara, la inclusión formal de esta oferta a los prestadores de servicios turísticos condicionada a la previa adopción de buenas prácticas y su organización legal por parte de estos prestadores informales, y la libertad de selección por el mercado. Este artículo se genera a partir del “Estudio de la hotelería paralela en el Distrito Turístico de Santa Marta: Propuesta de un modelo de intervención”, desarrollado en agosto de 2010; sin embargo, no se pretende hacer la presentación del mismo como un estudio de caso, sino continuar con las reflexiones sobre el aporte al destino de este grupo de oferentes turísticos y la descripción del modelo de intervención para generar sinergias en el territorio a partir de su actuación formal y bajo principios de calidad y sostenibilidad.

INTRODUÇÃO/OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a prática clínica com relação à verificação do cartão vacinal e à indicação de vacinas específicas em pacientes com doenças reumáticas pediátricas em uso de diferentes drogas, e evidenciar a possível associação entre frequência de vacinação e tempo de prática clínica dos reumatologistas pediátricos do estado de São Paulo. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Um questionário foi enviado para os reumatologistas pediátricos do Departamento de Reumatologia da Sociedade de Pediatra de São Paulo. Esse instrumento incluiu questões sobre tempo de prática em Reumatologia Pediátrica, vacinação de pacientes com Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico Juvenil (LESJ), artrite idiopática juvenil (AIJ), dermatomiosite juvenil (DMJ) e imunização de acordo com os tratamentos utilizados. RESULTADOS: Cartão de vacinação foi visto por 100% dos profissionais na primeira consulta e por 36% anualmente. Vacinas de agentes vivos não foram recomendadas para pacientes com LESJ, AIJ e DMJ em 44%, 64% e 48%, respectivamente. Os profissionais foram divididos em dois grupos: A (< 15 anos de prática, n = 12) e B (> 16 anos, n = 13). Nenhuma diferença estatística foi observada no uso de vacinas de agentes vivos e vacinas de agentes inativos ou componentes proteicos em relação ao tratamento nos dois grupos (P > 0,05). Além disso, os grupos foram similares em relação à opinião sobre a gravidade de imunossupressão em pacientes com LESJ, AIJ e DMJ com ou sem atividade e a terapêutica utilizada (P > 0,05). CONCLUSÕES: A frequência de vacinação por reumatologistas pediátricos de São Paulo é baixa, especialmente após a primeira consulta, e não é influenciada pelo tempo de prática profissional.INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES: Evaluate clinical practice through assessment of vaccination card and recommendation of specific vaccines in pediatric patients with rheumatic diseases in use of different drugs and reveal the possible association between vaccination frequency and time of the clinical practice of pediatric rheumatologists in the state of São Paulo. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A questionnaire was sent to pediatric rheumatologists of the Departamento de Reumatologia da Sociedade de Pediatria de São Paulo. This instrument included questions about practice time on Pediatric Rheumatology, vaccination of patients with juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus (JSLE), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM), and immunization according to the treatments used. RESULTS: Vaccination card was seen by 100% of the professionals at the first visit and by 36% annually. Vaccines of live agents were not recommended for patients with JSLE, JIA, and JDM in 44%, 64%, and 48%, respectively. The professionals were divided into two groups: Group A (< 15 years of practice, n = 12) and B (> 16 years, n = 13). No statistical difference was observed in the use of live agent vaccine and vaccines with inactivated agents or protein components in the two treatment groups (P > 0.05). Moreover, the groups had similar opinion regarding severity of immunosuppression in patients with JSLE, JIA, and JDM (with or without activity) and treatment used (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of immunization by pediatric rheumatologists in São Paulo is low, especially after the first visit, and not influenced by time of professional practice.

Crianças e adolescentes com doenças reumatológicas apresentam maior prevalência de doenças infecciosas quando comparados com a população em geral, em decorrência de atividade da doença, possível deficiência imunológica secundária à própria doença, ou uso de terapia imunossupressora. A vacinação é uma medida eficaz para a redução da morbidade e mortalidade nesses pacientes. O objetivo deste artigo foi realizar um consenso de eficácia e segurança das vacinas em crianças e adolescentes com doenças reumatológicas infantis baseadas em níveis de evidência científica. Imunização passiva para os pacientes e orientações para as pessoas que convivem com doentes imunodeprimidos também foram incluídas. Os 32 pediatras reumatologistas membros do Departamento de Reumatologia da Sociedade de Pediatria de São Paulo (SPSP) e/ou da Comissão de Reumatologia Pediátrica da Sociedade Brasileira de Reumatologia elaboraram o consenso, sendo que alguns desses profissionais estão envolvidos em pesquisas e publicações científicas nesta área. A pesquisa dos termos eficácia e/ou segurança das diferentes vacinas em crianças e adolescentes com doenças reumatológicas foi realizada nas bases de Medline e Scielo, de 1966 até março de 2009, incluindo revisões, estudos controlados e relatos de casos. O grau de recomendação e o nível científico de evidências dos estudos foram classificados em quatro níveis para cada vacina. De um modo geral, as vacinas inativadas e de componentes são seguras nos pacientes com doenças reumatológicas, mesmo em uso de terapias imunossupressoras. Entretanto, vacinas com agentes vivos atenuados são, em geral, contraindicadas para os pacientes imunossuprimidos.Incidence of infectious diseases is higher in children and adolescents with rheumatic diseases than in the general population due to disease activity, possible immune deficiency secondary to the disease itself, or the use of immunosuppressive drugs. Vaccination is effective in reducing morbidity and mortality in those patients. The objective of this study was to establish an evidence-based consensus on the efficacy and safety of vaccination in children and adolescents with rheumatic diseases. Passive immunization of patients and guidelines for people who live with immunosuppressed patients were also included. The 32 pediatric rheumatologists of the Rheumatology Department of the Pediatrics Society of São Paulo, (SPSP, from the Portuguese), São Paulo, SP, Brazil, and/or the Commission on Pediatrics Rheumatology of the Brazilian Society of Rheumatology are responsible for this consensus; some of those professionals are involved on research and scientific publications in this field. The words efficacy and/or safety of different vaccines in children and adolescents with rheumatologic diseases were searched in Medline and Scielo data bases from 1966 to March 2009, including reviews, controlled studies, and case reports. The degree of recommendation and the scientific evidence of the studies were classified in four levels for each vaccine. As a rule, inactive and protein components vaccines are safe for patients with rheumatologic diseases, even in the presence of immunosuppressive therapy. However, live attenuated vaccines are, in general, contraindicated for immunosuppressed patients.

Objetivos: Efectos de un programa para desarrollar la Inteligencia Emocional en alumnos del sexto grado de educación primaria. Diseño: Estudio experimental con diseño cuasiexperimental, realizado en alumnos del sexto grado de educación primaria de la ciudad de Lima en el 2005. Material y métodos: Muestreo aplicado de tipo intencional; la muestra para el estudio estuvo conformada con 80 estudiantes; 40 de colegios estatales y 40 de colegios no estatales; en cada caso 20 conformaron el grupo experimental y 20 el grupo de control. Se utilizó el inventario de Inteligencia Emocional de Barón ICE:NA. Se aplicó un programa para el incremento de la inteligencia emocional de los alumnos, desarrollando las siguientes actividades: A) implementación de un programa dirigido a los alumnos en el cual se trabajó las habilidades y competencias que constituyen la inteligencia emocional. B) Se organizó un ciclo de conferencias para los docentes sobre la Inteligencia Emocional y su importancia en el trabajo con los alumnos. C) Teniendo en cuenta la importancia de la participación activa de los padres de familia, se organizó un ciclo de conferencias sobre Inteligencia emocional y la importancia en el trabajo con sus hijos. El análisis estadístico se desarrolló en dos etapas, el análisis descrip tivo de las variables estudiadas y el análisis inferencial bi variado para contrastar las hipótesis planteadas. Resultados: La media de la edad de los alumnos evaluados fue de 11,1 ± 1,40 años, el 59,9% fueron mujeres y el 40,5% varones. Los contrastes de hipótesis indicaron que vistieron diferencias a favor del grupo experimental en las áreas y el total de la inteligencia emocional, mientras que no se encontraron diferencias estadísticas significativas por el tipo de colegio ni por sexo. Conclusiones: Los hallazgos indican que el programa fue eficiente para incrementar la inteligencia emocional en los alumnos que participaron en el grupo experimental. No se apreciaron estadísticas significativas en las comparaciones por el tipo de gestión del colegio de procedencia y el sexo de los alumnos.

Objetivos: 1) Establecer las propiedades psicométricas de los instrumentos utilizados; 2) Analizar la relación que existe entre las variables resiliencia y estilos de socialización parental en escolares de cuarto y quinto año de secundaria de instituciones educativas estatales y particulares de Lima Metropolitana; 3) Comparar la variable resiliencia entre escolares de instituciones educativas estatales y particulares de cuarto y quinto año de secundaria de Lima Metropolitana; 4) Comparar la variable resiliencia entre escolares de cuarto y quinto año de secundaria de Lima Metropolitana según sexo; 5) Comparar la variable estilos de socialización parental entre escolares de instituciones educativas estatales y particulares de cuarto y quinto año de secundaria de Lima Metropolitana; 6) Comparar la variable estilos de socialización parental entre escolares de cuarto y quinto año de secundaria de Lima Metropolitana según sexo. Tipo y diseño: Es una investigación de tipo básica, de diseño descriptivo correlacional y comparativo. Materiales y métodos: La muestra estuvo conformada por 394 escolares de cuarto y quinto año de secundaria, de los cuales 189 procedían de instituciones educativas estatales y 205, de instituciones educativas particulares. Para tal fin se utilizó la Escala de resiliencia de Wagnild y Young (1993), y la Escala de estilos de socialización parental en la adolescencia, de Musitu y García (2001). Resultados: Como resultado del estudio se encontró la confiabilidad y la validez de los instrumentos aplicados, además se observa una correlación significativa entre ambas variables, y diferencias igualmente significativas en ambas variables tomando en cuenta género y tipo de colegio.

El objetivo central del presente estudio es la construcción, validación y puesta en servicio de un módulo de acción recuperativa de deficiencias en habilidades de comprensión lectora en estudiantes universitarios.

OBJETIVO: Conhecer a percepção materna frente ao câncer infantil e as estratégias de enfrentamento em uma unidade pediátrica do Recife. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se um estudo descritivo e exploratório conduzido pela pesquisa qualitativa, com base no relato de 10 mães acompanhantes, seguindo o método de amostragem por saturação. O local da investigação foi a unidade de oncologia pediátrica do Instituto Materno-Infantil Professor Fernando Figueira. O trabalho de campo transcorreu no período de março a maio de 2006, utilizando técnicas de observação e entrevista gravada, em resposta a três questões norteadoras. Utilizou-se análise de conteúdo, modalidade temática transversal, sendo extraídos temas recorrentes do corpus das categorizações. RESULTADOS: As entrevistadas tinham idade entre 22 e 39 anos, sendo duas mães de filho único. Entre as percepções maternas do momento vivido, sobressaíram-se os temas: atitudes e sentimentos revelados na descoberta da doença; o esclarecimento como subsídio para o enfrentamento; e o apoio social. CONCLUSÕES: O diagnóstico do câncer infantil na perspectiva materna revelou uma experiência chocante, dolorosa e desesperadora, além da sensação de "perda", deixando a "vida sem sentido". Os suportes para o apoio familiar foram: as crenças religiosas individuais, a família, a equipe de saúde e os amigos.OBJECTIVE: To investigate maternal perceptions of childhood cancer and strategies for coping in a pediatric unit in Recife, Brazil. METHODS: This descriptive exploratory study was conducted using qualitative methods. The reports of 10 patients' mothers were analyzed according to a saturation sampling technique. The investigation was conducted in a pediatric oncology unit of the Instituto Materno-Infantil Professor Fernando Figueira. Fieldwork was carried out from March to May 2006 using observation techniques and recorded interviews to respond to three guiding questions. Content analysis and thematic coding were used, and recurrent themes were extracted from the categories identified. RESULTS: Mothers' ages ranged from 22 to 39 years, and two had only one child. The following themes stood out in the analysis of maternal perceptions of the moment that they were living: attitudes and feelings when the disease was diagnosed; information as support for coping; and social support. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal perceptions of childhood cancer revealed a shocking, painful and despairing experience, as well as a sensation of loss that made life meaningless. The sources of family support were individual religious beliefs, family members, healthcare team and friends.

Descrevemos as posições oficiais da Sociedade Brasileira de Densitometria Clínica (SBDens) para a realização e o relato do exame de densitometria óssea. Essas posições foram obtidas por consenso em encontro realizado em São Paulo no ano de 2006. A SBDens contou com o apoio de várias sociedades científicas descritas no texto.We describe the official positions of the Brazilian Society for Clinical Densitometry (SBDens) for the performance and report of the bone mineral density testing. These positions were obtained by consensus in a meeting at São Paulo in 2006. SBDens positions were supported by other scientific societies described in the text.

To evaluate the angular and positional changes of the maxillary second (M2) and third molars (M3) after orthodontic premolar extraction treatment according to patient skeletal classification and growth pattern. Panoramic radiographs of patients treated with extraction of the first or second premolars (n = 116) and patients treated without extraction (n = 92), taken before orthodontic treatment (T0) and after completion of multibracket appliance therapy (T1) were analyzed. Angle classification, growth pattern, crowding, and incisor inclination were recorded. The palatal (PP) and interorbital planes (IOP) were used as reference lines. Changes in the M3 angulation relative to PP and IOP (T0–T1) within the same group were evaluated with paired t-tests. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for comparisons between the groups. Accordingly, pairwise comparisons were performed with Mann-Whitney U-tests or independent t-tests (P <.05). The M3 angulation related to the PP and the IOP did not differ significantly between the extraction and nonextraction groups. The M2 angulation improved in the premolar extraction group between T0 and T1 (M2/PP, P <.001). According to Archer's classification, the change in the vertical position of M3 differed significantly between the extraction and nonextraction groups (P <.001). The angulation of M3 improved over time regardless of the extraction decision. The vertical eruption pattern of M3 was positively influenced only in the extraction group. M2 became significantly more upright in the orthodontic extraction treatment groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate and compare the transfer accuracy of five different surgical guides (SGs) for the insertion of orthodontic mini-implants (OMIs) in the anterior palate. Stereolithographic files of 10 maxillary patient models and their corresponding lateral cephalograms were virtually matched and used for planning the position of two parallel OMIs in the paramedian region of the anterior palate. For each patient model, three 3-dimensional (3D)–printed and two conventional SGs were manufactured from different materials, and a total of 96 OMIs were transferred to the anterior palates of the respective 50 molded resin models. The planned (T0) and the actual (T1) OMI positions were analyzed and compared after superimposition of the digitized models. The deviations between the OMI positions in T0 and T1 were described as the distance between the head and the tip, respectively, of each OMI in millimeters and the deviating angle between the OMI axes for each patient and SG. The conventionally manufactured SGs of Pattern Resin LS (GC Europe N.V., Leuven, Belgium) showed the highest linear and angular transfer accuracy for the insertion of OMIs. The highest deviations were found with the SGs made of IMPRIMO LC Splint (3D-printed; Scheu-Dental, Iserlohn, Germany) and Memosil 2 (conventional SG; Kulzer, Hanau, Germany). The 3D-printed SGs did not reach the accuracy of the conventional SGs made of Pattern Resin but may provide sufficient accuracy for palatal OMI placement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

e NETmix stands as an electrochemical flow reactor engineered to enhance mass transfer. This study aimed at assessing the performance of the e NETmix reactor in the realm of organic electrosynthesis. Specifically, the research focused on the selective electrochemical oxidation of 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol (4-MBA) to p -anisaldehyde (PAA) using a bare fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) anode. The efficiency of the process was assessed for distinct current densities (j), Reynolds numbers (Re), supporting electrolyte contents, and substrate initial contents. The e NETmix reactor was extensively compared to a commercial electrochemical flow reactor (MicroFlowCell from ElectroCell, Denmark). e NETmix facilitated the use of a broader range of j (0.8–2.0 mA cm−2 versus 0.8 mA cm−2) together with smaller Re (≥190 versus >1750), supporting electrolyte contents (≥1 mM versus ≥30 mM), and substrate initial contents (≥2.0 mM versus ≥3.0 mM) with no loss of PAA production or energy consumption. These findings underscore a remarkable suitability of e NETmix as a reactor for organic electrosynthesis. [Display omitted] • Demonstration of the suitability of e NETmix as a reactor for organic electrosynthesis. • e NETmix allows the application of more favorable operational conditions. • Use of smaller flow rates, electrolyte contents, and substrate initial contents in e NETmix. • Use of a broader range of current densities in e NETmix. • Superior performance of the e NETmix reactor attributed to its enhanced mass transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Los coeficientes de correlación calculados entre los puntajes totales y parciales en una Prueba de Habilidades de Procesamiento Elaborativo de la Información y los promedios de notas correspondientes a cuatro semestres académicos de una muestra de estudiantes de diversas facultades de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos permiten sostener, como confirmación de la hipótesis planteada, que tales habilidades poseen un apreciable poder predictivo del éxito en los estudios universitarios, especialmente en las áreas de humanidades. El estudio incluye una comparación entre la referida correlación y la hallada, en la misma muestra, entre puntajes en la Prueba de Admisión a la universidad (2003) y los promedios de notas. El resultado muestra, en general, que la Prueba de Procesamiento de la Información posee mayor poder predictivo que la Prueba de Admisión.

The concentrations of mercury in surface sediments (

Background. The Latin American region is undergoing a demographic and epidemiological transition, which is leading to an increase in chronic and degenerative diseases. Osteoporosis (OP) and fragility fractures (FF) are emerging as main causes of disease burden with great impact on health institutions. Purpose. This review article provides an updated overview of trends in the epidemiology and economic impact of OP and FF, as well as in diagnosis and available treatments in Latin America, including calcium, vitamin D and prevention programs. Methods. Expert panel. Conclusions. According to this review, there is a lack of epidemiological and economic information in the region. It is desirable to obtain information regarding quality of life in OP and FF as well as to highlight prevention as a tool to reduce FF.

PURPOSE:To assess the effects of creatine supplementation, associated or not with strength training, upon emotional and cognitive measures in older woman. METHODS:This is a 24-week, parallel-group, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. The individuals were randomly allocated into one of the following groups (n=14 each): 1) placebo, 2) creatine supplementation, 3) placebo associated with strength training or 4) creatine supplementation associated with strength training. According to their allocation, the participants were given creatine (4 x 5 g/d for 5 days followed by 5 g/d) or placebo (dextrose at the same dosage) and were strength trained or not. Cognitive function, assessed by a comprehensive battery of tests involving memory, selective attention, and inhibitory control, and emotional measures, assessed by the Geriatric Depression Scale, were evaluated at baseline, after 12 and 24 weeks of the intervention. Muscle strength and food intake were evaluated at baseline and after 24 weeks. RESULTS:After the 24-week intervention, both training groups (ingesting creatine supplementation and placebo) had significant reductions on the Geriatric Depression Scale scores when compared with the non-trained placebo group (p = 0.001 and p = 0.01, respectively) and the non-trained creatine group (p < 0.001 for both comparison). However, no significant differences were observed between the non-trained placebo and creatine (p = 0.60) groups, or between the trained placebo and creatine groups (p = 0.83). Both trained groups, irrespective of creatine supplementation, had better muscle strength performance than the non-trained groups. Neither strength training nor creatine supplementation altered any parameter of cognitive performance. Food intake remained unchanged. CONCLUSION:Creatine supplementation did not promote any significant change in cognitive function and emotional parameters in apparently healthy older individuals. In addition, strength training per se improved emotional state and muscle strength, but not cognition, with no additive effects of creatine supplementation. TRIAL REGISTRATION:Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01164020.

Shifts in immigration patterns over the past decade have indicated steep increases in South American and Central American immigrants arriving in the U.S., largely within the context of forced migration. They arrive amid a tension-filled sociopolitical climate with increasing anti-immigration rhetoric, and policies designed to limit immigration, all of which serve to exacerbate immigration stress. However, knowledge on the changing patterns of immigration stressors faced by recent Latino/a immigrants (RLIs), and how these may differ across national Latino/a sub-groups, remains limited. This study explores differences in immigration stressors between two cohorts of RLIs who arrived in the U.S. ten years apart (2009 vs. 2019). Overall, distinct differences across country/region of origin are examined. Higher levels of immigration stress in the 2019 cohort compared to 2009 were hypothesized. Baseline data comparisons were conducted from two longitudinal cohort studies of RLIs in South Florida. Inclusion criteria consisted of being a Latino/a immigrant, 18–34 years old, residing in South Florida, who immigrated to the U.S. from a Latin American country within the past year. Results revealed overall decreases in immigration stress in 2019 compared to 2009. Differences across demographics and context of immigration were also found. Results suggest that well-established immigrant-receiving communities with dense ethnic enclaves may provide increased availability to culturally- and linguistically congruent environments and support systems that shield RLIs from immigration-related stress. These findings provide important insight into the distinct experiences of RLIs and fresh perspectives into future research, programs, and policies that target the changing needs of this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La creciente oferta de alojamiento no formal en los principales destinos turísticos nacionales origina un detrimento en la calidad y la sostenibilidad de los productos turísticos en atención a su oferta no controlada ni organizada. Este artículo presenta algunas reflexiones en torno a esta clase de oferta como integrante de un destino y de su producto turístico, pero en algunos casos presentando impactos negativos en la sostenibilidad y calidad del territorio turístico. El mercado turístico que la prefiere sobre la formal, encuentra en este tipo de oferta de alojamiento un gran atractivo no sólo por las tarifas más benéficas sino por la flexibilidad que muchas veces corresponde a la inexistencia de reglas de convivencia. Sin embargo este mismo mercado es consciente de las limitaciones que ofrece este tipo de alojamiento y reconoce la superioridad en servicios y la seguridad que le brinda la hotelería convencional. El impacto económico de esta práctica irregular es significativo en las economías locales y las administraciones públicas dejan de percibir importantes recaudos por impuestos en atención a la informalidad con la que se presta este servicio. La solución que se establece en este artículo tiene que ver con la integración de esta oferta a la cadena productiva del sector turístico, que asegure la sostenibilidad del destino mediante la adopción de una normatividad clara, la inclusión formal de esta oferta a los prestadores de servicios turísticos condicionada a la previa adopción de buenas prácticas y su organización legal por parte de estos prestadores informales, y la libertad de selección por el mercado. Este artículo se genera a partir del “Estudio de la hotelería paralela en el Distrito Turístico de Santa Marta: Propuesta de un modelo de intervención”, desarrollado en agosto de 2010; sin embargo, no se pretende hacer la presentación del mismo como un estudio de caso, sino continuar con las reflexiones sobre el aporte al destino de este grupo de oferentes turísticos y la descripción del modelo de intervención para generar sinergias en el territorio a partir de su actuación formal y bajo principios de calidad y sostenibilidad.

El artículo analiza el debate ambientalista con el fin de determinar de dónde surgen los métodos e instrumentos de normalización y certificación y el porqué de las nuevas apuestas en turismo sostenible. Propone un enfoque metodológico para el diseño de un Sistema de Gestión para la Sostenibilidad en los destinos turísticos, el cual da respuesta a cada uno de los componentes de las normas técnicas sectoriales en esta materia, y las conclusiones generales de estas experiencias participativas que apuntan a que Playa del Muerto en el Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona en el departamento del Magdalena, Puerto Nariño en el departamento del Amazonas y, recientemente, el Centro Histórico de Cartagena, sean destinos turísticos sostenibles certificados en turismo sostenible en Colombia. En este contexto, el Ministerio de Comercio Industria y Turismo de Colombia ha venido impulsando, desde finales de los noventa, una política de competitividad sectorial (Min. Comercio, 1998), dentro de la cual se ha considerado la creación de las Unidades Sectoriales de Normalización –USN– conducentes a la mejora de la oferta turística del país. Dentro de ellas, se propuso la Unidad Sectorial en Turismo Sostenible, cuyo objetivo es diseñar normas que incorporen criterios ambientales, económicos y socioculturales para que, tanto los empresarios como los destinos, asuman un compromiso con el desarrollo sostenible. El enfoque metodológico que se presenta a continuación, incorpora los elementos para la formulación de un Sistema de Gestión para la Sostenibilidad de los destinos, el cual contempla la declaración de la política de sostenibilidad; la definición de la estructura de la organización responsable del funcionamiento del sistema; la formulación de programas de gestión a partir de la identificación de los impactos ambientales socioculturales y económicos que se generan en el destino; la identificación de acciones que incorporen el uso turístico sostenible en el desarrollo territorial de la zona; los procedimientos de monitoreo y seguimiento, y la formulación del sistema de evaluación para planear, ejecutar, implementar y mantener continuamente acciones y estrategias encaminadas al mejoramiento continuo, identificando los factores que han impedido la consecución de sus objetivos, metas y acciones.

Objective: To determine the experience, prevalence and severity of caries in primary dentition and associated factors in 6- and 7-year-old schoolchildren. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 247 schoolchildren aged 6 and 7 years in Campeche, Mexico. Demographic and socio-economic information and oral hygiene practices and attitudes variables were collected through questionnaires directed to the mothers of the children. Dental caries were detected using the World Health Organization criteria. Caries experience (decayed, missing and filled teeth [dmft] average), prevalence (dmft > 0) and severity (dmft > 3 and dmft > 6) were determined and analysed using non-parametric tests. Results: For our sample, 52.2% were boys and 51.8% were 7 years old. The overall average dmft was 1.76 ± 2.46. The prevalence (dmft > 0) of caries was 50.2%, whereas the caries severities were (dmft > 3) 21.5% and (dmft > 6) 6.1%. As the mother's education level increased, the average dmft and caries prevalence decreased (p < 0.05). When the brushing frequency was lower than brushing once daily, the experience and severity of caries increased (p < 0.05). Surprisingly, we found that when the mother had a positive attitude towards the child's oral health, the prevalence and experience of caries increased (p < 0.05). Conclusion: One in two children had dental caries. Oral hygiene practices were associated with dental caries. Certain inequalities in oral health were observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]