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The pandemic has forced higher education to shift from onsite to online environments. This novel situation may increase students’ exam stress and induce new stressors. In the present study, we identified stressors in online exams by conducting an exploratory factor analysis of a novel questionnaire. The analysis revealed five factors that categorize students’ experience of stress. Preliminary descriptive results suggest that possible system failures and social pressures cause the highest stress for students.

Background and Objectives: Although anxiety consists of multiple components, including cognitive, affective, motivational, and physiological, and some findings suggest that there might be differences regarding their control antecedents and effects on performance, previous studies have largely neglected to examine these components separately and for reasons of convenience often assessed test anxiety as a unified construct using a single-item. Therefore, this study investigated the different test anxiety components with the goal to: (1) examine the relative impact of the anxiety components in the mediating mechanism that connects control and performance–as proposed by Pekrun’s control-value theory, and (2) determine which specific anxiety component is underlying common single-item anxiety measures. Methods: The research questions were investigated using an intra-individual approach in a sample of N = 137 German 8th graders during a mathematics exam. Results: As expected, control was negatively related to all anxiety components, but associations varied in strength. Additionally, the components differed in their relative impact on performance, with the cognitive component being central for this outcome. Furthermore, common single-item measures seem to specifically assess the affective component, and thus not the component most relevant for test performance. Conclusion: Consequently, our study strongly recommends to distinguish between the anxiety components depending on the research question at hand.

Summary Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a common indication for liver transplantation (LT). Up to 25% of patients experience recurrence of PSC (rPSC) after LT, which is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. To date, it is not possible to predict which patients are at risk for rPSC. The aetiology of PSC is complex and is speculated to involve translocation of intestinal bacteria to the liver, because of its frequent co‐occurrence with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Here, we investigate whether the mucosal intestinal microbiome of PSC patients (n = 97) at time of first LT can identify those patients who will develop rPSC. 16S gene sequencing of bacterial DNA isolated from formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded biopsies showed that PSC patients with Crohn’s disease (n = 15) have a reduced microbial diversity and that inflammation of the mucosa is associated with beta‐diversity changes and feature differences. No differences in alpha‐ or beta diversity were observed between patients with rPSC (n = 14) and without rPSC (n = 83). However, many over‐represented bacterial features were detected in patients with rPSC, while surprisingly, those without recurrence of disease were characterized by an increased presence of the Gammaproteobacteria Shigella. This pilot study warrants further investigation into bacterial differences between rPSC and non‐rPSC patients.

Background and Objectives To describe myasthenia gravis activities of daily living (MG-ADL) in relation to clinical characteristics in a large Swedish nationwide cohort. Methods In a cross-sectional prevalence cohort study, the Genes and Environment in Myasthenia Gravis study, performed from November 2018 through August 2019, patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) were invited to submit an extensive 106-item life environment questionnaire, including the MG-ADL score. Patients were classified into early-onset MG (EOMG, = 50 years), or thymoma-associated MG (TAMG). Comparisons of disease-specific characteristics were made between subgroups, sexes, and different MG-ADL scores. Results A total of 1,077 patients were included, yielding a 74% response rate: 505 (47%) were classified as EOMG, 520 (48%) LOMG, and 45 (4%) TAMG. Mean age at inclusion was 64.3 years (SD 15.7) and mean disease duration was 14.6 years (SD 14.0). Complete MG-ADL scores (n = 1,035) ranged from 0p to 18p, where 26% reported a score of 0p. Higher MG-ADL scores were associated with female sex, obesity, and diagnostic delay (odds ratio [OR] 1.62, 1.72, and 1.69; p(adj) = 0.017, 0.013, and 0.008) and inversely correlated with high educational attainment (OR 0.59; p(adj) = 0.02), but not with age at inclusion, disease subtype, or disease duration. Almost half of the population (47%) reported MG-ADL >= 3p, corresponding to an unsatisfactory symptom state. Discussion In this nationwide study, comprising more than 40% of the prevalent MG population in Sweden, almost half of the patients reported current disease symptoms associated with an unsatisfactory symptom state, indicating the need for improved treatment options. Funding Agencies|Swedish medical association; Karolinska Institutet research funds; Ake Wiberg Foundation; Tore Nilsson Foundation

Altogether, 22 porpoises were analyzed for organochlorines (PCBs DDTs, HCHs, HCB), PBDEs, HBCDD and CPs in blubber, and 23 porpoises for PFAS and OTCs in liver, and metals and Se in muscle and liver, and SI (d13C and d15N) in muscle. The animals were divided into four groups: animals originating from the North Sea Population area (juveniles and adults) and animals from the Belt Sea Population area (juveniles and adults). Generally, no difference in concentrations or SI signatures were seen between the two areas, only few exceptions. Juveniles had a higher SI signature compared to adults, probably at least partly due to fact that they still carry the signature from the lactation period. Generally, concentrations of metals were higher in liver compared to muscle. Strong correlation between Hg and Se was seen in liver but not muscle. Concentrations of Hg vs Se on a molar weight basis showed that a majority of the porpoises had an excess of Se. One porpoise had concentrations of Hg in liver above the level of observed negative effects that have been seen in dolphins.Concentrations of OTCs were generally low, but one specimen had concentrations at levels of concern. It was a 16-year-old male that had elevated concentrations of ΣOTCs (TBT+MBT+DBT), higher than has been suggested cytotoxic level for marine mammals.Seven porpoises had concentrations of Σ7PCB above a suggested threshold for adverse effects on health (one juvenile and six adults) – even though the suggested threashold levels include more than only 7 PCBs. One lactating five-year-old female had very low concentrations of organochlorines. Two adult porpoises had extremely low concentrations of PFAS.

Madrider Mitteilungen, Vol. 24 (1983), Deutsche Zusammenfassung folgt.

Madrider Mitteilungen, Vol. 45 (2004), Deutsche Zusammenfassung folgt.

Madrider Mitteilungen, Vol. 42 (2001), Deutsche Zusammenfassung folgt.

Hintergrund: Ein Delir führt zu deutlichen oft nicht reversiblen medizinischen Folgen für die Patienten und kann durch höhere Pflegeintensität und längere Verweildauern zu höheren Kosten für das Krankenhaus führen. Ein Delir ist häufig: Rund 53% aller[zum vollständigen Text gelangen Sie über die oben angegebene URL], 19. Deutscher Kongress für Versorgungsforschung (DKVF)