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Background/Aims Fecal incontinence (FI) is a prevalent condition among women. While biomechanical motor components have been thoroughly researched, anorectal sensory aspects are less known. We studied the pathophysiology of FI in community-dwelling women, specifically, the conduction through efferent/afferent neural pathways. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 175 women with FI and 19 healthy volunteers. The functional/structural study included anorectal manometry/endoanal ultrasound. Neurophysiological studies including pudendal nerve terminal motor latency (PNTML) and sensory-evoked-potentials to anal/rectal stimulation (ASEP/RSEP) were conducted on all healthy volunteers and on 2 subgroups of 42 and 38 patients, respectively. Results The main conditions associated with FI were childbirth (79.00%) and coloproctological surgery (37.10%). Cleveland score was 11.39 ± 4.09. Anorectal manometry showed external anal sphincter and internal anal sphincter insufficiency in 82.85% and 44.00%, respectively. Sensitivity to rectal distension was impaired in 27.42%. Endoanal ultrasound showed tears in external anal sphincter (60.57%) and internal anal sphincter disruptions (34.80%). Abnormal anorectal sensory conduction was evidenced through ASEP and RSEP in 63.16% and 50.00% of patients, respectively, alongside reduced activation of brain cortex to anorectal stimulation. In contrast, PNTML was delayed in only 33.30%. Stools were loose/very loose in 56.70% of patients. Conclusions Pathophysiology of FI in women is mainly associated with mechanical sphincter dysfunctions related to either muscle damage or, to a lesser extent, impaired efferent conduction at pudendal nerves. Impaired conduction through afferent anorectal pathways is also very prevalent in women with FI and may play an important role as a pathophysiological factor and as a potential therapeutic target. (J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019;25:423-435)

People with primary progressive aphasia (PPA) present language difficulties that require lengthy assessments and follow-ups. Despite individual differences, people with PPA are often classified into three variants that present some distinctive language difficulties. We analyzed the data of 6 fluency tasks (i.e., “F”, “A”, “S”, “Fruits”, “Animals”, “Vegetables”). We used random forests to pinpoint relevant word properties and error types in the classification of the three PPA variants, conditional inference trees to indicate how relevant variables may interact with one another and ANOVAs to cross-validate the results. Results indicate that total word count helps distinguish healthy individuals (N = 10) from people with PPA (N = 29). Furthermore, mean familiarity differentiates people with svPPA (N = 8) from people with lvPPA (N = 10) and nfvPPA (N = 11). No other word property or error type was relevant in the classification. These results relate to previous literature, as familiarity effects have been reported in people with svPPA in naming and spontaneous speech. Also, they strengthen the relevance of using familiarity to identify a specific group of people with PPA. This paper enhances our understanding of what determines word retrieval in people with PPA, complementing and extending data from naming studies.

espanolObjetivos. El tabaquismo es un factor de riesgo prevenible, por lo que su cese es un objetivo importante en atencion primaria. Los principales objetivos del estudio son evaluar los resultados de una consulta monografica en tabaquismo (CMT) en atencion primaria a los 6 meses y al ano de la intervencion y objetivar las caracteristicas de los pacientes y describir los tratamientos empleados. Material y metodos. Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de todos los pacientes que acudieron derivados a la CMT en el centro de salud durante un ano. Se registraron mediante historia clinica los test de dependencia y motivacion, la cooximetria y las visitas de seguimiento junto con los tratamientos seleccionados. Resultados. Se estudiaron 47 pacientes con edad media de 52 anos (DE 14) sin practica diferencia de sexo (51,1 % mujeres y 48,9 % varones). La mayoria de los pacientes tenian una motivacion alta (46,8 %) y eran disonantes (78,7 %) en fase contemplativa (72,3 %). Durante las visitas de seguimiento se observo una disminucion de la continuacion; a los 6 meses de la intervencion el 49 % habia dejado de fumar, pero al cabo de un ano recayeron el 80 % de estos. Conclusiones. Los pacientes consiguieron dejar de fumar al cabo de 6 meses, pero al cabo de un ano la mayoria recayeron, por lo que se deberia de realizar un protocolo de intervencion entre los 6 y 12 meses. EnglishObjectives. Smoking is a health risk factor. Its cessation is an important point in the primary health care. Study’s main objectives are to evaluate the results of a monographic smoking consultation in primary health care 6 months and a year after the beginning of intervention, to define patients’ characteristics and to describe the treatments used. Material and methods. it is a retrospective descriptive study of all patients who came to the consultation at the health center during a year. Dependence and motivation test, coximetry and the follow-up visits were registered in the medical history together with the selected treatments. Results. 47 patients were studied with a middle age of 52 years (OF 14) without gender difference (51,1% female and 48,9% males). The most of the patients had a high motivation (46,8%) and they were dissonant (78,7 %) in the contemplative phase (72,3 %). At the follow-up visits there was a decrease in the continuation. After 6 months of intervention, the 49% had ceased smoking but a year after 80 % of them relapsed. Conclusions. 6 months later patients stopped smoking. After a year the majority relapsed, so an intervention protocol performed between 6 and 12 months duration could give better results.

Background. Chronic poststroke oropharyngeal dysphagia (CPSOD) is associated with impaired oropharyngeal sensory/motor function. We aimed to assess effect of sensory (SES) and motor (NMES) transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TES) on safety of swallow and clinical outcomes in patients with CPSOD in a one-year follow-up randomized controlled trial. Methods. Ninety patients (74.1 ± 11.5 y, modified Rankin score 2.6 ± 1.7) with CPSOD and impaired safety of swallow were randomized to (a) compensatory treatment (CT), (b) CT + SES, and (c) CT + NMES. Patients were treated with up to two cycles (6 months apart) of 15 × 1 hour TES sessions over two weeks and followed up with 4-5 clinical and videofluoroscopic assessments during one year. Key results. Baseline penetration–aspiration scale (PAS) was 4.61 ± 1.75, delayed time to laryngeal vestibule closure (LVC) 396.4 ± 108.7 ms, and impaired efficacy signs 94.25%. Swallowing parameters significantly improved between baseline and 1-year follow-up in SES and NMES groups for prevalence of patients with a safe swallow ( P < .001), mean PAS ( P < .001), time to LVC ( P < .01), and need for thickening agents ( P < .001). Patients in the CT presented a less intense improvement of signs of impaired safety of swallow without significant changes in time to LVC. No differences between groups were observed for 1-year mortality (6.1%), respiratory infections (9.6%), nutritional and functional status, QoL, and hospital readmission rates (27.6%). No significant adverse events related to TES were observed. Conclusions and inferences. Transcutaneous electrical stimulation is a safe and effective therapy for older patients with CPSOD. After 1-year follow-up, TES greatly improved the safety of swallow and reduced the need for fluid thickening in these patients.

En el present document es recull una primera fase de disseny, construcció i programació d'un robot mòbil autònom. Per a la lògica de control i el seu control remot s'ha emprat una Raspberry Pi 4B, la qual ha estat programada amb el llenguatge de programació Python. Amb aquest software s'han controlat els motors de corrent continu de 3V, que han fet avançar el robot, per un camí marcat amb línies negres, amb punts de referència obtinguts a través de tecnologia RFID. El robot és capaç d'esquivar objectes i interactuar amb l'entorn, amb la finalitat de donar ajuda en el servei de taula a la restauració, de manera que mitjançant una aplicació, el robot tingui capacitat de fer arribar el menjar als comensals. El prototip final se li han integrat diferents instrumentes de mesura i s'han testejat per l'obtenció d'uns primers resultats. Finalment s'han cercat informacions de les actuals tecnologies, per la proposta de possibles millores per la implementació final i real del projecte. En el presente documento se recoge una primera fase de diseño, construcción y programación de un robot móvil autónomo. Para la lógica de control y su control remoto se ha empleado una Raspberry Pi 4B, la cual ha sido programada con el lenguaje de programación Python. Con este software se han controlado los motores de corriente continua de 3V, que han hecho avanzar el robot, por un camino marcado con líneas negras, con puntos de referencia obtenidos a través de tecnología RFID. El robot es capaz de esquivar objetos e interactuar con el entorno, con el fin de dar ayuda en el servicio de mesa a la restauración, por lo que, mediante una aplicación, el robot tenga capacidad de hacer llegar la comida a los comensales. El prototipo final se le han integrado diferentes instrumentos de medida y se han testeado para la obtención de unos primeros resultados. Finalmente se han buscado informaciones de las actuales tecnologías, por la propuesta de posibles mejoras para la implementación final y real del proyecto. This document contains a first phase of design, construction and programming of an autonomous mobile robot. For the control logic and its remote control, a Raspberry Pi 4B has been used, which has been programmed with the Python programming language. With this software, the 3V direct current motors have been controlled, which have made the robot advance, along a path marked with black lines, with reference points obtained through RFID technology. The robot is capable of dodging objects and interacting with the environment, in order to provide help in catering for table service, so that through an application, the robot has the ability to deliver food to diners. Different measuring instruments have been integrated into the final prototype and they have been tested to obtain first results. Finally, information on current technologies has been sought, for the proposal of possible improvements for the final and real implementation of the project.

Healthy ageing leads to changes in the brain that impact upon sensory and cognitive processing. It is not fully clear how these changes affect the processing of everyday spoken language. Prediction is thought to play an important role in language comprehension, where information about upcoming words is pre-activated across multiple representational levels. However, evidence from electrophysiology suggests differences in how older and younger adults use context-based predictions, particularly at the level of semantic representation. We investigate these differences during natural speech comprehension by presenting older and younger subjects with continuous, narrative speech while recording their electroencephalogram. We use time-lagged linear regression to test how distinct computational measures of (1) semantic dissimilarity and (2) lexical surprisal are processed in the brains of both groups. Our results reveal dissociable neural correlates of these two measures that suggest differences in how younger and older adults successfully comprehend speech. Specifically, our results suggest that, while younger and older subjects both employ context-based lexical predictions, older subjects are significantly less likely to pre-activate the semantic features relating to upcoming words. Furthermore, across our group of older adults, we show that the weaker the neural signature of this semantic pre-activation mechanism, the lower a subject’s semantic verbal fluency score. We interpret these findings as prediction playing a generally reduced role at a semantic level in the brains of older listeners during speech comprehension and that these changes may be part of an overall strategy to successfully comprehend speech with reduced cognitive resources.

Background. Chronic poststroke oropharyngeal dysphagia (CPSOD) is associated with impaired oropharyngeal sensory/motor function. We aimed to assess effect of sensory (SES) and motor (NMES) transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TES) on safety of swallow and clinical outcomes in patients with CPSOD in a one-year follow-up randomized controlled trial. Methods. Ninety patients (74.1 +/- 11.5 y, modified Rankin score 2.6 +/- 1.7) with CPSOD and impaired safety of swallow were randomized to (a) compensatory treatment (CT), (b) CT + SES, and (c) CT + NMES. Patients were treated with up to two cycles (6 months apart) of 15 x 1 hour TES sessions over two weeks and followed up with 4-5 clinical and videofluoroscopic assessments during one year. Key results. Baseline penetration-aspiration scale (PAS) was 4.61 +/- 1.75, delayed time to laryngeal vestibule closure (LVC) 396.4 +/- 108.7 ms, and impaired efficacy signs 94.25%. Swallowing parameters significantly improved between baseline and 1-year follow-up in SES and NMES groups for prevalence of patients with a safe swallow (P < .001), mean PAS (P < .001), time to LVC (P < .01), and need for thickening agents (P < .001). Patients in the CT presented a less intense improvement of signs of impaired safety of swallow without significant changes in time to LVC. No differences between groups were observed for 1-year mortality (6.1%), respiratory infections (9.6%), nutritional and functional status, QoL, and hospital readmission rates (27.6%). No significant adverse events related to TES were observed. Conclusions and inferences. Transcutaneous electrical stimulation is a safe and effective therapy for older patients with CPSOD. After 1-year follow-up, TES greatly improved the safety of swallow and reduced the need for fluid thickening in these patients.

Background The human white matter pathway network is complex and of critical importance for functionality. Thus, learning and understanding white matter tract anatomy is important for the training of neuroscientists and neurosurgeons. The study aims to test and evaluate a new method for fiber dissection using augmented reality (AR) in a group which is experienced in cadaver white matter dissection courses and in vivo tractography. Methods Fifteen neurosurgeons, neurolinguists, and neuroscientists participated in this questionnaire-based study. We presented five cases of patients with left-sided perisylvian gliomas who underwent awake craniotomy. Diffusion tensor imaging fiber tracking (DTI FT) was performed and the language-related networks were visualized separated in different tracts by color. Participants were able to virtually dissect the prepared DTI FTs using a spatial computer and AR goggles. The application was evaluated through a questionnaire with answers from 0 (minimum) to 10 (maximum). Results Participants rated the overall experience of AR fiber dissection with a median of 8 points (mean ± standard deviation 8.5 ± 1.4). Usefulness for fiber dissection courses and education in general was rated with 8 (8.3 ± 1.4) and 8 (8.1 ± 1.5) points, respectively. Educational value was expected to be high for several target audiences (student: median 9, 8.6 ± 1.4; resident: 9, 8.5 ± 1.8; surgeon: 9, 8.2 ± 2.4; scientist: 8.5, 8.0 ± 2.4). Even clinical application of AR fiber dissection was expected to be of value with a median of 7 points (7.0 ± 2.5). Conclusion The present evaluation of this first application of AR for fiber dissection shows a throughout positive evaluation for educational purposes.

International audience; Taphonomic studies allow for a better understanding of the processes of formation and preservation of fossil assemblages, and the identification of biases that can alter the palaeoenvironmental interpretations deduced from faunal lists. A taphonomic analysis of a fossil assemblage is, therefore, an essential prerequisite for subsequent palaeoecological studies. Palaeoecology, in turn, uses data from fossils to examine how organisms and their environments change throughout time. By studying patterns of evolution and extinction in the context of environmental change, palaeoecologists are able to examine concepts of vulnerability and resilience in species and environments at different geographic and temporal scales. The Quaternary period is well represented in geographically extensive and high-temporal-resolution records, and is of particular interest to human evolution. Vertebrate assemblages, whether accumulated by humans or non-human agents, are frequently well preserved in Quaternary palaeontological and archaeological deposits, especially in caves. In recent years, the number of and methods for taphonomic and palaeoecological analyses on Quaternary vertebrate assemblages have greatly developed, and we would like to highlight here some works illustrating these advances by encouraging contributions from (but not restricted to) palaeontology, zooarchaeology, palaeoanthropology, palaeoclimatology, and paleoenvironmental studies. Implementation of modern taphonomic referentials and experiments are key to the adequate interpretation of fossil assemblages, so papers focusing on these topics are also welcome.

Este proyecto consiste en el desarrollo de una aplicación web donde los usuarios sean capaces de obtener de forma ordenada y sin redundancia los datos de investigadores de numerosos sitios institucionales, recursos académicos y documentos de investigación. Estos datos se extraen mediante un procedimiento consistente en scraping, y se devuelve dicha información en un formato JSON, accesible a través de una interfaz web, para su posterior uso. Se puede acceder a la aplicación web y a todos los recursos del proyecto mediante los siguientes recursos: La URL de la aplicación desplegada: https://client-tfg.vercel.app En este repositorio se encuentra la aplicación de la parte del servidor: https://github.com/rmartin177/server-tfg En este repositorio se encuentra la aplicación de la parte del cliente: https://github.com/rmartin177/client-tfg

Intraoperative mapping of the neural processes that support noun and verb production has generally focused on naming of objects and actions. Action naming has been proposed as a good complement to object naming for intraoperative language mapping. While action naming taps into similar language functions as object naming, the processing of verbs may also recruit partially different neural substrates and tap into morphosyntactic processes that are particularly relevant in everyday communication. In this chapter, we review the neural basis of object and action naming, long-term deficits in people who did not benefit from its intraoperative use, knowledge gained from lesion-symptom mapping, variations in the design of these tasks, functional improvement as a function of the type of mapping carried out, and some of the anatomo-functional knowledge we have from prior studies on awake mapping. Finally, we step back to situate action naming in two broader contexts: a subtype of verb processing on the one hand, and nonlinguistic knowledge of objects and actions more generally. Looking forward, there are many exciting questions to be pursued using action naming in an intraoperative context, and the clinical preparation afforded by awake language mapping holds tremendous potential to disclose new insights about the neural basis of nouns and verbs.

Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-1-nnr-10.1177_15459683211023187 for Effect of Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation in Chronic Poststroke Patients with Oropharyngeal Dysphagia: 1-Year Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial by Viridiana Arreola, Omar Ortega, Daniel Álvarez-Berdugo, Laia Rofes, Noemí Tomsen, Christopher Cabib, Desiree Muriana, Elisabet Palomera and Pere Clavé in Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair

La falta d'informació sobre els processos de neolitització i les seves dinàmiques d'ocupació del territori en el tram baix del riu Ebre fa difícil l'especificació dels períodes prehistòrics de la presència humana. En aquest article es presenta un estudi dut a terme en el marc d'una tesi doctoral en el qual s'han analitzat els artefactes lítics trobats en quatre municipis de la zona. La seqüenciació cronològica d'aquestes restes fent ús de l'estadística bayesiana ha permès una aproximació per ordenar la successió d'esdeveniments, aportant així noves dades a la informació que ja existeix. La falta de información sobre los procesos de neolitización y sus dinámicas de ocupación del territorio en el tramo bajo del río Ebro hace difícil la especificación de los periodos prehistóricos de presencia humana. En este artículo, se presenta un estudio llevado a cabo en el marco de una tesis doctoral en el que se han analizado los artefactos líticos encontrados en cuatro municipios de la zona. La secuenciación cronológica de estos restos haciendo uso de la estadística bayesiana ha permitido una aproximación para ordenar la sucesión de acontecimientos, aportando así nuevos datos a la información que ya existe.

12 pages; National audience

Graphical abstract, Highlights • Counting is used in Electrical Stimulation Mapping (ESM), often as a language screen. • We report a case where ESM reliably disrupted production of letters, but not numbers. • Counting is not an accurate screen of all language functions in ESM., Neurosurgery has the potential to cure patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy, but carries the risk of permanent language impairment when surgery involves the dominant hemisphere of the brain. This risk can be estimated and minimized using electrical stimulation mapping (ESM), which uses cognitive and linguistic tasks during cortical ESM to differentiate “eloquent” and “resectable” areas in the brain. One such task, counting, is often used to screen and characterize language during ESM in patients whose language abilities are limited. Here we report a patient with drug-resistant epilepsy arising from the language-dominant hemisphere using fMRI. Our patient experienced loss of the ability to recite or write the alphabet, but not to count, during ESM of the dominant left posterior superior temporal gyrus. This selective impairment extended to both spoken and written production. We suggest the need for caution when using counting as a sole means to screen language function and as a method of testing low functioning patients using ESM.

Quan un projecte es pot qualificar com a creació visual? Quan podem dir que un projecte és un TFG? Quan la pràctica artística es pot qualificar com a art? Aquest TFM exposa la possibilitat d'abordar els TFG de les disciplines relacionades amb l'art des del punt de vista de la investigació artística donant èmfasi a la pràctica artística com a investigació. Per tal d'assolir aquest objectiu genèric aquest TFM proposa símptomes que ens permeten operar amb els semblants de família dels termes creació visual, TFG i investigació artística. Detecta les dificultats d'assolir un TFG en art i les resol mitjançant la investigació artística. El projecte cristal·litza amb la proposta de programa de l'assignatura TFG en creació visual d'EINA, Centre Universitari de disseny i d'art adscrit a la UAB que valida mitjançant un estudi de cinc casos representatius de TFG de creació visual durant els dos primers anys del Grau en Disseny. El projecte inclou la proposta del paper del text com a impulsor del projecte i un estudi de com Goldsmiths University of London, Royal Academy of Art of The Hague, Aalto University school of arts and design and architecture i la Art Academy of MALMÖ tracten el treball final de grau -o un equivalent-, així com la recerca artística al grau. ¿Cuándo un proyecto se puede calificar como creación visual? ¿Cuándo podemos decir que un proyecto es un TFG? ¿Cuándo la práctica artística se puede calificar como arte? Este TFM expone la posibilidad de abordar los TFG de las disciplinas relacionadas con el arte desde el punto de vista de la investigación artística dando énfasis a la práctica artística cómo investigación. Para lograr este objetivo genérico este TFM propone síntomas que nos permiten operar con los parecidos de familia de los términos creación visual, TFG e investigación artística. Detecta las dificultades de lograr un TFG en arte y las resuelve mediante la investigación artística. El proyecto cristaliza con la propuesta de programa de la asignatura TFG en creación visual de EINA, Centro Universitario de diseño y de arte adscrito a la UAB que se valida mediante un estudio de cinco casos representativos de TFG de creación visual durante los dos primeros años del Grado en Diseño. El proyecto incluye la propuesta del papel del texto como impulsor del proyecto y un estudio de como Goldsmiths University of London, Royal Academy of Art of The Hague, Aalto University school of arts and design and architecture y la Art Academy of MALMÖ tratan el trabajo final de grado -o un equivalente- así como la investigación artística en el grado. When does a project can be described as visual creation? When do we say that a project is a TFG? When does artistic practice can be qualified as art? This TFM presents the possibility to address the TFG of the disciplines related to art from the point of view of artistic research and emphasizes research as practice. To achieve this general objective, this TFM proposes symptoms that allow us to operate with the family resemblances terms of visual creation, TFG and artistic research. It detects the difficulties of achieving a TFG in art and solves them through artistic research. The project crystallizes in a proposal of a syllabus for TFG in visual creation, which is validated by a study of five representative cases of TFG of visual creation presented during the first two years of the degree. The project includes the proposal of the role of text as a promoter of the project and a study of how Goldsmiths University of London, Royal Academy of Art of The Hague, Aalto University School of Art and Design and Architecture and the Art Academy of MALMÖ treat the TFG -or equivalent projects- and artistic research during the degree.