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Indigenous Peoples’ lands cover over one-quarter of Earth's surface, a significant proportion of which is still free from industrial-level human impacts. As a result, Indigenous Peoples and their lands are crucial for the long-term persistence of Earth's biodiversity and ecosystem services. Yet, information on species composition on these lands globally remains largely unknown. We conducted the first comprehensive analysis of terrestrial mammal composition across mapped Indigenous lands based on data on area of habitat (AOH) for 4460 mammal species assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. We overlaid each species’ AOH on a current map of Indigenous lands and found that 2695 species (60% of assessed mammals) had ≥10% of their ranges on Indigenous Peoples’ lands and 1009 species (23%) had >50% of their ranges on these lands. For threatened species, 473 (47%) occurred on Indigenous lands with 26% having >50% of their habitat on these lands. We also found that 935 mammal species (131 categorized as threatened) had ≥ 10% of their range on Indigenous Peoples’ lands that had low human pressure. Our results show how important Indigenous Peoples’ lands are to the successful implementation of conservation and sustainable development agendas worldwide.

BACKGROUND Common memory aids for people with dementia at home are recommended. However, rigorous evaluation is lacking, particularly what guidance or support is valued. OBJECTIVE To investigate effects of memory aids and guidance by Dementia Support Practitioners (DSPs) for people in early stage dementia through a pragmatic, randomised controlled trial. METHODS Of 469 people with mild to moderate dementia and their informal carers, 468 were randomised to a DSP with memory aids or to usual care plus existing dementia guide. Allocation was stratified by: Trust/Health Board; time since first attendance at memory service; gender; age; and living with primary carer or not. Primary outcome was Bristol Activities of Daily Living Scale (BADLS) score at 3 and 6 months (primary end-point). Secondary outcomes for people with dementia: quality of life (CASP-19; DEMQOL); cognition and functioning (Clinical Dementia Rating Scale; SMMSE); capability (ICECAP-O); social networks (LSNS-R); and instrumental daily living activities (R-IDDD). Secondary outcomes for carers: psychological health (GHQ-12); sense of competence (SSCQ). RESULTS DSPs were successfully trained, compliance was good and welcomed by participants. Mean 6 months BADLS score increased to 14.6 (SD 10.4) in intervention and 12.6 (SD 8.1) in comparator, indicative of greater dependence in the activities of daily living. Adjusted between group difference was 0.38 (95% confidence interval -0.89 to 1.65, P=0.56). Though this suggests greater dependency in the intervention group the difference was not significant. No differences were found in secondary outcomes. CONCLUSIONS This intervention did not maintain independence in the activities of daily living with no improvement in other outcomes for people with dementia or carers.

Indigenous Peoples' lands cover over one-quarter of Earth's surface, a significant proportion of which is still free from industrial-level human impacts. As a result, Indigenous Peoples and their lands are crucial for the long-term persistence of Earth's biodiversity and ecosystem services. Yet, information on species composition within Indigenous Peoples' lands globally remains largely unknown. Here, we provide the first comprehensive analysis of terrestrial mammal composition across mapped Indigenous lands by using area of habitat data for 4,460 IUCN-assessed mammal species. We estimated that 2,175 species (49%) have ≥ 10% of their ranges in Indigenous Peoples' lands, and 646 species (14%) have > half of their ranges within these lands. For the threatened species assessed, 413 (41%) occur in Indigenous Peoples' lands. We also found that 935 mammal species (of which 131 are threatened with extinction) have ≥ 10% of their range in Indigenous Peoples' lands that have low human pressure. This analysis shows how important Indigenous Peoples and their lands are to the successful implementation of international conservation and sustainable development agendas. Article impact statement: Indigenous peoples' lands are important for the successful implementation of international conservation and sustainable development agendas. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Background: Over half of people with dementia live at home. We know little about what home support could be clinically effective or cost-effective in enabling them to live well. Objectives: We aimed to (1) review evidence for components of home support, identify their presence in the literature and in services in England, and develop an appropriate economic model; (2) develop and test a practical memory support package in early-stage dementia, test the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of routine home support in later-stage dementia and design a toolkit based on this evidence; and (3) elicit the preferences of staff, carers and people with dementia for home support inputs and packages, and evaluate the cost-effectiveness of these approaches in early- and later-stage dementia. Design: We undertook (1) an evidence synthesis, national surveys on the NHS and social care and an economic review; (2) a multicentre pragmatic randomised trial [Dementia Early Stage Cognitive Aids New Trial (DESCANT)] to estimate the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of providing memory aids and guidance to people with early-stage dementia (the DESCANT intervention), alongside process evaluation and qualitative analysis, an observational study of existing care packages in later-stage dementia along with qualitative analysis, and toolkit development to summarise this evidence; and (3) consultation with experts, staff and carers to explore the balance between informal and paid home support using case vignettes, discrete choice experiments to explore the preferences of people with dementia and carers between home support packages in early- and later-stage dementia, and cost–utility analysis building on trial and observational study. Setting: The national surveys described Community Mental Health Teams, memory clinics and social care services across England. Recruitment to the trial was through memo

There is a growing recognition of the importance of the social work contribution within community mental health services. However, although many texts describe what the mental health social work contribution should be, little empirical evidence exists about their role in practice and the difference it might make to service users. This qualitative study sought to articulate this contribution through the voices of social workers and their multidisciplinary colleagues via focus group discussions across four English Mental Health Trusts. These considered the impact of the social worker on the service user. Thematic analysis resulted in the identification of three over-arching themes: social workers own perceptions of their contribution situated within the social model; the high value their colleagues placed on social work support and leadership in a range of situations and the concerns for service users if social workers were withdrawn from teams. Key findings were that social workers are the only professional group to lead on the social model; that this model enhances the whole teams’ practice and is required if service users are to be offered support that promotes long-term recovery and that without social workers, the community mental health team offer would be more transactional, less timely, with the potential for the loss of the service users’ voice. If social work is to make a full contribution to community mental health team practice, it must be clearly understood and provided with the support to enable social workers to operate to their full potential.

Background Over half of people with dementia live at home. We know little about what home support could be effective in enabling them to live well. Objectives We aimed to: (1) review evidence for components of home support, identify their presence in the literature and in services in England, and develop an appropriate economic model; (2) develop and test a practical memory support package in early-stage dementia, test the effectiveness of routine home support in later-stage dementia, and design a toolkit based on this evidence; (3) elicit preferences of staff, carers and people with dementia for home support inputs and packages, and evaluate cost-effectiveness of these approaches in early- and later-stage dementia. Design Thus we undertook: (1) evidence synthesis; national surveys on NHS and social care; and economic review (2) multi-centre pragmatic randomised trial (DESCANT) to estimate the effectiveness of providing memory aids and guidance to people with early-stage dementia (the DESCANT intervention) – alongside process evaluation and qualitative analysis; observational study of existing care packages in later-stage dementia alongside qualitative analysis; and toolkit development to summarise this evidence (3) consultation with experts, staff and carers to explore balance between informal and paid home support using case vignettes; Discrete Choice Experiments to explore the preferences of people with dementia and carers between home support packages in early- and later-stage dementia; and cost-utility analysis building on trial and observational study. Setting The national surveys described Community Mental Health Teams, memory clinics and social care services across England. Recruitment to the trial was through memory services in 9 NHS Trusts in England and one Health Board in Wales. Recruitment to the observational study was through social services in 17 local authorities in England. Recruitment for the vignette and preference studies was through memory serv

The ‘levelling-up’ agenda offers the opportunity to change the way we think about regional development. Based on traditional measures of performance, interregional inequality is substantial in the UK and unlikely to be addressed without a sustained and significant policy effort. Government moves to change industrial and regional support following the UK’s exit from the European Union have been tentative but are now taking shape. Society and policy may be well served by a broader interpretation of regional success which incorporates wellbeing in a wider sense and social enterprises are well placed to contribute to this broader interpretation. This review reflects on their potential role in reducing interregional inequality in light of the COVID-19 pandemic and Brexit.

The increasing scale and interconnection of many environmental challenges – from climate change to land use – has resulted in the need to collaborate across borders and boundaries of all types. Traditional centralized, top-down and sectoral approaches to governance of single-issue areas or species within social-ecological systems often have limited potential to alleviate issues that go beyond their jurisdiction. As a result, collaborative governance approaches have come to the forefront. A great deal of past research has examined the conditions under which collaborative efforts are likely to achieve desired outcomes. However, few studies have analyzed how the means to achieve successful collaborative outcomes differ based on context when examined across multiple studies. In this research, we begin to chart a means for doing this. Building onto a Context-Mechanism-Outcome (CMO) Framework, we provide a coding manual to analyse how contextual variables mediate the effects of mechanism variables on outcomes of the collaborative governance of social-ecological systems. Through the examination of four cases, we provide a proof-of-concept assessment and show the utility of the CMO framework and coding manual to draw comparisons across cases for understanding how collaborative outcomes are contingent on the social-ecological context in which they occur.

Social enterprises – broadly defined as enterprises with a social purpose – have been on the rise globally in the post-crisis period. This review considers the recent developments amongst social enterprises in the UK. We consider existing theories that might underpin their development and growth and present an avenue for future quantitative analysis to improve our understanding going forward. Using the Small Business Survey, we are able to compare those small firms in the UK that declare themselves to be social enterprises with traditional for-profit firms. Data linking provides opportunities for panel analyses of these firms, compared with other SMEs, albeit at significantly reduced sample sizes. The findings supply some indication that social enterprises are more associated with higher levels of employment growth, but evidence is weak. The matching exercise demonstrates how these data might be considered in future analyses.

The World Economic Forum now ranks biodiversity loss as a top-five risk to the global economy, and the draft post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework proposes an expansion of conservation areas to 30% of the earth’s surface by 2030 (hereafter the “30% target”), using protected areas (PAs) and other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs). - Two immediate concerns are how much a 30% target might cost and whether it will cause economic losses to the agriculture, forestry and fisheries sectors. - Conservation areas also generate economic benefits (e.g. revenue from nature tourism and ecosystem services), making PAs/Nature an economic sector in their own right. - If some economic sectors benefit but others experience a loss, high-level policy makers need to know the net impact on the wider economy, as well as on individual sectors. [...]

The small and medium sized enterprise sector is seen as the engine of growth for an economy, in terms of generating innovation and employment growth. Firm entry can create pressure on incumbent firms and yet research on the transmission mechanisms, as they apply to small firms is less well understood, in part because of small firm ‘churn’ but also because they are less well represented in firm level survey data. The advent of the Longitudinal Small Business Survey (LSBS) goes a considerable way in allowing us to address this knowledge gap. This paper presents evidence using the latest waves of the LSBS data (2015-2017) combined with data on the regional environment in which small firms are located. We argue that city regional factors influence firm growth and performance and in particular the innovative environment of the firm. We find evidence of City Regional level effects but weak evidence in relation to specific channels for these effects, specialisation agglomerations appear to be positively associated with higher levels of labour productivity. Our findings suggest that more work is needed to understand what it is about the regional environment that fosters productivity improvements in small firms particularly in relation to innovation.