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151. Structure–Property Basis for Solving Transporter-Mediated Efflux and Pan-Genotypic Inhibition in HCV NS5B Inhibitors

Author

Yeung, Kap-Sun, primary, Beno, Brett R., additional, Mosure, Kathy, additional, Zhu, Juliang, additional, Grant-Young, Katherine A., additional, Parcella, Kyle, additional, Anjanappa, Prakash, additional, Bora, Rajesh Onkardas, additional, Selvakumar, Kumaravel, additional, Wang, Ying-Kai, additional, Fang, Hua, additional, Krause, Rudolph, additional, Rigat, Karen, additional, Liu, Mengping, additional, Lemm, Julie, additional, Sheriff, Steven, additional, Witmer, Mark, additional, Tredup, Jeffrey, additional, Jardel, Adam, additional, Kish, Kevin, additional, Parker, Dawn, additional, Haskell, Roy, additional, Santone, Kenneth, additional, Meanwell, Nicholas A., additional, Soars, Matthew G., additional, Roberts, Susan B., additional, and Kadow, John F., additional

Published
2018
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152. Effects of age on energy balance

Author

Roberts, Susan B. and Dallal, Gerard E.

Subjects
Energy metabolism -- Demographic aspects, Aging -- Physiological aspects, Food/cooking/nutrition, Health
Abstract

The effects of aging on energy requirements and energy balance have been studied by several research groups using the doubly labeled water method. The weight of evidence from these investigations suggests that current recommended dietary allowances underestimate the usual energy needs of adults of all ages, including older adults. In addition, doubly labeled water studies have found a significant negative association between body fatness and energy expenditure for physical activity, and a significant positive association between energy expenditure for physical activity and fat-free mass. Further studies are needed to refine estimates of energy requirements for different population groups and to address the role of physical activity in the prevention and treatment of obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68(suppl):975S-9S.

Published
1998

154. Discovery of BMS-961955, an allosteric inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase

Author

Zheng, Barbara Zhizhen, D'Andrea, Stanley V., Hanumegowda, Umesh, Knipe, Jay O., Mosure, Kathy, Zhuo, Xiaoliang, Lemm, Julie A., Liu, Mengping, Rigat, Karen L., Wang, Ying-Kai, Fang, Hua, Poronsky, Chris, Cutrone, Jingfang, Wu, Dauh-Rurng, Arunachalam, Pirama Nayagam, Balapragalathan, T.J., Arumugam, Arunachalam, Mathur, Arvind, Meanwell, Nicholas A., Gao, Min, Roberts, Susan B., and Kadow, John F.

Published
2017
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155. Effects of carbohydrate quantity and glycemic index on resting metabolic rate and body composition during weight loss

Author

Karl, J. Philip, Roberts, Susan B., Schaefer, Ernst J., Gleason, Joi A., Fuss, Paul, Rasmussen, Helen, Saltzman, Edward, and Das, Sai Krupa

Subjects
Male, Diet composition, Body Weight, Glycemic Load, Middle Aged, Body composition, Article, Metabolic adaptation, Diet, Body fat, Glycemic Index, Weight Loss, Dietary Carbohydrates, Humans, Energy expenditure, Female, Basal Metabolism, Obesity, Aged
Abstract

Objective To examine the effects of diets varying in carbohydrate and glycemic index (GI) on changes in body composition, resting metabolic rate (RMR) and metabolic adaptation during and after weight loss. Methods Adults with obesity (n = 91) were randomized to one of four provided-food diets for 17 wk. Diets differed in percentage energy from carbohydrate (55% or 70%) and GI (low or high), but were matched for protein, fiber and energy. Body weight, body composition, RMR, and metabolic adaptation (measured RMR – predicted RMR) were measured during weight loss and subsequent weight stability. Results No effect of dietary carbohydrate content or GI on body weight loss or percentage of weight lost as fat mass was observed. Measured RMR was significantly lower (−226 kJ/d [95%CI: −314 kJ/d, −138 kJ/d] P < 0.001) than predicted RMR following weight loss, but this difference was attenuated after 5 wk weight stability. Metabolic adaptation did not differ by dietary carbohydrate content or GI, and was not associated with weight regain 12 mo later. Conclusion Moderate-carbohydrate and low-GI diets did not preferentially reduce fat mass, preserve lean mass, or attenuate metabolic adaptation during weight loss compared to high-carbohydrate and high-GI diets.

Published
2015

156. Effects of caloric restriction on human physiological, psychological, and behavioral outcomes: highlights from CALERIE phase 2.

Author

Dorling, James L, Vliet, Stephan van, Huffman, Kim M, Kraus, William E, Bhapkar, Manjushri, Pieper, Carl F, Stewart, Tiffany, Das, Sai Krupa, Racette, Susan B, Roberts, Susan B, Ravussin, Eric, Redman, Leanne M, Martin, Corby K, and Group, the CALERIE Study

Subjects
AGING, BASIC needs, BIOMARKERS, INGESTION, LONGEVITY, NEED (Psychology), HEALTH outcome assessment, REDUCING diets
Abstract

Caloric restriction (CR) is a strategy that attenuates aging in multiple nonhuman species. The Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy (CALERIE) trials are part of a research program aiming to test the effects of CR on aging and longevity biomarkers in humans. Building on CALERIE phase 1, CALERIE phase 2 (CALERIE 2) was the largest study to date to assess sustained CR in healthy humans without obesity. In a 24-month randomized controlled trial comprising 218 participants at baseline, CALERIE 2 showed that moderate CR, 11.9% on average, induced improvements in aging-related biomarkers without adversely affecting psychological or behavioral outcomes. The objectives of this report are to summarize and review the highlights of CALERIE 2 and report previously unpublished results on eating disorder symptoms and cognitive function. This article specifically summarizes the physiological, psychological, aging, behavioral, and safety results of the trial. Also provided are research directions beyond CALERIE 2 that highlight important opportunities to investigate the role of CR in aging, longevity, and health span in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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158. Oatmeal vs. Oat Bran

Author

Roberts, Susan B.

Subjects
Cereal products, Health
Abstract

Q Is there a nutritional difference between oatmeal and oat bran? A Judith C. Thalheimer, RD, LDN, managing editor of Tufts Health & Nutrition Letter, answers: 'An oat grain has [...]

Published
2022

159. Activated Charcoal

Author

Roberts, Susan B.

Subjects
Health
Abstract

Q A friend is encouraging me to take activated charcoal capsules. Is this a good idea? How can it help my health? A Alicia Romano, MS, RD, a clinical dietitian [...]

Published
2022

160. Effect of high-fat and low-fat diets on voluntary energy intake and substrate oxidation: studies in identical twins consuming diets matched for energy density, fiber, and palatability

Author

Saltzman, Edward, Dallal, Gerard E., and Roberts, Susan B.

Subjects
Dietary fat -- Health aspects, Twins -- Food and nutrition, Energy metabolism -- Measurement, Nutrition -- Evaluation, Food/cooking/nutrition, Health
Abstract

There remains controversy over the effects of dietary fat content on voluntary energy intake. Additionally, the question of whether there is a genetic susceptibility to overeating high-fat diets has not been resolved. To address these issues, we designed two diets: a low-fat diet providing [approximately equals] 20% of energy as fat and a high-fat diet with [approximately equals] 40% of energy as fat. The diets were matched for energy density, fiber, and palatability. In a two-phase, 18-d intervention study, voluntary energy intakes and macronutrient oxidation rates during the fasting and fed states were determined in seven pairs of identical male twins. In contrast with results of previous intervention studies, in which low-fat and high-fat diets were not matched for energy density and other associated variables, we observed no significant difference in voluntary energy intake between the low-fat and high-fat phases, and mean daily intakes were similar (10.3 and 10.7 MJ/d, respectively). Postprandial rates of fat oxidation tended to reflect fat intakes in the two dietary phases, thus helping to explain the lack of a difference in mean energy intakes. There was also a significant twin-pair similarity in differences in energy intakes between dietary phases (P = 0.013). These results suggest that dietary fat content does not have a major influence on voluntary energy intake when dietary variables usually associated with fat are controlled for and that there may be a familial influence on the effects of dietary fat content on energy intake.

Published
1997

161. Fat oxidation in response to four graded energy challenges in younger and older women

Author

Melanson, Kathleen J., Saltzman, Edward, Russell, Robert R., and Roberts, Susan B.

Subjects
Oxidation, Physiological -- Measurement, Energy metabolism -- Health aspects, Adipose tissues -- Measurement, Aging -- Health aspects, Aged women -- Health aspects, Food/cooking/nutrition, Health
Abstract

We examined whether older individuals have an impairment in their ability to oxidize dietary fat, a factor that could help to explain age-associated weight gain. The subjects were 16 healthy younger and older women. Fat oxidation was determined by indirect calorimetry before and after consumption of four different test meals consumed [is greater than or equal to] 5 d apart. The intervention meals contained 0, 1046, 2092, or 4184 kJ (simulating extended fasting, and consumption of a snack, a small meal, and a moderately large meal, respectively), with 35% of energy from fat. The duration of each measurement was the amount of time required for postprandial energy expenditure to return to the premeal fasting value. A total of 96 measurements were obtained, including duplicates for all meal sizes in the younger women (in the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle). Total postprandial fat oxidation increased in proportion to meal size in the younger subjects, but did not increase above that for the 2092-kJ meal in the older women. In addition, older subjects had significantly lower total fat oxidation after consumption of the 4184-kJ meal (781 compared with 1029 kJ/measurement, P [is less than] 0.02) and also significantly greater fat deposition (745 compared with 464 kJ/measurement, P [is less than] 0.02). These findings suggest that, relative to younger women, older women have a reduced ability to oxidize dietary fat when they consume large meals.

Published
1997

162. Evaluation of four methods for determining energy intake in young and older women: comparison with doubly labeled water measurements of total energy expenditure

Author

Sawaya, Ana L., Tucker, Katherine, Tsay, Rita, Willett, Walter, Saltzman, Edward, Dallal, Gerard E., and Roberts, Susan B.

Subjects
Energy metabolism -- Measurement, Adipose tissues -- Measurement, Aging -- Health aspects, Food/cooking/nutrition, Health
Abstract

The accuracy and precision of four different food intake assessment methods were evaluated in young and older women by comparing reported energy intakes with doubly labeled water measurements total energy expenditure (TEE). A study lasting 8 d was conducted in 10 young women aged 25.2 [+ or -] 1.1 y ([chi bar] [+ or -] SEM) and in 10 older women aged 74.0 t 1.4 y. Free-living TEE was measured over 7 d and food consumption was determined from weighed food intake data (7 d), a 24-h food recall (in duplicate), and two different food-frequency questionnaires [Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC)/Block and Willett, both in duplicate]. In addition, body composition was determined by using hydrodensitometry, and strenuous physical activity and the extent of dietary restraint were determined by questionnaire. In young women, 24-h recall gave mean energy intakes that were closest to measures of TEE (-0.34 [+ or -] 3.71 MJ/d compared with TEE, P = 0. 178), and energy intakes by food-frequency questionnaires were the only intake data that correlated significantly with individual values for TEE (P < 0.05). In older women, food-frequency questionnaires gave mean energy intakes that were closest to measured TEE (+0.53 [+ or -] 2.95 MJ/d with the Willett questionnaire and - 1.19 [+ or -] 3.02 MJ/d with the FHCRC/Block questionnaire). No energy intake data from this group correlated significantly with values for TEE. The 7-d weighed dietary intakes were significantly lower than measured TEE in both young and older women (-2.0 MJ/d in young and older women combined, P < 0.001), and did not correlate significantly with values for TEE, although they did most closely mirror the mean difference in TEE between the young and older women (2.30 MJ/d for TEE and 2.11 MJ/d for 7-d weighed intake). These data suggest that none of the methods studied gave accurate estimates of the usual energy requirements of individual subjects. In addition, the results suggest that for some types of studies, simple methods for assessing group mean dietary intake may actually give more accurate information than weighed dietary intakes. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;63:491-9.

Published
1996

163. Influence of age on energy requirements

Author

Roberts, Susan B., Fuss, Paul, Heyman, Melvin B., and Young, Vernon R.

Subjects
Energy metabolism -- Measurement, Aging -- Health aspects, Food/cooking/nutrition, Health
Published
1995

164. Dietary energy requirements of young and older women determined by using the doubly labeled water method

Author

Sawaya, Ana L., Saltzman, Edward, Fuss, Paul, Young, Vernon R., and Roberts, Susan B.

Subjects
Nutrition -- Requirements, Women -- Food and nutrition, Energy metabolism -- Measurement, Ingestion -- Measurement, Body composition -- Physiological aspects, Aging -- Health aspects, Food/cooking/nutrition, Health
Abstract

There is little information on the effects of age on energy requirements in women. This issue was investigated in a cross-sectional study of 10 normal-weight young women aged 25.2 [+ or -] 1.1 y ([x, bar above] [+ or -] SEM) and 10 normal-weight older women aged 74.0 [+ or -] 1.4 y. In a 9-d study, measurements were made of free-living total energy expenditure (TEE) by using the doubly labeled water technique, body composition by using hydrodensitometry, and resting energy expenditure (REE) by using indirect calorimetry. Mean values for reported levels of strenuous activity were within the expected range in both groups (31 [+ or -] 13 min/d in the young group and 7 [+ or -] 2 min/d in the older group). Energy requirements expressed as the ratio of TEE to REE were 1.80 [+ or -] 0.10 and 1.62 [+ or -] 0.06 (P < 0.01) in the young and older group, respectively. When values for REE predicted from body weight (pREE) were used, as suggested in the current recommended dietary allowances (RDAs), the ratios of TEE to pREE in the two groups were 1.85 [+ or -] 0.10 and 1.54 [+ or -] 0.04 (P < 0.05). The RDAs significantly underpredicted the energy requirements of the young group (P < 0.05), but there was no significant underprediction in the older group. Although obtained in a relatively small number of subjects, these results provide no evidence to indicate that the current RDAs underestimate the energy requirements of older women, in contrast with previous observations of an underestimation of energy requirements by the RDAs in older men.

Published
1995

178. Curcumin and piperine supplementation of obese mice under caloric restriction modulates body fat and interleukin-1β

Author

Miyazawa, Taiki, primary, Nakagawa, Kiyotaka, additional, Kim, Sharon H., additional, Thomas, Michael J., additional, Paul, Ligi, additional, Zingg, Jean-Marc, additional, Dolnikowski, Gregory G., additional, Roberts, Susan B., additional, Kimura, Fumiko, additional, Miyazawa, Teruo, additional, Azzi, Angelo, additional, and Meydani, Mohsen, additional

Published
2018
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179. A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of a New Supplementary Food Designed to Enhance Cognitive Performance during Prevention and Treatment of Malnutrition in Childhood

Author

Roberts, Susan B, primary, Franceschini, Maria Angela, additional, Krauss, Amy, additional, Lin, Pei-Yi, additional, Braima de Sa, Augusto, additional, Có, Raimundo, additional, Taylor, Salima, additional, Brown, Carrie, additional, Chen, Oliver, additional, Johnson, Elizabeth J, additional, Pruzensky, William, additional, Schlossman, Nina, additional, Balé, Carlito, additional, Wu, Kuan-Cheng (Tony), additional, Hagan, Katherine, additional, Saltzman, Edward, additional, and Muentener, Paul, additional

Published
2017
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181. Improving Metabolic Stability with Deuterium: The Discovery of BMT-052, a Pan-genotypic HCV NS5B Polymerase Inhibitor

Author

Parcella, Kyle, primary, Eastman, Kyle, additional, Yeung, Kap-Sun, additional, Grant-Young, Katharine A., additional, Zhu, Juliang, additional, Wang, Tao, additional, Zhang, Zhongxing, additional, Yin, Zhiwei, additional, Parker, Dawn, additional, Mosure, Kathy, additional, Fang, Hua, additional, Wang, Ying-Kai, additional, Lemm, Julie, additional, Zhuo, Xiaoliang, additional, Hanumegowda, Umesh, additional, Liu, Mengping, additional, Rigat, Karen, additional, Donoso, Maria, additional, Tuttle, Maria, additional, Zvyaga, Tatyana, additional, Haarhoff, Zuzana, additional, Meanwell, Nicholas A., additional, Soars, Matthew G., additional, Roberts, Susan B., additional, and Kadow, John F., additional

Published
2017
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182. Discovery of a Hepatitis C Virus NS5B Replicase Palm Site Allosteric Inhibitor (BMS-929075) Advanced to Phase 1 Clinical Studies

Author

Yeung, Kap-Sun, primary, Beno, Brett R., additional, Parcella, Kyle, additional, Bender, John A., additional, Grant-Young, Katherine A., additional, Nickel, Andrew, additional, Gunaga, Prashantha, additional, Anjanappa, Prakash, additional, Bora, Rajesh Onkardas, additional, Selvakumar, Kumaravel, additional, Rigat, Karen, additional, Wang, Ying-Kai, additional, Liu, Mengping, additional, Lemm, Julie, additional, Mosure, Kathy, additional, Sheriff, Steven, additional, Wan, Changhong, additional, Witmer, Mark, additional, Kish, Kevin, additional, Hanumegowda, Umesh, additional, Zhuo, Xiaoliang, additional, Shu, Yue-Zhong, additional, Parker, Dawn, additional, Haskell, Roy, additional, Ng, Alicia, additional, Gao, Qi, additional, Colston, Elizabeth, additional, Raybon, Joseph, additional, Grasela, Dennis M., additional, Santone, Kenneth, additional, Gao, Min, additional, Meanwell, Nicholas A., additional, Sinz, Michael, additional, Soars, Matthew G., additional, Knipe, Jay O., additional, Roberts, Susan B., additional, and Kadow, John F., additional

Published
2017
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185. A Randomized Controlled Trial of Two Ready-to-Use Supplementary Foods Demonstrates Benefit of the Higher Dairy Supplement for Reduced Wasting in Mothers, and Differential Impact in Infants and Children Associated With Maternal Supplement Response

Author

Schlossman, Nina, primary, Brown, Carrie, additional, Batra, Payal, additional, de Sa, Augusto Braima, additional, Balan, Ionela, additional, Balan, Adrian, additional, Gamache, Madeleine G., additional, Wood, Lauren, additional, Pruzensky, William, additional, Saltzman, Edward, additional, Roberts, Susan B., additional, and Balé, Carlito, additional

Published
2017
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186. Pilot Study on Influencing Healthy Food Acceptance in Young Children Through Play‐Based Activities and Food Exposures

Author

Taetzsch, Amy Gitschier, primary, Hennessy, Erin, additional, Taylor, Salima, additional, Maaliki, Adele, additional, Rao, Dharani, additional, Ng, Lienne, additional, Krauss, Amy, additional, Wolfgang, Andrea, additional, Fleming, Aubrey, additional, Das, Sai Krupa, additional, Economos, Christina D, additional, and Roberts, Susan B, additional

Published
2017
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188. Fecal concentrations of bacterially derived vitamin K forms are associated with gut microbiota composition but not plasma or fecal cytokine concentrations in healthy adults

Author

Karl, J Philip, primary, Meydani, Mohsen, additional, Barnett, Junaidah B, additional, Vanegas, Sally M, additional, Barger, Kathryn, additional, Fu, Xueyan, additional, Goldin, Barry, additional, Kane, Anne, additional, Rasmussen, Helen, additional, Vangay, Pajau, additional, Knights, Dan, additional, Jonnalagadda, Satya S, additional, Saltzman, Edward, additional, Roberts, Susan B, additional, Meydani, Simin N, additional, and Booth, Sarah L, additional

Published
2017
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190. Substituting whole grains for refined grains in a 6-wk randomized trial favorably affects energy-balance metrics in healthy men and postmenopausal women

Author

Karl, J Philip, primary, Meydani, Mohsen, additional, Barnett, Junaidah B, additional, Vanegas, Sally M, additional, Goldin, Barry, additional, Kane, Anne, additional, Rasmussen, Helen, additional, Saltzman, Edward, additional, Vangay, Pajau, additional, Knights, Dan, additional, Chen, C-Y Oliver, additional, Das, Sai Krupa, additional, Jonnalagadda, Satya S, additional, Meydani, Simin N, additional, and Roberts, Susan B, additional

Published
2017
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191. The discovery of a pan-genotypic, primer grip inhibitor of HCV NS5B polymerase

Author

Eastman, Kyle J., primary, Parcella, Kyle, additional, Yeung, Kap-Sun, additional, Grant-Young, Katharine A., additional, Zhu, Juliang, additional, Wang, Tao, additional, Zhang, Zhongxing, additional, Yin, Zhiwei, additional, Beno, Brett R., additional, Sheriff, Steven, additional, Kish, Kevin, additional, Tredup, Jeffrey, additional, Jardel, Adam G., additional, Halan, Vivek, additional, Ghosh, Kaushik, additional, Parker, Dawn, additional, Mosure, Kathy, additional, Fang, Hua, additional, Wang, Ying-Kai, additional, Lemm, Julie, additional, Zhuo, Xiaoliang, additional, Hanumegowda, Umesh, additional, Rigat, Karen, additional, Donoso, Maria, additional, Tuttle, Maria, additional, Zvyaga, Tatyana, additional, Haarhoff, Zuzana, additional, Meanwell, Nicholas A., additional, Soars, Matthew G., additional, Roberts, Susan B., additional, and Kadow, John F., additional

Published
2017
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193. Energy Density, Energy Intake, and Body Weight Regulation in Adults12345

Author

Karl, J. Philip and Roberts, Susan B.

Subjects
Observational Studies as Topic, From the American Society for Nutrition, Weight Loss, Humans, Energy Intake, Energy Metabolism, Weight Gain, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Abstract

The role of dietary energy density (ED) in the regulation of energy intake (EI) is controversial. Methodologically, there is also debate about whether beverages should be included in dietary ED calculations. To address these issues, studies examining the effects of ED on EI or body weight in nonelderly adults were reviewed. Different approaches to calculating dietary ED do not appear to alter the direction of reported relations between ED and body weight. Evidence that lowering dietary ED reduces EI in short-term studies is convincing, but there are currently insufficient data to determine long-term effectiveness for weight loss. The review also identified key barriers to progress in understanding the role of ED in energy regulation, in particular the absence of a standard definition of ED, and the lack of data from multiple long-term clinical trials examining the effectiveness of low-ED diet recommendations for preventing both primary weight gain and weight regain in nonobese individuals. Long-term clinical trials designed to examine the impact of dietary ED on energy regulation, and including multiple ED calculation methods within the same study, are still needed to determine the importance of ED in the regulation of EI and body weight.

Published
2014

195. Metabolic, Psychological, and Health Correlates of Dietary Restraint in Healthy Postmenopausal Women

Author

Bathalon, Gaston P., Hays, Nicholas P., Meydani, Simin N., Dawson-Hughes, Bess, Schaefer, Ernst J., Lipman, Ruth, Nelson, Miriam, Greenberg, Andrew S., and Roberts, Susan B.

Subjects
Food habits -- Psychological aspects, Reducing diets -- Health aspects, Women -- Food and nutrition, Health, Seniors
Abstract

Background. Dietary restraint, a term used to describe the intentional control of food intake to prevent weight gain or promote weight loss, is commonly practiced by older adults, but little is known about its effects on physiology and metabolism. Methods. We therefore compared a wide range of parameters between groups of healthy non-obese postmenopausal women classified psychometrically as unrestrained eaters (body mass index [BMI] 23.8 [+ or -] 0.6 [SEM] kg/[m.sup.2], n = 28) or restrained eaters (BMI 24.5 [+ or -] 0.5, n = 39). Measurements were made of reported micronutrient intakes, cardiopulmonary function, hematology, body temperature, skin thickness, bone mass, and immune function; in addition, self-perceived health, mood, and some dimensions of eating behavior were assessed by questionnaire. Results. Macronutrient and micronutrient intakes were not significantly different between restrained and unrestrained eaters reporting energy intake to within 30% of predicted total energy expenditure. Restrained eaters had significantly lower hemoglobin (12.9 [+ or -] 0.1 [SEM] vs 13.2 [+ or -] 0.1 g/dl; p [is less than] .05), but values were within the normal range in both groups. In addition, restrained eaters scored significantly higher on the Eating Attitudes Test (p [is less than] .01) and drive-for-thinness (p [is less than] .001) and maturity fears (p [is less than] .05) subscores of the Eating Disorders Inventory, but values were again within the normal range. No other parameter differed significantly between groups. Conclusions. In this normal-weight population, restrained eating was not associated with detrimental effects in a wide range of physiological, metabolic, and health characteristics. Further work is needed to determine the relevance of these results to the general population.

Published
2001

196. Physiologic Effects of Lowering Caloric Intake in Nonhuman Primates and Nonobese Humans

Author

Roberts, Susan B., Pi-Sunyer, Xavier, Kuller, Lewis, Lane, Mark A., Ellison, Peter, Prior, Jerilynn C., and Shapses, Susan

Subjects
Food -- Caloric content, Aging -- Health aspects, Longevity -- Health aspects, Human physiology -- Research, Health, Seniors
Abstract

Caloric restriction (CR) reduces the rate of aging and increases life span in all small animal species studied to date, but the effects of CR in humans remain uncertain. This review summarizes current knowledge of the effects of CR in nonhuman primates and humans. The results suggest that CR has a range of beneficial effects in nonhuman primates studied under laboratory conditions, and short-term markers of CR seen in animal models appear to occur in humans subject to CR also. However, the overall benefit of CR in human populations remains to be established, and studies in human populations are needed.

Published
2001

198. Effects of a 6-Week Hypocaloric Diet on Changes in Body Composition, Hunger, and Subsequent Weight Regain in Healthy Young and Older Adults

Author

Moriguti, Julio C., Das, Sai K., Saltzman, Edward, Corrales, Alberto, McCrory, Megan A., Greenberg, Andrew S., and Roberts, Susan B.

Subjects
Food habits -- Physiological aspects, Young adults -- Physiological aspects, Middle aged persons -- Physiological aspects, Health, Seniors
Abstract

Recent studies have suggested a short-term impairment in the regulation of food intake in older adults, but further studies are needed to determine if a longer-term impairment exists and to identify underlying causes. Changes in body weight and composition were measured over a 6-week underfeeding study and a 6-month follow-up period in healthy young (n = 23) and older (OLD, n = 18) men and women. The young adults were either normal weight (YNW, n = 12) or overweight (YOW, n = 11). Energy intakes during underfeeding were 896 [+ or -] 18 (SEM) kcal less than weight-maintenance energy requirements determined prior to underfeeding. In addition, changes in perceived hunger during underfeeding were monitored in a subgroup (n = 19). OLD and YOW subjects lost significantly more weight during underfeeding than did YNW subjects (p = .025 and .000, respectively), and they did not gain back significant weight in the 6-month follow-up. In addition, OLD subjects reported a significantly lower frequency of hunger during underfeeding (p = .05). There was no significant difference among groups in the relationship between weight lost and fat-free mass lost. Healthy OLD adults have an impaired ability to regulate food intake over at least 6 months following underfeeding compared with YNW adults, and a reduction in their perceived frequency of hunger may be a contributing factor.

Published
2000

199. Regulation of Energy Intake May Be Impaired in Nutritionally Stunted Children from the Shantytowns of Sao Paulo, Brazil

Author

Hoffman, Daniel J., Roberts, Susan B., Verreschi, Ieda, Martins, Paula A., de Nascimento, Celia, Tucker, Katherine L., and Sawaya, Ana L.

Subjects
Energy metabolism in children -- Health aspects, Growth -- Regulation, Malnutrition -- Physiological aspects, Children -- Health aspects, Food/cooking/nutrition
Abstract

We tested the hypothesis that nutritionally stunted children have impaired regulation of energy intake (EI), a factor that could help explain the increased risk of obesity associated with stunting in developing countries. A 3-d residency study was conducted in 56 prepubertal boys and girls aged 8-11 y from the shantytowns of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Twenty-seven of the subjects were stunted and 29 were not stunted; weight-for-height Z-scores were not significantly different between the groups. Parents of the two groups had equivalent heights and body mass indices. Measurements were made of voluntary EI from a self-selection menu, resting energy expenditure (REE) and body composition. In addition, a 753-kJ yogurt supplement was administered at breakfast on one study day (with an equal number of children receiving the supplement on each of the 3 study days) and its effect on daily EI assessed. There was no change in EI over time in either group (P = 0.957), and no significant difference in EI between stunted and nonstunted children, even though the stunted children weighed 10% less. Energy intake per kilogram body weight was significantly higher in the stunted children (278 [+ or -] 89 (SD), VS. 333 [+ or -] 67 kJ/kg, P [is less than] 0.05) and EI/REE was also significantly higher (1.91 [+ or -] 0.34 vs. 1.68 [+ or -] 0.38, P [is less than] 0.05). However, the relationship between EI and body weight was not significantly influenced by stunting (P = 0.12). There was no significant effect of the breakfast supplement on daily EI in either group although the absolute difference in EI between supplement and control days was greater in stunted than in nonstunted children ([Delta]EI: +460 [+ or -] 1574 vs. -103 [+ or -] 1916 kJ/d, P = 0.25). These data provide preliminary evidence consistent with the suggestion that stunted children tend to overeat opportunistically, but further studies are required to confirm these results in a larger study. J. Nutr. 130: 2265-2270, 2000. KEY WORDS: * humans * energy intake * malnutrition * hunger * satiety

Published
2000

200. The Doubly Labeled Water Method Produces Highly Reproducible Longitudinal Results in Nutrition Studies12

Author

Wong, William W., Roberts, Susan B., Racette, Susan B., Das, Sai Krupa, Redman, Leanne M., Rochon, James, Bhapkar, Manjushri V., Clarke, Lucinda L., and Kraus, William E.

Subjects
Male, Isotope Labeling, Humans, Water, Female, Oxygen Isotopes, Deuterium, Energy Metabolism, Methodology and Mathematical Modeling
Abstract

The doubly labeled water (DLW) method is considered the reference method for the measurement of energy expenditure under free-living conditions. However, the reproducibility of the DLW method in longitudinal studies is not well documented. This study was designed to evaluate the longitudinal reproducibility of the DLW method using 2 protocols developed and implemented in a multicenter clinical trial—the Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy (CALERIE). To document the longitudinal reproducibility of the DLW method, 2 protocols, 1 based on repeated analysis of dose dilutions over the course of the clinical trial (dose-dilution protocol) and 1 based on repeated but blinded analysis of randomly selected DLW studies (test-retest protocol), were carried out. The dose-dilution protocol showed that the theoretical fractional turnover rates for 2H and 18O and the difference between the 2 fractional turnover rates were reproducible to within 1% and 5%, respectively, over 4.5 y. The Bland-Altman pair-wise comparisons of the results generated from 50 test-retest DLW studies showed that the fractional turnover rates and isotope dilution spaces for 2H and 18O, and total energy expenditure, were highly reproducible over 2.4 y. Our results show that the DLW method is reproducible in longitudinal studies and confirm the validity of this method to measure energy expenditure, define energy intake prescriptions, and monitor adherence and body composition changes over the period of 2.5–4.4 y. The 2 protocols can be adopted by other laboratories to document the longitudinal reproducibility of their measurements to ensure the long-term outcomes of interest are meaningful biologically. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00427193.

Published
2014

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