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The subject-matter of this paper is to provide an overview of the situation/ status within Macedonian criminal legislation as a concept whose introduction and implementation is of recent time. This issue is addressed at two levels: through the overview of the representation of restorative justice elements within the Macedonian criminal legislation and through foreseeing the difficulties considering the implementation of this concept. Regarding the second level the author especially focuses on the difficulties with which social work centers and local communities have to deal. In order to answer the posed questions the author used his own findings, as well as the findings to which he came during the direct contacts with representatives of respective institutions or on the grounds of materials that these institutions provided. In the conclusion, the author attempts to answer to the closing question: can we be satisfied with the accomplished in the area of restorative justice? The author attempts to answer on the grounds of certain indicators (political will, material assumptions, realized professional trainings and education). The author points out to the necessity of acting in the educational system as well on all levels with an aim to create indispensable critical mass within society that will have an upgraded awareness for peaceful resolution of the conflict situation.

The author tried to outline the status of crime victims in Macedonian criminal and juvenile legislation by analyzing three legal texts referring to legal protection of victims under criminal law in the Republic of Macedonia (the Criminal Code, the Law on Criminal Procedure Act and the Law on Juvenile Justice). The basic questions which have been analyzed from the criminal substantial aspect include: the rights and interests of the victims as a consistent part of contemporary criminal policy and Criminal Code reforms, the elements of diversion model based on concept of restorative justice in criminal legislation and victimology aspects of some significant novelties in the special part of criminal law. In this article two dimensions dealing with a change of status of damaged person in criminal procedure of the Republic of Macedonia have been analyzed, while taking into consideration new trends and comparative experiences in this field. One dimension is the role of the damaged person and incorporation of elements of restorative justice in the criminal procedure, while the other dimension includes help and support of the victims and prevention of their secondary victimization. While analyzing suitable provisions of the Law on Juvenile Justice, the author focuses on its solutions that deserve more attention because of its innovations. The consequent realization of the concept on which this law is based on, and in which the victim, at the same time, has a significant role is another confirmation of the rule that the changes of juvenile legislation creates good basis for future reforms of criminal legislation regarding the adult offenders.

National myths in modern Europe and denial Macedonian identity The independence proclamation of the Republic of Macedonia in 1991 provoked ardent reactions and denials by its neighbours, against the fact that she was the only peaceful actor in the Yugoslavia’s dissolution. The first negative reactions and denials came from the Southern Neighbor, whose denial was directed towards the name, i.e. the identity, while the others referred to the language, identity and even a part of the territory. The most vociferous and at the same time the most successful was the reaction of the Southern Neighbour, who gained support of the European ‘democrats’, which de facto turned them into accomplices in the open blackmail that demanded the Republic of Macedonia to change its constitutional name. Namely, the 1992 Lisbon Declaration of the E(uropean) C(ouncil) imposed a demand to the Republic of Macedonia to accept any name that would not contain the word “Macedonia” in order to be recognized by the EU!?! The newly independent state was finally admitted to the UN under a reference “the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia” through violation of the provisions of the UN Charter. Twenty years later the country is still enforced to use the offensive reference, and often even to tolerate the FYROM acronym. This article deals precisely with the politics of pressures and blackmail exercised by NATO and EU with regard to the so‑called name dispute. It also centers on national myths that are used in order to “justify” such politics and on the attitude of the European ‘democrats’ towards those national myths. In contrast to the democratic rules preached by NATO and EU across the world, the Republic of Macedonia was and still is blackmailed by an unprincipled demand to select a NEW name in order to please one member-state. As a consequence of that demand, the national myth linked with ancient Macedonians (so-called antiquisation, although the better term is antique-mania) has been revived and upgraded. A number of pseudo-historians with various professional backgrounds, such as journalists, politicians, writers, physicians, and even university professors, has involved in this endeavor. To make things worse, even some historians and archaeologists may be seen in this group, with a mission to defend the right to the name and identity. The societal climate has been politicized to such a degree that not only the neighbours, but even EU has been caught in the vicious circle of competing and mutually exclusive national myths. The Union obviously insists on the philhellenic myth i.e. on the alleged Hellenic roots of the European culture as such. Mity narodowe współczesnej Europy i negowanie tożsamości macedońskiej Niepodległość Republiki Macedonii - państwa, które w 1991 roku drogą pokojową odłączyło się od struktur Jugosławii - wywołała ostre spory z jej sąsiadami. Pierwszy wywołał jej połu­dniowy sąsiad, negując jej nazwę, pozostali sąsiedzi podważali natomiast jej język, tożsamość i prawo do części terytorium. Najgłośniejszy i najbardziej skuteczny w tych działaniach okazał się sąsiad południowy, który otrzymał wsparcie demokracji europejskich, przyczyniając się do tego, że Europejczycy stali się de facto współodpowiedzialni za szantażowanie RM w celu zmiany jej konstytucyjnej nazwy. W oparciu o Deklarację Lizbońską z 1992 roku Rada Europy uwarunkowała uznanie Republiki Macedonii tylko wtedy, gdy z konstytucyjnej nazwy państwa usunięte zostanie słowo Macedonia. Niespotykanym dotąd precedensem w historii ONZ stało się przyjęcie nowego państwa do jej struktur pod nazwą „Była Jugosłowiańska Republika Macedonii”, skróconej do uwłaczającego akronimu FYROM. W artykule podjęto kwestię dotyczącą nacisków ze strony NATO i UE wobec tzw. problemu nazwy a także mitów narodowych, którymi usprawiedliwia się tę politykę oraz stosunku demokracji europejskich wobec tych mitów. Jednak wbrew zasadom demokracji, jakie szerzy UE i NATO, Republika Macedonii była i nadal jest szantażowana bezzasadnym żądaniem znalezienia NOWEJ nazwy według żądań jednego z jej członków. Następstwem tych działań w RM stało się odnowienie i rozszerzenie narodowego mitu o związki z Macedończykami antycznymi. Nieodłącznym elementem towarzyszącym temu zjawisku jest turbo folk oraz wsparcie pseudohistoryków wszelkich profesji: dziennikarzy, polityków, literatów, lekarzy a nawet profesorów uniwersyteckich. Najbardziej zatrważającym – w celu ochrony właściwej nazwy państwa dowodzącej tożsamości – stało się włączenie do tego nurtu zawodowych historyków i archeologów. Sytuacja uległa upolitycznieniu do takiego stopnia, że nie tylko sąsiedzi, ale również UE wkroczyła do magicznego kręgu demonstrowania mitów narodowych, odwołując się do filohelleńskiego mitu rzekomych helleńskich korzeni kultury europejskiej.

The primary motive to this research is the specific form of soft power the EU use in its policy, especially the enlargement policy. Thus, over comprehensive analyze of its policy, researching the previous experiences in this field, the ongoing process with the candidate members, and using the method of case study with the Republic of Macedonia in particular, we can see closer how the soft power works in this part of its policy and in which forms it is expressed. According to the research and the results, we could see the differences between the other power of the EU used in its policy, and the specific form of soft power used in the Enlargement policy. This type of power is collocated of various elements such as Copenhagen criteria, progress reports and for the very first in the case with the Republic of Macedonia is launched the High Level Accession Dialogue. Despite the complicated process and endless framework followed by the slow development in the state policy, the survey results with positive public opinion on the sole enlargement process and the EU membership.

Copyright of Foro Internacional is the property of El Colegio de Mexico AC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The vital statistic data analyses indicate major changes in the components of the natural increase of the population in Macedonia. The trend of decreasing number of births and increased number of deaths led to a reduction in the natural population increase rate that in 2013 reached the value of 1.9‰. At the beginning of the 21st century there are obvious differences in the values of the natural population increase in demographic and spatial aspect. Particular attention is given to the differences in the level of the population natural increase among municipalities2 and regions in the Republic of Macedonia. These problems come as a result of the impact of the social and economic transformations. This is the case of large part municipalities in Macedonia, which means that these municipalities are characterized by a negative population natural increase. At the same time, this leaves demographic, social and economic consequences to their development, followed by numerous problems. The main aim of this research is to determine the regional differences in the positive component of the population natural increase, i.e. crude birth rate, TFR and the natural increase rate and to identify the regions in the Republic of Macedonia that are highly disadvantaged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The data show that the media in the Republic of Macedonia became associates of the government propaganda, circumventing the professional and democratic principles of informing. The Government is one of the biggest advertisers in the country and there is concern that the funds are allocated to the television channels which support the Government. The collected data will be illustrated through analysis and comparison of the annual reports of the Organization "Reporters without Borders" and the annual reports of the European Commission, but this does not mean that other academic research will be excluded. The survey results show that in Macedonia the media freedom is not achieved, but on the contrary we have drastic deterioration of the freedom of expression. Because of this the media lose their mission to inform and educate their audience, regardless of any political pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work the results of investigation of the geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of particulate matters below 10 μm (PM10) collected from Tikveš area, Republic of Macedonia, are presented. For that purpose, PM10 samples were collected from the city of Kavadarci and from the area close to the ferronickel smelter plant. As well as the concentration of PM10, the chemical content and mineral phases of dust samples and their relations to some anthropogenic sources are investigated. Determination of the content of various elements was performed by using inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) was used for the determination of mineralogical phase content. From the obtained results, it can be concluded that the concentration of PM10 in the vicinity of the ferronickel smelter is much higher than those from the city of Kavadarci. It was found that PM10 samples collected close to the ferronickel smelter plant have a higher content of some elements present in higher concentrations in the ore processed in the ferronickel smelter plant (Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ag, Cr) than those from the town of Kavadarci, showing their anthropogenic origin. The investigations performed by applying electron microscopy (SEM-EDS) unequivocally confirmed the results obtained using X-ray diffraction and ICP-MS. Namely, mineral phases present in the particulates were found to be those which are present in the ore used in the process in the metallurgical plant, including chlorite, amphibole, pyroxene, magnetite, chromites, quartz, calcite or plagioklas clay minerals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the records about four new Buckler fern (Dryopteris) species for the territory of the Republic of Macedonia and new data about the distribution of some rare Buckler fern species. Dryopteris is one of the most complex fern genera in Europe. Hybridization and apomixis among some of the species contribute to difficulties and uncertainties for identification of individual species. That, coupled with lack of research on ferns in Macedonia for the last 30 years, resulted in a low level of knowledge within this vascular plants’ group. The field research of the flora of Macedonia and thorough check of two herbaria (MKMEL and MKNH) in Skopje revealed presence of four new Buckler fern species in Macedonia: Dryopteris affinis subsp. jessenii, D. oreades, D. mindshelkensis and D. expansa. Additionlly, several other localities for rare species: D. borreri, D. dilatata and D. carthusiana were reported. Further research is needed to fill the remaining gaps, particularly in relation to identification of hybrids and more detailed study of the distribution pattern of rare Buckler fern species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the proclaimed constitutional principles for democratic legal order, the Security and Counterintelligence Service as a successor of the former secret police, the first years of independence of our country was influenced by the presence of the relics of the previous totalitarian regime. The paradigm for such a claim regarding the Macedonian security services, also applies to the Security and counterintelligence Service which in fact exists as the most conservative and hardest structure that by all forces opposed to the reforms of the system. Due to the lack of will for freedom from his past and not accepting the changes, altogether with its democratic habitus, its functioning at certain periods was a real threat to democratic processes. The process of the slow transforming of the pillar of the communist nomenclature only affirmed the power of the Service for state security. Her task in the entire past transitional period was to defend and protects the system, its political leadership, and itself from the fictional "Internal enemy". That exclusive position allowed the security services continuously to be inextricably linked to the system and its members acted by party political instructions and abuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Life on Earth originated and survived millions of years as a result of the favorable climatic conditions. The climate can be considered as a renewable resource whose energy component is comprised from the solar energy, while the material component represents oceans as water tanks. Renewable energy sources (RES) can be divided into two main categories: traditional renewable energy sources such as biomass and large hydropower plants and the so called “new renewable energy sources” such as the solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, etc. This paper refers to the potential and utilization of RES in the southeastern planning region in the Republic of Macedonia. The main goal of the paper is to analyze possibilities of using the RES which naturally belong to the areas of the ten municipalities located in this part of the Republic of Macedonia. This is achieved by defining the existing potentials of RES in the region, the state of their current usage, balance and categorization based on quality, energy value, energy resources, etc. Methodology used in the research is also presented in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores the role of the municipal councilors in the budget process in the Republic of Macedonia as well as their role in motivating citizen participation in the budgetary process in the Republic of Macedonia. We demonstrate that municipalities in the Republic of Macedonia employ various forms of participatory mechanisms in the process of public policies and budgets according to their context. There are vivid dissimilarities in terms of opportunities and scope of citizen participation as well as discrepancies of councilors capacity to facilitate this process when cross-matching information and data derived from small rural and bigger urban municipalities. It is evident that very little has been accomplished in terms of defining uniformed processes and developing systems related to the relations between councilors and local community. We identify barriers that are impediment to a genuine involvement of the councilors as mediators between the Mayor and the community in the local budgeting process. We argue that any policy intervention in this dimension ought to be tailor-made, hence every municipality has its specific features that ought to be taken into account when designing an intervention to address shortcomings of the processes and the systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic agricultural production in Republic of Macedonia is recognize as an approach to sustainable development with excellent conditions for development in the country because agricultural production in the country is traditionally family business which met local knowledge and traditions and also the adoption of the Law on Organic Farming followed by appropriately defined agrarian policy. Although, organic agricultural production is faced with problems in organizing of business process in the organic sector as uncertain sale of the production, export disorganized followed by inadequate organization of producers of organic products or associations. Regarding the manner of organizing the paper is shown in reengineering as an opportunity to reorganize the existing organic sector especially associations as main carries to make radical changes in its operations and to improve their way of working to achieve their goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Money laundering is a joint problem of the mankind. Along with some other aspects of underground economic activity, rough estimates have been put forward to give sense of the scale of the problem. According to a study conducted by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, in 2009 criminal proceeds amounted to 3.6% of global GDP, with 2.7% (or USD 1.6 trillion) being laundered. However, these estimates should be treated with caution. They are intended to give just an approximation of the magnitude of the problem. Due to the illegal nature of the transactions, precise statistics are not available and it is therefore impossible to produce a definitive estimate of the amount of money that is globally laundered every year. This study analyzes the statistical data gathered for three neighboring countries (Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro and Republic of Slovenia) related to the number of suspicious transactions reported annually, the corresponding activities taken, and the results achieved, the main purpose being exploring the effectiveness of the money laundering prevention systems in the selected countries. The study concludes that even though all the countries are similar with respect to territory, population, and structure and organization of their money laundering prevention systems, the results achieved from analysis and activities taken based on suspicious transactions reporting are significantly diverse from country to country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing trend of the emigration abroad from the Republic of Macedonia is confirmed by different data sources. The total number of Macedonian citizens all over the world amounts approximately 630 thousands persons (2013) and the emigration rate reached around 30%. The aim of the analyses in this paper is to identify the demographic consequences of the intensified emigration abroad in the last two decades due to the manifested changes of migration contingent features. It is observed on the example of three receiving countries (Germany, Italy and Switzerland), which share in the total number of Macedonian citizens all over the world amounts more than one quarter. Considering the very high emigration rate, large permanent emigration and significant changes in the migration contingent structure, the analyses in the paper show that Macedonia is facing serious demographic consequences with long-term implications. Emigration abroad has significant consequences on the total population growth in the country, natural population increase and the process of population ageing. In order to identify the determinants of the natural population increase of the migration contingent, the CCR-LM model is applied for the period 2008-2014. The results are showing that the share of Macedonian live births in Germany, Italy and Switzerland in the total number of live births in the country, is mostly correlated with the increase of the share of total Macedonian migrants in these countries in the total population of the country, as well as with the share of Macedonian women in Germany, Switzerland and Italy in the total women population in Macedonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is focused on issues related to the achieved level of investment activity in the Republic of Macedonia and investment efficiency in enterprises of tourism sector in the Republic of Macedonia. For that purpose investment in fixed assets in tourism enterprises during the period of 2010-2014 is analyzed. The investment activity is mostly observed by the scope of investment in tourism sector enterprises, their share in GDP versus share of depreciation, and in that manner rate of investment is estimated. The objective of further analyses is structure of gross fixed capital formation of tourism sector enterprises by purpose of investment and by type of ownership. Foreign direct investment in tourism sector is also elaborated. For the purpose of this research, investment efficiency in this sector is measured and it shows unfavorable level for above mentioned period. Analyzes are mostly based on statistical method, using official statistic data. The results of research in this paper show reduced investment activity in tourism sector enterprises due to different factors. Better investment activities and more favorable structure of investment in tourism sector enterprises, prerequisites concrete measures and activities toward improvement of investment clime and stimulation of domestic and foreign investors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Republic of Kosovo and Republic of Macedonia which continue their existence as two individual governments (as other Balkan states) were under the sway of Ottoman / Turkish domination for centuries; the unique linguistic, cultural, artistic and architectural artifacts reflecting the Turkish lifestyle and belief were constructed in these regions. Many researches related to Ottoman / Turkish artifacts in Kosovo and Macedonia was conducted by this time and the results of these researches were published as declarations, articles, books or albums. The many of the works and publications conducted consists of the popular publications which are for country advertising. The gravestones have special place and importance in the Ottoman / Turkish cultural and civilization artifacts in Kosovo and Macedonia. Unfortunately required importance hasn't been given (or couldn't have given) to gravestones which are almost the title of the place in which they exist (as it occurs in our country and other countries in the World). This study presents information about the current status of gravestones of Ottoman / Turkish period in Kosovo and Macedonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Temida is the property of Victimology Society of Serbia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper presents data about the geology, geochemistry, structure, genesis and specific features of the Bučim porphyry Cu deposit which is actively mined in Macedonia. The porphyry mineralization (0.3 % Cu, 0.3-0.5 ppm Au) is spatially and temporarily associated with Tertiary subvolcanic intrusions of latitic and latitic-andesitic composition. The intrusions occurred during Oligo-Miocene time (24 to 27 Ma), a period of intensive tectono-magmatic and ore-forming processes.. The latest results of this study identify an array of major ore (hypogen) minerals such chalcopyrite, pyrite, magnetite, haematite, cubanite, valleriite, native Au and bornite and secondary enrichment zone minerals (within Čukar ore body) including chalcocite, covellite, tenorite, native Cu, malachite, azurite etc. Added minerals such as calaverite, krennerite, electrum, petzite and bismuth±selenium minerals (bismuthinite, galenobismutite, krupkaite, friedrichite, emplectite, cosalite, laitakarite and native bismuth) are also present. Variations of the δ34S values for the whole Bučim ore deposit ranged from +0.2 ‰ to +2.5 ‰ while δ13C‰ and δ18O‰ isotope values ranged from -10.8 to -3.8‰ and from +14.0 to +22.7 ‰, respectively. With regard to fluid inclusions, it was confirmed that beside the pre-dominant gas-liquid, two-phase inclusions, there are also three-phase fluid inclusions (gas + liquid + solid phase). Also, recent Sr and Nd isotope ratios (87Sr/86Sr 0.70666-0.70741 and 143Nd/144Nd 0.512487-0.512489) indicate slight contamination of the magmatic products by continental crust material, due to partial melting of the deep parts of continental crust underthrust by collision of continental blocks. The REE data show results that are comparable with high contents of large ion lithophile elements (LILE), high Ba/Nb ratio (116.72-190.72) and depletion in high field strength elements (HFSE) and Europium negative anomaly (0.68893-0.91251). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a review of the research activities dealing with evapotranspiration (ET), crop water requirement (CWR) and the use of these parameters in other research, particularly in climate change. The first part discusses the development of these research methodologies globally. Later the achievements of the national research are discussed. Macedonia did not developed capacities for measuring of the ET and the crop water requirement. There is only one practice which is followed - field experiments for the assessment of the water balance with bucket approach. The estimation of evapotranspiration is based mainly on the Penman - Monteith FAO 56 procedure. Due to the lack of input data the less data intensive Thornthwhaite methodology is applied. In the country the ET and the crop water requirement are used in irrigation projects, in research activities and in the assessment of the effects of water limitation on crop yield, particularly in climate change. Recently some activities dealing with the use of crop biophysical models WOFOST and CropSyst are taken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A systematic study was carried out to investigate the distribution of 59 elements in the sediment and soil samples collected from the river Vardar (Republic of Macedonia and Greece) and its major tributaries. The samples were collected from 28 sampling sites. Analyses were performed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. R-mode factor analysis (FA) was used to identify and characterise element associations. Seven associations of elements were determined by the method of multivariate statistics. Every factor (Factors 1–3 and 6 and 7 as geogenic and Factors 4 and 5 as anthropogenic associations of elements) are examined and explained separately. The distribution of various elements showed that there is a presence of anthropogenic elements (Ag, Cd, Cu, Ge, Pb, Sn and Zn) introduced in the river sediments and soils from the mining, metallurgical, industrial and agricultural activities in Vardar River Basin, which covers most of the Republic of Macedonia and Central-northern part of Greece. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Transport systems of Macedonia and European Union in historical retrospective were formed partly on equal and partly on divergent principles, interests and influences. As a candidate country for entry to the EU, Macedonia is adapting its transport policy to that of the EU. Institutional adaptation will not be controversial, but practical implementation of the policy compliant with the European one can be subject to delays due to historical heritage and present limitations. The paper presents the problems between transport policy in the Republic of Macedonia and transport policy of European Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism is the world's largest industry and makes a major contribution to the economies of most developed and developing countries. Tourism generates income from consumption of goods and services by tourists as well as taxes on businesses in the tourism industry, provides employment in services related to tourism, but also creates jobs in the tertiary sector; also, tourism generates growth of primary and secondary sectors of the industry as a result of multiplicative effects of tourism spending. Since tourism sector is labor absorbing sector, it is relatively more effective in creating jobs than other sectors. Tourists expenditure provides direct or indirect employment opportunities in this sector. On the other hand, the data shows that Macedonian enterprises are micro, small or medium-sized. The aim of this paper is to point out the tourism and small and medium-sized enterprises impact on employment in the Republic of Macedonia and in Municipality of Ohrid. For this purpose, in the paper will be used the method of linear regression, the correlation coefficient and the coefficient of determination to determine the strength and the direction of the relationship between the tourist arrivals and the employees in the SMEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent economic and financial crisis caused a severe blow to the fragile Macedonian economy, halting the positive development trends in the last decade. This, has in turn, intensified the future challenges. The paper intends to analyze the impact of global economic crisis on the Macedonian economy focuses mainly on the macroeconomic level, identifying and analyzing fluctuations of major macroeconomic indicators that reflect the development and macroeconomic balances of the economy, such as GDP, the level of employment, inflation, budget deficit, public debt, etc. Secondary analysis of previous quantitative data and published studies, combined with an own qualitative study in the field, has provided a reliable and convincing basis for analysis. The experiences and lessons taken from the global economic crisis should serve as a basis for changing the current economic model with a new one in order the economy of the country to catch a connection with the intense changes that are expected to occur in the coming period. It is expected that creating new economic model in Republic of Macedonia will result in multiple positive effects that primarily manifested in the increasing number of newly small and medium enterprises, domestic investments, industrial production, GDP, number of new employees and total exports as well as in reduction of the trade deficit in maintaining macroeconomic stability of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Macedonian Journal for Criminal Law & Criminology is the property of Macedonian Association for Criminal Law & Criminology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The development of the capital market considered thru the market capitalization coefficient (in total amount and in percentage changes) in relation with the GDP of the Republic of Macedonia is the subject of research of this paper. The analysis identifies and explains the factor of capital market development. The focus of the paper is to determine the effects of different factors on the capital market development in the Republic of Macedonia. For these purpose a multivariate linear regression is conducted using the data from 1997-2013. The analysis indicates that the capital market in the Republic of Macedonia is small and underdeveloped. Therefore the economic growth factors taken into consideration for the research have not shown considerable impact on the capital market due to its underdevelopment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide additional insight into how the level of subjective knowledge (SK) related to wine explains differences in the wine-consumption behaviour of young adults. Particular attention was given to information search strategies employed by young adult wine consumers. Design/methodology/approach – A web-based survey was carried out on 287 young urban wine consumers who were recruited in specialised wine shops and at wine festivals. The key variables presenting the consumers’ wine searches were measured using the best-worst scaling method. Latent class cluster analysis (LCA) was used to segment the respondents into clusters based on their level of SK of wine. Findings – The study identifies three consumer segments with corresponding levels of SK related to wine. The segments present considerable differences in the wine-consumption-related behaviours and information search strategies. Research limitations/implications – Understanding young adults’ SK of wine will assist wine marketers in their efforts to establish marketing strategies for this generational cohort. In addition, research (preferably transnational) is recommended to validate the conclusions and to gain additional understanding of SK as an indicator of wine-related behaviours. Originality/value – This study contributes to a better understanding of the wine-purchasing behaviours of young adults with particular focus on SK related to wine. The results obtained may be applied by winemakers in the development of marketing and promotion strategies geared towards the promising young adult consumer segment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic agricultural production in the Republic of Macedonia is recognized as an approach to sustainable development, which at the same time gives a good quality and safe products. Due to the excellent conditions for its development, it has intense growth in the country. Producers are united by a very important denominator that is certifying the method and procedure of producing organic products so the quality of the product is indisputable. Nevertheless, they are facing problems, such as insufficient quantity for sale and poor market organization. In their struggle to overcome these challenges, Macedonian producers of organic products have established many associations. On the contrary, total quality management (TQM) have proven very valuable to companies and organizations as an integrative approach anchored in the belief that long-term success depends on a unique/single commitment to quality in all departments of an organization. Therefore, this paper attempts to explore the possibility to relate TQM to organic agriculture in order to show a new approach to management whose base is the multidimensionality of the quality and its operation and function in all spheres of work in the associations of organic farmers in Republic of Macedonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this research paper is to indicate the disparities between regions in direction of encouraging and developing balanced regional development of the Republic of Macedonia. For the purpose of this research comparative analysis of the condition of the economic development of Local Government Units of Republic of Macedonia is being conducted. The procedure for sample selection was based on principle for making regional representative sample, which will define the region in accordance to its definition by the State Statistical office of the Republic of Macedonia.1 According to data base, which is made on basis of the following indicators: GDP per capita at municipal level, number of citizens in the municipality, size of the territory of the municipality and number of settlements that gravitate towards the municipality, there are 22 municipalities in the realized total sample, from each planning region in the country, representing 30% of the municipalities from each planning region. For the purpose of the reasearch comparative analysis of the conditions in the Local Government Unitsis being conducted. The analysis of the indicators that refer to economic - social index (total incomes in terms of GDP, total expenses in terms of GDP), analysis of financial capacity of municipalities in Republic of Macedonia (capacity and structure of original incomes, capacity and structure of budget transfers and donations, participation of municipalities' original incomes in the total budget revenue) shall be presented in this thesis, and a matrix of indicators for incomes and expenses per planning region will be presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between total quality management (TQM) and organic production is clear and easy understood because the both are concepts in which basis lies multidimensional of quality. Practice show that association's producers of organic production in Republic of Macedonia are face serious problems in performance and continues present on the market because of poor organization of associations. So, the attempt of the paper is to explore the possibility of implementing the concept of TQM as way of working in association's producers of organic production of Republic of Macedonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the public expenditures in the Republic of Macedonia, especially the capital expenditures and their structure in the period from 2005 - 2013. The analysis identifies and explains their effects on economic growth in the country. Most of the public expenditures in the Republic of Macedonia consist of current expenditures, transfers, purchase of goods and services, while the share of capital expenditures is low. There is a trend of slight increase of capital expenditures but they are mostly financed through borrowing, which decreases their impact on the economic growth. The analysis indicated that the reform of the public expenditure structure in the country is necessary, as the public expenditures grow slower compared to GDP growth. The reforming measures should aim to increasing the capital expenditures, especially those that refer to investments that drive economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agro-tourism and gastronomic tourism as an integral part of alternative tourism represents a major opportunity to improve the performance of agricultural holdings and the economic prosperity of rural areas in the country. The paper starts from the standpoint that global changes in the world's main development directions initiate new trends in the field of tourism needs, it sets new challenges for the tourism offer, and the trends indicate increasing demand for alternative forms of tourism. In this context, the paper stresses the role of agro-tourism as a form of alternative tourism which contributes farmers to increase their income through various forms of activities. Particular attention is paid to labor contribution, agrotourism to the creation of new or to the generation of added value to the traditional production of food and wine, rural culture, as well as certain activities related to farming. Alternatively, agro-tourism can contribute to the initiation of new businesses that have no direct link to agriculture. This research is mainly perceived that businesses related to agrotourism have aims as: to keep farmers on farms, provide new jobs, improve living standards of the rural population and to increase the volume of economic activity in specific rural areas. Empirical research is based on interviews and focus groups in selected rural areas. Participants in interviews and focus groups from all backgrounds, to one way or another, are related to agro-tourism and gastronomic tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, neurotransmitter and immune abnormalities in autism are the only consistently documented findings other than neurobehavioral symptoms. Reciprocal communication between two major adaptive systems of human organism, the CNS and the immune system, is sustained via multiple pathways and is mediated by neurotransmitters, hormones, cytokines, chemokines, and corresponding cell receptors. Evidence for a dialogue between them has emerged as a universal concept of the neuroimmune regulation of homeostasis. In the paper we propose several plausible scenarios of how defects in either system may affect neuroimmune communications and lead to the pathology, as well as immunodiagnostic panels for recognition of immunopathological changes in people with autism in the Republic of Macedonia.

In the paper is listed the newest number of undisputable endemic fish species inhabiting the waters of the Republic of Macedonia. Among 43 native species stated in the past for the waters of Republic of Macedonia, 23 are accepted as endems, what is in total more than half, more precisely 53 %. The richest on endemic species is the flow of the Drim River, the Adriatic Sea watershed. Here are listed 12 endemic fishes of total 23, in percent this is a 52 %. Other two riverine flows this of the main Macedonian in the same time state’s and central balkanian riverine flow, the Vardar River flow and the Struma River flow belong to the Aegean Sea watershed. They have almost the same relative amount of endemic species, 32 % the Vardar River flow and 31 % the Struma river flow, beside their absolute numbers of native species are quite different. The Vardar River flow consist 25 in total native species, eighth of them endemic and the Struma River flow consist 15 native species (stated in the boundaries of the Republic of Macedonia), five of them are endemics. When the most of the endemic species are cited for the four neighbor countries (Serbia and Montenegro, Albania, Greece, Bulgaria), the species Zingel balcanicus (Karaman, 1936) until now is listed only for the waters of Republic of Macedonia, the middle part of the River Vardar and the Treska River salmonid one confluent. For sorry, this species is very sensitive on the pollution, so might to be extinct because the last data for alive sample caught to is from 1974.

The investigation was focused on the water quality in a 60–kilometer long area in the upper part of the River Vardar (the Polog Valley geographical unit). Sixty samples of bio–indicators were seasonably collected from five profiles in the period from 1987 until 1990. It was concluded that the water quality decreases from the spring, which is a xenosaprobic zone to the α–mesosaprobic one when leaving the valley, and the β–mesosaprobic zone is mostly present. The anthropogenic factor has caused large changes in the natural rhythm of water quantity, as well as to the riverbed essence. The same factor has caused severe communal, industrial and agrochemical pollution. These circumstances have caused deterioration of the water quality. In spite of this, the River Vardar in this part of the cross has an enormous power for self–purification, and therefore it still represents a salmonid ecosystem.

This paper examines the importance of the Ohrid Framework Agreement and the subsequent constitutional changes in Macedonia on the development of its political identity.A close analysis is offered of the changes to this paramount Macedonian legal document particularly where the contested issues of language and identity are concerned. The author argues that the changes in the constitution advance a political identity of the country which is best described as 'millet' or 'ethnic' Macedonian. In contrast to a liberal theoretical framework, the constitutional amendments envisioned by the Agreement do not fully support a liberal understanding of the Macedonian political nation and the equality of all its citizens. The new amendments rather put the emphasis on the collective worth of individual citizens. As a result, their rights and duties are not solely considered with a liberal framework of constitutional democracy. Contrary to this opinion, the author maintains that the identity and language of Macedonian Albanians and other minorities are best preserved by a thorough observation of liberal principles of nation building.

This article critically evaluates the August 2001 Framework Agreement, the purpose of which was to end the six-month armed confrontation between the Albanian paramilitary force the National Liberation Army (NLA) and the Macedonian state. The author argues that there are several deficiencies in the Agreement, along with regional security concerns arising from organized crime and the unresolved status of Kosovo, which taken together pose a considerable obstacle to peace and stability in Macedonia. These deficiencies relate to problems of implementation of the Agreement, as well as to the question of what kind of Macedonian state it promotes. It is argued that the power-sharing provisions laid out in the Agreement push Macedonia closer to the creation of a de facto Macedonian-Albanian bi-national state, rather than promoting a civic-oriented, multiethnic state, and that the envisioned political decentralization undermines state capacity and authority, thus making the prospects for sustainable peace in Macedonia very precarious.

This article explores the difficult process that attended implementation of the Ohrid Agreement. It explores the various resentments the terms of the agreement provoked amongst ethnic Macedonians, in particular those dealing with 'symbolic' issues, and examines reasons for their rejection. These, the author argues, are related to the peculiarities of Macedonian national identity as well as to the political dynamics in the country. On the one hand, it is argued, many politicians feared for their patriotic credentials if they supported the agreement. On the other hand, large parts of Macedonian society saw the very existence of the Macedonian nation under threat. They regarded the state as the only protector of their contested national identity and therefore opposed the agreement's goal to rewrite the constitution on purely civic terms with wide-ranging rights for the minorities. For many Macedonians, this meant a severe loss of security. Despite this, the author concludes that compromises could be found which would allow for some optimism for the future.

The Republic of Macedonia is a state of highest democratic standards as reflected in the provisions of its constitution and laws concerning relations between various ethnic, religious and cultural communities. The multiethnic, multicultural and pluralistic nature of the Republic of Macedonia is visible and implemented in all spheres of social life. The human rights declaration adopted at the first sitting of the ASNOM1 is the basic document which defines the multiethnic nature of the just country established, much like the constitutional provisions of the DFM/LRM/SRM2 (1946, 1963 and 1974 respectively), as well as the 1991 constitution of the independent and sovereign Republic of Macedonia, where the Republic of Macedonia was defined asa nation (Macedonian) state with extensive rights granted to ethnic, national and religious minorities. Representatives of ethnic communities sitting in the parliament of the Republic of Macedonia, particularly Albanians, demanded that they be granted the status of the other equal nation. Dissatisfaction escalated and in 2001, i.e. a decade after the Republic of Macedonia had become independent, took a military form, and the conflict resolution was going towards the federalisation of the country. In 2001, a framework (Ohrid) agreement was signed brokered by international partners. Along with the accord, the notion of a nation state was abandoned and consequently also practising majority democracy, a model characteristic of states that are ethnically homogenous. The country was redefined as pluralist, multiethnic and multicultural; as a result instead of majority democracy a “division‑of‑power model” (in practice the term “participatory democracy” is used) was applied, characteristic of multiethnic communities, as prevention against interethnic confrontation.

The oxygen and carbon isotope compositions of carbonate samples from the carbonatite-like dyke of the Madenska River complex at the Kriva Lakavica section, samples of calcite skarns from the Damjan Fe-ore deposit and the Sasa Pb-Zn ore deposit, and samples of marbles from the Pohorje Mountains were analyzed to provide critical evidence in favor of the magmatic or sedimentary origin of this carbonatite-like dyke. We suggest that the carbonatite-like dyke is not a "normal" carbonatite, but instead represents melted carbonates, which can be associated with an unexposed, deep-seated, causative magmatic body. This dyke has a fluidal texture and carries xenoliths of ultramafic rocks that can be up to 35 cm in size. Its isotopic composition plots between primary unaltered carbonatites and marine carbonates, and ranges between 13.79‰ and 18.89‰ for δ18OVSMOW and between –1.22‰ and 1.31‰ for δ13CVPDB. These values are significantly lower than those observed in carbonatites analyzed during this study and range between 6.53‰ and 8.10‰ for δ18OVSMOW and between –5.82‰ and –4.32‰ for δ13CVPDB, which is the primary isotope signature of most magmatic carbonatites. Similarly high δ18O and δ13C values were found in skarns of the Damjan Fe deposit close to the Madanska River complex and in the Sasa Pb-Zn deposit, as well as in highgrade regional metamorphic calcitic marbles of the Pohorje massive. The emplacement levels of the carbonatite-like dyke, due to several tectonic processes, are uncertain. The type of country rocks (sedimentary carbonates, ultramafic, mafic, and granitic rocks), hydrothermal alternation, and metasomatic and regional metamorphic processes seem to be the most important parameters that affect the O and C isotopic patterns found in the Kriva Lakavica carbonatitelike dyke and in the investigated samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper represents the system of foreign language education in Republic of Macedonia. The author has surveyed the language education in primary, secondary and secondary vocational school, as well as the foreign languages teaching in public and private universities throughout the country. It is emphasized that Republic of Macedonia even though stands apart from the European Union, yet follows and considers the leading educational tendencies in Europe including the field of language teaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]