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The applicability of the recently developed annulation method1,2 is demonstrated by the construction of regio- and stereospecifically substituted fused ring systems.

Plants have evolved a number of adaptive strategies to cope with fluctuations in phosphorus (P) supply. The current knowledge of the transcriptional regulation of the P-starvation response in plants is limited. However, one MYB-related transcription factor, PHR1, is known to be involved in the P-starvation response. In this paper, we characterize a T-tagged phr1 knockout mutant and a series of transgenic plant lines which over-express PHR1 in wild type (WT) and phr1 mutant background. The knockout mutant has an altered phosphate (Pi) allocation between root and shoot; accumulates less anthocyanins, sugars and starch than P-starved WT; has a lower AGPase activity; and is impaired in induction of a subset of Pi starvation-induced genes. Expression of PHR1 in the phr1 mutant rescues the responsiveness to P-starvation and leads to WT levels of sugars and starch during Pi starvation conditions, confirming the involvement of PHR1 in adjusting carbon metabolism. Over-expression of PHR1 further resulted in a dramatic increase in the microRNA miR399d, and this resulted in changes in the transcript level for the target gene PHO2. Furthermore, over-expression of PHR1 in both WT and phr1 mutant results in strongly increased content of Pi irrespective of P regime. This shows that targeting a key regulatory element in the Pi starvation regulatory network represents a useful approach for molecular breeding of plants towards more efficient Pi uptake and assimilation.

Interspecific hybridisation creates new phenotypes within several ornamental plant species including the Campanula genus. We have employed phenotypic and genotypic methods to analyse and evaluate interspecific hybridisation among cultivars of four Campanula species, i.e. C. cochleariifolia, C. isophylla, C. medium and C. formanekiana. Hybrids were analysed using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), flow cytometry and biometrical measurements. Results of correlation matrices demonstrated heterogeneous phenotypes for the parental species, which confirmed our basic premise for new phenotypes of interspecific hybrids. AFLP assays confirmed the hybridity and identified self-pollinated plants. Limitation of flow cytometry analysis detection was observed while detecting the hybridity status of two closely related parents, e.g. C. cochleariiafolia × C. isophylla. Phenotypic characteristics such as shoot habitus and flower colour were strongly influenced by one of the parental species in most crosses. Rooting analysis revealed that inferior rooting quality occurred more often in interspecific hybrids than in the parental species. Only interspecific hybrid lines of C. formanekiana 'White' × C. medium 'Pink' showed a high rooting level. Phenotype analyses demonstrated a separation from the interspecific hybrid lines of C. formanekiana 'White' × C. medium 'Pink' to the other clustered hybrids of C. formanekiana and C. medium. In our study we demonstrated that the use of correlation matrices is a suitable tool for identifying suitable cross material. This study presents a comprehensive overview for analysing newly obtained interspecific hybrids. The chosen methods can be used as guidance for analyses for further interspecific hybrids in Campanula, as well as in other ornamental species.

Various strategies of plant breeding have been attempted in order to improve the ethylene resistance of flowering ornamental plants. These approaches span from conventional techniques such as simple cross-pollination to new breeding techniques which modify the plants genetically such as precise genome-editing. The main strategies target the ethylene pathway directly; others focus on changing the ethylene pathway indirectly via pathways that are known to be antagonistic to the ethylene pathway, e.g. increasing cytokinin levels. Many of the known elements of the ethylene pathway have been addressed experimentally with the aim of modulating the overall response of the plant to ethylene. Elements of the ethylene pathway that appear particularly promising in this respect include ethylene receptors as ETR1, and transcription factors such as EIN3. Both direct and indirect approaches seem to be successful, nevertheless, although genetic transformation using recombinant DNA has the ability to save much time in the breeding process, they are not readily used by breeders yet. This is primarily due to legislative issues, economic issues, difficulties of implementing this technology in some ornamental plants, as well as how these techniques are publically perceived, particularly in Europe. Recently, newer and more precise genome-editing techniques have become available and they are already being implemented in some crops. New breeding techniques may help change the current situation and pave the way toward a legal and public acceptance if products of these technologies are indistinguishable from plants obtained by conventional techniques.

Erstes Kapitel: Forschungsgeschichtliche Einleitung Zweites Kapitel: Theoretische Grundlagen Drittes Kapitel: Quellen fur Vergehen und ihre Sanktionierung Viertes Kapitel: Typen von Vergehen und ihre Sanktionierung 4.1 Vergehen gegen die Gotter 4.1.1 Blasphemie 4.1.2 Verstosse gegen kultische Gebote 4.1.3 Meineid 4.1.4 Vergehen gegen fremde Gotter 4.2 Vergehen gegen den Konig 4.2.1 Majestatsbeleidigung 4.2.2 Hochverrat 4.2.3 Politische Opposition 4.2.4 Fahnenflucht 4.2.5 Grabschandung 4.3 Vergehen gegen Mitmenschen 4.3.1 Totungsdelikte 4.3.2 Korperverletzung 4.3.3 Eigentumsdelikte 4.3.3.1 Raub 4.3.3.2 Diebstahl 4.3.4 Sachbeschadigung 4.3.5 Ehebruch und Vergewaltigung 4.3.6 Inzest 4.3.7 Homosexualitat 4.3.8 Betrugsdelikte 4.3.8.1 Korruption 4.3.8.2 Rechtsbeugung 4.3.8.3 Unterschlagung im privaten Bereich 4.3.8.4 Betrug im privaten Bereich 4.3.9 Notigung 4.3.10 Verbalinjurien 4.3.10.1 Beleidigung 4.3.10.2 Schmahung 4.3.10.3 Verunglimpfung 4.3.10.4 Streitanzettelung 4.3.11 Grabschandung 4.3.12 Vernachlassigung des Totenkults 4.3.13 Unterlassung von Anzeigen 4.4 Vergehen gegen die eigene Person 4.4.1 Sodomie 4.4.2 Rausch Funftes Kapitel: Typen von Sanktionen 5.1. Negative Sanktionen 5.1.1 Todesstrafe 5.1.2 Korperstrafen 5.1.2.1 Exkurs: Folter 5.1.3 Freiheitsstrafen 5.1.4 Zwangsarbeit 5.1.5 Vermogensstrafen 5.1.6 Ehrenstrafen 5.1.7 Nicht-realweltliche Strafen 5.1.8 Interpretative Strafen 5.1.9 Talion und spiegelnde Strafen 5.1.10 Typologie der negativen Sanktionen 5.2. Positive Sanktionen Sechstes Kapitel: Konfliktregelung Siebentes Kapitel: Beamte im Strafvollzug Achtes Kapitel: Formen der Beendigung von Strafe Neuntes Kapitel: Termini fur "Strafe" und "strafen" Zehntes Kapitel: Wesen und Funktion von Strafe Literaturverzeichnis Indices

This volume presents the first compilation of all the works and notes from Nietzsche's personal library up to the beginning of January 1889. It lists the stocks from both the "Herzogin Anna Amalia Bibliothek" and the "Goethe- und Schiller Archiv" in Weimar. The critical analysis of other stock lists has revealed numerous further titles which are no longer in existence. In addition, the editors have evaluated all the book invoices and receipts from booksellers and bookbinders kept in the "Goethe- und Schiller Archiv." Besides the approximately 2,200 titles from the reconstruction of Nietzsche's library, the volume also contains a catalogue of all traces of Nietzsche's reading (approx. 20,000) such as notes, underlinings and dog-ears. The work is further enhanced with numerous facsimile reproductions together with philosophical, historical and bibliographical introductions, and thus provides an indispensable tool for any future research into Nietzsche and his works.

The expression of two CTR-gene homologues was investigated during flower senescence in two Rosa hybrida cultivars. A fragment of a gene for a protein kinase, termed RhCTR1 (GenBank Acc. No. AF271206), was amplified by PCR and used to isolate the corresponding full-length cDNA (Acc. No. AY032953) from a rose petal cDNA library. The protein RhCTR1 has 66% amino acid identity to Arabidopsis CTR1. A fragment of a second CTR homologue, termed RhCTR2 (Acc. No. AY029067) is 69% identical to the corresponding region of RhCTR1. RhCTR1 expression increased during flower senescence, while RhCTR2 was constitutively expressed during flower development. The expression of both RhCTR1 and RhCTR2 was increased in response to exogenous ethylene.

In meinem Essay „Hier steht jeder auf zwei Beinen — Zur Kleinlandwirtschaft im postsozialistischen Mittel- und Osteuropa”1 ging es um die Beschreibung der Garten- und Kleinlandwirtschaft in den osteuropaischen Landern heute. Darin habe ich das Kleinbauerntum mit der langen Tradition osteuropaischer „hauslicher”, also privat betriebener Kleinstlandwirtschaft, erklart. Das hat zahlreiche Diskussionen, nach dem wieso und woher ausgelost. Deshalb will ich in diesem Beitrag die Geschichte der osteuropaischen Kleinlandwirtschaft „vor der Wende” beleuchten.

The Turkish resident population of Berlin is the largest non-German population group in the city. In the course of the last three decades a complex Turkish infrastructure has developed in the urban area of Berlin, characterised not only by a vigorous cultural and group way of life, but also by many and varied commercial and economic activities on the part of Turkish self-employed persons or entrepreneurs.

Gerade bei einem Philosophen, fur den die Fragen nach dem Zusammenhang von Leben und Denken und uberhaupt nach der Genealogie und dem ↗Werden eine zentrale Bedeutung gewinnen sollten, mag auch das Interesse an den Anfangen seines eigenen biographischen und geistigen Weges einen besonderen Stellenwert einnehmen. Aber auch unabhangig von diesen speziellen Fragestellungen sind N.s fruhe Aufzeichnungen von groser Bedeutung, namlich wegen ihres allgemeinen kulturgeschichtlichen Wertes und ihrer philosophiegeschichtlichen Besonderheit: von keiner anderen bedeutenden Personlichkeit des 19. Jh.s ist ein Nachlas aus der Kindheit und Jugendzeit in einem auch nur annahernd vergleichbaren Umfang bekannt. Deshalb ist es eine besondere Aufgabe, die fruhen Aufzeichnungen N.s moglichst in ihrer Vollstandigkeit zur Kenntnis zu nehmen. Auf diese Weise kann von fruhen Anfangen an Stufe um Stufe die Entwicklung eines bedeutenden Philosophen- und Gelehrtenlebens nachvollzogen werden.

N. wurde vielfach als Wegbereiter des ↗Nationalsozialismus angeklagt. Wegen des unterstellten Einflusses auf die nazistische Propaganda und den Volkermord haftet der Philosophie N.s ein Makel an, den sie nie wieder ganz losgeworden ist. G. Lukacs wollte in »N. deutlich ein [en] Prophet [en] des Hitlerismus« (Lukacs 1948, 33) erkennen. Scharfer noch argumentierte der Historiker G. Lichtheim: »It is not too much to say that but for N. the SS — Hitler’s shock troops and the core of the whole movement — would have lacked the inspiration which enabled them to carry out their programme of mass murder in Eastern Europe« (Lichtheim 1972, 152).

Miniature potted roses (Rosa hybrida L.) are an important horticultural crop in Denmark. Leaf yellowing, flower, bud and leaf abscission can be important quality problems in miniature roses during marketing [2]. Selected cultivars were characterized with respect to natural ethylene production, endogenous ethylene in response to postharvest stress, ethylene sensitivity and/or ethylene binding in petal tissue.

The trisaccharide allyl glycoside 36 and related disaccharide part structures have been prepared using the 2-trichloroacetamido-2-deoxy-α- d -galactopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate derivative 9 as glycosyl donor under promotion with TMSOTf or Sn(OTf)2, respectively, to produce the β-( 1 → 4) linkage to suitably protected glucosamine derivatives in fair yields. Fucosylation was effected employing the ethyl 1-thio glycosyl donor 20 in the presence of IDCP. Deprotection of the intermediates afforded the disaccharide allyl glycosides β- d -GalpNAc-( 1 → 4)-β- d -GlcpNAc 13, β- d -GalpNClAc-( 1 → 4)-β- d -GlcpNAc 14, α- l -Fucp-( 1 → 3)-β- d -GlcpNAc 24, α- l -Fucp-( 1 → 4)-β- d -GlcpNAc 31 and the branched trisaccharide allyl glycoside β- d -GalpNAc-( 1 → 4)[α- l -Fucp-( 1 → 3)]-β- d -GlcpNAc 36. The trisaccharide which corresponds to a structural motif occurring in N-glycoprotein glycans from human urokinase, human recombinant protein C, phospholipase A2 as well as O-glycans, was converted into a neoglycoprotein following introduction of a cysteamine-derived spacer group and subsequent activation with thiophosgene.

Halorhodopsin of Natronobacterium pharaonis which acts as a light- driven chloride pump is studied by time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy. In single-beam experiments, resonance Raman spectra were obtained of the parent state HR578 and the first thermal intermediate HR520. The parent state is structural heterogeneous including ca. 80% all- trans and 20% 13-cis isomers. The resonance Raman spectra indicate that the all-trans conformer exhibits essentially the same chromophoric structure as in the parent states of bacteriorhodopsin or halorhodopsin from Halobacterium salinarium. Special emphasis of the resonance Raman spectroscopic analysis was laid on the C=C and C=N stretching region in order to probe the interactions between the protonated Schiff base and various bound anions (chloride, bromide, iodide). These investigations were paralleled by spectroscopic studies of retinal Schiff base model complexes in different solvents in an attempt to determine the various parameters which control the C=C and C=N stretching frequencies. From these data, it was concluded that in the parent state the anion is not involved in hydrogen bonding interactions with the Schiff base proton but is presumably bound to a nearby (positively charged) amino acid residue. On the other hand, the anion still exerts an appreciable effect on the chromophore structure which is, for instance, reflected by the variation of the isomer composition in the presence of different anions and in the anion-depleted form. In contrast to the parent state, the intermediate HR520 reveals frequency shifts of the C=N stretching in the presence of different anions. These findings indicate a closer proximity of the bound anion to the Schiff base proton which is sufficient for hydrogen bonding interactions. These changes of the anion- chromophore interaction upon transition from HR578 to HR520 may be related to the coupling of the chromophore movement with the anion translocation.