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Artificial intelligence (AI) has recently emerged as a unique developmental influence that is playing an important role in the development of medicine. The AI medium is showing the potential in unprecedented advancements in truth and efficiency. The intersection of AI has the potential to revolutionize drug discovery. However, AI also has limitations and experts should be aware of these data access and ethical issues. The use of AI techniques for drug discovery applications has increased considerably over the past few years, including combinatorial QSAR and QSPR, virtual screening, and denovo drug design. The purpose of this survey is to give a general overview of drug discovery based on artificial intelligence, and associated applications. We also highlighted the gaps present in the traditional method for drug designing. In addition, potential strategies and approaches to overcome current challenges are discussed to address the constraints of AI within this field. We hope that this survey plays a comprehensive role in understanding the potential of AI in drug discovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exploration and management of abundant economic mineral resources of Pakistan, particularly the vast marble deposits in the northwestern region, hold immense potential for driving economic growth. The use of marble in the construction industry faces extensive challenges, such as undeveloped mining processing methods, incomplete understanding of marble qualities, undefined selection criteria for suitable varieties, and the environmentally harmful consequences of excessive waste production. This research developed a laboratory investigation protocol to characterize distinct marble deposits in Buner, Pakistan, each offering unique compositions and petrographic features. Three marble varieties were identified including pure calcitic (over 90% calcite) with low silica content (0.1% to 2.5%); impure calcitic (non-carbonate minerals up to 20%) with 19.8% silica and 31% lime; and pure dolomite (over 20% dolomite) with 29% lime and 23% magnesium oxide. The distinctive petrographic features of the marble deposits, such as equigranular structures, subhedral to anhedral grains, granuloblastic textures, and schistosity in impure calcitic, as well as luster-displaying dolomite in pure dolomite, provide valuable insights into their geological characteristics. Furthermore, the physical properties of the marble types exhibit correlations with their compressive and tensile strengths. Notably, the low specific gravity, water absorption, and porosity of the investigated marble result in high strength values. The average compressive strength was found to be 31 MPa for pure calcitic, 35 MPa for impure calcitic, and 59 MPa for pure dolomite marble. Likewise, the tensile strengths measured 6 MPa, 7 MPa, and 9 MPa, respectively. While the investigated marble types prove to be excellent choices for dimension stone applications, it is crucial to note that they do not meet the standards required for cement production and paint manufacturing. This research contributes to the understanding of Pakistan's marble resources, refined processing methods, and sustainable construction practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary goal of this research is to investigate the rheology and heat transport of a hybrid nanofluid in an asymmetric microchannel in the presence of an electric field. The mobility of hybrid fluid is caused by peristaltic waves that contract and relax sinusoidally along the channel length. The rheological equations system is simplified by introducing relevant similarity variables, which are then solved using the integration approach. In this study, convective boundary conditions are applied. The electric potential function, velocity profile, pressure gradient, stream function, and temperature profile are all mathematically expressed. The current study's findings are based on three physiological estimates: first is known as the creeping phenomenon, second as the greater wavelength condition, and third as the Debye–Hückel linearization (DHL). Using two different nanoparticles (SWCNT-MWCNT), the peristaltic mechanism is used to model water-based nanofluids. The three-dimensional graphs of rheological features are generated using Mathematica Software to elaborate the influences of relevant parameters on the rheological characteristics. By enhancing both the Biot number and the heat source/sink parameter in the hybrid fluid, the magnitudes of the temperature profile and the Nusselt number are higher than in the (SWCNT / H 2 O or MWCNT / H 2 O) nanofluids. The magnitude of velocity profile is enhanced by increasing the Buoyancy forces and slip velocity. The results of simple fluid are obtained in the absence of concentration parameter. To boost the pumping phenomena, the special nature of peristaltic waves is used. The comparative study of nanofluid and hybrid fluid is also addressed. Three-dimensional graphs are plotted to clearly observe the influence of rheological parameters on flow features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The second smallest eigenvalue of the Laplacian matrix of a graph (network) is called its algebraic connectivity which is used to diagnose Alzheimer’s disease, distinguish the group differences, measure the robustness, construct multiplex model, synchronize the stability, analyze the diffusion processes and find the connectivity of the graphs (networks). A connected graph containing two or three cycles is called a bicyclic graph if its number of edges is equal to its number of vertices plus one. In this paper, firstly the unique graph with a minimum algebraic connectivity is characterized in the class of connected graphs whose complements are bicyclic with exactly three cycles. Then, we find the unique graph of minimum algebraic connectivity in the class of connected graphs Ωnc=Ω1,nc∪Ω2,nc,$\begin{array}{} {\it\Omega}^c_{n}={\it\Omega}^c_{1,n}\cup{\it\Omega}^c_{2,n}, \end{array}$ where Ω1,nc$\begin{array}{} {\it\Omega}^c_{1,n} \end{array}$ and Ω2,nc$\begin{array}{} {\it\Omega}^c_{2,n} \end{array}$ are classes of the connected graphs in which the complement of each graph of order n is a bicyclic graph with exactly two and three cycles, respectively.

Abstract Background In the diagnostic reasoning process medical students and novice physicians need to be made aware of the diagnostic values of the clinical findings (including history, signs, and symptoms) to make an appropriate diagnostic decision. Diagnostic reasoning has been understood in light of two paradigms on clinical reasoning: problem solving and decision making. They advocate the reasoning strategies used by expert physicians and the statistical models of reasoning, respectively. Evidence-based medicine (EBM) applies decision theory to the clinical diagnosis, which can be a challenging topic in medical education. This theoretical article tries to compare evidence-based diagnosis with expert-based strategies in clinical diagnosis and also defines a novel concept of category-oriented likelihood ratio (LR) to propose a new model combining both aforementioned methods. Discussion Evidence-based medicine advocates the use of quantitative evidence to estimate the probability of diseases more accurately and objectively; however, the published evidence for a given diagnosis cannot practically be utilized in primary care, especially if the patient is complaining of a nonspecific problem such as abdominal pain that could have a long list of differential diagnoses. In this case, expert physicians examine the key clinical findings that could differentiate between broader categories of diseases such as organic and non-organic disease categories to shorten the list of differential diagnoses. To approach nonspecific problems, not only do the experts revise the probability estimate of specific diseases, but also they revise the probability estimate of the categories of diseases by using the available clinical findings. Summary To make this approach analytical and objective, we need to know how much more likely it is for a key clinical finding to be present in patients with one of the diseases of a specific category versus those with a disease not included in that category. In this paper, we call this value category-oriented LR.

A key player in driving cellular immunity, IFN-γ is capable of orchestrating numerous protective functions to heighten immune responses in infections and cancers. It can exhibit its immunomodulatory effects by enhancing antigen processing and presentation, increasing leukocyte trafficking, inducing an anti-viral state, boosting the anti-microbial functions and affecting cellular proliferation and apoptosis. A complex interplay between immune cell activity and IFN-γ through coordinated integration of signals from other pathways involving cytokines and Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) such as Interleukin (IL)-4, TNF-α, Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Type-I Interferons (IFNS) etc. leads to initiation of a cascade of pro-inflammatory responses. Microarray data has unraveled numerous genes whose transcriptional regulation is influenced by IFN-γ. Consequently, IFN-γ stimulated cells display altered expression of many such target genes which mediate its downstream effector functions. The importance of IFN-γ is further reinforced by the fact that mice possessing disruptions in the IFN-γ gene or its receptor develop extreme susceptibility to infectious diseases and rapidly succumb to them. In this review, we attempt to elucidate the biological functions and physiological importance of this versatile cytokine. The functional implications of its biological activity in several infectious diseases and autoimmune pathologies are also discussed. As a counter strategy, many virulent pathogenic species have devised ways to thwart IFN-γ endowed immune-protection. Thus, IFN-γ mediated host-pathogen interactions are critical for our understanding of disease mechanisms and these aspects also manifest enormous therapeutic importance for the annulment of various infections and autoimmune conditions.

Riee is one of the primarily grown eereals in the universe and is eaten by 60% of the world population as a staple food. Three indigenous extra long grain riee varieties grown in Punjab, Pakistan were analyzed for their eooking, ehemieal and physieal properties. A eomparison of newly developed varieties was done with the existing Basmati 515, super Basmati. Among all studied traits, varieties differ eonsiderably atP > 0.001 value for paddy yield, plant height, grain dimensions, elongation/expansion ratio, gel uniformity, temperature for gelatinization, alkaline spread value and aroma on sensory pereeption. The volume expansion ratio varied from 4.5 to 5.5. The highest volume expansion ratio was aequired for Kissan Basmati. Grain elongation after eooking ranged between 14.7 to 16.6 mm. The values for the amylose ranged between 22.50 to 24.0% and amylopeetin ranged between 76-77.5%. The range of AGL of extra long grain ranged from 8.10to 8.23 mm, L/B ratio from 4.47 to 5.47. All verified varieties showed resistanee against BLS, blast and BLB ineidenee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing adoption of Bt cotton, known for its high productivity and resistance to pests, has prompted this investigation into its impact on farmers' earnings. This study aims to explore how the productivity of Bt cotton affects farmers' income in the Khanewal and Multan districts of Southern Punjab. To gather data, we employed a stratified random sampling method, targeting small, medium, and large-scale farmers in both districts. Using regression analysis, we assessed the influence of Bt cotton productivity, along with other relevant factors, on the annual gross income of these farmers. Results revealed that per acre revenue from Bt cotton, education of farmers, livestock ownership, tractor ownership and distance from the market have significant impacts on the annual gross income of the farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarizes the current state of crisis and disaster at the eco-destination of Thailand and investigates its impact on tourists' preferences. The study authenticates the claim of the inevitability of disasters at eco-destinations, explains the effects of timely response by relevant authorities, and provides inputs to diffuse the chaotic post-disaster situation and the development of tourophobia. It further notes the contribution of destination reputation and crisis communication to maintaining tourists' trust and making Thailand the first choice for eco-tourism enthusiasts. This paper provides insights into effective post-disaster management before it turns eco-destinations into tourophobic destinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]