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The present work demonstrates the novel compounds of 5-(2-methyl-1,8-naphthyridin-3-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-amine and its derivatives using symmetrical anhydrides. The synthesized 5-(2-methyl-1,8-naphthyridin-3-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-amine and its derivatives were successfully characterized by 1H NMR, FTIR, 13C NMR, and Mass Spectral data. The synthesized compounds of formula 5 and 5(a-j) have been screened for their in-vitro antibacterial and antifungal properties against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli as bacterial strains and Candida albicans as a fungal strain. The antimicrobial activity was compared using reference compounds by disc diffusion method and the majority of the compounds exhibited significant antimicrobial activity, and some of them were exhibited promising antimicrobial activity. In addition, all the novel compounds have good docking scores.

Conjoined twins (Siamese twins) represent the rarest form of twin pregnancy. Reported here are two rare cases of conjoined term twins presented to the department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology within 3 months. The first case, 32 years of gravida 6 parity 5 referred from periphery after full trial of labour following multi-organ dysfunction and term intrauterine dead twins. Intraoperatively it was dead conjoined thoraco-omphalopagus females. The patient died after 3 days following multiorgan dysfunction syndrome and disseminated intravascular coagulation. The second case, 22 years gravida 2 parity 1 also referred from periphery in second stage of labour with diagnosis of 39 weeks intrauterine dead twins with obstructed labour, delivered by caesarean with intraoperative conjoined dead females of thoracophagus type. Twins are high-risk pregnancy. This rare diagnosis with complications could have been prevented by regular antenatal checkups, ultrasonography performed by radiologists and early referral antenatally in labour along with multidisciplinary approach.

Objective: To evaluate the association between body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) and dental caries (DC), and the clinical consequences of untreated dental caries (U-DC) among 12- to 14-year-old male public-school adolescents in the Northern Province, Saudi Arabia. Methods: The demographic and anthropometric measurements of 302 boys 12 to 14 years of age (mean: 12.5 years) were recorded. BMI and central obesity (based on WC) were measured. The decayed-missing-filled teeth (DMFT) index was used to record DC. The pulp involvement, ulceration, fistula, abscess (PUFA) index was used to quantify the clinical consequences of U-DC. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the risk factors related to DC and clinical consequences of U-DC. Results: A high prevalence of DC was found in adolescents who were underweight according to BMI and nonobese based on WC (46.7% vs 34.5%). The association between underweight (BMI) and obese (WC) with DC (odds ratio [95% CI]) was 1.91 (0.87, 4.18) and 0.34 (0.18, 0.63), respectively, while with PUFA (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]; 95%CI), it was 1.76 (0.76, 4.09) and 0.19 (0.06, 0.63) respectively. The logistic regression model showed that consuming sugar more than once a day led to a 2.87-fold greater likelihood of DC (AOR [95% CI] = 2.87 [1.68, 4.88]) and a 3.91-fold greater likelihood of mean PUFA score (AOR [95% CI] = 3.91 [2.05, 7.44]. Conclusion: High risks for DC and clinical consequences of U-DC were observed among underweight and nonobese adolescent males. The frequency of sugar consumption was significantly associated with both conditions.

Abstract Objectives To assess the association amongst oral hygiene practices, untreated dental caries (UDC) and clinical consequences of UDC in pre‐ and primary school children aged 3–5 and 6–7 years. Materials and methods A total of 250 subjects were recruited. The demographic and oral hygiene data were collected using a closed‐ended questionnaire. The UDC was measured using the ‘d/D' component of the decayed, missing, filled teeth (dmft/DMFT) index, and its clinical consequences were recorded using the ‘p/P' component of the pulpal involvement, ulceration, fistula and abscess (pufa/PUFA) index. The data were analyzed by multiple logistic regression. Results Overall, 94.2% and 56.5% of the participants had one or more UDC and pulp involvement (p ≥ 1), respectively in 3–5‐year‐old age group. In the 6‐7‐year‐ age group the prevalence of UDC was 26.7% and the pulp involvement was 11.6%. Children who brushed with their fingers were 4.7 times more likely to have UDC (crude odds ratio [COR] = 4.71; 95% CI: 1.21–18.40). Twice‐daily brushing resulted in a 39% (p = 0.732) lower likelihood of having UDC compared with once‐daily brushing (COR = 0.61; 95% CI: 0.04, 10.09). Children with irregular brushing frequency were 3.2 times more likely to have pulpal involvement (COR = 3.21; 95% CI: 1.74–5.93). Conclusion Finger brushing, irregular frequency of brushing and lack of parental supervision whilst brushing were associated with UDC and its consequences.

Background: Exudative pleural effusions are common presentation of pleural disease. Long standing pleural effusion might complicate with loculations and cortex formation. Video assisted thoracoscopic surgery can be a useful tool for the diagnosis and the management of the complications. The aim of the study is to determine the cause and treat the complications related to the exudative pleural effusions. Materials and Methods: It is a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data of all patients with exudative pleural effusions subjected to surgical management. Data were collected over a period of four years in a community hospital in Kathmandu. Results: Of 38 patients who underwent Video assisted thoracoscopic surgery only 33 were eligible for analysis. Male to female ratio was 2.3:1 with male (23) dominance. Twenty six (78.8%) had lymphocyte predominance and 23 (69.7%) had Adenosine deaminase level of more than 40 International unit in pleural fluid analysis. In histopathological examination most common finding was granulomatous inflammation 13 (39.4%), 9 (27.3%) were malignancy and 9 (27.3%) were nonspecific chronic inflammation. Of malignancies adenocarcinoma 3 (9.09%) was the most common finding, mesothelioma 2(6.06%) and 4 (12.12%) other. Conclusion: Video assisted thoracoscopic surgery has a role to play in diagnosis of exudative pleural effusions, particularly when there is dilemma in diagnosis. Video assisted thoracoscopic surgery definitely has a role in diagnosis and treatment of the complications related to pleural effusions.

Objective: To assess the beliefs about causes of psychotic disorders and subsequent help-seeking behaviour in caregivers. Method: The descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Psychiatry, Civil Hospital, Karachi, from September 2020 to February 2021, and comprised caregivers of patients with psychotic disorders. Data was collected using a questionnaire that was filled up by caregivers mentioning their beliefs about the cause of the disorder and subsequent help-seeking behaviour. Data was analysed using SPSS 22. Results: Of the 162 participants, 69(42.6%) were male and 93(52.4%) were female. The overall mean age was 39.9+12.9 years. The majority 157(96.9%) subjects were Muslims. In terms of beliefs, anxious personality 62(38.3%), evil eye 62(38.3%) and God's will 56(34.6%) were the major choices picked. With respect to help-seeking behaviour, the choices most picked were taking the patient to a psychiatrist 129(79.6%), praying 108(66.6%) and taking the patient to a family physician 103(63.6%). Conclusion: There was found to be sufficient awareness among the caregivers, but help-seeking behaviour needed to improve considerably. Key Words: Beliefs, Causes, Help-seeking, Psychotic.

The manual stalk cutting and grading of garlic (Allium sativum L.) is inconsistent, inefficient and demands skilled labour. A garlic stalk cutter-cum-grader was developed at the Department of Processing and Food Engineering, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana during 2018–19, along with performance evaluation and optimization of working parameters using response surface methodology. The machine comprises of four major units, viz. cutting unit, grading unit, reciprocating assembly and a transmission system. The performance evaluation indicated that there was a significant effect of feed (2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 stalks) and moisture content (14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 (±1% in all levels, wet bulb) of the stalk on the performance parameters. The capacity of the machine increased with moisture content and feed rate. The grading efficiency first increased and then decreased with moisture content, whereas it decreased with an increase in feed rate. The bulb damage increased with a decrease in moisture content, whereas the effect of feed was minimal. The cutting efficiency decreased with an increase in the stalk feed rate and moisture content. A moisture content of 30.98% and feed of 3.75 stalks were found optimal, close to the moisture content of 31% and feed of 4 stalks and recommended for the best performance of the machine.

Atrazine (AT) is a triazine herbicide widely used to control weeds in several crops. De-isopropylatrazine (DIA) and de-ethylatrazine (DEA) are two of the eight primary metabolites produced by AT breakdown in soil and water. The physico-chemical properties of the soil determine their final fate. So, this study aimed to assess the function of clay loam and sandy loam soils in determining their ultimate fate and the potential ecological risks to non-target species during their persistence in soil and transportation to water bodies. The soil in pots was spiked with standard solutions of AT, DEA, and DIA at 0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg for the persistence study. The leaching potential was determined by placing soils in Plexi columns and spiking them with 50 and 100 µg standard solutions. Liquid-liquid extraction was used to prepare the samples, which were then analyzed using GC-MS/MS. The dynamics of dissipation were first-order. AT, DEA and DIA disappeared rapidly in sandy loam soil, with half-lives ranging from 6.2 to 8.4 days. AT and its metabolites had a significant amount of leaching potential. In sandy loam soil, leaching was more effective, resulting in maximal residue movement up to 30–40 cm soil depth. The presence of a notable collection of residues in leachate fractions suggests the potential for surface and groundwater contamination. In particular, DEA and DIA metabolites caused springtail Folsomia candida and earthworm Eisenia fetida to have longer and greater unacceptable risks. If the residues comparable to the amount acquired in leachate fractions reach water bodies, they could cause toxicity to a variety of freshwater fish, aquatic arthropods, amphibians, and aquatic invertebrates. Future studies should take a more comprehensive approach to evaluate ecological health and dangers to non-target species.

Human Activity Recognition (HAR), based on sensor devices and the Internet of Things (IoT), attracted many researchers since it has diversified applications in health sectors, smart environments, and entertainment. HAR has emerged as one of the important health monitoring applications and it necessitates the constant usage of smartphones, smartwatches, and wearable devices to capture patients' daily activities. To predict multiple human activities, deep learning (DL)-based methods have been successfully applied to time-series data that are generated by smartphones and wearable sensors. Although DL-based approaches were deployed in activity recognition, they still have encountered a few issues when working with time-series data. Those issues could be managed with the proposed methodology. This work proposed a couple of Hybrid Learning Algorithms (HLA) to build comprehensive classification methods for HAR using wearable sensor data. The aim of this work is to make use of the Convolution Memory Fusion Algorithm(CMFA) and Convolution Gated Fusion Algorithm(CGFA) that model learns both local features and long-term and gated-term dependencies in sequential data. Feature extraction has been enhanced with the deployment of various filter sizes. They are used to capture different local temporal dependencies, and thus the enhancement is implemented. This Amalgam Learning Model has been deployed on the WISDM dataset, and the proposed models have achieved 97.76%, 94.98% for smartwatch and smartphone of CMFA, 96.91%, 84.35% for smartwatch and smartphone of CGFA. Experimental results show that these models demonstrated greater accuracy than other existing deep neural network frameworks.

Herein, we report a simple synthetic protocol for selective epoxidation of olefins, monocyclic terpenes, and chalcones using a continuous semi-batch process in good to excellent yields. Mainly, industrial semi-batch epoxidation is an extremely risky process that includes very high safety measures to avoid the accumulation of peroxide species in the reactor during the process, which leads to accidents. To avoid the same, we have established a constant flow reactor protocol for the epoxidation of fore mentioned key synthons using a cyanamide-potassium carbonate catalytic system which helps to reduce the accumulation of the peroxide species, and also yields moderate to high yields of the desired products. The developed methodology was successfully utilized for the epoxidation of a range of aliphatic to aromatic olefins to generate corresponding epoxides. All the products and their structures were examined using 1HNMR, and 13NMR spectroscopy. More importantly, this proposed protocol is recyclable and reproducible where in using similar research conditions.

Abstract Evolutionary trends may underlie some aspects of the risk for common, non-communicable disorders, including psychiatric disease. We analyzed whole exome sequencing data from 80 unique individuals from India coming from families with two or more individuals with severe mental illness. We used Population Branch Statistics (PBS) to identify variants and genes under positive selection and identified 74 genes as candidates for positive selection. Of these, 20 were previously associated with Schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease and cognitive abilities in genome wide association studies. We then checked whether any of these 74 genes were involved in common biological pathways or related to specific cellular or molecular functions. We found that immune related pathways and functions related to innate immunity such as antigen binding were over-represented. We also evaluated for the presence of Neanderthal introgressed segments in these genes and found Neanderthal introgression in a single gene out of the 74 candidate genes. However, the introgression pattern indicates the region is unlikely to be the source for selection. Our findings hint at how selection pressures in individuals from families with a history of severe mental illness may diverge from the general population. Further, it also provides insights into the genetic architecture of severe mental illness, such as schizophrenia and its link to immune factors.

A novel energy harvester inspired by a winding mechanism which utilises the loading deflection because of vehicle mobility, when it crosses speed breaker is designed and fabricated. The method of energy harvesting using deflection produced by vehicle weight moving on the road can provide a relatively larger and continuous power to the connected load. The developed system in accordance with mechanical motion rectifier has used a method for converting deflection produced by the weight of the vehicle passing over the speed breaker to electrical energy, which resolves the issue of regeneration of lost energy from impulsive vibration. The design approach, power calculation and working mechanism of energy harvester are presented. The dead load application in the lab gives a peak output of 4.6 W and a steady state output of 3.25 W. A sedan vehicle is considered for the realisation of the developed system, which ultimately gives peak output of 18.4 W and a steady-state output of 13 W, which can be utilised to power the typical traffic lights of 12 W along with the street lights. This method of decentralised energy harvesting can lead to a grid-independent traffic signal and control.

abstract: In the present study, the leaves of Vernonia cinerea were utilized as an efficacious bio-reductant, stabilizing, and capping agent for biological/green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). The nanoparticle (NPs) characteristics show that phytocapped ZnO NPs are in the nano-size range (1–100 nm). Fourier transforms infrared studies reveal the outline of the synthesis mechanism for ZnO NPs whereas X-ray diffraction analysis approved the crystalline structure of ZnO-NPs. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis defined the pureness and chemical constituent of ZnO-NPs. The microscopic analysis of ZnO NPs confirmed the spherical and non-agglomeration attributes of nano-particles. The commenced study reveals the outcome of phytocapped ZnO NPs on the growth of tomato seedlings. Results showed ZnO-NPs boost the morphological as well as physiological characteristics as compared to the bulk Zn. At lower doses, ZnO NPs give better results as compared to higher doses. The higher doses showed obstruction in the growth and development thereby recommending the 50 mg/L−1of ZnO NPs exposed to tomato seedlings is beneficial.

abstract: Zinc oxide nanoparticles are synthesized through an eco-friendly route by using Vernonia cinerea (L.) leaf extract. The extract obtained from leaf functions acts as a reducing, stabilizing, and capping agent. The bio-synthesized ZnO NPs were characterized by viz. Ultraviolet-visible spectrum, Fourier transforms infrared spectrum, X-ray diffraction analysis, and Field emission scanning electron microscope. The present study explored the plausible role of bio-synthesized ZnO NPs in the mitigation of lead induced oxidative stress by investigating the growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, protein content, nitrate reductase activity, antioxidant enzymes, etc in the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings. The seedlings of Solanum lycopersicum were treated with single dose (50 mg L−1) of bio-synthesized ZnO NPs and/or in combination with lead. The bio-synthesized ZnO NPs remarkably increased germination rate, seedling vigor index, relative water content, chlorophyll content, protein, sugars, nitrate reductase activity alone, and in the combination with lead in tomato seedlings. Furthermore, the bio-synthesized ZnO NPs mitigated the deleterious impact of Pb-induced stress by up-regulation of photosynthetic machinery and stimulating the antioxidant stress markers such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase in lead-induced stress. The present study concluded that the bio-synthesized ZnO NPs boost the growth performance and ameliorate the lead stress in tomato seedlings.

Transforming growth factor–β1 (TGF-β1) plays a central role in normal and aberrant wound healing, but the precise mechanism in the local environment remains elusive. Here, using a mouse model of aberrant wound healing resulting in heterotopic ossification (HO) after traumatic injury, we find autocrine TGF-β1 signaling in macrophages, and not mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells, is critical in HO formation. In-depth single-cell transcriptomic and epigenomic analyses in combination with immunostaining of cells from the injury site demonstrated increased TGF-β1 signaling in early infiltrating macrophages, with open chromatin regions in TGF-β1–stimulated genes at binding sites specific for transcription factors of activated TGF-β1 (SMAD2/3). Genetic deletion of TGF-β1 receptor type 1 (Tgfbr1; Alk5), in macrophages, resulted in increased HO, with a trend toward decreased tendinous HO. To bypass the effect seen by altering the receptor, we administered a systemic treatment with TGF-β1/3 ligand trap TGF-βRII-Fc, which resulted in decreased HO formation and a delay in macrophage infiltration to the injury site. Overall, our data support the role of the TGF-β1/ALK5 signaling pathway in HO.

Introduction: Ropivacaine is a well-accepted local anaesthetic drug used in spinal and peripheral nerve blocks. It provides a better Central Nervous System (CNS) and cardiovascular stability in comparison to bupivacaine. Adjuvants are also added with these drugs as they provide haemodynamic stability, increase efficacy, and decrease the dose requirement of the local anaesthetic drugs. Aim: To determine the efficacy of isobaric 0.75% ropivacaine in combination with normal saline, fentanyl, and neostigmine in Elderly Patients Undergoing Transurethral Resection of Prostate Under Spinal Anaesthesia. Materials and Methods: This double-blinded randomised clinical study was conducted in the Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Institute of Medical SciencesBanaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India, from July 2018 to June 2019. The study included 90 patients who were divided into three groups of 30 subjects each. Ropivacaine combined with normal saline in group RNS, ropivacaine combined with fentanyl in group RFE and ropivacaine combined with neostigmine in group RNE, was administered intrathecally. Heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, onset and duration of sensory and motor block, along with the duration of analgesia, were recorded at different time points. The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the variables among the three study groups, and Student-Newman-Keuls post hoc test was used to compare the data between the groups. Results: Patients in group RNE showed a significant fall in heart rate in comparison to groups RNS and RFE at all the time points. Respiratory rate followed a similar pattern in group RNE (p

Introduction: Pandemics and subsequent lockdowns affect mental health of different subgroups of populations. In Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19), caregivers of those patients who have respiratory complaints is one such subgroup which is more vulnerable to disturbances in mental health, because of the fear that their patient’s respiratory symptoms could be because of COVID-19. Aim: To assess the psychosocial impact of COVID-19 and subsequent state imposed lockdown on the caregivers of patients presenting with respiratory complaints and also to evaluate the effect of relaxation of lockdown after following-up them over a period of time. Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Government Medical College, Patiala, Punjab, India (tertiary care institute), from April 2020 to June 2020. Baseline assessment was done using socio-demographic proforma, lockdown related questionnaire {3 domains, summed as total score (lockdown)}, COVID-19 related questionnaire {total score (COVID-19)} and General Health Questionnaire-12-Hindi version (GHQ-12). Reassessment was done twice i.e., at 11-15 days and 41-45 days after relaxation of lockdown. Quality Of Life (QOL) at first and second follow-up versus prelockdown times (score A and C) and first follow-up versus unlockdown (score B) was also noted. Analysis was conducted using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (IBM, SPSS)version 22.0. Results: Total 65 caregivers were enrolled in the study. Mean age of the participants was 40.2±11.812 years with maximum caregivers 25 (41.7%) aged between 31-40 years. Majority (83.3%) were men. Psychological distress was experienced in 50% of caregivers at baseline and 23.7% caregivers at first follow-up (p-value=0.001). Worry for COVID-19 (p-value=0.035), Domain 1 scores (p-value

Osteochondroma is the most common primary benign bone tumour frequently affecting the appendicular skeleton and rarely involves the spine and even more rarely involves the lower lumbar region. The present case report was a rare case of osteochondroma arising from spinous process of L2 vertebra. A 12-year-old male visited with his parents with complaints of progressive painless swelling in the lower back for six months. After thorough evaluation, osteochondroma arising from L2 spinous process was diagnosed. The patient was operated with extraperiosteal enbloc excision of the tumour along with L2 spinous process. Enbloc excision of axial exostosis should be considered owing to the risk factor of neurological involvement and rare malignant transformation.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is considered to be an inflammatory disorder whereas OA is not an overtly inflammatory disorder as RA but certain inflammatory cytokines and periodic inflammation are observed to be involved in its progression. The pathophysiology of arthritis involves a cascade of processes taking place; therefore, arthritis necessitates a multidimensional approach for its management. Numerous conventional anti-arthritic drugs have been employed to relieve arthritis conditions but their efficacy and tolerability can be overshadowed by the reported deleterious effects on human health. Therefore, the pressing priority is to explore the complementary and alternative treatment options i.e., traditional medicine, medicinal plants and their phytochemicals, which exhibit significant anti-inflammatory activities with less deleterious effects on human health. The present review summarizes such potential medicinal plants and natural bio-active compounds against arthritis on the basis of their potent anti-inflammatory activities demonstrated in various in vitro, in vivo studies, other preclinical and clinical studies in order to facilitate researchers to develop phytomedicines against arthritis.

Introduction: Caesarean section is one of the most common obstetric operations performed. Primary caesarean section in multiparous women means the first caesarean section done in the multiparity who had previously delivered vaginally. This study aimed to find out the prevalence of primary caesarean section among multiparous pregnant women visiting a tertiary care centre. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among multiparous women in a tertiary care centre from 15 June 2020 to 14 June 2021. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Committee (Registration number: F-NMC/420/075/076). Demographic data were collected using predesigned proforma in parous women who had a previous vaginal delivery. A convenience sampling method was used. Point estimate and 95% Confidence Interval were calculated. Results: Among 1158 multiparity, primary caesarean section was found in 155 (13.39%) (11.43-15.35, 95% Confidence Interval). Most women 62 (40%) belong to 21-25 years and the majority were second gravida 51 (32.90%). The emergency caesarean section was done in 149 (96.12%). Indications for primary caesarean section were fetal distress 63 (40.63%), non-progress of labour and breech 12 (7.74%). Post-operative complications were uneventful in 110 (70.96%) cases. Conclusions: The prevalence of primary caesarean section in multiparous women was found to be higher than the other studies done in similar settings.

The experiment was done on finger millet during the zaid season of 2021-22 at crop research farm, Department of Agronomy, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences (SHUATS), Prayagraj (Uttar Pradesh). The treatments consisted of three planting geometry viz., 20 cm × 20 cm, 25 cm × 25 cm and 30 cm × 30 cm and three NPK levels viz., 75%, 100% and 125%. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with nine numbers of treatments and replicated thrice. The results showed that treatment with 30 cm × 30 cm spacing at 125 % NPK /ha growth parameters viz., maximum plant height (69.73 cm), number of tillers per plant (17.36 g/plant), dry weight per plant (7.36 g) while yield were recorded highest with treatment 20 cm × 20 cm spacing at 125 % NPK /ha. viz., Grain yield (45.76 t/ha), Straw yield (4.33 t/ha) and harvest index (44.91) of finger millet at harvest. This may due to the highest plant population with close spacing treatment and higher number of heads/ m2 as compare with wide spacing.

Abstract Compared with bulk soil, rhizosphere has different properties because of the existence of root mucilage, which affects physical, chemical, and microbial processes. The slow response of rhizosphere to changes in water potential buffers water content changes and leads the rhizosphere to be wetter than bulk soil during drying. By affecting connectivity of the liquid and gas phases, mucilage can also influence solute transport and gas diffusion. Overview of the literature and previous models shows the lack of a model that describes the connectivity between different phases in the rhizosphere pore space during wetting and drying processes. A major challenge is that mucilage shows a complex behavior, which at low concentrations is more like a liquid, whereas at higher concentration, dry mucilage becomes a solid. In between, a viscoelastic state is observed where mucilage can be considered as a hydrogel. In this study a three‐dimensional pore‐scale model based on the lattice spring method is introduced and used to simulate drying of mucilage between two soil particles. The model is capable of reproducing spider‐web‐like structures that are specific for mucilage. This three‐dimensional mucilage drying model is qualitatively validated via environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) images of dry mucilage between glass beads. The proposed model may provide us with a new perspective on hydrodynamic processes within the pore space of the rhizosphere. In addition, the model may help to better understand further important processes that strongly depend on rhizosphere hydraulic dynamics, such as solute transport, connectivity of the liquid phase, root penetration resistance, rhizosheath formation, and microbial activity.

Abstract The sensitivity of different cumulus physical parameterization schemes for simulating extreme winter precipitation events over the Arabian Peninsula (AP) is investigated using a high‐resolution weather research and forecasting (WRF) model. For winters in 2001–2016, the following three parameterization schemes are examined: (i) Kain–Fritsch (KF), (ii) Betts–Miller–Janjić (BMJ), and (iii) Grell–Freitas (GF). The simulation results suggest that the AP extreme winter rainfall events are best simulated using the KF, followed by the BMJ, in terms of spatial distribution and intensity. The spatial pattern correlation coefficient between the model‐simulated and observed rainfall is highest with KF (0.94), followed by BMJ (0.91) and GF (0.76). These results are attributed to a better representation of the moisture transport associated with upper‐tropospheric cyclonic circulation and potential vorticity intrusions. By contrast, the GF scheme fails to simulate moisture convergence and updrafts, leading to an unrealistic representation of cloud hydrometeors and an improper organization of convection and associated extreme rainfall intensities. Meanwhile, the KF and BMJ also successfully simulate the dynamics and thermodynamics of extreme rainfall events that are usually driven by synoptic forcing. The study results suggest that the choice of cumulus parameterization schemes in the WRF model is critical for reliable simulation of extreme rainfall in the hyperarid AP region.

Vasoactive endothelin (ET) is generated by ET converting enzyme (ECE)-induced proteolytic processing of pro-molecule big ET to biologically active peptides. H2O2 has been shown to increase the expression of ECE1 via transactivation of its promoter. The present study demonstrates that H2O2 triggered ECE1-dependent ET1-3 production in neonatal pig proximal tubule (PT) epithelial cells. A uniaxial stretch of PT cells decreased catalase, increased NADPH oxidase (NOX)2 and NOX4, and increased H2O2 levels. Stretch also increased cellular ECE1, an effect reversed by EUK-134 (a synthetic superoxide dismutase/catalase mimetic), NOX inhibitor apocynin, and siRNA-mediated knockdown of NOX2 and NOX4. Short-term unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO), an inducer of renal tubular cell stretch and oxidative stress, increased renal ET1-3 generation and vascular resistance (RVR) in neonatal pigs. Despite removing the obstruction, UUO-induced increase in RVR persisted, resulting in early acute kidney injury (AKI). ET receptor (ETR)-operated Ca2+ entry in renal microvascular smooth muscle (SM) via transient receptor potential channel 3 (TRPC3) channels reduced renal blood flow and increased RVR. Although acute reversible UUO (rUUO) did not change protein expression levels of ETR and TRPC3 in renal microvessels, inhibition of ECE1, ETR, and TRPC3 protected against renal hypoperfusion, RVR increase, and early AKI. These data suggest that mechanical stretch-driven oxyradical generation stimulates ET production in neonatal pig renal epithelial cells. ET activates renal microvascular SM TRPC3, leading to persistent vasoconstriction and reduction in renal blood flow. These mechanisms may underlie rUUO-induced renal insufficiency in infants.

The advancement of autonomous technology in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) has piloted a new era in aviation. While UAVs were initially utilized only for the military, rescue, and disaster response, they are now being utilized for domestic and civilian purposes as well. In order to deal with its expanded applications and to increase autonomy, the ability for UAVs to perform autonomous landing will be a crucial component. Autonomous landing capability is greatly dependent on computer vision, which offers several advantages such as low cost, self-sufficiency, strong anti-interference capability, and accurate localization when combined with an Inertial Navigation System (INS). Another significant benefit of this technology is its compatibility with LiDAR technology, Digital Elevation Models (DEM), and the ability to seamlessly integrate these components. The landing area for UAVs can vary, ranging from static to dynamic or complex, depending on their environment. By comprehending these characteristics and the behavior of UAVs, this paper serves as a valuable reference for autonomous landing guided by computer vision and provides promising preliminary results with static image photogrammetry.

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Abstract Compound extremes exhibit greater adverse impacts than their univariate counterparts. Studies have reported changes in frequency and the spatial extent of extremes in India; however, investigation of compound extremes is in the infancy state. This study investigates the historical variation of compound dry and hot extremes (CDHE) and compound wet and cold extremes (CWCE) during the Indian summer monsoon period from 1951 to 2019 using monthly data. Results are analyzed for 10 identified homogeneous regions for India. Our results unravelled that CDHE (CWCE) frequency has increased (decreased) by 1–3 events per decade for the recent period (1977–2019) relative to the base period (1951–1976). Overall, the increasing (decreasing) pattern of CDHE (CWCE) is high across North-central India, Western India, North-eastern India and South-eastern coastlines. Our findings help in identification of the parts of the country affected by frequent and widespread CDHE during the recent period, which is alarming. More detailed assessments are required to disentangle the complex physical process of compound extremes to improve risk management options.

Abstract Human acidic fibroblast growth factor (hFGF1) is an all beta-sheet protein that is involved in the regulation of key cellular processes including cell proliferation and wound healing. hFGF1 is known to aggregate when subjected to thermal unfolding. In this study, we investigate the equilibrium unfolding of hFGF1 using a wide array of biophysical and biochemical techniques. Systematic analyses of the thermal and chemical denaturation data on hFGF1 variants (Q54P, K126N, R136E, K126N/R136E, Q54P/K126N, Q54P/R136E, and Q54P/K126N/R136E) indicate that nullification of charges in the heparin-binding pocket can significantly increase the stability of wtFGF1. Triple variant (Q54P/K126N/R136E) was found to be the most stable of all the hFGF1 variants studied. With the exception of triple variant, thermal unfolding of wtFGF1 and the other variants is irreversible. Thermally unfolded triple variant refolds completely to its biologically native conformation. Microsecond-level molecular dynamic simulations reveal that a network of hydrogen bonds and salt bridges linked to Q54P, K126N, and R136E mutations, are responsible for the high stability and reversibility of thermal unfolding of the triple variant. In our opinion, the findings of the study provide valuable clues for the rational design of a stable hFGF1 variant that exhibits potent wound healing properties.

Summary In greenhouse and field trials, a bacterial mixture of Collimonas arenae Cal35 and Bacillus velezensis FZB42, but not Cal35 alone or FZB42 alone, was able to protect tomato plants from challenge with the soilborne fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (Fol). To identify genes and mechanisms underlying this property in Cal35, we screened a random transposon insertion library for loss of function and identified two mutants that were impaired completely or partially in their ability to halt the growth of a wide range of fungal species. In mutant 46A06, the transposon insertion was located in a biosynthetic gene cluster that was predicted to code for a hybrid polyketide synthase–non‐ribosomal peptide synthetase, while mutant 60C09 was impacted in a gene cluster for the synthesis and secretion of sugar repeat units. Our data are consistent with a model in which both gene clusters are necessary for the production of an antifungal compound we refer to as carenaemins. We also show that the ability to produce carenaemin contributed significantly to the observed synergy between Cal35 and FZB42 in protecting tomato plants from Fol. We discuss the potential for supplementing Bacillus‐based biocontrol products with Collimonas bacteria to boost efficacy of such products.

Abstract Background Cocrystallization is one of the crystal engineering strategies used to alter the physicochemical properties of drugs that are poorly water-soluble. Gliclazide (GLZ), an antidiabetic drug, belongs to Biopharmaceutical Classification System class-II (low solubility and high permeability) and has low bioavailability, resulting in poor therapeutic effects in patients. Therefore, to impart better solubility and bioavailability of GLZ, the study was carried out by preparing GLZ cocrystals using liquid-assisted grinding method with three coformers [3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS), 2,6-pyridine dicarboxylic acid (PDA), and L-proline (LPN)], and these were characterized using Differential Scanning Colorimetry (DSC), Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier Transform Infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR), and Raman spectral studies. Further, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, accelerated stability, solubility, in vitro dissolution studies, and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies were performed in male Wistar rats. Results DSC and PXRD analysis confirmed the formation of the GLZ cocrystals. Hydrogen bonding between pure GLZ and its coformers was demonstrated based on FTIR and Raman analysis. SEM data showed morphological images for GLZ cocrystals differed from those of pure GLZ. In comparison with pure GLZ, these GLZ cocrystals have greatly improved solubility, in vitro dissolution, and in vivo profiles. Among the three, GLZ–DNS cocrystals outperformed the pure drug in terms of solubility (6.3 times), degradation (1.5 times), and relative bioavailability (1.8 times). Conclusion Hence, cocrystallization of GLZ leads to improved physicochemical properties of poorly soluble drug gliclazide.

Dengue is potentially a life-threatening arthropod-borne viral infection for which there are no known therapeutic agents till date. Early stage diagnosis of dengue infection is still lacking. Diagnosis is only made after severe manifestations and later stages of infection. Timely prognosis can prevent dengue related mortalities. The nucleic acid-based therapy has potential to emerge as a promising approach for early diagnosis and treatment of this viral infection. Many studies have been carried out suggested the regulatory role of ncRNAs thereby revealing the importance of protein-RNA and RNA-RNA interactions during infection. Various regulatory RNAs are either expressed by mammalian cells or generated by viral RNA have reported to play important roles in viral life cycle including dengue virus. Thus exploring host-virus interaction will pave the novel path for understanding the pathophysiology of febrile infection in dengue. Rapid advances in sequencing techniques along with significant developments in the field of RNA studies has made RNA therapeutics as one of the promising approaches as antiviral targets. The idea of RNA based therapies has been greatly backed by a Hepatitis C virus drug, Miravirsen which has successfully completed phase II clinical trial. In the present review, we will discuss the implications of different non-coding RNAs in dengue infection. Differential expression of small ncRNA may serve as a reliable biomarker of disease severity during different stages of infection and can also play regulatory roles in disease progression.

This data article describes the whole-genome sequencing and in vitro activity data of Escherichia phage NTEC3 isolated from a community sewage sample in Chandigarh, India. The phage NTEC3 was active against multi-drug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) biofilm-forming Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) strains. The genome of this phage was linear, double-stranded, and 44.2 kb long in size. A total of 72 ORFs (open reading frames) were predicted and 30 ORFs were encoded for functional proteins. The phage belonged to the Kagunavirus genus of the Siphoviridae family. Phylogenetic analysis using DNA polymerase was performed to understand the phage evolutionary relationships. Genes encoding for lysogeny, virulence, toxins, antibiotic resistance, and the CRISPR/CRISPR-like system were not found during screening. The annotated genome was deposited in Genbank under the accession number OK539620.

ABSTRACT The microbial communities present in smokeless tobacco products (STPs) perform critical steps in the synthesis of carcinogens, mainly tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs). Most studies emphasize the bacterial component, and the mycobiome of STPs has not been well characterized. In this study, we investigated the fungal communities in the different categories of STPs by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rRNA region of the fungal genome. The ecological character of the fungal community associated with STPs was determined by using FUNGuild. Our results indicated that Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the most abundant fungal phyla across all STPs. The predominant fungal genera in STPs were Pichia, Sterigmatomyces, and Mortierella. The α-diversity varied significantly across the STPs based on observed, Fisher, and Shannon indices. Using SparCC cooccurrence network analysis, significant positive correlations of 58.5% and negative connections of 41.5% were obtained among fungal genera identified in STPs. Furthermore, the functional predictions by FUNGuild determined that STPs possessed high abundances of saprotroph and pathotroph-saprotroph-symbiotroph fungal trophic groups. At the functional guild level, the qiwam samples contained high abundances of soil saprotrophs, while plant pathogens were prevalent in pan-masala samples. These results suggest that various fungal populations reside in STPs and interrelate with each other and can contribute to the synthesis of TSNAs. This study has established the basis for future large-scale investigations of STP-associated mycobiota and the impact of such mycobiota in oral carcinogenesis in STP users via inflammation and carcinogens (TSNAs and mycotoxins). IMPORTANCE Smokeless tobacco products (STPs) contain complex microbial communities that influence the synthesis of carcinogens, such as tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs). Research on STP-associated bacterial populations revealed connections between bacterial metabolism and TSNA synthesis. The abundance of the fungal population may also have an impact on the production of TSNAs. This study examined STPs popularly used in India, and diverse fungal communities were identified in these STPs. Pichia, Sterigmatomyces, and Mortierella were the predominant fungal genera in the STPs. High abundances of saprotroph and pathotroph-saprotroph-symbiotroph trophic groups in STPs could affect the degradation of tobacco products and the synthesis of TSNAs.

BackgroundDuring the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in India, the Ministry of Ayush conducted a community study to provide therapeutic care to patients with asymptomatic, mild, and moderate COVID-19 in home isolation based on the empirical evidence generated on the efficacy of AYUSH-64 in COVID-19.ObjectiveTo document disease characteristics, care-seeking behavior, and outcomes in patients with asymptomatic, mild, or moderate COVID-19 in home isolation who used AYUSH-64 for COVID-19.MethodsCross-sectional analysis of the data generated through a community study conducted in India from 08 May to 31 August 2021 was performed to study the disease characteristics, care-seeking behavior during home isolation, clinical outcomes, adverse events, and the association between various risk factors and clinical recovery during the study period. The data were collected through semi-structured questionnaires, available in electronic data collection format at the baseline, 7, 14, and 21 days. A logistic regression was performed to explore the relationship between relevant variables and clinical recovery.ResultsData from 64,642 participants were analyzed for baseline assessment, and final analysis was done for 49,770 participants. The mean age of the enrolled participants was 38.8 ± 11.7 years, and 8.4% had co-morbidities. AYUSH-64 was utilized as an add-on to the standard care by 58.3% of participants. Comparable clinical outcomes were observed in participants utilizing AYUSH-64 either as a standalone or as an add-on to standard care, in terms of clinical recovery, disease progression, the requirement for oxygen supplementation, hospitalization, ICU admission, and need for ventilator support. Younger age, having no co-morbidities or substance abuse, and having been vaccinated were associated with early clinical recovery than those who were older and not vaccinated.ConclusionsThe study findings suggest that AYUSH-64 use, either standalone or as an adjunct to standard care, in asymptomatic, mild, or moderate COVID-19 is associated with good clinical outcomes. Ayush services and interventions can be effectively integrated into the mainstream public health architecture to serve public health goals.

This study demonstrates the synthesis and characterisation of electrospun Ta3N5-(O) 1D-nanofibers for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and its performance in a proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolyser. 1D nanofibers were synthesized by electrospinning of tantalum ethoxide/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) sol followed by ammonolysis at varied temperatures (800–1000 °C). Elemental distribution of the nanofibers analysed through XPS, and bulk-EDS studies revealed an increase in surface oxygen concentration with an increase in nitridation temperature (from 900 °C to 1000 °C). The nanofibers were characterized to exhibit high electrocatalytic activity for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) with a low overpotential of 320 mV to deliver 10 mA/cm2 in 0.5 M H2SO4 electrolyte. The Ta3N5-(O) 1D nanofibers were employed as novel electrocatalyst without any conducting supports in a PEM water electrolyser. A current density of 0.1 A/cm2 was achieved at an applied voltage of 2 V which is on par with earth-abundant electrocatalysts like MoS2. Furthermore, the electrospun nano fibers showed excellent stability with negligible losses over 6 h of prolonged operation. The study demonstrates the advantage of nanostructuring the electrocatalysts in enhancing the applicability of Ta3N5 and paves further a path for the development of high performance 1-D electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reactions (HER).

In recent years, online education has been given more and more attention with the widespread use of the internet. The teaching procedure divides space and makes time for online learning; though teachers cannot control the learners accurately, the state of education calculates learners' learning situation. This paper explains that the discourse analysis method is utilized to examine the online teaching behavior of teachers and student behavior like class attendance, how many are active in class, and learning behavior in online education. Also, discourse analysis will optimize and enhance the classification of the text understood according to their language. After pre-processing, feature extraction was done by utilizing Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency, and feature selection was calculated via utilizing chi-square examination for teacher discourse like learning behavior, languages understood by students, and language types. Moreover, the machine learning-based classification technique Support Vector Machine (SVM) is considered to analyze the teacher discourse in class automatically, and results are compared with existing techniques.

Abstract Background 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives exhibited significant anti-cancer activity when they were evaluated, against human cancer cell lines. They also showed anti-inflammatory, analgesic, diabetic, immunosuppressive, α,β3-receptor antagonist, antimicrobial, anti-helminthic, histamine-H3 and antiparasitic properties. A pyrimidine analog, 5 fluoro-uracil is a chemotherapeutic drug used for treating multiple solid malignant tumors. But its application is limited, as it has side effects like low bioavailability and high toxicity. Molecular docking is an exemplary tool, helps in identifying target and designing a drug containing high bio-availability and minimum toxicity. Results A set of 1,2,4-oxadiazole linked 5-fluoruracil derivatives (7a–j) were synthesized and their structures were confirmed by 1HNMR, 13CNMR and Mass spectral analysis. Further, these compounds were investigated for their anticancer activity towards a panel of four human cancer cell lines such as (MCF-7, MDA MB-231), lung cancer (A549) and prostate cancer (DU-145) by using MTT method. Among them, compounds 7a, 7b, 7c, 7d and 7i demonstrated more promising anticancer activity than standard. Conclusion Synthesized derivatives (7a–j) of 1,2,4-oxadiazole linked 5-fluorouracil and investigated for their anticancer activity towards a panel of four human cancer cell lines.

Abstract Aldosterone-producing adenomas (APAs) are a major cause of primary aldosteronism (PA) and are characterized by constitutively producing aldosterone, which leads to hypertension. Several mutations have been identified in ion channels or ion channel-associated genes that result in APAs. To date, no studies have used a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach to search for predisposing loci for APAs. Thus, we investigated Scandinavian APA cases (n = 35) and Swedish controls (n = 60) in a GWAS and discovered a susceptibility locus on chromosome Xq13.3 (rs2224095, OR = 7.9, 95% CI = 2.8–22.4, P = 1 × 10–7) in a 4-Mb region that was significantly associated with APA. Direct genotyping of sentinel SNP rs2224095 in a replication cohort of APAs (n = 83) and a control group (n = 740) revealed persistently strong significance (OR = 6.1, 95% CI = 3.5–10.6, p

Background and objectives: Clinacanthus nutans (Burm f.) Lindau (C. nutans) is a well-known traditional medicine in South East Asia and consists of abundant phytomedicinals properties. This study aimed to investigate the effects of C. nutans ethanol and aqueous extracts on interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-13 (IL-13) cytokines secretion in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)-induced U937 macrophages. Methods: Sequential ultrasonic-assisted extraction was carried out using ethanol (ETOH) and water, by applying 1:10 ratio of leaves powder to the solvent volume. U937 cells were incubated with 25 nM PMA for 72 h to induce macrophage differentiation. The macrophage differentiation was assessed based on the cell morphological changes, cell viability and, CD14 and CD11b expression by using flow cytometry. The macrophages were incubated with both ETOH and aqueous extracts at 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mg/mL concentration for 48 h. The viability of the extract-treated cells was assessed using PrestoBlue cell viability assay and the IL-4 and IL-13 secretions were assessed by using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Results: PMA stimulation caused morphological changes of U937 cells from round-shaped, non-adherent to larger irregular-shaped, adherent cells, and a reduction of cells viability to 87%. CD14 expression was down-regulated from 7% to 4.5% upon PMA stimulation. CD11b expression was up-regulated from 16% in untreated cells to 38% in PMA-treated cells. ELISA results showed that 1 mg/mL of ETOH and AQ extracts stimulated 1200 and 1800 pg/mL IL-4 secretions, respectively. However, both extracts caused minimal IL-13 secretion. Conclusion: Clinacanthus nutans aqueous extracts stimulated IL-4 production higher than ETOH extract in PMA-induced U937 macrophages.

Abstract Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are the transcripts of length longer than 200 nucleotides. They are involved in the regulation of various biological activities. Leghorn and Fayoumi breeds of Gallus gallus were known to be having differential resistance against Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) infection. Differentially expressed genes which were thought to be involved in this pattern of resistance were already studied. Here we report the analysis of the transcriptomic data of Harderian gland of Gallus gallus for studying the lncRNAs involved in regulation of these genes. Using bioinformatics approaches, a total of 37,411 lncRNAs were extracted and 359 lncRNAs were differentially expressing. Functional annotation using co-expression analysis revealed the involvement of lncRNAs in the regulation of various pathways. We also identified 1232 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with the genes interacting with lncRNA. Additionally, we identified the role of lncRNAs as putative micro RNA precursors, and the interaction of differentially expressed Genes with transcription factors and micro RNAs. Our study revealed the role of lncRNAs during host response against NDV infection which would facilitate future experiments in unravelling regulatory mechanisms of development in the genetic improvement of the susceptible breeds of Gallus gallus.

This phase III clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of the Tetravalent Influenza Vaccine (Split virion) I.P. (TetIV), containing two strains each of influenza A and B, developed indigenously in the country for the first time by M/s Cadila Healthcare Limited, India for use in the pediatric population (6 months −17 years of age), and compare it to that of a licensed seasonal Trivalent Influenza Vaccine (TriIV) of Sanofi Pasteur India Private Limited, containing two influenza A and one influenza B strains. Three hundred six subjects of either sex, 6 months to 17 years of age, were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive either TetIV or TriIV. Immunogenicity assessments (antibodies against A/H1N1, A/H3N2, B/Phuket, and B/Brisbane) were performed using the hemagglutination inhibition assay at baseline and 28 days after the last vaccination. TetIV was found to fulfill the criteria set by the United States Food and Drug Administration on the requirements of clinical data for licensure of seasonal inactivated influenza vaccines for the pediatric population. The seroconversion rates with TetIV were 94.6% for A/H1N1, 93.9% for A/H3N2, 91.2% for B/Brisbane, and 87.2% for B/Phuket strains. TetIV showed non-inferiority and superiority in immune response, as compared to TriIV, against the shared strains and an additional B strain, respectively. Both the vaccines were tolerated well by all the study participants, and an addition of the fourth strain in TetIV did not compromise the safety as compared to that of TriIV. The most common adverse event reported in both groups was fever.

Abstract The present study focused on the synthesis of copper hydroxide nanowires decorated on activated carbon (Cu(OH)2-NWs-PVA-AC). The obtained Cu(OH)2-NWs-PVA-AC Nano-composite was distinguished by XRD, SEM, EDX, BET, FTIR and XPS respectively. Besides, different variables such as solution pH, and initial dye concentration, contact time, and temperature were performed on the adsorption efficiency of MB in a small batch reactor. Further, the experimental results are analyzed by various kinetic models via PFO, PSO, intra-particle diffusion and Elovich models, and the results revealed that among the kinetic models, PSO shows more suitability. In addition, different adsorption isotherms were applied to the obtained experimental data and found that Langmuir–Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm were best fits with the maximum adsorption capacity of 139.9 and 107.6 mg/g, respectively. The Nano-composite has outstanding MB removal efficiency of 94–98.5% with a span of 10 min. and decent adsorption of about 98.5% at a pH of 10. Thermodynamic constants like Gibbs free energy, entropy, and enthalpy were analyzed from the temperature reliance. The results reveal the adsorption processes are spontaneous and exothermic in nature. The high negative value of ΔG° (− 44.11 to − 48.86 kJ/mol) and a low negative value of ΔH° (− 28.96 kJ/mol) show the feasibility and exothermic nature of the adsorption process. The synthesized dye was found to be an efficient adsorbent for the potential removal of cationic dye (methylene blue) from wastewater within a short time.