690 results on '"Rauramaa, R"'
Search Results
152. Carotid artery intima-media thickness in elderly patients with NIDDM and in nondiabetic subjects.
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Niskanen L, Rauramaa R, Miettinen H, Haffner SM, Mercuri M, Uusitupa M, Niskanen, L, Rauramaa, R, Miettinen, H, Haffner, S M, Mercuri, M, and Uusitupa, M
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- 1996
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153. Cardiorespiratory fitness and the progression of carotid atherosclerosis in middle-aged men
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Lakka, T.A, primary, Laukkanen, J.A, additional, and Rauramaa, R, additional
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- 2001
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154. Heterogeneity of myocardial blood flow in man
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Kuikka, J. T., primary, Vanninen, E., additional, Tuomainen, P., additional, Rauramaa, R., additional, Kiiliäinen, H., additional, and Kettunen, R., additional
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- 1999
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155. EXERCISE TRAINING AND BLOOD PRESSURE WITH REFERENCE TO THE M235T POLYMORPHISM OF ANGIOTENSINOGEN GENE
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V??is??nen, S. B., primary, Rauramaa, R., additional, Kuhanen, R., additional, Rankinen, T., additional, T??yry, J., additional, Halonen, P., additional, and Bouchard, C., additional
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- 1999
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156. GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS IN THE ENDOTHELIAL NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE GENE IN ELITE ENDURANCE ATHLETES AND CONTROLS
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Wolfarth, B., primary, Ducke, M., additional, Gagnon, J., additional, Chagnon, Y. C., additional, P??russe, L., additional, Boulay, M. R., additional, Rivera, M., additional, Rauramaa, R., additional, Stray-Gundersen, J., additional, Keul, J., additional, and Bouchard, C., additional
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- 1999
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157. Divergent association of apolipoprotein E polymorphism with vascular disease in patients with NIDDM and control subjects
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Vauhkonen, I., primary, Niskanen, L., additional, Ryynänen, M., additional, Voutilainen, R., additional, Partanen, J., additional, Töyry, J., additional, Mercuri, M., additional, Rauramaa, R., additional, and Uusitupa, M., additional
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- 1997
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158. Does aging mean a better life for women?
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Eronen, M.K., primary, Rankinen, T., additional, Rauramaa, R., additional, Sulkava, R., additional, and Nissinen, A., additional
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- 1997
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159. AN INVERSE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN REGULAR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND PLASMA MALONDIALDEHYDE 1698
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V??is??nen, S., primary, Hietanen, K., additional, Rankinen, T., additional, Suomela-Markkanen, T., additional, Penttil??, I., additional, Baumstark, M. W., additional, Berg, A., additional, Bouchard, C., additional, and Rauramaa, R., additional
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- 1997
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160. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CHANGES IN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND PLASMA INSULIN DURING A 2.5-YEAR FOLLOW-UP 181
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Rankinen, T., primary, Suomela-Markkanen, T., additional, V??is??nen, S., additional, Helminen, A., additional, Penttil??, I., additional, Bouchard, C., additional, and Rauramaa, R., additional
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- 1997
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161. CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS AND SERUM TRIGLYCERIDES IN RELATION TO APO E GENOTYPE: THE DNASCO -STUDY 522
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Rauramaa, R., primary, Vaisanen, S., additional, Rankinen, T., additional, Hakulinen, P., additional, Ryynanen, M., additional, Suomela-Markkanen, T., additional, and Bouchard, C., additional
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- 1997
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162. RELATION OF ISOMETRIC STRENGTH TO BONE MINERAL DENSITY IN MIDDLE-AGED MEN: THE DNASCO-STUDY 577
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Suomela-Markkanen, T., primary, Huuskonen, J., additional, Rankinen, T., additional, V??is??nen, S., additional, Kr??ger, H., additional, Alhava, E., additional, Bouchard, C., additional, and Rauramaa, R., additional
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- 1997
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163. FIBRINOLYTIC FACTORS ASSOCIATE WITH MAXIMAL OXYGEN UPTAKE AND HDL SUBFRACTIONS IN MEN 547
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V??is??nen, S., primary, Penttil??, I., additional, Baumstark, M. W., additional, Berg, A., additional, Rankinen, T., additional, Bouchard, C., additional, and Rauramaa, R., additional
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- 1996
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164. THE CONCENTRATION OF SMALL DENSE LDL IS MORE CLOSELY RELATED TO BODY COMPOSITION THAN TO FITNESS IN MAN 438
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Baumstark, M. W., primary, Berg, A., additional, V??is??nen, S., additional, Rankinen, T., additional, Penttil??, I., additional, Keul, J., additional, and Rauramaa, R., additional
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- 1996
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165. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, FIBRINOGEN PLASMA LEVEL AND GENE POLYMORPHISMS IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN 1102
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Rauramaa, R., primary, V??is??nen, S., additional, Gagnon, J., additional, Nissinen, A., additional, Penttil??, I., additional, Rankinen, T., additional, Saarikoski, S., additional, Tuomilehto, J., additional, and Bouchard, C., additional
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- 1996
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166. The Effect of N-Acetylcysteine on Exercise-Induced Priming of Human Neutrophils - A Chemiluminescence Study
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Huupponen, M., primary, Mäkinen, L., additional, Hyvönen, P., additional, Sen, C., additional, Rankinen, T., additional, Väisänen, S., additional, and Rauramaa, R., additional
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- 1995
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167. Association of risk factors and body iron status to carotid atherosclerosis in middle-aged Eastern Finnish men
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RAURAMAA, R., primary, VÄISÄNEN, S., additional, MERCURI, M., additional, RANKINEN, T., additional, PENTTILÄ, I., additional, and BOND, M. G., additional
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- 1994
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168. Oxidative stress after human exercise: effect of N-acetylcysteine supplementation
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Sen, C. K., primary, Rankinen, T., additional, Vaisanen, S., additional, and Rauramaa, R., additional
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- 1994
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169. Blood coagulation and fibrinolytic factors are unchanged by aerobic exercise or fat modified diet Randomized clinical trial in middle-aged men
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Rankinen, T., primary, Rauramaa, R., additional, Väisänen, S., additional, Halonen, P., additional, and Penttilä, I.M., additional
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- 1994
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170. 163 MITOCHONDRIAL SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE (SOD) CONCENTRATION FOLLOWING PHYSICAL TRAINING AND EXHAUSTIVE EXERCISE
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Sen, C. K., primary, Ookawara, T., additional, Ohno, H., additional, Taniguchi, N., additional, Suzuki, K., additional, H??nnlnen, O., additional, and Rauramaa, R., additional
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- 1993
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171. Evaluation of participant comprehension of information received in an exercise and diet intervention trial: The DR's EXTRA study.
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Länsimies-Antikainen H, Pietilä AM, Kiviniemi V, Rauramaa R, and Laitinen T
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- 2010
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172. HDL, HDL2, and HDL3 subfractions, and the risk of acute myocardial infarction. A prospective population study in eastern Finnish men.
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Salonen, J T, primary, Salonen, R, additional, Seppänen, K, additional, Rauramaa, R, additional, and Tuomilehto, J, additional
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- 1991
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173. Downregulation of genes involved in NFκB activation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells after weight loss is associated with the improvement of insulin sensitivity in individuals with the metabolic syndrome: the GENOBIN study.
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Mello, V., Kolehmainen, M., Pulkkinen, L., Schwab, U., Mager, U., Laaksonen, D., Niskanen, L., Gylling, H., Atalay, M., Rauramaa, R., and Uusitupa, M.
- Abstract
The transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa-B (NFκB) is implicated in inflammatory responses, obesity and the metabolic syndrome, while immune cells appear to play a central role in mediating insulin resistance and can be used as a model to study inflammation and its relationship with insulin resistance. In peripheral blood mononuclear cells of overweight participants with the metabolic syndrome, we evaluated (1) the effect of diet-induced weight loss on the expression of genes involved in NFκB activation and (2) their association with insulin sensitivity. The genes studied were: TNF receptors TNFRSF1A and TNFRSF1B, and IL1R1, TLR4, TLR2, ICAM1, CCL5 and IKBKB. We analysed data from 34 overweight participants with abnormal glucose metabolism and the metabolic syndrome, who were randomised to a weight-reduction ( n = 24) or control group ( n = 10) for 33 weeks. The mRNA expression was measured using real-time PCR. Measures of insulin and glucose homeostasis were assessed by IVGTT and OGTT. In general, the genes studied were downregulated after weight loss intervention. The changes in TLR4, TLR2, CCL5 and TNFRSF1A mRNA expression were associated with an increase in insulin sensitivity index independently of the change in waist circumference ( p < 0.05). The change in IKBKB expression correlated with most of the changes in gene expression in the weight-reduction group. These results suggest that proteins encoded by CCL5, TLR2 and TLR4, and TNFRSF1A might contribute to insulin-resistant states that characterise obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT 00621205 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2008
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174. Cardiorespiratory fitness as a feature of metabolic syndrome in older men and women: the Dose-Responses to Exercise Training Study (DR's EXTRA)
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Hassinen M, Lakka TA, Savonen K, Litmanen H, Kiviaho L, Laaksonen DE, Komulainen P, and Rauramaa R
- Abstract
OBJECTIVE: We studied the associations of cardiorespiratory fitness with metabolic syndrome in older men and women, because such data are limited in representative population samples. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We studied a population sample of 671 men and 676 women aged 57-79 years at baseline of a randomized controlled intervention study. We assessed maximal oxygen uptake (Vo(2max)) by respiratory gas analysis during a maximal bicycle exercise test. RESULTS: Vo(2max) had a strong, inverse, and graded association with the risk of having metabolic syndrome as defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program criteria. Men and women in the lowest third of Vo(2max) had 10.2- and 10.8-fold higher risks and those in the middle third had 2.9- and 4.7-fold higher risks (P < 0.001 all) of metabolic syndrome than those with the highest Vo(2max) after multivariable adjustments. Factor analysis generated a principal factor that was strongly loaded by the main components of metabolic syndrome and Vo(2max) (-0.68 in men and -0.70 in women). CONCLUSIONS: Low cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with metabolic syndrome in older men and women. Our findings suggest that low cardiorespiratory fitness could be considered a feature of metabolic syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2008
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175. Evaluation of informed consent: a pilot study.
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Länsimies-Antikainen H, Pietilä A, Laitinen T, Schwab U, Rauramaa R, and Länsimies E
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INFORMED consent (Medical law) ,MEDICAL research ,PATIENTS ,MEDICAL care ,MEDICAL ethics - Abstract
Aim. This paper is a report of a study to describe and analyse the use of informed consent in clinical research, from the point of view of voluntary adult research participants, in order to develop and test an interview schedule for the evaluation of informed consent. Background. Informed consent is one of the central ethical research principles in healthcare research, but empirical research on this topic is still scarce. To evaluate and develop the ethical quality of scientific research, there is a need to explore the meaning and implications of informed consent for research participants. Method. The data were collected in 2004 by interviews using an interview schedule created for this study by the first author and discussed in a multidisciplinary group. The response rate was 81%. The sample consisted of 32 patients with a metabolic syndrome who were participants in a project evaluating the effects of betaine on cardiovascular risk factors. Findings. Participants stated that the key elements of informed consent are information, understanding and decision-making, and that competence is an essential factor in the reception and understanding of information and making an independent decision about participation. Our interview schedule was found to be useful in the investigation of informed consent. Conclusion. This study strengthened the perception that more extensive research about research participants is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2007
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176. Metabolic syndrome and cognitive function: a population-based follow-up study in elderly women.
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Komulainen P, Lakka TA, Kivipelto M, Hassinen M, Helkala E, Haapala I, Nissinen A, and Rauramaa R
- Abstract
Objective: To test the hypothesis that metabolic syndrome predicts cognitive impairment, and to examine the association of single metabolic risk factors with cognitive functioning. Methods: Weperformed a 12-year follow-up study in a population-based sample of 101 women aged 60-70 years at baseline. Metabolic syndrome wasdefined by the National Cholesterol Education Program criteria (>=3 out of 5 risk factors). Global cognitive function was measured by the Mini-Mental State Examination both at baseline and follow-up. A detailed neuropsychological evaluation for memory and cognitive speed was performed at follow-up. Results: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome increased from 13% at baseline to 49% at follow-up (p < 0.001). Women with metabolic syndrome at baseline had a 4.27 (95% confidence interval: 1.02-17.90; p = 0.047) times higher risk of poor memory at follow-up after adjustment for age, education and depression. The increasing number of metabolic risk factors was associated with worsening of memory at follow-up (p = 0.034 for linear trend). Women with low baseline levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were more likely to have poor memory at follow-up than those with higher HDL levels (p = 0.028). The risk of having poor memory increased by 46.5% (95% confidence interval: 15-66%; p = 0.008) with 1 SD decrease in HDL cholesterol level. Conclusion: In elderly women, metabolic syndrome may be an important contributor to worsening of memory, which is an essential part of mild cognitive impairment. Copyright © 2007 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2006
177. The human gene map for performance and health-related fitness phenotypes: the 2004 update.
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Wolfarth B, Bray MS, Hagberg JM, Perusse L, Rauramaa R, Rivera MA, Roth SM, Rankinen T, and Bouchard C
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- 2005
178. The human gene map for performance and health-related fitness phenotypes: the 2003 update.
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Rankinen T, Pérusse L, Rauramaa R, Rivera MA, Wolfarth B, and Bouchard C
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- 2004
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179. Effects of aerobic physical exercise on inflammation and atherosclerosis in men: the DNASCO Study: a six-year randomized, controlled trial.
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Rauramaa R, Halonen P, Väisänen SB, Lakka TA, Schmidt-Trucksäss A, Berg A, Penttilä IM, Rankinen T, Bouchard C, Rauramaa, Rainer, Halonen, Pirjo, Väisänen, Sari B, Lakka, Timo A, Schmidt-Trucksäss, Arno, Berg, Aloys, Penttilä, Ilkka M, Rankinen, Tuomo, and Bouchard, Claude
- Abstract
Background: Although regular physical activity is recommended for prevention of cardiovascular diseases, no data are available on its antiatherosclerotic effects in the general population.Objective: To determine whether progressive aerobic exercise compared with usual activity slows progression of atherosclerosis in men.Design: A 6-year randomized, controlled trial.Setting: Eastern Finland.Participants: 140 middle-aged men randomly selected from the population registry.Intervention: Low- to moderate-intensity aerobic exercise.Measurements: Atherosclerosis was quantitated ultrasonographically as the mean intima-media thickness in the carotid artery at baseline and at years 2 through 6.Results: On the basis of intention-to-treat analyses, a 19.5% net increase (P < 0.001) in ventilatory aerobic threshold was evident in the exercise group after 6 years. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels were statistically nonsignificantly lower in the exercise group than in the control group (P > 0.2). The progression of intima-media thickness in the carotid artery did not differ between the study groups (P > 0.2). A subgroup analysis that excluded men taking statins showed that the 6-year progression of intima-media thickness, adjusted for smoking and annual measures of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, systolic blood pressure, and waist circumference, was 40% less in the exercise group (0.12 mm [95% CI, -0.010 to 0.26 mm]) than in the control group (0.20 mm [CI, 0.05 to 0.35 mm]).Limitations: Only middle-aged white men were included. The intervention included mainly aerobic exercises.Conclusions: Aerobic physical exercise did not attenuate progression of atherosclerosis, except in a subgroup of men not taking statins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2004
180. Sedentary lifestyle, poor cardiorespiratory fitness, and the metabolic syndrome.
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Lakka TA, Laaksonen DE, Lakka H, Männikkö N, Niskanen LK, Rauramaa R, and Salonen JT
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- 2003
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181. The human gene map for performance and health-related fitness phenotypes: the 2002 update.
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Pérusse L, Rankinen T, Rauramaa R, Rivera MA, Wolfarth B, and Bouchard C
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- 2003
182. Physical workload and risk of early retirement: prospective population-based study among middle-aged men.
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Karpansalo M, Manninen P, Lakka TA, Kauhanen J, Rauramaa R, and Salonen JT
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- 2002
183. The human gene map for performance and health-related fitness phenotypes: the 2001 update.
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Rankinen T, Pérusse L, Rauramaa R, Rivera MA, Wolfarth B, and Bouchard C
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- 2002
184. MSSE special report: the human gene map for performance and health-related fitness phenotypes.
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Rankinen T, Pérusse L, Rauramaa R, Rivera MA, Wolfarth B, and Bouchard C
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- 2001
185. Determinants of Bone Mineral Density in Middle Aged Men: A Population-Based Study.
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Huuskonen, J., Väisänen, S. B., Kröger, H., Jurvelin, C., Bouchard, C., Alhava, E., and Rauramaa, R.
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BONES ,CALCIUM ,PHYSICAL fitness ,MUSCLE strength ,SMOKING ,SKELETON - Abstract
: Osteoporosis is a growing health problem not only in women but also in men. To assess determinants of bone mineral density (BMD) at the spine and proximal femur, a randomly selected sample of 140 Finnish men aged 54–63 years was measured using fan beam dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Isometric muscle strength was measured using a computerized measurement system and cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed with maximal oxygen uptake (VO
2 max) using breath-by-breath respiratory gas analyses during an incremental bicycle ergometer exercise. Intakes of calcium and energy were estimated using 4-day food records. Smoking habits and alcohol consumption were assessed from an interview and a 4 week diary, respectively. Isometric muscle strength of triceps and biceps brachii, extensors and flexors of thigh and rectus abdominis correlated significantly with BMD (r= 0.18–0.35, p= 0.02–0.000). Calcium intake correlated positively with femoral (r= 0.19–0.28, p= 0.03–0.003), but not with lumbar BMD. In addition, calcium intake adjusted for dietary energy content (mg/MJ) correlated with femoral BMD (r= 0.25–0.36, p= 0.03–0.000). Smoking had no effect on BMD, whereas alcohol intake correlated positively with BMD at L2–L4 (r = 0.19, p= 0.031). In the multiple linear regression analysis adjusted calcium intake predicted BMD in every site measured, while strength of abdominal muscles predicted BMD at Ward’s triangle and femoral neck. Body weight was a predictor of trochanteric BMD. Body height was the best predictor of lumbar and femoral neck area. We conclude that low dietary calcium intake, weak muscle strength and low body weight are risk factors for low BMD in men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2000
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186. Leisure-time physical activity levels and risk of coronary heart disease and death. The Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial.
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Leon, A S, Connett, J, Jacobs, D R Jr, and Rauramaa, R
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- 1987
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187. Metabolic and Hormonal Response to Physical Exercise during Beta1-Selective and Non-Selective Beta-Blockade.
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Uusitupa, M., Siitonen, O., H�rk�nen, M., Gordin, A., Aro, A., Hersio, K., Johansson, G., Korhonen, T., and Rauramaa, R.
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- 1982
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188. Adipose, Muscle and Lung Tissue Lipoprotein Lipase Activities in Young Streptozotocin Treated Rats.
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Rauramaa, R., Kuusela, P., and Hietanen, E.
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- 1980
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189. Nutritional status of the Finnish elite ski jumpers.
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Rankinen T, Lyytikainen S, Vanninen E, Penttila I, Rauramaa R, and Uusitupa M
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- 1998
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190. Physical activity, fitness, and plasma fibrinogen with reference to fibrinogen genotypes.
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Vaisanen S, Rauramaa R, Rankinen T, Gagnon J, and Bouchard C
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- 1996
191. Physical activity and health-related fitness in middle-aged men.
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Rauramaa R, Tuomainen P, Vaisanen S, and Rankinen T
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- 1995
192. Inverse relation of physical activity and apolipoprotein AI to blood pressure in elderly women.
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Rauramaa R, Vaisanen SB, Rankinen T, Penttila IM, Saarikoski S, Tuomilehto J, and Nissinen A
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- 1995
193. Relationship Between Lipid Peroxidation and Plasma Fibrinogen in Middle-Aged Men
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Rankinen, T., Hietanen, E., Vaisanen, S., Lehtio, M., Penttila, I., Bouchard, C., and Rauramaa, R.
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- 2000
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194. Trans-ancestry meta-analyses identify rare and common variants associated with blood pressure and hypertension
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Surendran, P., Drenos, F., Young, R., Warren, H., Cook, J.P., Manning, A.K., Grarup, N., Sim, X., Barnes, D.R., Witkowska, K., Staley, J.R., Tragante, V., Tukiainen, T., Yaghootkar, H., Masca, N., Freitag, D.F., Ferreira, T., Giannakopoulou, O., Tinker, A., Harakalova, M., Mihailov, E., Liu, C., Kraja, A.T., Nielsen, S.F., Rasheed, A., Samue, M., Zhao, W., Bonnycastle, L.L., Jackson, A.U., Narisu, N., Swift, A.J., Southam, L., Marten, J., Huyghe, J.R., Stancakova, A., Fava, C., Ohlsson, T., Matchan, A., Stirrups, K.E., Bork-Jensen, J., Gjesing, A.P., Kontto, J., Perola, M., Shaw-Hawkins, S., Havulinna, A.S., Zhang, H., Donnelly, L.A., Groves, C.J., Rayner, N.W., Neville, M.J., Robertson, N.R., Yiorkas, A.M., Herzig, K.H., Kajantie, E., Zhang, W., Willems, S.M., Lannfelt, L., Malerba, G., Soranzo, N., Trabetti, E., Verweij, N., Evangelou, E., Moayyeri, A., Vergnaud, A.C., Nelson, C.P., Poveda, A., Varga, T.V., Caslake, M., Craen, A.J.M. de, Trompet, S., Luan, J., Scott, R.A., Harris, S.E., Liewald, D.C.M., Marioni, R., Menni, C., Farmaki, A.E., Hallmans, G., Renstrom, F., Huffman, J.E., Hassinen, M., Burgess, S., Vasan, R.S., Felix, J.F., Uria-Nickelsen, M., Malarstign, A., Reilly, D.F., Hoek, M., Vogt, T.F., Lin, H.H., Lieb, W., Traylor, M., Markus, H.S., Highland, H.M., Justice, A.E., Marouli, E., Lindstrom, J., Uusitupa, M., Komulainen, P., Lakka, T.A., Rauramaa, R., Polasek, O., Rudan, I., Rolandsson, O., Franks, P.W., Dedoussis, G., Spector, T.D., Jousilahti, P., Mannisto, S., Deary, I.J., Starr, J.M., Langenberg, C., Wareham, N.J., Brown, M.J., Dominiczak, A.F., Connell, J.M., Jukema, J.W., Sattar, N., Ford, I., Packard, C.J., Esko, T., Magi, R., Metspalu, A., Boer, R.A. de, Meer, P. van der, Harst, P. van der, Gambaro, G., Ingelsson, E., Lind, L., Bakker, P.I.W. de, Numans, M.E., Brandslund, I., Christensen, C., Petersen, E.R.B., Korpi-Hyovalti, E., Oksa, H., Chambers, J.C., Kooner, J.S., Blakemore, A.I.F., Franks, S., Jarvelin, M.R., Husemoen, L.L., Linneberg, A., Skaaby, T., Thuesen, B., Karpe, F., Tuomilehto, J., Doney, A.S.F., Morris, A.D., Palmer, C.N.A., Holmen, O.L., Hveem, K., Willer, C.J., Tuomi, T., Groop, L., Karajamaki, A., Palotie, A., Ripatti, S., Salomaa, V., Alam, D.S., Majmnder, A.A.S., Angelantonio, E. di, Chowdhury, R., McCarthy, M.I., Poulter, N., Stanton, A.V., Sever, P., Amouyel, P., Arveiler, D., Blankenberg, S., Ferrieres, J., Kee, F., Kuulasmaa, K., Muller-Nurasyid, M., Veronesi, G., Virtamo, J., Deloukas, P., Elliott, P., Zeggini, E., Kathiresan, S., Melander, O., Kuusisto, J., Laakso, M., Padmanabhan, S., Porteous, D.J., Hayward, C., Scotland, G., Collins, F.S., Mohlke, K.L., Hansen, T., Pedersen, O., Boehnke, M., Stringham, H.M., Frossard, P., Newton-Cheh, C., Tobin, M.D., Nordestgaard, B.G., Caulfield, M.J., Mahajan, A., Morris, A.P., Tomaszewski, M., Samani, N.J., Saleheen, D., Asselbergs, F.W., Lindgren, C.M., Danesh, J., Wain, L.V., Butterworth, A.S., Howson, J.M.M., Munroe, P.B., CHARGE Heart Failure Consortiumm, EchoGen Consortiumm, Metastroke Consortiumm, Giant Consortiumm, EPIC-InterAct Consortium, Lifelines Cohort Study, Wellcome Trust Case Control Consor, Understanding Soc Sci Grp, EPIC-CVD Consortium, CHARGE Exome Chip Blood Pressure C, T2D-GENES Consortium, GoT2DGenes Consortium, ExomeBP Consortium, CHD Exome Consortium, Erasmus MC other, Epidemiology, Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Centre (CVC), Restoring Organ Function by Means of Regenerative Medicine (REGENERATE), Surendran, Praveen [0000-0002-4911-6077], Barnes, Daniel [0000-0002-3781-7570], Marten, Jonathan [0000-0001-6916-2014], Johnson, Kathleen [0000-0002-6823-3252], Soranzo, Nicole [0000-0003-1095-3852], Luan, Jian'an [0000-0003-3137-6337], Burgess, Stephen [0000-0001-5365-8760], Traylor, Matthew [0000-0001-6624-8621], Markus, Hugh [0000-0002-9794-5996], Langenberg, Claudia [0000-0002-5017-7344], Wareham, Nicholas [0000-0003-1422-2993], Di Angelantonio, Emanuele [0000-0001-8776-6719], Chowdhury, Rajiv [0000-0003-4881-5690], Danesh, John [0000-0003-1158-6791], Butterworth, Adam [0000-0002-6915-9015], Howson, Joanna [0000-0001-7618-0050], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, British Heart Foundation, Home Office, Medical Research Council (MRC), Wellcome Trust, National Institute for Health Research, and Action on Hearing Loss
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0301 basic medicine ,EchoGen Consortium ,Population genetics ,LOCI ,Genome-wide association study ,Blood Pressure ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,Bioinformatics ,Genome-wide association studies ,0302 clinical medicine ,Settore MED/14 - NEFROLOGIA ,Missense mutation ,GENE-CENTRIC ARRAY ,GoT2DGenes Consortium ,AGING RESEARCH ,Genetics ,education.field_of_study ,CHD Exome+ Consortium ,CHARGE-Heart Failure Consortium ,11 Medical And Health Sciences ,3. Good health ,CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE ,Hypertension ,Medical genetics ,HEART ,Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium ,EPIC-InterAct Consortium ,ExomeBP Consortium ,CHARGE ,Understanding Society Scientific Group ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Genotype ,Population ,Biology ,CHARGE+ Exome Chip Blood Pressure Consortium ,EPIC-CVD Consortium ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,Lifelines Cohort Study ,genome-wide association studies ,hypertension ,population genetics ,Genetic variation ,GIANT Consortium ,medicine ,Journal Article ,Humans ,Genetic Predisposition to Disease ,Allele ,GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION ,education ,PLASMA-LEVELS ,IDENTIFICATION ,Genetic Variation ,06 Biological Sciences ,medicine.disease ,METASTROKE Consortium ,T2D-GENES Consortium ,030104 developmental biology ,Blood pressure ,Pathophysiology of hypertension ,RISK-FACTORS ,Developmental Biology ,Genome-Wide Association Study ,blood pressure ,gene - Abstract
High blood pressure is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and premature death. However, there is limited knowledge on specific causal genes and pathways. To better understand the genetics of blood pressure, we genotyped 242,296 rare, low-frequency and common genetic variants in up to 192,763 individuals and used ~155,063 samples for independent replication. We identified 30 new blood pressure– or hypertension-associated genetic regions in the general population, including 3 rare missense variants in RBM47, COL21A1 and RRAS with larger effects (>1.5 mm Hg/allele) than common variants. Multiple rare nonsense and missense variant associations were found in A2ML1, and a low-frequency nonsense variant in ENPEP was identified. Our data extend the spectrum of allelic variation underlying blood pressure traits and hypertension, provide new insights into the pathophysiology of hypertension and indicate new targets for clinical intervention. N.P. has received financial support from several pharmaceutical companies that manufacture either blood pressure -lowering or lipid-lowering agents, or both, and consultancy fees. S.K. has received research grants from Merck, Bayer and Aegerion, is on the SAB of Catabasis, Regeneron Genetics Center, Merck and Celera, has equity in San Therapeutics and Catabasis, and performs consulting for Novartis, Aegerion, Bristol Myers Squibb, Sanofi, AstraZeneca and Alnylam. P. Sever has received research awards from Pfizer. A. Malarstig and M.U.-N. are full-time employees of Pfizer. D.F.R. and M. Hoek are full-time employees of Merck. M.J.C. is Chief Scientist for Genomics England, a UK government company. The authors declare no other competing financial interests.
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195. Combined low-saturated fat intake and high fitness may counterbalance diabetogenic effects of obesity: the DR's EXTRA Study.
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Heikkilä, H M, Krachler, B, Savonen, K, Hassinen, M, Rauramaa, R, and Schwab, U S
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SATURATED fatty acids in human nutrition ,PHYSIOLOGICAL aspects of physical fitness ,DIABETES & nutrition ,OBESITY -- Nutritional aspects ,PHYSICAL fitness & nutrition ,SATURATED fatty acids - Abstract
We report associations of saturated fat (SF) intake with impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), concurrent IFG+IGT and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) at different levels of cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index (BMI). In a population-based sample (n=1261, age 58-78 years), oral glucose tolerance, 4-day food intake and maximal oxygen uptake were measured. High intake of SF (>11.4 E%) was associated with elevated risk for IFG (4.36; 1.93-9.88), concurrent IFG+IGT (6.03; 1.25-29.20) and T2DM (4.77; 1.93-11.82) in the category of high BMI (>26.5) and high fitness, whereas there was no significantly elevated risk in individuals reporting low intake of SF. Concurrent high BMI and low fitness were associated with elevated risks. In general, SF intake and fitness did not differentiate the risk of abnormal glucose metabolism among subjects with low BMI. Limited intake of SF may protect from diabetogenic effects of adiposity, but only in individuals with high level of fitness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2013
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196. Cardiorespiratory fitness and metabolic syndrome in older men and women: the dose responses to Exercise Training (DR's EXTRA) study.
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Hassinen M, Lakka TA, Hakola L, Savonen K, Komulainen P, Litmanen H, Kiviniemi V, Kouki R, Heikkilá H, Rauramaa R, Hassinen, Maija, Lakka, Timo A, Hakola, Leena, Savonen, Kai, Komulainen, Pirjo, Litmanen, Hannu, Kiviniemi, Vesa, Kouki, Reija, Heikkilá, Harri, and Rauramaa, Rainer
- Abstract
Objective: We studied the association of maximum oxygen uptake (Vo(2max)) with the development and resolution of metabolic syndrome (MetS) for 2 years in older individuals.Research Design and Methods: Subjects were a population sample of 1,226 men and women aged 57-78 years. We assessed Vo(2max) directly by respiratory gas analysis during maximum exercise testing and used dichotomous and continuous variables for MetS.Results: One SD increase in baseline Vo(2max) associated with 44% (95% CI 24-58) decreased risk of developing MetS. Individuals in the highest third of baseline Vo(2max) were 68% (37-84) less likely to develop MetS than those in the lowest third. One SD increase in Vo(2max) increased the likelihood to resolve MetS 1.8 (1.2-2.8) times. Individuals in the highest Vo(2max) third were 3.9 (1.5-9.9) times more likely to resolve MetS than those in the lowest third.Conclusions: Higher levels of cardiorespiratory fitness protect against MetS and may resolve it in older individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2010
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197. 35th Annual Meeting of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes
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Melander, A., Olsson, J., Lindberg, G., Salzman, A., Howard, T., Stang, P., Lydick, E., Emslie-Smith, A., Boyle, D. I. R., Evans, J. M. M., Macdonald, T. M., Bain, J., Sullivan, F., Juhl, C., Pørksen, N., Sturis, J., Hollingdal, M., Pincus, S., Veldhuis, J., Dejgaard, A., Schmitz, O., Kristensen, J. S., Frandsen, K. B., Bayer, Th., Müller, P., Dunning, B. E., Paladini, S., Gutierrez, C., Deacon, R., Valentin, M., Grunberger, G., Weston, W. M., Patwardhan, R., Rappaport, E. B., Sargeant, L. A., Wareham, N. J., Khaw, K. T., Zethelius, Björn, Lithell, Hans, Hales, C. Nicholas, Berne, Christian, Lakka, H.-M., Oksanen, L., Tuomainen, T.-P., Kontula, K., Salonen, J. T., Dekker, J. M., de Boks, P., de Vegt, F., Stehouwer, C. D. A., Nijpels, G., Bouter, L. M., Heine, R. J., Bruno, G., Cavallo-Perin, P., Bargero, G., D’Errico, N., Borra, M., Macchia, G., Pagano, G., Newton, R. W., Ruta, D. A., New, J. P., Wallace, C., Roxburgh, M. A., Young, R. J., Vaughan, N. J. A., Elliott, P., Brennan, G., Devers, M., MacAlpine, R., Steinke, D., Lawson, D. H., Decallonne, B., Casteels, K., Gysemans, C., Bouillon, R., Mathieu, C., Linn, Thomas, Strate, Christine, Schneider, Kerstin, Funda, D. P., Jirsa, M., Kozáková, H., Kaas, A., Kofronová, O., Tlaskalová-Hogenová, H., Buschard, K., Wanka, H., Hartmann, A., Kuttler, B., Rasmussen, S. B., Sørensen, T. S., Markholst, H., Petersen, J. S., Karounos, D., Dyrberg, T., Mabley, J. G., Haskó, G., Szabó, C., Seissler, J., Nguyen, T. B. T., Steinbrenner, H., Scherbaum, W. A., Cipriani, R., Gabriele, A., Sensi, M., Guidobaldi, L., Pantellini, F., Cerrito, M. G., Scarpa, S., Di Mario, U., Morano, S., Ceolotto, G., Iori, E., Baritono, E., Del Prato, S., Semplicini, A., Trevisan, R., Zerbini, G., Meregalli, G., Asnaghi, V., Tentori, F., Maestroni, A., Mangili, R., Marescotti, C., Vedovato, M., Tiengo, A., Tadjieva, J., Mankovsky, B. N., Van Aken, S., Raes, A., Vande Walle, J., Matthys, D., Craen, M., Hansen, H. P., Lund, S. S., Rossing, P., Jensen, T., Parving, H.-H., Andersen, S., Tarnow, L., Hansen, B. V., Trautner, C., Haastert, B., Ennenbach, N., Willich, S., Tabák, Á. Gy., Orchard, T. J., Spranger, J., Preissner, K. T., Schatz, H., Pfeiffer, A., Cantón, A., Burgos, R., Hernández, C., Lecube, A., Mesa, J., Segura, R. M., Mateo, C., Simó, R., Fathallah, L., Greene, D. A., Obrosova, I., Gilbert, R. E., Kelly, D. J., Cox, A. J., Berka-Wilkinson, J. L., Taylor, H. R., Panagiotopoulos, S., Lee, V., Jerums, G., Cooper, M. E., Hitman, G. A., Aganna, E., Ogunkolade, W. B., Rema, M., Deepa, R., Shanthi-Rani, C. S., Barakat, K., Kumarajeewa, T. R., Cassell, P. G., McDermott, M. F., Mohan, V., Ways, K., Bursell, S., Devries, T., Woodworth, J., Alatorre, C., King, G., Aiello, L. P., Karisen, A. E., Pavlovic, D., Nielsen, K., Jensen, J., Andersen, H. U., Pociot, F., Mandrup-Poulsen, T., Eizirik, D. L., Nerup, J., Lortz, S., Tiedge, M., Lenzen, S., Lally, F. J., Bone, A. J., Darville, M. I., Ho, Y.-S., Sternesjö, J., Sandler, S., Chen, M.-C., Schuit, F., Pipeleers, D. G., Merezak, S., Hardikar, A., Hoet, J. J., Remacle, C., Reusens, B., Bréant, B., Garofano, A., Czernichow, P., Kubota, N., Terauchi, Y., Miki, H., Tamemoto, H., Yamauchi, T., Nakano, R., Komeda, K., Eto, K., Tobe, K., Kimura, S., Kadowaki, T., Ide, T., Murakami, K., Tsunoda, M., Mochizuki, T., Ozanne, S. E., Nave, B. T., Wang, C. L., Dorling, M. W., Petry, C. J., Koopmans, S. J., van der Bent, C., Que, I., Radder, J. K., Sebokova, E., Sana, A. K., Klimes, I., Ruderman, N., Morviducci, L., Pastore, L., Morelli, S., Sagratella, E., Zorretta, D., Buongiomo, A., Tamburrano, G., Giaccari, A., Martinenghi, Sabina, De Angelis, Gabriella Cusella, Ravasi, Flavio, Bifari, Francesco, Bordignon, Claudio, Falqui, Luca, Kessler, A., Dransfeld, O., Sasson, S., Tomas, E., Zorzano, A., Eckel, J., Thorsby, P., Rosenfalck, A. M., Kjems, L., Hanssen, K. F., Madsbad, S., Birkeland, K. I., Hamilton-Wessler, M., Markussen, J., Bergman, R. N., Melki, V., Hanaire-Broutin, H., Bessières-Lacombe, S., Tauber, J.-P., Home, P. D., Lindholm, A., Riis, A., Rosenstock, J., Schwartz, S., Clark, C., Edwards, M., Donley, D., Swift, P., Mortensen, H. B., Lynggaard, H., Hougaard, P., Cull, C. A., Neil, H. A. W., Frighi, V., Manley, S. E., Holman, R. R., Turner, R. C., Steiner, G., Davis, W. A., Weeraratna, T., Bruce, D. G., Davis, T. M. E., Vergès, B., Duvillard, L., Pont, F., Florentin, E., Gambert, Ph., Benko, B., Ljubić, S., Turk, Z., Granić, M., März, W., Wollschläger, H., Klein, G., Neiss, A., Wehling, M., Huxtable, S. J., Saker, P. J., Walker, M., Frayling, T. M., Levy, J. C., O’Rahilly, S., Hattersley, A. T., McCarthy, M. I., Orecchio, A., Giacchini, A., Dominici, R., Canettieri, G., Trinti, B., Zani, M., Andreoli, M., Sciacchitano, S., de Silva, A. M., Whitecross, K., Pasco, J., Kotowicz, M., Nicholson, G., Zimmet, P., Boyko, E. J., Collier, G. R., Frittitta, L., Pizzuti, A., Argiolas, A., Graci, S., Goldfine, I. D., Bozzali, M., Ercolino, T., Costanzo, B., Iacoviello, L., Tassi, V., Trischitta, V., Wauters, M., Rankinen, T., Mertens, I., Chagnon, M., Bouchard, C., Van Gaal, L., Sivenius, K., Valve, R., Hakkarainen, V., Niskanen, L., Laakso, M., Uusitupa, M., Beridze, N., Japaridze, M., Kurashvili, R., Dundua, M., Kebuladze, G., Kazakhashvili, N., Offley-Shore, B., Thomas, B., Ghebremeskel, K., Crawford, M., Lowy, C., Eriksson, Ulf J., Martin Simán, C., Wisse, Bert, Gittenberger-de Groot, Adriana C., Wentzel, P., Eriksson, U. J., Wender-Ożegowska, E., Drews, K., Biczysko, R., Bronisz, A., Rość, D., Graczykowska-Koczorowska, A., Kotschy, M., Sokup, A., Kohnert, K. D., Besch, W., Strese, J., Frick, U., Zander, E., Kemer, W., Škrha, J., Kvasnička, J., Kalvodová, B., Hilgertová, J., Schatteman, K., Goossens, F., Scharpé, S., De Leeuw, I., Hendriks, D., Legakis, I. N., Panayiotou, D., Mountokalakis, Th. D., Enderle, M. D., Beckmann, P., Balletshofer, B., Rittig, K., Maerker, E., Volk, A., Meisner, C., Jacob, S., Matthaei, S., Häring, H. U., Rett, K., Ueda, K., Nakagawa, T., Shimajiri, Y., Kokawa, M., Matsumoto, E., Sasaki, H., Sanke, T., Nanjo, K., McKinnon, Caroline M., Macfarlane, Wendy M., Docherty, Kevin, Furukawa, N., Shirotani, T., Kishikawa, H., Kaneko, K., Araki, E., Shichiri, M., Prentki, M., Roduit, R., Susini, S., Buteau, J., Ejrnæs, A. M., Andersen, N. Aa., Osterhoff, M., Möhlig, M., Ortmann, J., Bikashaghi, F., Mayer, C., Bikashagi, F., Ackermans, M. T., Pereira Arias, A. M., Bisschop, P. H. L. T., Endert, E., Sauerwein, H. P., Romijn, J. A., Gastaldelli, A., Baldi, S., Pettiti, M., Natali, A., Frascerra, S., Camastra, S., Toschi, E., Ferrannini, E., Stingl, H., Krssak, M., Bischof, M. G., Krebs, M., Fürnsinn, C., Nowotny, P., Waldhäusl, W., Roden, M., Neeft, M., Meijer, A. J., Båvenholm, P., Pigon, J., Efendic, S., Kästenbauer, T., Sauseng, S., Sokol, G., Auinger, M., Irsigler, K., Abbott, C. A., Carrington, A. L., Faragher, B., Kulkarni, J., Van Ross, E. R. E., Boulton, A. J. M., Armstrong, D. G., Hadi, S., Nguyen, H. C., Harkless, L. B., Jirkovská, A., Kasalicky, P., Hosová, J., Skibova, J., Uccioli, L., Caselli, A., Giacomozzi, C., Macellari, V., Giurato, L., Lardieri, L., Menzinger, G., Pham, H. T., Rosenblum, B. I., Lyons, T. E., Giurini, J. M., Smakowski, P., Chrzan, J. S., Habershaw, G. M., Veves, A., Foster, A. M., Bates, M., Doxford, M., Edmonds, M. E., Kecha, O., Winkler, R., Martens, H., Collette, J., Lefèbvre, P. J., Greiner, D., Geenen, V., Atlan-Gepner, C., Naspetti, M., Valéro, R., Barad, M., Lepault, F., Vialettes, B., Naquet, P., de Galan, B., Netea, M. G., Hancu, N., Smits, P., Van der Meer, J. W. M., Osterbye, T., Jørgensen, K. H., Tranum-Jensen, J., Fredman, P., Høy, M., Bokvist, K., Olsen, H. L., Horn, T., Gromada, J., Laub, R., Lohmann, T., Hahn, H. J., Adler, T., Emmrich, F., Rabuazzo, A. M., Lupi, R., Dotta, F., Patanè, G., Marselli, L., Realacci, M., Piro, S., Del Guerra, S., Santangelo, C., Navalesi, R., Purrello, F., Marchetti, P., de Vos, P., Visser, L., de Haan, B. J., Klok, P., van Schilfgaarde, R., Poppema, S., Juang, J.-H., Kuo, C.-H., Hsu, B. R.-S., Nacher, V., Pérez, M., Biarnés, M., Raurell, M., Soler, J., Montanya, E., Ritzel, R., Maubach, J., Büsing, M., Becker, T., Klempnauer, J., Hücking, K., Schmiegel, W. H., Nauck, M. A., Bouček, P., Saudek, F., Adamec, M., Kožitarová, R., Jedináková, T., Vlasáková, Z., Skibová, J., Bartoš, V., Maffi, P., Bertuzzi, F., Aldrighetti, L., Taglietti, M. V., Castelnuovo, A., Pozza, G., Di Carlo, V., Secchi, A., Renier, G., Mamputu, J.-C., Gillespie, J. S., McMaster, D., Mercer, C., Trimble, E. R., Lecomte, M., Véricel, E., Paget, C., Ruggiero, D., Lagarde, M., Wiernsperger, N., Pricci, F., Leto, G., Amadio, L., Cordone, S., Iacobini, C., Catalano, S., Violi, F., Rotella, C. M., Pugliese, G., Zicari, A., Gradini, R., Sale, P., Pala, L., Cresci, B., Giannini, S., Manuelli, C., Dahlfors, G., Arnqvist, H. J., Gonelle-Gispert, C., Halnan, P. A., Sadoul, K., Wolter, S., Lang, J., Niwa, T., Yu, W., Hidaka, H., Senda, T., Niki, I., Fukasawa, T., Renstrom, E., Barg, S., Seward, E., Rorsman, P., Rutter, G. A., Molinete, M., Lilla, V., Ravazzola, M., Halban, P. A., Efanov, A. M., Bertorello, A. M., Zaitsev, S. V., Zwiller, J., Berggren, P.-O., MŞengül, A., Salman, F., Sargrn, M., Özer, E., Karşidaǧ, K., Salman, S., Gedik, S., Satman, İ., Dinççaǧ, N., Yılmaz, M. T., Lloyd, A., Hopkinson, P. K., Testa, M. A., Blonde, L., Turner, R. R., Hayes, J., Simonson, D. C., van der Ven, N. C. W., Lubach, C. H. C., Snoek, F. J., Mollema, E. D., van der Ploeg, H. M., Danne, T., Hoey, H., McGee, H., Fitzgerald, H., Lernmark, B., Thernlund, G., Fredin, K., Hägglöf, B., Lugari, R., Dell’Anna, C., Ugolotti, D., Dei Cas, A., Barilli, A. L., Sard, L., Marani, B., Iotti, M., Zandomeneghi, R., Gnudi, A., Kjems, L. L., Volund, Aa., Toft-Nielsen, M., Damholt, M. B., Hilsted, L., Hughes, T. E., Krarup, T., Holst, J. J., Young, A., Gottlieb, A., Fineman, M., Kolterman, O., Cancelas, J., García-Martínez, J. A., Villanueva-Peñacarrillo, M. L., Valverde, I., Malaisse, W. J., Filipsson, K., Ahrén, B., Balkan, B., Kwasnik, L., Battle, B., Li, X., Egan, J. M., Clocquet, A. R., Elahi, D., Petrella, E., Pricket, K., Petersen, K. F., Sullivan, J. T., Amatruda, J. M., Livingston, J. N., Shulman, G. I., Freyse, E.-J., Knospe, S., Glund, K., Demuth, H.-U., Walker, D., Malik, R. A., Reljanovic, M., Barada, A., Milicevic, Z., Tack, Cees J., Goldstein, David S., Van Huysen, C., Stevens, M. 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- Published
- 1999
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
198. Leisure time and occupational physical activity: risk of death from ischemic heart disease.
- Author
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Salonen, J T, Slater, J S, Tuomilehto, J, and Rauramaa, R
- Abstract
The relation of leisure time and occupational physical activity to the risk of death from ischemic heart disease was investigated in a cohort of 15,088 persons aged 30-59 years who had no history of cardiovascular disease or other condition which hindered physical activity. Two population samples were randomly chosen from eastern Finland. During a six-year follow-up, persons who were sedentary in leisure time (relative risk = 1.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.1-1.6) or at work (relative risk = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.1-1.6) had an excess risk of ischemic heart disease death when adjusted for age, health status, family history, and body mass index in multivariate logistic models. Adjustment for years of education, social network participation, cigarette consumption, serum cholesterol level, and blood pressure level weakened the residual association of low leisure time physical activity with the risk of ischemic heart disease death (relative risk = 1.2, 95% CI = 1.0-1.5), whereas the association for low occupational physical activity remained unchanged. The lack of leisure time physical activity and a sedentary occupation are associated with an increased risk of ischemic heart disease death, and the excess risk due to lack of leisure time physical activity is, in part, accounted for by other ischemic heart disease risk factors.
- Published
- 1988
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
199. Systolic blood pressure response to exercise stress test and risk of stroke
- Author
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Kurl, S., Laukkanen, J. A., Rauramaa, R., Timo Lakka, Sivenius, J., and Salonen, J. T.
200. Cardiorespiratory fitness and the progression of carotid atherosclerosis in middle-aged men
- Author
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Lakka, T. A., Jari Laukkanen, Rauramaa, R., Salonen, R., Lakka, H. -M, Kaplan, G. A., and Salonen, J. T.
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