Search

The aim of the study was to analyse the smear layer removal at the coronal,middle and apical third of the root canals by using Er, Cr; YSGG laser system equipped with conical tip of 300 μm. A total of 80 single rooted extracted human mandibular premolars were endodontically prepared with rotary instrumentation and irrigated with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite and were randomly divided in to four groups (20 tooth each). GROUP I: Served as control (non lased group), in which root canal were irrigated with 17% EDTA .GROUP II : 17% EDTA irrigant activated by laser with conical fibre tip at the coronal region .GROUP III: 17% EDTA irrigant activated by laser with conical fibre tip at the middle region.GROUP IV: 17% EDTA irrigant activated by laser with conical fibre tip at the apex region. The results showed complete smear layer removal at the coronal and middle region when compared to apical third of the root canal system. How to cite this article Murugesan S, Rajasekaran M, Baskaran VA, Gopal SN, Indra R, Ramachandran S. Scanning Electron Microscope Evaluation of Smear Layer Removal at the Coronal, Middle, and Apical Third of Root Canals using Er,Cr:YSGG Laser: An in vitro Study. J Oper Dent Endod 2017;2(1):11-14.

Stereophonic channel offers better performance compared to monophonic channel but at the cost of increased complexity. Hence, adaptive algorithms with faster convergence and low mean square error are required and this can be met with the help of least mean square (LMS) family of algorithms. In this paper, the convergence performance of LMS and normalised least mean square (NLMS) in stereophonic channels are analyzed. In this analysis, the filter tap length is considered to be ideal and the input to the filter as the Gaussian process. The convergence performance is analyzed at low noise environment and it is observed that NLMS performs is better than LMS in stereophonic channels.

Graphene oxide membranes have been widely studied for their potential applications in water desalination applications. To understand the influence of surface oxidation and the inherent heterogeneity imposed by opposing surfaces formed in macroscopic membranes, molecular dynamics simulations of water confined in nanopores (8-15 Å) made up of different surface types are carried out. The greatest differences are observed at 8 Å, which is the optimal separation distance for molecular sieving of ions. The dipole-dipole relaxation and HH rotational relaxation of confined water are the slowest between fully oxidized (OO) surfaces with a 2 order decrease in the dipole-dipole relaxation time observed for the Janus confinement consisting of an oxidized surface adjacent to a graphene surface. The translational and rotational density of states show distinct blue shifts and red shifts, respectively, at the smaller separations, with the extent of the shifts dependent on the surface type. Self-intermediate scattering functions show a pronounced plateau region for the OO surfaces at 8 Å, suggestive of glasslike dynamics, and extended α-relaxations were observed for the other surfaces. Although water diffusivity is an order of magnitude smaller than bulk diffusivities at the smaller surface separations, water between the Janus surfaces always had the highest diffusivities. The free energy to transfer a water molecule from bulk water was found to be the smallest (∼4 kJ/mol) for the Janus surfaces, which have the lowest number of hydrophilic groups among the different systems studied. Thus, the Janus interface appears to provide the optimal environment for water transport, providing a design strategy while assembling graphene oxide-based membrane stacks for water purification.

Mushrooms, being rich source of therapeutic and nutritional substances have received considerable attention for their antioxidant potential. In the present study, methanol (VV MET) and hot water (VV HW) extracts of fruiting bodies of Volvariella volvacea were investigated for free radical scavenging activity. Analysis of antioxidant content of the extracts showed that total phenolics were abundant with 53.13 mg GAEq/g and 36.67 mg GAEq/g in methanol and hot water extracts, respectively. Total flavonoid content in the methanol extract was higher (14.35 mg/g) than the hot water extract (12.54 mg/g). Ascorbic acid levels were 1.72 and 1.52 mg/g in methanolic and hot water extracts, respectively. Reducing power potential of methanol and hot water extracts were 2.11 and 2.38 at 250 mg/ml. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay exhibited 80.32% inhibition at 250 mg/ml concentration. However, hot water extract showed 74.24% inhibition. ABTS assay showed 68.75 % inhibition for methanol extract and 62.56% for hot water. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of hot water extract was maximum (69.34%) when compared to methanol extract inhibition (62.45%). Superoxide and nitric oxide radical inhibition level for methanol extract were found to be 74.23 and 75.25%, respectively at 200ug/ml, whereas hot water extract showed 66.54 and 72.14% inhibition of superoxide and nitric oxide. The study reveals that both the extracts of V. volvacea are having better free radical scavenging potential with high levels of antioxidant compounds