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Nonlinear Raman scattering is an emerging spectroscopy technique for non-invasive microscopic imaging. It can produce a fluorescence background free vibrational spectrum from a microscopic volume of a sample providing chemically specific information about its molecular composition. We analyze the ability of nonlinear Raman microspectroscopy to detect low concentrated molecular species and evaluate its applicability to study complex solutions.

Nephrotic syndrome is an important chronic disease in children, characterized by minimal change disease in the majority. Untreated nephrotic syndrome may cause numerous complications, such as, infections, hypovolemia, hypercoagulability, hyperlipidemia, anemia, growth and development delays. The morbidity and occasional mortality is from inadequate management and complications and not due to renal failure. Expertise and clinical judgement as well as cooperation of the family are crucial for optimal management and a favorable outcome.

Single bacterial spores were analyzed by using nonlinear Raman microspectroscopy based on coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS). The Raman spectra were retrieved from CARS spectra and found to be in excellent agreement with conventionally collected Raman spectra. The phase retrieval method based on maximum entropy model revealed significant robustness to external noise. The direct comparison of signal amplitudes exhibited a factor of 100 stronger CARS signal, as compared with the Raman signal.

Using Lie group of transformations, here we consider the problem of finding similarity solutions to the system of partial differential equations (PDEs) governing one-dimensional unsteady motion of an ideal gas in the presence of radiative cooling and idealized azimuthal magnetic field. The similarity solutions are investigated behind a cylindrical shock wave which is produced as a result of a sudden explosion or driven out by an expanding piston. The shock is assumed to be strong and propagates into a medium which is at rest, with nonuniform density. The total energy of the wave is assumed to be time dependent obeying a power law. Indeed, with the use of the similarity solution, the problem is transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs), which in general is nonlinear; in some cases, it is possible to solve these ODEs to determine some special exact solutions.

Background Respiratory distress and tachycardia are common presenting complaints in infants and young children, and evaluation typically focuses on respiratory infections. Tachydysrhythmias causing heart failure are rare and can be difficult to diagnose in young children, but are reversible if recognized and treated early. Case Report We discuss a 7-week-old female infant who presented with respiratory distress and persistent tachycardia. Evaluation revealed severe cardiac dysfunction with an underlying atrial flutter discovered on electrocardiography after adenosine administration. Rate control by synchronized electrocardioversion resulted in resolution of symptoms and restoration of cardiac function, confirming the diagnosis of atrial flutter–induced cardiomyopathy. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? Persistent or inappropriate tachycardia in a young child should not be dismissed and underlying dysrhythmia should be considered.

Strong cylindrical and spherical shock waves, collapsing at the center (or axis) of symmetry, are studied for a Van der Waals gas. The perturbation technique applied in this paper provides a global solution to the implosion problem, yielding the results for Guderley's local self-similar solution, which is valid only in the vicinity of the center/axis of implosion. The similarity exponents are found along with the corresponding amplitudes in the vicinity of the shock- collapse. The flow parameters and the shock trajectory have been computed for different values of the adiabatic coefficient and the Van der Waals excluded volume.

In this paper, we obtained a traveling wave solution by using cosine-function algorithm for nonlinear partial differential equations. Here, the method is used to obtain the exact solutions for two different types of nonlinear partial dif- ferential equations such as, Benjamin-Bona-Mahony (BBM) equation and Modified Regularized Long Wave (MRLW) equation which are the important soliton equations.

In this report, we show the collection of spatial information through a turbid medium by coherent Raman microspectroscopic imaging. In particular, the technique is capable of identifying anthrax endospores inside a sealed paper envelope.

 Abstract—In this paper, the Reduced Differential Transform method (RDTM) is used to find the numerical solution of the equal width wave (EW) equation and the exact analytical solution of the inviscid Burgers' equation with initial conditions. The method has been used successfully to investigate the motion of a single solitary wave that is governed by the EW equation. The solution is obtained in the form of convergent power series. The results obtained show that the error norms to the exact solutions are reasonably small and that the present method is easier and powerful than some other known techniques. It is commonly known that the equations of gas dynamics are the mathematical expressions of conservation laws which exist in engineering physics such as conservation of mass, conservation of momentum, conservation of energy etc. The inviscid equation of gas dynamics can be written in the conservation form which is a nonlinear partial differential equation. Partial differential equations have numerous applications in various fields such as fluid mechanics, physics, thermodynamics etc. Most of these equations are nonlinear partial differential equations. A broad class of analytical solution methods and numerical solution methods were applied to solve these partial differential equations by Morrison et al. (1), Gardner and Gardner (2), Smith (3), Courant and Friedrichs (4), Evans and Bulut (5), Wazwaz ((6) and (7)), He ((8) and (9)), Keskin (10), Peregrine (11), Bluman and Kumei (12), Whitham (13), Hunter and Keller (14), He and Moodie (15), Sharma and Radha (16), Sharma and Srinivasan (17) and Arora and Sharma (18) etc.wave equation. The equal width wave equation, introduced by Morrison et al. (1), is of great importance since it is used as a model partial differential equation for the simulation of one dimensional wave propagation in nonlinear media with dispersion process. In this Paper, we shall consider the Inviscid Burgers' equation

Clear cell papulosis is a newly described entity first described in 1987. The disease, characterized clinically by multiple small whitish maculopapular lesions, shows scattered clear cells within the basal keratinocytes that are immunoreactive for antibodies against cytokeratin, carcinoembryonic antigen, epithelial membrane antigen, and gross cystic fluid protein-15 on histologic examination. To date, only 10 cases have been reported; all were young children below the age of 4 years. We report a case of clear cell papulosis in a 46-year-old Indian woman. Ann Diagn Pathol 6:385-388, 2002.

In this paper, a non-dimensional unsteady adiabatic flow of a plane or cylindrical strong shock wave propagating in plasma is studied. The plasma is assumed to be an ideal gas with infinite electrical conductivity permeated by a transverse magnetic field. A self-similar solution of the problem is obtained in terms of density, velocity and pressure in the presence of magnetic field. We use the method of Lie group invariance to determine the class of self-similar solutions. The arbitrary constants, occurring in the expressions of the generators of the local Lie group of transformations, give rise to different cases of possible solutions with a power law, exponential or logarithmic shock paths. A particular case of the collapse of an imploding shock is worked out in detail. Numerical calculations have been performed to obtain the similarity exponents and the profiles of flow variables. Our results are found in good agreement with the known results. All computational work is performed by using software package MATHEMATICA.

Spontaneous infarction of fibroadenoma is an extremely rare complication in a nonpregnant/nonlactating female undergoing first-time aspiration. It can be misdiagnosed as carcinoma in all aspects of triple approach used for evaluation of patients with breast lesions.A 37-year-old woman presented to the outpatient surgical clinic with a 6-month history of a breast lump that was slowly increasing in size and had become painful during the past month. There was no history of any trauma or fine needle aspiration, and she was not pregnant or lactating. Mammogram and ultrasound revealed a 2.9-cm heterogenous hypoechoic suspicious lesion. No lymph nodes were detected in the axilla. Fine needle aspiration cytology was performed, and a diagnosis of benign breast lesion with features of infarction was rendered on cytology. The lump was excised surgically, and a histological diagnosis of infarcted fibroadenoma was made.Careful and diligent search for preserved benign epithelial cells on smears is the key to recognize this entity and avoid serious therapeutic implications.

The physical situation that motivates this study is a hydrodynamic medium in which a chemical reaction occurs. The reaction is initiated by a plane shock wave which is introduced into the medium at time t = 0 by a driving piston. For detonation waves, it is experimentally observed that after a time, a steady-state condition is reached from the viewpoint of an observer riding on the shock.

An ultra-low voltage, monolithic 9 GHz (X-band) low noise amplifier has been implemented in 0.13 µm SiGe BiCMOS technology. The SiGe HBTs were intentionally biased in weak saturation (V CE at 0.5 V). This allows the LNA to operate at 300 K using only 2.4 mW of dc power from a 1 V supply, while delivering 16.7 dB gain and 3.5 dB noise figure at 9 GHz. At 90 K, this SiGe LNA achieves 17.5 dB of gain at only 600 µW of power, record performance for any known X-band LNA operating at sub-ambient temperatures.

We report the radio frequency (RF) stress reliability response of 45-nm SOI RF nMOSFETs. The dependence of gate oxide degradation and off-state leakage (due to RF stress) on the contact spacing of the Source/Drain (S/D) terminals and the gate finger-to-gate finger spacing is investigated. The RF device performance trade-offs vs. RF stress reliability that result are investigated. Devices with “tight” S/D contact spacing have improved RF performance but worse RF reliability than devices with “loose” S/D contact spacing. Devices with “loose” gate-finger to gate-finger spacing have better RF performance and also better RF reliability. The net result of this investigation is that fundamental tradeoffs between RF performance and reliability exist at these advanced scaling nodes.

Melanosomes are long lived organelles in retinal pigment epithelium cells and are primarily responsible for photoprotection. However, with aging or prolong light radiation, the function of melanosomes diminishes, which may be due to photobleaching of melanin pigments present in melanosomes. In this study, melanosomes were isolated from the retinal pigment epithelium cells and exposed to green light (532 nm), and the chemical changes were monitored using Raman microspectroscopy. Photochemical changes were recorded for different power levels and exposure times. The threshold power and the rate for irreversible photobleaching of melanosomes were calculated by fitting the experimental data with a proposed model.

Coherent Raman microspectroscopy imaging is an emerging technique for non-invasive, chemically-specific optical imaging. The wealth of information available through hyperspectral imaging potentially allows discriminating and imaging different chemicals in biological tissues, which is important, for example, for stain-free histopathology. One of the advantages of nonlinear Raman microspectroscopy is the ability to achieve high spatial resolution imaging in the presence of light scattering, when conventional confocal microscopy fails. In this report, a commercially available hyperspectral analysis software is utilized for analysis of vibrational spectra collected through highly scattering medium In particular, applications to remote optical sensing of potential biological threats and to imaging through a layer of skin tissue were successfully demonstrated.

Osteoporosis is a bone disease that leads to the increasing risk of bone fracture. It is associated with a reduced mineral content, which results in the change of the bone architecture. Raman spectroscopy has an intrinsic sensitivity to the chemical content of the bone, but its application to study bones in vivo is limited due to strong optical scattering in tissue. It is proposed that Raman excitation with photoacoustic detection can successfully address the problem of chemically specific imaging in deep tissue. In this report, the principal possibility of such approach is evaluated.

We demonstrate, for the first time, how spatial information can be collected through a turbid medium via coherent Raman microspectroscopic imaging. The technique is capable of identifying anthrax endospores inside a sealed paper envelope.

Heavy ion-induced single event latchup (SEL) is characterized in a commercially available CMOS readout integrated circuit operating at cryogenic temperatures. SEL observed at 24 K and below is believed to be possible when free carriers produced by an ion strike initiate an exponential increase in the free carrier density via shallow-level impact ionization (SLII). This results in a large current increase that proceeds to a sustained latched state, even though the classic condition for parasitic bipolar gain product is not met since it is much less than unity. The LET threshold for SEL is significantly lower at 20 K as compared to 300 K although the saturated cross section is 2-3 times higher at 300 K. The temperature dependence of the SEL cross section is characterized from 16-300 K. SEL behavior attributed to the classical cross-coupled parasitic bipolar model is observed from ~135-300 K, and the reduction in the SEL cross section is remarkably modest as the temperature is lowered from room temperature to ~200 K. Temperature dependent electrical latchup characterization of a 130 nm pnpn test structure also indicates a change in the latchup behavior at ~50 K consistent with the SLII mechanism.

We report the hot carrier reliability (HCR) of 45-nm SOI CMOS technology. Body contacted devices are shown to be more reliable than floating-body devices. Two different body-contacting schemes are investigated (T-body and notched T- body). The effects of total dose irradiation on reliability are investigated. Body contacted devices are shown to be more tolerant to radiation than floating-body devices. Asymmetric halo doping devices show less hot carrier degradation than symmetric halo doping devices. In addition, we investigate the dependence of hot carrier reliability on the metal contact spacing of the Source/Drain (S/D) terminals, the PC-PC spacing, and the RF device performance trade-offs that result.

Flow cytometry is a technology that allows a single cell or particle to be measured for a variety of characteristics, determined by looking at their properties while they flow in a liquid stream. High speed of flow and huge number of objects to be analyzed imposed some strict criteria on which methods can be used for analysis. All the known commercial instruments are currently using light scattering for particle sizing and fluorescence detection for chemical recognition. However, vibrational spectroscopy is the only non-invasive optical spectroscopy tool, which has proven to provide chemically-specific information about the interrogated sample. It is proposed that vibrational spectroscopy, based on nonlinear Raman scattering can be used to serve as an analytical tool for cytometry by providing rapid and accurate chemical recognition of flowing materials. To achieve a desired speed (>10,000 cell/particles per second), we have substantially upgraded our previous system for nonlinear Raman microspectroscopy. By increasing the size of the excitation volume to the size of a cell and by keeping the incident intensity at the same level, a dramatic increase of the nonlinear Raman signal is achieved. This allows high-quality vibrational spectra to be acquired within 10-100 microsecond from a single yeast cell without any observable damage to the irradiated cell. This is four orders of magnitude better than any previous attempts involving Raman microspectroscopy.

The radiation response of strained SiGe p-MODFETs to 63 MeV protons is investigated for the first time. It is observed that both the drain current and the transconductance of the devices improve (increase) marginally following proton exposure. Low-frequency noise measurements were made both before and after irradiation to better understand the role of traps, and also improves following exposure. Localized strain in high Ge content SiGe layers of the device may affect the trap density after irradiation.

Raman microspectroscopy is applied for the first time to study the effect of high-power light irradiation on isolated melanosomes and melanosomes in retinal pigmented epithelium cells.

Nonlinear Raman microspectroscopy is a powerful tool for minimally invasive chemical analysis of cells and tissues. In this report we evaluate the state-of-the-art of this technology with an eye on potential clinical applications.

Nonlinear Raman scattering is an emerging spectroscopy technique for non-invasive microscopic imaging. It can produce a fluorescence background free vibrational spectrum from a microscopic volume of a sample providing chemically specific information about its molecular composition.

Mobile ad hoc networks inherently have very different properties from conventional networks. A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a collection of mobile nodes that are self configuring (network can be run solely by the operation of the end-users), capable of communicating with each other, establishing and maintaining connections as needed. Nodes in MANET are both routers and terminals. These networks are dynamic in the sense that each node is free to join and leave the network in a nondeterministic way. These networks do not have a clearly defined physical boundary, and therefore, have no specific entry or exit point. Although MANET is a very promising technology, challenges are slowing its development and deployment. Nodes in ad hoc networks are in general limited in battery power, CPU and capacity. Hence, the transmission ranges of these devices are also limited and nodes have to rely on the neighboring nodes in the network to route the packet to its destination node. Ad hoc networks are sometimes referred to as multi-hop networks, where a hop is a direct link between two nodes. MANET has many important applications, including battlefield operations, emergency rescues, mobile conferencing, home and community networking, sensor dust and so forth.

We demonstrate here for the first time potential applicability of coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) for protein folding and crystallization in microchannels.

Microfluidic devices are finding more and more applications ranging from chemical analysis to biological and chemical microreactors, replacing bulky devices and sparkling new applications. he ability to monitor in situ the transitional changes of chemical and structural composition becomes an important issue for the continuing advancement and successful implementation of this new technology, directing its manufacturing and exploring the new areas of its applications. In this report we consider nonlinear optical methods, such as third-harmonic-generation microscopy and nonlinear Raman microscopy for noninvasive, chemically and structurally sensitive diagnostics of biochemical interactions in microfluidic devices.

Whole genome comparison consists of comparing or aligning genome sequences with a goal of finding similarities between them. Previously we have shown how SIMD extensions used in Intel processors can be used to efficiently implement the, genome comparing, Smith-Waterman algorithm. Here we present distributed version of that algorithm. We show that on somewhat outdated hardware we can achieve speeds upwards of 8000 MCUPS; one of the fastest implementations of the Smith-Waterman algorithm.

Since the first introduction of Raman microscope in 1973, optical and laser technology has made a tremendous step forward. However, despite of the obvious advantages of being a very informative and nondestructive method of studying biological samples, spontaneous Raman scattering suffers from a series of limitations such as a fluorescent background and a low signal level. Nonlinear Raman spectroscopy and, in particular, spectroscopy of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) can resolve most of the problems associated with conventional Raman spectroscopy. In this report, the most critical issues of the CARS microspectroscopy setup design are reviewed and several exciting potential applications of the broadband CARS microspectroscopy, where the CARS microscopy has an advantage with respect to Raman microscopy, are outlined.

The method of Lie group invariance is used to obtain a class of self-similar solutions to the problem of shocks in an inhomogeneous gaseous medium and to characterize analytically the state-dependent form of the medium ahead for which the problem is invariant and admits self-similar solutions. Different cases of possible solutions, known in the literature, with a power law, exponential, or logarithmic shock paths are recovered as special cases depending on the arbitrary constants occurring in the expression for the generators of the transformation. Particular cases of plane rising shocks in an exponential medium and collapse of an imploding shock are worked out in detail. Numerical calculations have been performed to obtain the similarity exponents and the profiles of the flow variables, and comparison is made with the known results.

Metanephric adenoma is a relatively novel renal epithelial neoplasm. Herein we report a case of metanephric adenoma in a 38 year male patient.

To quantitate tumor angiogenesis in carcinoma of the breast (stage T2N0M0) by computerized image analysis of CD-31-stained histologic sections and, keeping in view the heterogeneity of tumors, to assess which areas of neovascularization provide the best prognostic indicator.Thirty-six cases of infiltrating duct carcinoma of the breast, stage T2N0M0, with follow-up of five years, were analyzed. All cases had received uniform initial treatment in the form of mastectomy with axillary clearance and radiotherapy. Intratumoral microvessel density (IMD) counts were done on "hot spots" and "non-hot spots" on CD-31-stained sections using computerized image analysis. Angiogenesis was correlated with other variables, such as age, menopausal status, histologic grade and proliferative activity by univariate and multivariate analyses.Hot-spot IMD counts were highly significant independent prognostic markers in univariate and multivariate analyses. Background vascularity of a tumor was of no value in prognosticating.In patients with node negative breast carcinoma, IMD counts in hot spots are an independent prognostic factor in disease-free and overall survival and can be used to separate out patients with T2N0M0 stage in need of systemic adjuvant therapy.

Except some empirical methods, which have been developed in the past, no analytical method exists to describe the evolutionary behavior of a shock wave without limiting its strength. In this paper, we have derived a system of transport equations for the shock strength and the induced continuity. We generate a completely intrinsic description of plane, cylindrical, and spherical shock waves of weak strength, propagating into a non-ideal gas. It is shown that for a weak shock, the disturbance evolves like an acceleration wave at the leading order. For a weak shock, we may assume that p ½� ¼O ϵ ðÞ ;0 < ϵ ≪1:. We have considered a case when the effect of the first orderinduced discontinuity or the disturbances that overtook the shock from behind are strong, i.e., [px]=O(1). The evolutionary behavior of the weak shocks in a non-ideal gas is described using the truncation approximation.

The method of multiple time scales is used to obtain the asymptotic solutions to the planar and non-planar flows into a non-ideal gas. The transport equations for the amplitudes of resonantly interacting high frequency waves are also found. Furthermore, the evolutionary behavior of non-resonant wave modes culminating into shock waves is studied.

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Nonlinear Raman microspectroscopy based on a broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering is an emerging technique for noninvasive, chemically specific, microscopic analysis of tissues and large population of cells and particles. The sensitivity of this imaging is a critical aspect of a number of the proposed biomedical application. It is shown that the incident laser power is the major parameter controlling this sensitivity. By careful optimizing the laser system, the high-quality vibrational spectra acquisition at the multi-kHz rate becomes feasible.

Coherent Raman microspectroscopy imaging is an emerging technique for noninvasive, chemically specific optical imaging, which can be potentially used to analyze the chemical composition and its distribution in biological tissues. In this report, a hierarchical cluster analysis was applied to hyperspectral coherent anti-Stokes Raman imaging of different chemical species through a turbid medium. It was demonstrated that by using readily available commercial software (Cytospec, Inc.) and cluster analysis, distinct chemical species can be imaged and identified through a rather thick layer of scattering medium. Once the clusters of different chemical composition were distinguished, a phase retrieval algorithm was used to convert coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectra to Raman spectra, which were used for chemical identification of hidden microscopic objects. In particular, applications to remote optical sensing of potential biological threats and to imaging through a layer of skin tissue were successfully demonstrated.

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