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The article analyses the significance of the concept of "obsession" in nineteenth-century alienism. From a clinical point of view, Esquirol's description was completed by other authors (Jules Falret, Legrand du Saulle). In the area of psychopathological studies, French alienism, with Morel's emotional delirium or Janet's psychasthenia, defended the emotional theory, as opposed to the intellectual disorder proposed by German doctors. Lastly, the importance of the cultural framework is stressed in the appearance of obsessive symptoms and their interpretation. Along these lines, the article discusses the relationship of religious scruples to melancholy or the appearance of diagnostic categories subject to fin de siècle codes and mentalities.

This paper analyzes the main features of the urban reforms by Benjamin Vicuña Mackenna in Santiago de Chile between 1872 and 1875. We pay special attention to the origin of the objectives of modernization, closely related to the political agenda of Latin American elites to create an urban culture (civilization). We also analyze the strategies of social defence that these reforms implied. The influence of French positivism and the Haussmann project in Paris was very important in the Vicuña Mackenna project and its model of a segregated city: the "European city" itself,--bourgeois, civilized and hygienic--, which should be protected, and the 'African township",--lower-class feral and unhygienic--, whose population must be regenerated and colonized.

This article examines the influence of the French alienist Alexandre Brierre de Boismont in the first development of the Spanish psychiatric profession during the third quarter of the 19th century. As an outstanding figure of French psychological medicine, Brierre enjoyed great scientific prestige among Spanish doctors, but he also took an active part in promoting and legitimizing the cause of alienism in Spain. For instance, he was involved in projects for the reform or creation of new mental hospitals, supported the admission of some Spanish colleagues into the Société Médico-Psychologique and made a decisive contribution to the social recognition of the professional and medico-legal expertise of alienists in Spain. His case is thus an excellent example of the important role played by international relations and the scientific and professional networks of European alienism in spreading the discourses and practices of the emerging psychological medicine.

Introducción del Dossier: Defensa social y ciudad moderna. Estrategias de la ciencia., Dossier: Defensa social y ciudad moderna: estrategias de la ciencia, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas

Este artículo analiza las características principales de las reformas urbanas propiciadas por Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna en Santiago de Chile entre 1872 y 1875. Prestaremos especial atención al origen de sus objetivos modernizadores, íntimamente relacionados con el programa de instauración de una cultura (civilización) urbana por parte de la elites latinoamericanas, y analizaremos las estrategias de defensa social que dichas reformas llevaron implícitas. La influencia del positivismo francés y del proyecto de Haussmann en París fueron determinantes en la propuesta de Vicuña Mackenna y en su modelo de ciudad segregada: una ciudad propia —«europea», burguesa, civilizada e higiénica— que debía ser protegida, y un suburbio —«africano», popular, salvaje y antihigiénico— que debía ser regenerado y colonizado., HAR2009-13389-C03-02, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, España

Psychophysical experiments were conducted in the UK, Taiwan, France, Germany, Spain, Sweden, Argentina, and Iran to assess colour emotion for two-colour combinations using semantic scales warm/cool, heavy/ light, active/passive, and like/dislike. A total of 223 observers participated, each presented with 190 colour pairs as the stimuli, shown individually on a cathode ray tube display. The results show consistent responses across cultures only for warm/cool, heavy/light, and active/passive. The like/dislike scale, however, showed some differences between the observer groups, in particular between the Argentinian responses and those obtained from the other observers. Factor analysis reveals that the Argentinian observers preferred passive colour pairs to active ones more than the other observers. In addition to the cultural difference in like/dislike, the experimental results show some effects of gender, professional background (design vs. nondesign), and age. Female observers were found to prefer colour pairs with high-lightness or lowchroma values more than their male counterparts. Observers with a design background liked low-chroma colour pairs or those containing colours of similar hue more than nondesign observers. Older observers liked colour pairs with high-lightness or high-chroma values more than young observers did. Based on the findings, a two-level theory of colour emotion is proposed, in which warm/cool, heavy/light, and active/passive are identified as the reactive-level responses and like/dislike the reflective-level response. Fil: Ou, Li Chen. University of Leeds; Reino Unido Fil: Luo, M. Ronnier. University of Leeds; Reino Unido Fil: Sun, Pei Li. National Taiwan University of Science and Technology; República de China Fil: Hu, Neng Chung. National Taiwan University of Science and Technology; República de China Fil: Chen, Hung Shing. National Taiwan University of Science and Technology; República de China Fil: Guan, Shing Sheng. National Taiwan University of Science and Technology; República de China Fil: Woodcock, Andrée. Coventry University; Reino Unido Fil: Caivano, Jose Luis Ricardo. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Huertas, Rafael. Universidad de Granada; España Fil: Treméau, Alain. Université Jean Monnet; Francia Fil: Billger, Monica. Chalmers University Of Technology; Suecia Fil: Izadan, Hossein. Isfahan University of Technology; Irán Fil: Ritcher, Klaus. Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung; Alemania

En 1863, une commission formée par les aliénistes Brierre de Boismont, Legrand du Saulle et Loiseau élabora, à la demande de la Société médico-psychologique ainsi que du médecin espagnol Antonio Pujadas, un minutieux rapport concernant l’état mental de madame Juana Sagrera, patiente dont l’internement psychiatrique avait été considéré arbitraire par un tribunal espagnol. Ce qui devint, par la suite, l’affaire Sagrera constitue une étude de cas permettant d’analyser le soutien apporté par la Société médico-psychologique à un aliénisme espagnol naissant, soutien apporté par la défense de leurs collègues espagnols et la mise en évidence de la nécessité d’un cadre législatif de contrôle de la pratique psychiatrique, par la stimulation, en définitive, du développement d’une culture professionnelle sur laquelle institutionnaliser le savoir psychiatrique et psycho-pathologique en Espagne.

We describe a nutritional intervention by the Rockefeller Foundation's International Health Division in Spain after the Spanish Civil War, delineating the relationships between the technicians sent by the Rockefeller Foundation and the Spanish health authorities. We analyze reports of the nutritional situation in Spain in the early 1940s and the design and outcomes of a nutrition survey conducted in a district of Madrid by American and Spanish nutritionists. This nutritional survey, which was based on food intake interviews and was complemented with anthropometric measurements, clinical examinations, and blood tests, found several symptoms and signs of malnutrition. The Rockefeller Foundation's nutritional research was an important historical precedent for later studies made in emergency situations or armed conflicts. Similar surveys have been carried out in the last several decades by distinguished academic departments of public health and epidemiology and by humanitarian aid agencies.

We present a multispectral system developed and optimized for measurement of the spectral reflectance and the color of the human iris. We tested several sets of filters as acquisition channels, analyzed different reconstruction algorithms, and used different samples as training sets. The results obtained show that a conventional three-channel color camera (RGB) was enough to reconstruct the analyzed reflectances with high accuracy, obtaining averaged color differences of around 2-3 CIEDE2000 units and root mean square errors of around 0.01. The device developed was used to characterize 100 real irises corresponding to 50 subjects, 68 prostheses used in clinical practice, and 17 cosmetic colored contact lenses.

This paper makes a fresh analysis of the work of the French alienist J. E. D. Esquirol. In addition to a critical study of his classifi cation of mental diseases, it analyses his main contributions to semiology: the difference between hallucinations and illusions, etc., and it also places the psychiatric clinic into the context of the so-called anatomoclinical mentality.

During the Spanish civil war, the city of Madrid was subjected to a blockade of food supplies. The hunger among civil population gave rise to conditions comparable to a “hyponutrition experiment similar to what might be done in the laboratory”. This paper analyses the content of nutritional studies (methodology, results, etc.) performed in Madrid between 1937 and 1939. These studies focused on three population groups: the civil population in general, breast-feeding mothers and those suffering from deficiencies. Two types of contributions are identified: the development of a whole technology designed to measure, calculate and evaluate the nutritional status of the population; and the clinical descriptions of various nosological bodies seeking to label and classify the effects of malnutrition; in short, the development of an entire medical know-how (scientific and technological) in times of hunger.

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Psychiatric care and mental hygiene in Spain during the 1930s was influenced by the presence of ideological, social, and political polarization. This peculiarity of Spain's history makes it impossible to find more or less uniformed discourses and attitudes in the country. This paper analyzes the eugenic discourse developed by Spanish pro-Fascist psychiatrists, concerning mental and racial hygiene. Some special cases are highlighted that illustrate the situation of the mentally ill during the Spanish Civil War: the evacuation of asylums near the front and the attempt to apply the psychiatric reform promoted by the Second Republic regime.Despite ideological and scientific differences, both mass sterilization of mentally disabled patients and physical extermination of the mentally ill cannot be identified as typical features of Spanish psychiatry, before or after the Civil War.

For calculating color differences, the CIEDE2000 and CIE94 equations are widely used and recommended. These equations were derived more than a decade ago, based for a large part on the RIT-Dupont set of visual data. This data was collected from a series of psychophysical tests that use the method of constant stimuli. In this method, observers need to compare the color difference within a sample pair to that between a reference pair. In the current investigation, we show that the color difference equation significantly changes if reference pairs are chosen in the underlying visual experiments that differ from what was used when creating the RIT-Dupont dataset. The investigation is done using metallic paint samples representing two color centers, red and yellow-green. We show that the reproducibility differs for three different reference pairs, and that for modeling the visual data for the yellow-green color center, extra model terms are required as compared to the CIEDE2000 equation. Our results suggest that observers differ in their ability to mentally convert a color difference recognized in a sample pair into an equivalent color difference along the color difference direction represented by the reference pair. We also find that in these tests the tolerance to lightness differences is widened by a factor of 1.3 to 1.6, and that for the red color center the tolerance ellipsoid is rotated by 30° as compared to the CIEDE2000 equation. The latter observations are possibly due to the metallic texture in the samples used for the current experiment.

An investigation of the color metrics and the complexity of the CIEDE2000 formula shows that CIELAB space is inadequate to represent small-medium color differences. The OSA-UCS (Uniform Color Space) Committee has shown that no space with uniform scale for large color differences exists. Therefore the practical way for color-difference specification is a color-difference formula in a nonuniform space. First, the BFD (Bradford University) ellipses are considered in the OSA-UCS space, and their very high regularity suggests a new and very simple color-difference formula at constant luminance. Then the COM (combined) data set used for the development of the CIEDE2000 formula is considered in the OSA-UCS space, and the color-difference formula is extended to sample pairs with a different luminance factor. The value of the performance factor PF/3 for the proposed OSA-UCS-based formula shows that the formula performs like the more complex CIEDE2000 formula for small-medium color differences.

Background and Purpose— After acute stroke, an increased level of C-reactive protein (CRP) measured at discharge predicts unfavorable outcome. We sought to investigate whether CRP measured before tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) treatments may add prognostic information to guide stroke thrombolysis. Methods— Our target was 151 consecutive patients with an ischemic stroke involving the middle cerebral artery territory who received tPA within 3 hours of symptom onset. High-sensitivity CRP was measured before tPA administration, and CRP gene polymorphisms were determined (G1059C and C1444T). Functional outcome was evaluated by 3-month modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Results— A total of 143 tPA-treated patients were valid for analyses after exclusion of those with inflammatory diseases and those probably infected (CRP >6 mg/dL). Patients with history of previous stroke, hypertension, or atrial fibrillation had higher levels of CRP ( P P =0.002). Among the 94 patients with proximal middle cerebral artery occlusions, CRP level was 0.53 for 81 survivors versus 0.81 mg/dL for 13 who died ( P =0.001). CRP-survival association was found even among patients who recanalized by the end of tPA infusion ( P =0.007). A correlation between CRP and mRS was found ( r =0.36, P =0.02), although CRP polymorphisms were not related to neurological outcome. In a logistic regression model, CRP (odds ratio=8.51; 95% CI, 2.16 to 33.5; P =0.002) and age (odds ratio=6.25; 95% CI, 1.44 to 27.19; P =0.015) were the only baseline mortality predictors. Conclusions— Admission CRP predicts mortality among tPA-treated stroke patients. Very early recanalization does not ameliorate the negative prognostic impact of elevated CRP.

Background and Purpose— We aimed to determine clinical and hemodynamic predictors of early reocclusion (RO) in stroke patients treated with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). Methods— We studied 142 consecutive stroke patients with a documented middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion treated with intravenous tPA. All patients underwent carotid ultrasound and transcranial Doppler (TCD) examination before tPA bolus. National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores were performed at baseline and serially for Results— After 1 hour of tPA administration, RE occurred in 84 (61%) patients (53 partial, 31 complete). Of these, 21 (25%) patients worsened after an initial improvement and 17 (12%) of them showed RO on TCD. RO was identified at a mean time of 65±55 minutes after documented RE. RO was associated ( P =0.034) with a lower degree of 24-hour NIHSS score improvement than sustained RE, and a higher modified Rankin scale score at 3 months ( P =0.002). Age older than 75 years ( P =0.012), previous antiplatelet treatment ( P =0.048), baseline NIHSS score >16 points ( P =0.009), higher leukocytes count ( P =0.042), beginning of RE P =0.039), and ipsilateral severe carotid stenosis/occlusion ( P =0.001) were significantly associated with RO. In a logistic regression model, NIHSS score >16 at baseline (odds ratio [OR], 7.1; 95% CI, 1.3 to 32) and severe ipsilateral carotid disease (OR, 13.3; 95% CI, 3.2 to 54) remained as independent predictors of RO. Conclusions— Stroke severity and ipsilateral severe carotid artery disease independently predict RO after tPA-induced MCA RE.

Scattered colorimetry, i.e., multi-angle and multi-wavelength absorption spectroscopy performed in the visible spectral range, was used to map three kinds of liquids: extra virgin olive oils, frying oils, and detergents in water. By multivariate processing of the spectral data, the liquids could be classified according to their intrinisic characteristics: geographic area of extra virgin olive oils, degradation of frying oils, and surfactant types and mixtures in water.

CIELAB-based color-difference formulas are used to improve the prediction of visually perceived color differences through the introduction of various corrections to CIELAB. In our study we analyze the relative importance of these corrections. From the combined dataset employed for the development of CIEDE2000, we found that the improvement of CIE94 over CIELAB was considerably greater than that of CIEDE2000 over CIE94. Chroma-difference correction was the most important correction in both CIE94 and CIEDE2000. With an arbitrary value of 100 assigned to this correction, the score of the hue-difference correction in CIE94 was 21, and the scores of the four remaining corrections in CIEDE2000 were as follows: hue difference, 29; rotation term, 8; lightness difference, 8; and gray correction, 6. At 95% confidence level each of the corrections introduced in CIEDE2000 or CIE94 was statistically significant for the whole combined dataset, in agreement with the results reported by CIE TC 1-47 and 1-29. For the combined dataset, the differences between CMC and CIEDE2000 were found to be statistically significant at 95% confidence level, but the differences between CMC and CIE94 were not. From subsets of the combined dataset it was concluded that further analyses of the lightness-difference and gray corrections proposed by CIEDE2000 would be desirable, using new experimental data.

Several strategies as stroke teams, stroke code teams, or stroke units development have demonstrated to improve stroke care quality. The potential benefit of implementing them as a whole has not been studied. We aimed to test the clinical efficacy of a specialized and urgent stroke assistance system in a University Hospital, as well as the specific impact of each part of the system on several clinical indicators.The implementation of the system followed three consecutive steps: stroke team and stroke code development, stroke unit creation and finally on-call stroke neurologists incorporation. Several clinical indicators to evaluate results have been selected. We compared data available before system onset (1992-1997) with data obtained during the system implementation (1998-2002). Modification in the results indicators following each of the individual steps of the system was also evaluated.During the five years of the system implementation, 5843 stroke patients have been prospectively studied. Admission and readmission necessities were reduced up to 34.2% and 81.8% respectively. Length of stay progressively decreased from 18 (pre-1998) to 7 days (2002). In-hospital mortality and institutionalization necessities were reduced to 50.1% and 50.5% respectively. The third step, in which on-call stroke neurologist were incorporated to the system, has demonstrated to be the most efficient in decreasing the length of stay, hospital mortality and institutionalization necessities.The creation of a specialized urgent stroke care system, protocol based and developed in stroke units, improves the medical assistance quality for stroke patients. Stroke neurologists on-call have a relevant role in the system working.

Europe was at the first line in the psychiatric assistance and in the academic level on psychiatric historiography. In the last few years, we are seeing a revival in the researching in this field. In this article the authors review the publications on this subject in books and journals as well as the currents in the present psychiatric historiography.

Spectral transmittances of three new photochromatic lenses have been measured at different activation states produced by the four luminous sources of a VeriVide CAC 120 cabinet. The greatest transmittance changes were found for the UV and D65 sources. These transmittances changes lead to average CIELAB color differences lower than 6 CIELAB units for the 24 chips of a GretagMacbeth color chart.

We have performed spectroradiometric color measurements at different positions on the floor of two lights booths under two light sources. Uniformity provided by these light booths is enough acceptable for most practical color applications involving relative measurements (e.g. CIELAB coordinates), but not for absolute measurements (e.g. tristimulus values or illuminance). Averge color inconstancy indices are lower than 0.6 CIE94 (1.0 CIELAB) color-difference units.

After each laboratory session, students must answer individually three random multiple choice questions. The corresponding software has been developed by us. This self-evaluation test motivates students before and during sessions performance, and provides objective information to the teacher. The estimated students’ mean satisfaction with this system is 8.1/10.

Background and Purpose—We sought to investigate the impact of hyperglycemia before reperfusion on long-term outcome in patients treated with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA).Methods—Of 268 consecutive patients with a nonlacunar middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke evaluated at 140 mg/dL. National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores were obtained at baseline and 24 hours. Transcranial Doppler monitoring of recanalization and reocclusion was conducted during the first 24 hours. Total infarct volume was measured on CT at day 5 to 7. Modified Rankin Scale was used to assess outcome at 3 months.Results—Median NIHSS score was 17. At baseline, 31 patients (42.5%) were hyperglycemic and 42 (57.5%) normoglycemic. Early reperfusion (r=−0.43;P=0.019) but not in nonreperfused (r=−0.20;P=0.21) tPA-treated patients. Increased age (P=0.014), history of diabetes mellitus (P=0.043), admission glucose >140 mg/dL (P=0.002), and early reocclusion (P=0.004) were factors associated with poor outcome among reperfused patients. A logistic regression modeling revealed that only admission glucose value >140 mg/dL (odds ratio, 8.4; 95% CI, 1.76 to 40.02;P=0.005) emerged as an independent predictor of poor outcome despite tPA-induced recanalization. In patients with 6-hour persistent MCA occlusion, baseline NIHSS score >15 points (P=0.011) and proximal MCA occlusion (P=0.039) were variables associated with poor outcome on univariate analysis. In a logistic regression model, only NIHSS score >15 points (odds ratio, 11.9; 95% CI, 1.48 to 97.1;P=0.032) remained as an independent predictor of poor outcome and functional dependence at 3 months in nonreperfused tPA-treated patients.Conclusions—Hyperglycemia before reperfusion may in part counterbalance the beneficial effect of early restoration of blood flow, which translates into a worse outcome in hyperglycemic patients despite tPA-induced recanalization.

Most stroke patients arrive to emergency rooms too late, many times beyond the therapeutic window for thrombolysis. The activation of a Stroke Code (SC)has proven to be effective in decreasing the latency time for starting therapy in clinical trials. However, its usefulness in routine clinical practice is uncertain. The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of applying an SC in the daily clinical practice and to evaluate its impact on the efficacy of t-PA thrombolytic treatment.We included middle-cerebral artery stroke patients treated with IV t-PA from June 2000 to December 2001 who were categorized into three periods of 6 months each. The influence of SC activation on the latency time, arterial recanalization and early neurological recovery was evaluated.Forty-eight patients were prospectively studied. A significant increase in the number of t-PA treated patients was observed in the three periods (4.8%, 5.3% and 8%). A significant progressive decrease (p = 0.036) in the overall delay to start t-PA was observed (from 161.4 to 130 minutes). The proportion of t-PA treated patients in whom SC was activated increased gradually (p = 0.032). SC activation reduced time from symptom onset to hospital arrival (p = 0.013) as well as the "door-to-needle"time (p = 0.049). The rate of early recanalization (p = 0.027) and neurological recovery (p = 0.036) at 48 hours was significantly higher in patients in whom SC was activated than in those in whom SC was not.SC activation is very useful in the management of acute stroke, increasing the rate of t-PA treated patients and improving the clinical outcome.

Se pretende una reflexión histórica sobre la concepción del cuerpo humano en relación con la clínica psiquiátrica. Se abordan algunos aspectos especialmente significativos de la "somatización" de lo mental por parte del alienismo decimonónico y se apunta una interpretación antropológica del cuerpo en la encrucijada de la salud mental, basada en el abordaje del mismo, bien como un objeto científicamente observable (cuerpo visto), bien como una realidad subjetiva (cuerpo sentido).

Este artículo está sujeto a una licencia CC BY-NC-ND 4.0, The aim of this article is to highlight the importance of the history of public health for public health research and practice itself. After summarily reviewing the current great vitality of the history of collective health oriented initiatives, we explain three particular features of the historical vantage point in public health, namely the importance of the context, the relevance of a diachronic attitude and the critical perspective. In order to illustrate those three topics, we bring up examples taken from three centuries of fight against malaria, the so called “re-emerging diseases” and the 1918 influenza epidemic. The historical approach enriches our critical perception of the social eVects of initiatives undertaken in the name of public health, shows the shortcomings of public health interventions based on single factors and asks for a wider time scope in the assessment of current problems. The use of a historical perspective to examine the plurality of determinants in any particular health condition will help to solve the longlasting debate on the primacy of individual versus population factors, which has been particularly intense in recent times., Enrique Perdiguero and Esteban Rodríguez-Ocaña are funded by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Culture (Research Projects PB97–0782-C03–02 and PB97–0782-C03–01) .

Random errors were propagated form tristimulus values to CIELAB and CIELUV color coordinates, using the instrumental color measurements of 28 Munsell samples illuminated by 3 light sources and performed by 3 different procedures. The errors found for the CIELAB and CIELUV color coordinates are considerably different for the 3 procedures. These errors are highest for the F source, and similar for TL84 and D65. Under our experimental conditions, we obtain that the instrumental errors for the a and b coordinates are lower than the visual subthresholds predicted by the CIE94 model.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Only two years before the appearance of On the Origin of Species, the French alienist B. A. Morel unveiled his theory of the degeneration of the human species. He conjoined anthropological and philosophical concepts of Rousseau and Buffon, Prosper Lucas’s notion of “dissimilar” heredity, plus some others drawn from Lamarckian evolutionism, and put them all into a theocratic framework that goes all the way back to “original sin” as the prime cause of “la deviation maladive du type normal de l’humanite,” that is, the degradation of a perfect primitive being created by God.1 Years later, in 1895, V. Magnan and P. M. Legrain substantially modified the Morelian concept of degeneration by introducing in their own argument the Darwinian idea of the struggle for life, displacing the mystical-religious concepts present in Morels’ work—principally the myth of the “fallen angel”—and producing a theory more in line with the orthodox scientific thinking of the times.2 To Magnan and Legrain, the “ideal” and the “perfect” were not absolute concepts, but rather are in constant relation to both earlier and later evolutionary states.

Two models of particle depositions with different adhesion dynamics have been developed and studied using Monte Carlo simulations. They have been compared for the complete range of Peclet numbers and they differ in the particle-adhesion dynamics, with an adherence-potential barrier in one of them. In general, the time course of the two models is different in ballistic cases, but similar in diffusive cases. Thus, they complement each other, enabling a description of the morphology for most cases. Depending on their deposits, these systems have been characterized morphologically, as compact, homogeneous, or open. They have also been described by the following parameters, which have been analyzed: from the first to the fourth moments, porosity, and the fractal dimension. Also, the time course of the parameters has been studied and described, especially the Anomalous and Family-Vicsek scaling. The third and fourth moments and the fractal dimension have been characterized, defining different stages in their time course, and studying their behavior for the complete range of Peclet numbers. Moreover, the inclusion of an adherence-potential barrier enables the description of new universality class intervals needed to explain recent experimental systems, e.g., at the edges of evaporated drops of colloidal suspensions, electro-convection on nematic liquid crystals, and polynuclear growth model. Finally, the characterization of the systems required not only a dynamic exponent (β) by universality classes but also a third (skewness) and fourth (kurtosis) moments for a complete description.

Este artículo está sujeto a una licencia CC BY 4.0, En el presente trabajo se analiza el papel de la Higiene Mental en la definición de un nuevo modelo de atención psiquiátrica que, incorporando principios de profilaxis y Salud Pública, pretendió la superación del viejo paradigma manicomial. Se estudian las principales propuestas teóricas y organizativas generadas en España durante los años veinte, tanto en el núcleo catalán como en el madrileño, así como su principal traducción legislativa, contenida en el intento de reforma psiquiátrica de la Segunda República, Trabajo realizado en el marco del Proyecto de investigación n.%045/91 del Plan regional de investigación de la Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid.

The most widely used color-difference formulas are based on color-difference data obtained under D65 illumination or similar and for a 10° visual field; i.e., these formulas hold true for the CIE 1964 observer adapted to D65 illuminant. This work considers the psychometric color-vision model based on the Optical Society of America–Uniform Color Scales (OSA-UCS) system previously published by the first author [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A21, 677 (2004)JOAOD60740-323210.1364/JOSAA.21.000677; Color Res. Appl.30, 31 (2005)CREADU0361-231710.1002/col.20072] with the additional hypothesis that complete illuminant adaptation with perfect color constancy exists in the visual evaluation of color differences. In this way a computational procedure is defined for color conversion between different illuminant adaptations, which is an alternative to the current chromatic adaptation transforms. This color conversion allows the passage between different observers, e.g., CIE 1964 and CIE 1931. An application of this color conversion is here made in the color-difference evaluation for any observer and in any illuminant adaptation: these transformations convert tristimulus values related to any observer and illuminant adaptation to those related to the observer and illuminant adaptation of the definition of the color-difference formulas, i.e., to the CIE 1964 observer adapted to the D65 illuminant, and then the known color-difference formulas can be applied. The adaptations to the illuminants A, C, F11, D50, Planckian and daylight at any color temperature and for CIE 1931 and CIE 1964 observers are considered as examples, and all the corresponding transformations are given for practical use.

Este trabajo intenta analizar el proceso de elaboración de la concepción de la lo­cura como enfermedad mental, estudiando el desarrollo de las ideas psiquiátricas y su necesaria relación con la sociedad, tanto en Francia como en Inglaterra, dos de los núcleos esenciales de este pensamiento en la Europa del siglo XIX. Se intenta comprender tanto los procesos de carácter institucional como los del desarrollo científico, y la contribución que aportaron ambos tipos de factores a la elaboración de una nueva manera de concebir la «locura» y su tratamiento.

Espana - Historia de la neurologia - Latirismo - Neuropatias perifericas - Nutricion - Semiologia neurologica

The standardized residual sum of squares (STRESS) index was used to reevaluate four experimental datasets employed during the development of CIEDE2000, the current CIE recommended color-difference formula. This index enables statistical inferences not achievable by other metrics used commonly for performance evaluation. It was found that CIEDE2000 was statistically superior at a 95% confidence level to either CIE94, the previous recommended equation by the CIE, or the simple Euclidean distance in CIELAB, DeltaE*ab. Recent formulas based on the CIECAM02 color-appearance space and chroma-compressed variants of CIELAB were also evaluated and found to have only slightly reduced performance compared with CIEDE2000. These formulas have the advantage of simplicity and easier interpretation when used for quantifying color accuracy. Finally, each experimental dataset was evaluated separately rather than weight averaged as used during the development of CIEDE2000. Significant differences were found between datasets, suggesting that combining datasets may obscure important differences and that the practice of parameter optimization during formula development using combined data is likely suboptimal.

We have analyzed the way in which simulated textures made of random dots influence visual suprathreshold color tolerances. We considered 32 textures created by a systematic variation of the following variables: size, number, and color of the dots. Each texture was mapped on the five centers recommended by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) in 1978 [Color Res. Appl.3, 149 (1978)]. A panel of five experienced observers determined the experimental tolerances using a CRT color monitor by the method of adjustment. At our observation distance, neither small differences in dot size (1 or 4 pixels) nor sparse number of dots (less than 20% of the surface of the sample) changed the tolerances found for homogeneous samples. For the textures that led to statistically significant differences with respect to homogeneous samples, the parametric factors of CIEDE2000 and CIE94 color-difference formulas were fitted. These simulated textures consistently reduced the color difference perceived in a pair or, equivalently, increased the tolerances, mainly (but not only) lightness tolerance. The results demonstrate that it is not simple to provide a unique set of parametric factors for all the potential textures.

This paper presents colourimetric analyses of 6 standard soil-colour charts (1372 chips) from different manufacturers, editions, and degrees of use. The CIELAB hab, L*, and C*ab were found to have significant (analysis of variance, P < 0.05) variations among tested charts, and the Munsell hue, value, and chroma measured in most chips varied from their notation by as much as 1 unit. This discrepancy can be attributed to printing differences and/or colour fading. The Munsell loci of constant hue and chroma plotted in CIELAB colour space showed that colour fading is not uniform, so that visual steps between neighbouring chips change, and constant hue and chroma lines become deformed. The colour difference between chips identically designated in two charts ranged from 0.94 CIEDE2000 units (above perception threshold) for charts from the same manufacturer and degree of use, to 3.72 CIEDE2000 units for old charts from 2 different manufacturers. Chips from old charts became yellowish, darker, and less saturated. These colour changes are consistent with the responses of 10 observers who, on assessing 10 soil-colour samples, reported Munsell notations to have redder hue, lighter value and greater chroma. Periodic colourimetric checking of soil-colour charts would be advisable in order to avoid mistakes in soil-colour description.