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An approach is adopted to study the anticipatory injustice by differentiating between implicit and explicit justice judgments when participants were faced with a manager of similar or dissimilar race. Results indicated that regardless of manager race, minority status significantly predicted implicit injustice expectations such that minorities were more likely to expect unfair treatment.

Scenarios involving ambiguous or unambiguous threats of racial harassment were crossed with four managerial response strategies (taking action, acknowledgment, reframing, denial). Results suggest that minority members are more likely to view repeated racial jokes as severe and are more likely to report the behavior to a manager. For minority group members, racial identification moderated the relationship between type of harassment and perceived severity. For majority group members, blindness to privilege and unawareness of racial issues moderated the relationship between type of harassment and likelihood to report the incident. Taking action was associated with more positive perceptions of organizational justice and a belief that the organization would be less tolerant toward future incidents involving racial harassment. Differences across groups (Whites, African Americans, Hispanics/Latinos, and Asians) were found, suggesting a perceptual gap based on racial schema.

The deployment of one specific identity category, 'Muslim First--Arab Second', emerging among Arab American Muslims in San Francisco, California is discussed. The way Muslim student activists have utilized this category as a strategy for articulating Muslim identities in their everyday lives is highlighted.

123 students and 123 nonstudent supervisors viewed videotapes which displayed four supposed subordinate supervisors, two African Americans and two Caucasians, who individually described their respective performances during the past year. After being told either that the supposed subordinates would or that they would not have access to the performance rating, the subjects rated the performance of those subordinate supervisors. While anonymity of rater and race of rater had no evaluative effect on the performance ratings given by the nonstudent subjects, the student subjects gave higher ratings when they believed that their ratings would be made public. Also, the nonstudent subjects' ratings differed as a function of whether they worked closely with others of another race and as a function of the frequency with which they actually discussed performance evaluations with their own subordinates.

The state of California became the first state to overturn a miscegenation statue when a 'white' women and a 'Negro' man successfully sued to marry in a landmark 1948 case called Perez v. Sharp. Perez is framed within the larger history of Perez's life and Mexican racialization in California and it is argued that the state's miscegenation law collapsed as early as it did because by 1948 the bureaucracy that sustained it could not manage the problem of the hybrid.

A study analyzing the General Social Survey data, collected from 1974 to 2004, and on the racial disparity in earnings, is presented. It is observed that, racial disparity disappears, once cognitive ability is controlled. Also, racial discrimination was not prevalent during the early 1970s, in the United States. This provides a skeptical view of the need and justification for preferential treatment of ethnic minorities.

This article examined 796 empirical studies published in the Journal of Counseling Psychology, the Journal of Counseling and Development, and The Counseling Psychologist from 1990 to 1999 and found that only 457 (57%) reported racial and ethnic characteristics of research participants. From this data, an overall picture was generated of the racial and ethnic composition of counseling and counseling psychology research participants: 78.2% White, 5.8% Asian American, 6.7% African American, 6.6% Hispanic, 0.9% Native American, and 0.1% multiracial. Compared to the overall U.S. population, Whites and Asian Americans were overrepresented, and African Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans were underrepresented. There was limited information about how researchers gathered participants' race and ethnicity information and on factors that might inform participants' experience as racial and ethnic beings (e.g., racial and ethnic identity, generation status, acculturation). Findings are compared and contrasted with previous reviews related to issues of race and ethnicity in counseling research.

Tri-cities Kennewick, Pasco and Richland has a Jim Crow system which resulted from a combination of federal policy and racism of white residents and white migrants, where racial discrimination intensified during World War II. The struggle to establish a permanent civil rights organization in the Tri-Cities reflected both the mobility of the black population and the strength of the local system of segregation.

In this study, the relative importance of family/household structure, socioeconomic status, and culture is examined, and their connection to racial and ethnic variations in caregiving networks is explored. Each of these three domains is seen as contributing to the race/ethnic variations in caregiving arrangements. KEYWORDS. Caregiving, racial and ethnic differences, frail elderly, community living, family structure, socioeconomic status, culture, family structure, household structure, informal support

A study is conducted to re-examine Simpson's analysis of the South Asians in Bradford that uses an alternative conception of ethnic residential segregation, and associated statistical measures. It suggests that, contra Simpson, segregation of that ethnic group did increase over the period 1991-2001, with implications for public policy.

The evidence on the extent of ethnic segregation experienced by children across secondary schools and neighborhoods are presented. The result shows that consistently higher segregation was observed for south Asian pupils than for African pupils, and the segregation tends to be lower for AfricanAmerican pupils where they are relatively numerous but that no such attenuation exists for pupils of South Asian origin.

Recent mock-jury research often has found no evidence that White jurors are more likely to convict and impose harsher sentences on Black compared to White defendants. Drawing on social dominance theory (Sidanius & Pratto, 1999), this paper argues that this apparent null effect reflects that different racial biases shown by White jurors varying in social dominance orientation (SDO) cancel each other out. A mock-jury study (n = 70) found no main effect for defendant race, but evidence for a crossover interaction with high SDO individuals showing an anti-Black bias and with low SDO individuals showing a pro-Black bias in their guilty judgments and sentence recommendations. The discussion argues race is still a critical factor in White jurors' decision making.

A simple version of a statistical-discrimination learning model is presented. This model analyzes the role of self-perpetuating negative racial attitudes in discriminatory social outcomes in labor markets.

Despite recent declines in overall sexual activity, sexual risk-taking remains a substantial danger to US youth. Existing research points to athletic participation as a promising venue for reducing these risks. Linear regressions and multiple analyses of covariance were performed on a longitudinal sample of nearly 600 Western New York adolescents in order to examine gender- and race-specific relationships between 'jock' identity and adolescent sexual risk-taking, including age of sexual onset, past-year and lifetime frequency of sexual intercourse, and number of sexual partners. After controlling for age, race, socioeconomic status, and family cohesion, male jocks reported more frequent dating than nonjocks but female jocks did not. For both genders, athletic activity was associated with lower levels of sexual risk-taking; however, jock identity was associated with higher levels of sexual risk-taking, particularly among African American adolescents. Future research should distinguish between subjective and objective dimensions of athletic involvement as factors in adolescent sexual risk. KEY WORDS: jock identity; athletic activity; sexual risk; adolescent; gender; race.

Purpose: Adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and disability levels, this study examines whether differences exist in the structure and function of community-dwelling Black and White frail elders' informal care networks. Design and Methods: Data from in-person assessments of Michigan's Home and Community-Based Medicaid Waiver applicants were analyzed by using logistic and ordinary least squares regression. The sample consisted of 936 Black and 3,182 White frail elderly persons. Results: When sociodemographic characteristics were controlled for, racial differences were found in all informal care components except out-of-home chores. Differences in functional components (amount of care, scope of assistance, and personal care) were largely accounted for by disability, whereas racial differences in the structural components (source of care, living arrangement, and sole caregiver) and in-borne chores were not. Implications: Findings suggest that Blacks are not better off than Whites in the receipt of informal care. Although Black elders receive more informal help, this difference is primarily because Blacks are more disabled. This study calls for heightened awareness of disability among low-income Blacks and the potential burden experienced by their caregivers. Key Words: Frail elders, Informal care networks, Caregiving, Home- and community-based services

A comparative analysis between output-based payment and time rates payment is presented. It is observed that racial or gender earnings discrimination is more likely in time rates payment and supervisory evaluations.

Byline: D. J. Storey (1) Abstract: This paper examines the Market for loans from banks to micro-and small enterprises in Trinidad and Tobago. It tests for the presence of racial and gender discrimination. It takes the reported refusal to grant loans to groups,when all other indicators of credit-worthiness are taken into account, as evidence of discrimination. The paper distinguishes between Application and Denial Rates. It finds that,once all other indicators of credit-worthiness are taken into account, neither Application nor Denial rates differ significantly by gender. Reported Denial rates are, however, higher for Africans compared with other ethnic groups,implying the possible presence of discrimination. Author Affiliation: (1) Centre for Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (CSME), University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K. Article History: Registration Date: 01/01/2004 Accepted Date: 11/12/2002

We employ a discrete-time hazard model and a Blinder-decomposition approach to explore the possibility of racial discrimination in the dismissal and retention of college football coaches by university administrations. A [...]

The racial discrimination between whites and African-Americans in job market is studied by sending manipulated resumes. The results, which show that whites received better response than African Americans are discussed.

Two studies examined whether a criminal defendant's race influences Whites' sensitivity to legally relevant information. In Study 1, prosecution case strength ratings and guilt likelihood ratings were more sensitive to the strength of the defendant's alibi when he was Black than when he was White, if the experimental task was designed to elicit low processing motivation. Under high motivation, participants were equally sensitive to alibi strength, regardless of defendant race. In Study 2, the alibi strength manipulation was replaced with a manipulation of the effectiveness of the district attorney's cross-examination. As predicted, defense case strength ratings were more sensitive to the strength of the prosecutor's cross-examination with a Black defendant than with a White defendant--under low motivation. Under high motivation, sensitivity did not depend on defendant race. These results suggest that a Black defendant can elicit greater sensitivity to legally relevant information than will a White defendant. Keywords: racial bias; juror decision making; psychology and law

Although racial differences in satisfaction with urban services have been observed for decades, perhaps the most consistent finding in the literature on citizen satisfaction and urban service delivery, little systematic effort has been directed at explaining this gap. Using two years of survey data from New York City, the authors find that socioeconomic status (SES) and neighborhood of residence explain only a small part of the gap in satisfaction across a range of urban services. Residents' trust of government appears to account for a fairly large proportion of the race gap. Still, significant differences in satisfaction remain between Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics for a number of services even after controlling for SES, neighborhood, and trust. Keywords: race-ethnic differences; SES; neighborhood; trust in government; satisfaction with government services

The spatial mismatch concept is studied and the most serious example of spatial mismatch and its negative impacts on Black welfare are discussed. The effects of housing market segregation on the employment and earnings of Black Chicago and Detroit residents are mentioned.

Byline: W. Kip Viscusi (1) Keywords: value of life; discrimination; fatality risks; compensating differentials Abstract: This article constructs measures of job fatality rates for black and white workers using information on job-related fatalities from 1992--1997. The fatality rates for black employees are somewhat greater than those for whites. Each of these groups receives significant compensating wage differentials for fatality risks, controlling for nonfatal risks and expected workers' compensation benefits. The implicit value of a statistical life is lower for black workers than for whites. These results in conjunction with evidence that blacks receive less annual compensation for fatality risks than do whites imply that black and white workers face different market offer curves that are flatter for blacks than for whites. Author Affiliation: (1) Harvard Law School, Hauser 302, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA Article History: Registration Date: 03/10/2004

Byline: John D. Leeth (1), John Ruser (2) Keywords: compensating wage differentials; hedonic equilibrium; value of injury; value of life Abstract: Our research examines risk compensation by gender and race using occupation, gender, and race specific fatal and nonfatal injury rates and a data set sufficiently large to produce accurate estimates across fairly narrow groups. The data provide strong evidence that men earn compensating differentials for both fatal and nonfatal injury risk and women earn compensating differentials for nonfatal injury risk. Female wage premiums for nonfatal injury risk exceed male wage premiums by a factor of more than three. Nonfatal injury risk compensation is widespread among the various demographic groups although largest for white women. Fatal injury risk compensation is more isolated with only white and Hispanic males earning significantly higher pay for greater amounts of fatal injury risk. Author Affiliation: (1) Department of Economics, Bentley College, 175 Forest Street, Waltham, MA, 02452-4705, USA (2) U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, 1441 L Street NW, Washington, DC, 20230, USA Article History: Registration Date: 03/10/2004

PERVASIVE PREJUDICE? UNCONVENTIONAL EVIDENCE OF RACE AND GENDER DISCRIMINATION. By Ian Ayres. ** Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001. 433 pp. + xi. CROSSROADS, DIRECTIONS, AND A NEW CRITICAL RACE [...]

PERVASIVE PREJUDICE? UNCONVENTIONAL EVIDENCE OF RACE AND GENDER DISCRIMINATION. By Ian Ayres. ** Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001. 433 pp. + xi. CROSSROADS, DIRECTIONS, AND A NEW CRITICAL RACE [...]

Various issues discussed at the Durban round of 2002 world conference against racism is reported. The need for economic analysis to understand racism and racial discrimination is highlighted.

The interconnections between eraceE and economic inequality in United States with focus on the case of African American are examined. The importance of distinguishing between racial discrimination and racial stigma is highlighted.

Byline: Raphael W. Bostic (1) Keywords: cultural affinity; mortgages; discrimination. Abstract: This paper assess cultural affinity as a potential explanation for observed racial disparities in mortgage rejection rates. Two formulations of the theory have evolved in the literature. The taste-based cultural affinity hypothesis asserts that lenders have a blanket preference for members of the same race, while the common bond hypothesis asserts that cultural affinity allows lenders to better assess the credit quality of members of the same race. The analysis involves tests that focus on the experiences of applicants with marginal credit quality, as the two theories offer conflicting predictions regarding their application patterns and treatment by lenders. The results of these tests provide weak support for the existence of taste-based cultural affinity, but contradict the predictions of the common bond form of the theory. Author Affiliation: (1) University of Southern California and Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, USA Article History: Registration Date: 05/10/2004

Byline: Fiona Scott Morton (1,2), Florian Zettelmeyer (3,2), Jorge Silva-Risso (4) Keywords: race and gender discrimination; price discrimination; internet; industrial organization; automobile industry; pricing Abstract: Using a large dataset of automobile transaction prices, we find that offline African-American and Hispanic consumers pay approximately 2% more than do other offline consumers however, we can explain 65% of this price premium with differences in observable traits such as income, education, and search costs. Our estimates of unexplained race premia are smaller than previous estimates in the literature. Online, we find that minority buyers pay nearly the same prices as do whites controlling for consumers' income, education, and neighborhood characteristics. These results are consistent with the Internet facilitating information search and removing cues to a consumer's willingness to pay. Our results imply that the Internet is particularly beneficial to those whose characteristics disadvantage them in negotiating. Author Affiliation: (1) School of Management, Yale University, PO Box 208200, New Haven, CT, 06520-8200 (2) National Bureau of Economic Research, USA (3) Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, 2220 Piedmont Avenue, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1900 and (4) Anderson School, University of California, Los Angeles, 110 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095 Article History: Registration Date: 17/10/2004