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Edge caching is an efficient technique for mitigating redundant data transmissions over backhaul links. Contents are constantly evolving, and thus the cached contents should be updated timely to guarantee freshness. Information freshness is captured by the Age of Information (AoI) metric. In this paper, we explore a content resale problem, where a Network Service Provider (NSP) purchases contents from Content Providers (CPs) then sells contents to users. We model the problem as a three-stage sequential problem. Then we decompose the problem into two sub-problems on deciding the contents to be purchased and cached, and the respective prices. We solve the sub-problems through the framework of Stackelberg game and auction respectively. For the content purchase, we consider four different cases to design the auction mechanisms. In the auctions, the NSP has to reveal its private information due to the AoI characteristics. Furthermore, we prove that such disclosure will not bring the loss of the NSP’s utility. Finally, numerical results in different cases are provided to show that the NSP can efficiently exploit the benefit from the knowledge about CPs’ production costs and the competition among CPs under our proposed mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We run experiments on second-price auctions with resale opportunities, where a zero-value bidder, called a speculator, is commonly known to exist. Garratt and Tröger (2006a) show that there is a continuum of speculative equilibria, apart from the standard bid-your-value one, in which the speculator gets the good in the first stage auction with positive probability. She pays a price of zero and resells it to the private-value bidder in the second stage. In the most extreme equilibrium, the private-value bidder always bids zero and the speculator obtains the good. We find that bidders frequently play strategies that are consistent with a speculative equilibrium. When the speculative equilibrium is not observed, the presence of the speculator leads to more aggressive bidding by private-value bidders that results in increased revenue for the seller. An increase in the number of private-value bidders makes speculation harder, but does not eliminate it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The U.S. timeshare industry is an enormous and growing national industry. This should not come as a surprise, as timeshare plans can theoretically provide consumers with a cheaper alternative to owning a vacation home or condominium. Unfortunately, there is also a link between the timeshare industry and elder financial abuse. The elderly continue to be taken advantage of and pressured into timeshare sales for which they do not, or cannot, understand the full consequences of. Further, the elderly have become prime targets for complex resale scams. This Note advocates that the elderly, given their prominence in the timeshare industry and vulnerability to financial abuse, are in greater need of protection from predatory timeshare sales tactics and resale scams. In order to combat such abuse, the Note advocates for a national timeshare law which would: (1) provide seniors exploring the timeshare market with an additional timeframe to review a public report on the desired timeshare before being able to sign the contract, (2) provide education about both the status of the secondary market for timeshares and timeshare resale fraud through an annual information package, and (3) ensure that all forms of timeshare ownership are covered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of International Relations / Medzinarodne Vztahy is the property of University of Economics in Bratislava, Faculty of International Relations and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• Comparison of perceived, assessed and measured functionality and price over lifespans. • Perceived functionality and price decline more rapidly than other indicators. • Measured and assessed functionality decline more slowly than other indicators. • Suggestions to reverse and avoid obsolescence to extend lifespans of shell jackets. • Potential for a functionality-label to overcome barrier to reuse of shell jackets. Using the case of outdoor shell jackets, this research studies obsolescence and potential lifespan extension by re-examining how product functionality, objectively and subjectively, develops over the course of product lifespans. In particular, the study focuses on second-hand stores for outdoor products. Functionality is indicated by user perceptions, visual assessments, laboratory measurements and price data, collected at first use, second-hand resale and end-of-life. Perceived functionality and price decline more rapidly (5–6 % per year) than assessed and measured functionality (around 3 % per year). This could be explained by properties related to appearance, which are not assessed nor measured but influence user perceptions and price. Discontentment regarding such properties appears more relevant for obsolescence than inadequate performance, suggesting the potential for design for attachment and timeless design. The relative stability of measured functionality over time suggests that a barrier for second-hand sales, concern about performance, could be ameliorated by a potential functionality-label. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the cap-and-trade policy, many manufacturers begin to reduce emissions by various measures, such as investing in technologies and using clean materials, which will affect their operation strategies and further affect the whole supply chain. Based on this, we explore how the cap-and-trade policy affects firms' operation decisions under different retailing formats. We study a supply chain with an e-commerce platform and one manufacturer, in which they can cooperate via reseller or marketplace formats. Meanwhile, we employ a new cost function of emission reduction by incorporating the manufacturer's emission reduction efficiency (ERE). We find that in the absence of low-carbon preference, the manufacturer's and the platform's profits both increase as the manufacturer's ERE improves in reseller format; but in marketplace format, the platform is worse off as the manufacturer's ERE improves if the efficiency is larger than a threshold. Besides, under which format the platform or the manufacturer is better off is related to the product category. For some product categories, low-carbon preference could alter the retailing format under which the platform or the manufacturer gains a higher profit. Moreover, the platform and the manufacturer are both better off in the presence of low-carbon preference, regardless of retailing formats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to examine what factors shape reseller purchasing decisions. This study used a quantitative approach by collecting data using questionnaires and then organizing the data using SPSS and SMART-PLS. The questionnaire was distributed to 68 respondents who were resellers from PT Dwitunggal Kencana Raya. This research used Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The factors used were derived from previous studies and were rational and emotional factors. Rational factors included product, brand image, price, distribution, promotion, service quality, information and warranty. Emotional factors included job assessment, incentives and interpersonal. The results of this study indicated that rational and emotional factors can be used to shape purchasing decisions at Jaguar Star resellers and for Dwitunggal management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antecedents of the artists' resale right (ARR) can be traced back to late 19th century France, the droit de suite, as it then was, was as much a welfare right as it was a response to the failures of the French droit d'Auteur system to adequately reward visual artist for their creative endeavours. Today, the success of the ARR may be attested to by its prominence in international law, however, this internationalisation has not brought with it uniformity. The European experience speaks to this; under the harmonisation framework of the Artists' Resale Right Directive 2001/84, Member States are granted significant scope in its implementation and accordingly ARR models have come to pass which encompass a social security function reflective of the original French formulation. This article, by drawing on the social history of visual artists, and by considering the nature of the ARR and its predecessor the droit de suite, argues that socially orientated ARR models, which exist in Germany and Norway, represents a modern formulation of the droit de suite which more fully responds to the needs of visual artists today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reasons for consumers' resale behavior are complex and sometimes diverse, and the investigation of consumer resale behavior is not a simple matter. Therefore, only through a lot of investigation and inquiry can we reach relevant conclusions. Based on machine learning and BP neural network, this paper constructs a consumer online resale behavior measurement model. The contraction-expansion factor can balance the global search and local search capabilities in different iteration periods, and the differential evolution operator is introduced to solve the problem of lack of population diversity. After building the model, this study collects data through questionnaires, and combines neural network training models to take data training and data prediction. In addition, this study compares and analyzes real data with predicted data, and visually displays the comparison results through statistical graphs. The results show that the method proposed in this paper has certain effects and can provide theoretical references for subsequent related research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the risk aversion of retailers in the face of uncertain market demands, in the three-tier supply chain of manufacturer-dominated single-channel distribution, the retailer’ s optimal ordering strategy, the distributor’ s pricing equilibrium and the manufacturer’ s pricing strategy were studied. Further, a reseller who provides a repurchase contract was added into the supply chain, and in the three-tier supply chain of retailers’ dual procurement and manufacturers’ differentiated dual-channel distribution, the optimal ordering strategy of a risk-averse retailer and pricing strategy of two competing distributors and a manufacturer were studied. Through the comparative analysis of decisions, a coordination mechanism that benefits all members of the three-tier supply chain with differentiated dual distribution channels was established. The research results show that, compared with the single-channel supply chain, the differentiated dual-channel supply chain can achieve Pareto improvement, which increases the benefits of supply chain members, and the Pareto region will be affected by the degree of retailers’ risk aversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates about 146,000 home sales from the Multiple Listing Service (MLS) of Bexar County (San Antonio), Texas, from January 2009 to April 2019 to measure the extent that a home's selling price reflects a Green premium which is identified in the MLS. We exclude new houses from this analysis. For the span of our data, we find a 4.2% increase in the sale price of Green homes, holding other features constant. When evaluated by Area (approximate selling price quintile), we find premiums of 6.9%, 5.7%, 1.2%, 3.5%, and 5.3% by order of increasing neighborhood value quintile. When assessing Homestead versus Non-Aomestead homes, we find a premium of 2.8% for Homesteads and 6.4% for Non-Homesteads. Considering the time trend, we found the premium starting under 3% in 2009 and increasing to a little over 5% where it remained for three years and decreased to about 4% in 2014 where it remained through the end of the data in 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though the retailer gift card has been an ultra-practical marketing tactic to attract customers to spend more, it, on the contrary, also places a great number of customers in troublesome situations due to its current limitations. First, dealing with unwanted gift cards is often time-consuming, costly, or even risky due to the frequent occurrences of gift card resale frauds. Worse still, the issuance and redemption of gift cards happen inside the retailer as in a "black-box," indicating that a compromised retailer can cheat customers (or even third-party auditors) to deny the issuances of some unredeemed gift cards. This paper proposes a practical middle-layer solution based on blockchain to address the fundamental issues of the existing gift card system, with incurring minimal changes to the current infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Companies can buy back and retire their own bonds before maturity, resulting in a possible gain or loss on the extinguishment of debt. What would happen if a company repurchased its own bonds before maturity but did not retire them, potentially holding them for resale later before the bonds mature? This paper provides a conceptual exploration of the early repurchase of bonds without a corresponding retirement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Romanian Case Law Review / Revista Română de Jurisprudenţă is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explore how brand managers can motivate resellers who are not directly associated with the brand and know the brand through a local or a national level distributor. Findings of this study provide insights into factors that can lead a brand manager motivate resellers through a reseller motivation pyramid. Design/methodology/approach: Using qualitative data collected from brand managers, different themes of reseller motivations were evaluated. Findings: An overlap between organizational goals, resource-related needs and capabilities of resellers are indicative of modification required in reseller management strategy to keep resellers motivated. Research limitations/implications: This research suffers from lack of quantitative data that could enable the researcher to establish the linkages discussed. Originality/value: This research extends current understanding about intrinsic motivations of resellers to promote a brand in competitive markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Policies for a society based on sustainable production are in clear debate. Especially, a production that is concerned with innovations in social, economic and environmental well-being, represented here by eco-innovation, however, some productive sectors still develop below this reality. The veterinary products industry is one of them, which has a high economic representation in Brazil. Solid residues from vaccines, medications, food additives, among others, do not have standards for proper disposal. Thus, the objective of the research is to understand the existence of eco-innovation drivers that can assist in the reverse logistics of packaging for veterinary products, in the city of Guarapuava in the State of Paraná. To carry out the study, a qualitative approach will be present. A case study, at the end of the veterinary product chain, in a descriptive manner will characterize the understanding of reverse logistics. In addition, a resale manager and three rural producers were interviewed, and subsequently, a content analysis was carried out. The two perspectives of the phenomenon contributed to the triangulation of the data, along with the current legislation and the eco-innovation literature. Therefore, it is concluded that there is a demand for regulated reverse logistics in the veterinary industry, guided by eco-innovation determinants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Direito Internacional is the property of Revista de Direito Internacional and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The sneaker resale industry has reached the value of $2 billion and it is expected to increase by 200% in the next 5 years. This has changed the purpose of sneakers from a wardrobe collection into a promising business opportunity. The aim of this study is to compare several algorithms and decide which one has a better performance in predicting sneaker resale prices. Different techniques like linear regression and random forest have been used to make the predictions using sneaker sales history data gathered from StockX. It turns out that both models produce an outstanding result with similar values. However, with further evaluation, it can be concluded that random forest has a better performance compared to linear regression in predicting sneaker resale price. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In times of pandemics or natural catastrophes, prices of commodities, such as water, food and medicines, tend to shoot up, in response to a surge in demand and depleting supplies. The government, in its misguided efforts to maintain "price affordability", imposes price controls and anti-price-gouging legislation and bans the reselling of food and medical supplies. These interventions in the free market are the exact opposite of what the government should do, if it wants to ensure that enough commodities go to people who need them, that people do not hoard all available goods on grocery shelves, and most importantly, that suppliers have the incentive to produce more goods to meet current and future demand at market prices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the author examine how India's treatment of maximum resale price maintenance and facilitates cartelization in the pharmaceutical industry. It mentions jurisdictions featuring relatively friendlier legal treatment towards RPM can be instructive in revealing potential anticompetitive effects. It also mentions trade associations of retailers and manufacturers guide them during periods of bargaining challenges.

Purpose: As franchisees are independent entrepreneurs, one important part of the business format that franchisors are not allowed to impose on their franchisees is resale prices. They are only allowed to indicate a recommended or a maximum price. This study aims to look further into the capabilities underlying the calculation of resale prices and suggests that price-setting is part of both the "business know-how" transferred to franchisees and the "organizational know-how," that is, capabilities developed and kept at the franchisor level. Design/methodology/approach: This study adopted a qualitative methodology with a total of 65 interviews, 19 with franchisors and 46 with franchisees, all operating in the French market. Findings: The findings show that resale pricing is a process that involves know-how. The complexity of pricing leads to develop specialized and broad capabilities. The first type of know-how, i.e., business know-how transferred to franchisees, deals with operational implementation of recommended resale prices in the stores. The second type, i.e., organizational know-how, not transferred as a safeguard against opportunism, connects across other functions of the franchise chain such as R&D and communication. Originality/value: This study confirms the existence and relevance of another kind of know-how apart from the business know-how that is transferred to the franchisees. Organizational know-how at the chain level, though often neglected, is a necessary determinant of sustaining a competitive advantage. This know-how is not transferred to the franchisees but contributes to the success and sustainability of the franchisor/franchisee relationship. Franchisors should thus work on improving their capabilities to better support their franchisees. Moreover, this study highlight the complexity and extreme importance of setting the right resale price. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]