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Copyright of Cinta de Moebio is the property of Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencas Sociales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper presents a framework for an analysis method and computational tool, which evaluates the fabrication parameters of complex geometries. The suggested method predicts the feasibility, material use, and machining time required for fabricating the moulds for these geometries. It achieves this by interrogating geometric properties instead of the traditional machining simulations. Using the algorithms developed in this research, the method can provide real time evaluation of computer-controlled mould fabrication techniques such as cutting and assembling sheet materials, multi-axis milling of volumetric material, and robotic hot wire cutting. In the paper, we describe the mathematical basis of the suggested method. We demonstrate how the method provides real-time visual feedback for designers and allows them to adjust their design according to fabrication constraints in the early design stages. Using architectural case studies, we show how the analysis results provide precise cost estimates and help minimize fabrication resources in manual or automatic fabrication optimization processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the post-COVID-19 period, the regional economic development gap in Guangdong has expanded and the risk has increased. This is not conducive to building a well-off society in Guangdong in an all-round way. Optimizing the industrial structure, changing the mode of economic growth, preventing regional economic risks, and narrowing the regional economic development gap are the focus of Guangdong governments at all levels. Based on a two-sector economic growth model, the paper uses descriptive statistics and Deng's grey correlation method to analyze the economic development panel data of 21 prefecture-level cities of Guangdong Province from 2011 to 2018, analyzes the characteristics of regional economic development in Guangdong, and makes experimental research of the effect of industrial structure optimization and economic development factors on economic growth in Guangzhou, Zhongshan, Shantou, Maoming and Meizhou at different stages of development. The results show that: there are differences in the industrial structure and the level of economic development in different regions; the rationalization of industrial structure and upgrading of the industrial structure has an impact on economic growth and show different features during different stages; in different stages of economic development, foreign trade, scientific and technological innovation are the main factors affecting regional economic growth. This paper holds that the northwest of Guangdong Province and the Pearl River Delta should formulate industrial structure adjustment policies to promote the rationalization of regional industrial structure, expand foreign trade channels and innovate financing mechanisms, and restrain regional economic risks in combination with regional characteristics. The new development pattern of domestic and international dual circulation and mutual promotion, further expands the level of opening up, effectively playing the role of free trade pilot areas, free trade ports, special economic zones, development zones, bonded areas, and other frontier highlands, improve the level and capacity of foreign trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the 'standard story' in the philosophy of action, actions are those movements of a creature's body that are caused and rationalized by the creature's mental states. The attractions of the causal condition have been widely discussed. The rationalization condition is nearly ubiquitous, but it is notoriously obscure, and its motivation has rarely been made explicit. This paper presents a new argument for including the rationalization condition in the causal theory of action, and sketches a broadly Davidsonian theory of what rationalization is. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SYNOPSIS: This article reports on an experimental examination of rationalizations among CPAs. Rationalizations represent the cognitive justifications that individuals use to morally disengage their internal norms. While related research in accounting is scant, there is extensive, relevant, non-accounting research. That research distinguishes between "before-the-decision" and "after-the-decision" rationalizing, labeling the former "neutralizations" and the latter "rationalizations." Unfortunately, confusion exists because the professional accounting literature related to the Fraud Triangle does not reflect the neutralization versus rationalization distinction. We find that neutralizations exposure increases CPAs' unethical intentions despite cautions against doing so. This result is robust to two different morally intense and practically relevant ethical cases. We also find that the influence of neutralizations exposure is unconscious and robust among Millennials and Gen Xers, but not among Baby Boomers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines Sasha's Stone's photographic constructions of the salaried worker, or die Angestellten, within the rationalized Weimar office as published in his 1926 photo essay "Das 100-Pferdige Büro—keine Utopie" (The hundred-horsepower office—no utopia). I analyze his images of the modern office and the white-collar employee as participating in the public discourse regarding the highly debated phenomenon of rationalization, presenting the Angestellter as a tool of rationalization rather than an individual, creating automata-like employees that fit with the broader trend of depicting such employees as what Matthew Biro describes as cyborgs, or human-machine hybrids. I assert that Stone's essay performs a dialectic role in relation to other, distinct versions of the same photographs, suggesting that technology within the sphere of the modern office, while inevitable and necessary, is possible only through the subjugation of the individual humanity of those at work by such technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relevance. Beam cages are the most common type of floor covering for working areas of buildings and structures. Based on the results of a critical analysis of the existing methods for calculating and arranging the dimensions of beam cells, it was established that there are no clear recommendations on the rational range of selection of the sizes of beam cells depending on the surface load. The purpose of the study is to present the areas of rational operation of steel rolling beams, secured against buckling, based on the requirements of the calculation by the method of limit states. Methods. The tasks set in the work, aimed at achieving the research goal, are solved by analytical methods, relying on the basic laws of structural mechanics and existing knowledge about the actual operation of steel rolling beams under load. Methods of mathematical statistics were used to construct the main dependencies presented on the nomograms. Results. Areas of rational operation of steel rolling beams, secured against curvatures, are determined. The area of rational operation of beams is presented in the form of nomograms, which allow at the design stage to use a beam cell of maximum dimensions. As a criterion for rationalization, the criterion of the simultaneous satisfaction of the accepted section of the beam with the requirements of two groups of limiting states with minimum reserves was chosen. A refined algorithm for the layout of the beam cages and a refined method for calculating the cross-section of rolled beams are proposed, which make it possible to arrange the dimensions of the beam cage with a minimum steel consumption. The increase in the overall dimensions of the cells of the working platforms is substantiated.

Background: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are common among surgeons, and its prevalence varies among surgical modalities. There are conflicting results concerning the correlation between adverse work exposures and MSD prevalence in different surgical modalities. The progress of rationalization in health care may lead to job intensification for surgeons, but the literature is scarce regarding to what extent such intensification influences the physical workload in surgery. The objectives of this study were to quantify the physical workload in open surgery and compare it to that in (1) nonsurgical tasks and (2) two surgeon roles in robot-assisted surgery (RAS). Methods: The physical workload of 22 surgeons (12 performing open surgery and 10 RAS) was measured during surgical workdays, which includes trapezius muscle activity from electromyography, and posture and movement of the head, upper arms and trunk from inertial measurement units. The physical workload of surgeons in open surgery was compared to that in nonsurgical tasks, and to the chief and assistant surgeons in RAS, and to the corresponding proposed action levels. Mixed-effects models were used to analyze the differences. Results: Open surgery constituted more than half of a surgical workday. It was associated with more awkward postures of the head and trunk than nonsurgical tasks. It was also associated with higher trapezius muscle activity levels, less muscle rest time and a higher proportion of sustained low muscle activity than nonsurgical tasks and the two roles in RAS. The head inclination and trapezius activity in open surgery exceeded the proposed action levels. Conclusions: The physical workload of surgeons in open surgery, which exceeded the proposed action levels, was higher than that in RAS and that in nonsurgical tasks. Demands of increased operation time may result in higher physical workload for open surgeons, which poses an increased risk of MSDs. Risk-reducing measures are, therefore, needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research studies the design method between rationalizing energy consumption, relying on renewable energies and recycling water for reuse, by studying the design methods used to achieve energy rationalization, as well as how to rely on clean renewable energies and water recycling, and some general concepts in architecture have been started. Environmental and energy, its types, importance and how it is available, as well as exposure to thermal comfort and the concept of recycling, then the focus was on making a comparison between a project that relied on adaptation with the surrounding environment through the application of the thought of the traditional method (Passive Method), and another project that adapted to the surrounding environment through the application of Think based on the developed method (Active Method), through analysis and comparison using some pictures, drawings and maps to reach results at specific points, to arrive at the most appropriate local design method to rationalize energy and water consumption in the present and to transform the local community in the future into an energy-producing society, as well as development Awareness of the idea of recycling and reusing water to achieve the maximum possible benefit, and then conducting a survey to find out The extent to which society, especially the architect, is aware of the importance of the subject, and opens the door for dialogue to discuss and present the proposed ideas. From this point of view, this research invites him to understand and draw attention through studies to reach a better future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Philosophers' search for the best way to explain human actions has led many to accept a core psychological model that can be supplemented by other forms of action explanation when needed. Rather than settling for this model - where everything ultimately hinges on psychological explanation - this paper argues for a pluralistic view. It does not claim that the psychological view is wrong, only that it is not as universally applicable as it is often taken to be. Explanation-by-norms is suggested as an important form of explanation in its own right. It explains actions by revealing how they conform to norms and patterns and become intelligible in light of them. Explanation-by-norms is shown to be especially salient in the case of slips. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Changzhou University (Social Science Edition) is the property of Editorial Department of Journal of Changzhou University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Employee computer fraud is a costly and significant problem for firms. Using the fraud triangle theory, this study explores the extent to which an employee's perception of opportunity, rationalization, and work pressure will contribute to their likelihood of committing computer fraud (i.e., intentional, malicious, or while motivated through a self-interest gain of information systems (IS) security policy noncompliance behaviors). Method: A model is proposed and empirically validated through survey data collected from various industries from 213 computer-using employees with financial responsibilities within their organizations in the U.S. Results: This study's findings suggest when individual employees experience high levels of work pressure, they may be more likely to commit computer fraud. Organizations can guard against this behavior by monitoring their employees' assigned workload and performance expectations to prevent these unwanted behaviors. This study demonstrates a need for future research to investigate further the motivations employees may have besides financial greed when committing different types of computer abuse behaviors. Conclusion: This study, based upon the fraud triangle theory, empirically reveals the importance of monitoring general work pressure to guard against employees committing computer fraud behaviors. Computer fraud behaviors should be considered a distinct type of information security violation behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Administrative Sciences / Yonetim Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Canakkale Onsekiz Mart Universitesi, Terzioglu Kampusu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper deals with two different political interpretations of presidential power under the Third and Fifth French Republics, which clearly changed the position of the head of state in relation to the letter of constitutional acts that were in force at the time. Both of these interpretations were imposed by the presidents in office in the first years after the proper structures of the system of government had been established. The former (commonly known as the "Grevy constitution") led to the weakening of presidential power, and the latter (described as the "de Gaulle constitution") to its strengthening. Particular attention is thus paid to the formation of such particular unwritten norms of constitutional law in rationalized and non-rationalized parliamentary systems. In both cases, their basic feature turned out to be the ability to significantly modify the parliamentary system of government. In the last part of the paper, the stability and durability of the above-mentioned political interpretations of the aforementioned constitutions are discussed. It is indicated that in both cases there were attempts to challenge these non-codified standards. Although the causes of such actions were different from each other, neither brought any meaningful success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A profusion of jobs has arisen in contemporary capitalism involving 'connective labor', or the work of emotional recognition. Yet the expansion of this interpersonal work occurs at the same time as its systematization, as pressures of efficiency, measurement and automation reshape the work, generating a 'colliding intensification'. Existing scholarship offers three different ways of understanding the role of emotions in connective labor – as tool, commodity or vulnerability – depending on their view of systematization as useful, inseparable or dehumanizing. Based on 106 in-depth interviews and 300+ hours of observations, I found that vestiges of all three models lurked in the experience of providing connective labor, yet none fully captured the profound meaning practitioners reported finding in their work. Systems varied on three dimensions, reflecting the relative worth of worker, recipient or the work, extracting value from the forged connections, while the meanings workers derived shaped their perspective on its systematization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I argue for four theses. First, libertarian and compatibilist accounts of moral responsibility agree that the capability of practical reason is the central feature of moral responsibility. Second, this viewpoint leads to a reasons-focused account of human behavior. Examples of human action discussed in debates about moral responsibility suggest that typical human actions are driven primarily by the agent's subjective reasons and are sufficiently transparent for the agent. Third, this conception of self-transparent action is a questionable idealization. As shown by psychological research on self-assessment, motivated reasoning, and terror management theory, humans oftentimes have only a limited understanding of their conduct. Self-deception is rather the rule than the exception. Fourth, taking the limited self-transparency of practical reason seriously leads to a socially contextualized conception of moral responsibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, there has been increasing growth in the use of substance amongst the youth especially in higher education institutions of Pakistan. Literature indicates the existence of self-deception in substance users through self-reports. However, a dearth of qualitative exploration leads us to investigate self-deception through lived experiences of students who use the substance. The aim of the current study is to explore the phenomenon of self-deception through in-depth semi-structured interviews. Smith et al. (2009) interpretative phenomenological analysis was utilized as a method for data collection. The investigators deployed semi-structured interview guide designed through the interview protocol framework. Four themes that emerged from the data were (i) denial, where users exhibited persistent denial from negative effects of the substance; (ii) overconfidence, an illusionary aspect of substance users through elevated self-esteem; (iii) rationalization, where substance users frequently rationalized their usage through multiple attributions, such as family environment, cultural beliefs and common practices. Moreover; and (iv) awareness about positive and negative consequences of substance use, which highlighted paradoxical nature of substance users that move to and from between negative and positive aspects of substance use. Findings suggest a progressive advancement towards the understanding of the phenomenon of self-deception through its prevalent forms in university students who use the substance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last decades several studies in cognitive psychology have shown that many of our actions do not depend on the reasons that we adduce afterwards, when we have to account for them. Our decisions seem to be often influenced by normatively or explanatorily irrelevant features of the environment of which we are not aware, and the reasons we offer for those decisions are a posteriori rationalisations. But exactly what reasons has the psychological research uncovered? In philosophy, a distinction has been commonly made between normative and motivating reasons: normative reasons make an action right, whereas motivating reasons explain our behaviour. Recently, Maria Alvarez has argued that, apart from normative (or justifying) reasons, we should further distinguish between motivating and explanatory reasons. We have, then, three kinds of reasons, and it is not clear which of them have been revealed as the real reasons for our actions by the psychological research. The answer we give to this question will have important implications both for the validity of our classifications of reasons and for our understanding of human action.

Pure Data's long appeal is partly owed to its visual layout and intuitive mode of use. This might lead one to consider it a useful pedagogical tool, even if it now meets stiff competition from glitzier and more user-friendly applications. In the author's experience, however, Pd's ambiguous location on the spectrum of virtualization makes it bad for teaching but gives it a far more important function for composers. In occupying an uncanny valley between the digital-as-digital and the digital-as-analog, it resists the general tendency of digital technology to obscure awareness of itself, that is, of the digital computer as the current high watermark of a longer history of rationalization. It thus pushes composers of computer music back towards the questions that are at the heart of their work. This dynamic is illustrated by the author's experience of developing and tinkering with a novel technique of sound synthesis.

This article is about the manifestations of similarities between two seemingly distinct groups of Nigerians: cybercriminals and politicians. Which linguistic strategies do Twitter users use to express their opinions on cybercriminals and politicians? The study undertakes a qualitative analysis of ‘engaged’ tweets of an elite law enforcement agency in West Africa. We analyzed and coded over 100,000 ‘engaged’ tweets based on a component of mechanisms of moral disengagement (i.e., advantageous comparison), a linguistic device. The results reveal how respondents defend the actions of online fraudsters (“the deviant group”) by strategically comparing them to the wrongful acts of corrupt politicians (“the respectable group”). Similarly, the results show how respondents positioned this linguistic strategy to compare “the powerless group” (online fraudsters) and “the powerful group” (politicians) in society. Indeed, tweet responses suggest that the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) generally looks downwards for culprits (i.e., online fraudsters) while ignoring fraudulent politicians. We conclude that the process by which some actions are interpreted as a crime compared to others is a moral enterprise.

The need for reducing meat consumption in affluent countries is increasingly recognized as crucial to minimizing carbon footprint. However, confronting individuals with rational arguments can prompt emotional discomfort, which is often relieved by engaging in rationalization processes stabilizing current consumption patterns. Mindfulness research suggests that making people aware of their emotional reactions through introspection can reduce these rationalization processes.In this mixed-method pilot experimental study, we inquired whether a single guided introspection, inspired by the micro-phenomenological interview technique, can alter individuals' experience of and abilities to deal with cognitive dissonance. Furthermore, we asked if such an intervention can stimulate attitude or intention changes concerning meat consumption. After inducing cognitive dissonance by exposing participants to pictures of the slaughter of a cow, the intervention group (n = 36) participated in the guided introspection, while the control group (n = 39) played solitaire. Self-report questionnaire measures of emotional discomfort, rationalization strategies, and attitudes towards meat consumption were administered before and after the intervention. Also, open-ended responses to participants’ experience of the study were analyzed.Quantitative results show significantly lower negative attitudes toward reducing meat consumption in the intervention group compared to the control group (partial η2 = 0.107). Qualitative results indicate that these participants are more aware of negative emotions while engaging less in rationalization strategies. We conclude that our study indicates some potential for guided introspection to affect dissonance resolution and provide suggestions for future research.

This study aims to explore Palestinian-Israeli actors' and actresses' experiences in the Israeli TV market and their understanding of the rationalization/racialization processes taking place in the global television industry, which is dominated by Streaming Video On Demand platforms. The study is based on observations and interviews. The observations were conducted on the set of the internationally successful action drama Fauda during its second season. Fauda is a co-production of Netflix and the Israeli satellite conglomerate YES. It portrays the Palestinian-Israeli conflict in a way that some see as Zionist and hegemonic. The interviews were conducted with the Palestinian-Israeli actors and actresses. Our analysis of their experiences on the set of Fauda shows a dialectical and complex reality in which self-exploitation, which results in justifying playing terrorists and villains for the sake of money or art, resolves itself into an antithesis of subversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reconstructs and analyses the first modernization processes of formal retail trade in Chile (1890-1930), delving into the relations of this sector with the economic development model of the period, wholesale trade, and the prototypical forms of sales work that this scale of trade developed. Thus, based on a broad analysis of sources and bibliography, approached from an interdisciplinary perspective, it discusses the way in which these processes implied the introduction of new "modern and scientific models" of organizing commercial activity. These new models, which included strategies of bureaucratization, rationalization, and standardization, were installed as central parameters, thus contributing to understanding the history of labour in the Chilean commerce sector and situating the current forms of retail trade in the country as part of a long-lasting process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Around 1904, the sociologist Max Weber observed the lifestyle of Protestants and proposed a theory of rationality focusing on the relationship between individuals' actions and their choices, value standards, and purposes. He then extended this theory to music, positing that the rational features of music are structural, systematic, intentional, functional, and interactive. However, these reasonable features appeared unreasonable when music entered its avant-garde phase--when music became unpredictable, chaotic, and open. Does this mean that avant-garde music was no longer rational? To unpack this question, this paper applies the theory of rationality to John Cage's Solo for Piano (1957-58) and delves into the compositional process to present rational features within indeterminacy. In the compositional process, Cage employed the graphic compositional system, including a drawing process and a means of translation. With this system, we may discover the process of rationalization, meaning that when chance-oriented material gradually transforms into the value-/purposive-oriented material--from paper imperfections to points, from points to notes--it presents a rationalization of the compositional material. In short, this paper applies the theory of rationality to Solo for Piano to discover its rational features and dissects the transformation of the compositional material to present rationalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Recorde: Revista de História do Esporte is the property of Recorde: Revista de Historia do Esporte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Jurídica (0103-3506) is the property of Revista Juridica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, we explore a rationalistic orientation in Western society. We suggest that this orientation is one of the predominant ways in which Western society tends to frame, understand and deal with a majority of problems and questions – namely in terms of mathematical analysis, calculation and quantification, relying on logic, numbers, and statistics. Our main goal in this paper is to uncover the affective structure of this rationalistic orientation. In doing so, we illustrate how this orientation structures the way not only individuals but society as a whole frames and solves problems. We firstly point towards some exemplary instances of the rationalistic orientation, specifically regarding science, society, and lifeworld practice. Crucially, we argue that the rationalistic orientation is not merely based on a set of beliefs we could easily correct; but rather, that it is an affective condition tacitly shaping our engagement with the world in an encompassing way. Relating to the work of Martin Heidegger, we argue that what we have called an orientation in the beginning is in fact a rationalistic attunement. This attunement fundamentally shapes the pre-reflective level of how individuals approach the world. We elaborate this claim by showing how the rationalistic attunement concretely manifests in tangible socio-material affect dynamics. In the end, we motivate a critical stance towards this attunement, providing the ability to reflect upon and question instances where this way of framing and solving problems is counterproductive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexual intimacy characterized by desire is a critical component of the cultural ideal of successful marriage in the contemporary United States. How, then, does the experience of sexual intimacy in committed relationships change when its primary purpose is to promote conception? Through in‐depth interviews with 52 women married to men in the United States who recently attempted—and often struggled—to conceive through sexual intercourse with their spouses, this study finds that sex for the purpose of pregnancy becomes a highly rationalized project in which participants attempt to perfect their timing and promote the best chance for conception. In these married heterosexual couples, women manage the project of sex for the purpose of pregnancy and dictate to their husbands when they need to have sex. Using the third shift as a theoretical framework, this article demonstrates how sex for pregnancy becomes a gendered chore involving emotion work, cognitive labor, and body work. This research contributes to our understanding of household labor, sexual intimacy, and reproduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to determine the Triangle Perspective: Neural Network Used in Fraud Analysis. Application of the Artificial Neural Network method to investigate and detect fraud in companies. The number of samples used in this study was 102 companies. The population in this study are manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2016-2019 period. The test was carried out using an artificial neural network (ANN) method using the SPSS 25 application. External pressure does not affect fraudulent financial statements, and financial stability significantly affects financial statement fraud. The nature of the industry has a significant effect on financial statement fraud, inventory to sales ratio has a significant effect on financial statement fraud, the ineffective monitoring variable has no significant effect on financial statement fraud, gross profit to total assets has a significant effect on financial statement fraud. Return on assets has no significant effect on financial statement fraud, net profit margin (NPM) has no significant effect on financial statement fraud, firm liquidity (WCTA) has a significant effect on financial statement fraud. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ports and container terminals today are interchanges for maritime and land transport as well as important facilities that serve as communication channels for nations, regional economies, and forelands. They also act as suppliers providing cargo handling and international logistics services at the national level. Traditionally, the port industry was less competitive than other industries. However, competition among terminals is intensifying due to recent environmental changes, and the excessive competition between Korean container terminals has produced negative effects. Therefore, it is necessary to establish terminal rationalization plans to resolve excessive competition among container terminals at the national level. This study examined the direction for terminal rationalization at the national level to alleviate excessive competition among container terminals based on the theory of supply base rationalization. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) cross-efficiency and cluster analysis were combined to provide rationalization plans based on efficiency measurement. This study is significant as it presents a strategic analytical tool to establish terminal rationalization plans at the national level and also proves its applicability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cheating in online exams has become an undeniable phenomenon throughout universities worldwide. This study examined the effect of a single factor on the scores and essay questions of online exams, helping the researcher identify cheating incidents. This factor was an awareness lecture, conducted in the form of a debate between the instructor and students, about the negative effects and ethics of cheating. The methodology of this study was based on the explanatory sequential approach, in which the researcher conducted the same online exam but with different treatments. Then, semi-structured interviews were conducted with certain students after the course had finished. The study consisted of two groups of students in the same course. Each group was given a different treatment: Group 1 consisted of 33 students who participated in an awareness debate lecture before the online exam, and Group 2 consisted of 31 students who did not participate in an awareness debate lecture. Then, 12 students were randomly recruited from Group 1 to participate in the interviews to explore more insights about the rationalization of cheating in online exams. The results showed that Group 1 had grades averaging (18.23 out of 30), and Group 2 had grades with a significantly higher average (22.1 out of 30). Conclusions and recommendations were presented to better shape the experience of online exams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexual intimacy characterized by desire is a critical component of the cultural ideal of successful marriage in the contemporary United States. How, then, does the experience of sexual intimacy in committed relationships change when its primary purpose is to promote conception? Through in‐depth interviews with 52 women married to men in the United States who recently attempted—and often struggled—to conceive through sexual intercourse with their spouses, this study finds that sex for the purpose of pregnancy becomes a highly rationalized project in which participants attempt to perfect their timing and promote the best chance for conception. In these married heterosexual couples, women manage the project of sex for the purpose of pregnancy and dictate to their husbands when they need to have sex. Using the third shift as a theoretical framework, this article demonstrates how sex for pregnancy becomes a gendered chore involving emotion work, cognitive labor, and body work. This research contributes to our understanding of household labor, sexual intimacy, and reproduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water quality monitoring networks in the global south often display inefficiencies because monitoring strategies are frequently designed based on subjective professional judgments to define the temporal and spatial attributes of the networks, leading to poor cost–benefit relationships. The Lerma-Santiago Hydrological System (LSHS) in Mexico currently experiences severe environmental degradation caused by uncontrolled pollutant emissions from urban centers, agricultural, livestock, and industrial activities settled in the basin. While both the national and state authorities monitor this hydrological system, there has never been an effort to assess the monitoring efficiency of these two networks. The aim of the present study was to assess through multivariate statistical analyses the potential for coordination between these two interacting networks. For this purpose, two independent large water quality datasets with temporal and spatial attributes measured by two different authorities (the federal and the state) were used to identify those sites where coordination should be rationalized and those parameters that should continue to be monitored. The case study herein presented highlights the duplication in efforts to monitor surface water quality in the Lerma-Santiago hydrologic system, which implies a lack of coordination between the authorities and shows that water quality monitoring networks have not been reassessed since they were first implemented. Furthermore, using the case study of the Lerma-Santiago in Mexico, we expanded on various deficiencies, such as the use of different sampling frequencies and analytical methods by the authorities and inefficient communication among federal and state authorities. This study has revealed a large potential for coordinating two water quality monitoring networks (WQMN) in the Lerma-Santiago Hydrological System and a methodological approach that may be used to assess this potential. Coordination strategies for WQMNs can lead to significant cost reductions, extended network reach, and higher overall data quality in developing countries with limited financial resources and technical capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]