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As many cities face traffic congestion, pollution, and urban sprawl, transit villages with transit-oriented development (TOD) and higher ridership have been a core theme for academics and p...

Undulatory swimming in flowing media like water is well-studied, but little is known about loco-motion in environments that are permanently deformed by body–substrate interactions like snakes in sand, eels in mud, and nematode worms in rotting fruit. We study the desert-specialist snakeChion-actis occipitalistraversing granular matter and find body inertia is negligible despite rapid transit and speed dependent granular reaction forces. New surface resistive force theory (RFT) calculation reveals how this snakes wave shape minimizes memory effects and optimizes escape performance given physiological limitations (power). RFT explains the morphology and waveform dependent performance of a diversity of non-sand-specialist, but overpredicts the capability of snakes with high slip. Robophysical experiments recapitulate aspects of these failure-prone snakes and elucidate how reencountering previously remodeled material hinders performance. This study reveals how memory effects stymied the locomotion of a diversity of snakes in our previous studies [Marvi et al, Science, 2014] and suggests the existence of a predictive model for history-dependent granular physics.

This paper aimed to testing whether from-origin and to-destination mean of transportationchoiceareaffectednumberofpassengerfrequencyonTransSemarang’s Bus. The mean of transportation including walk, hitch, motorbike taxi, para-transit, bus, and private vehicles. Researcher also measured the availability of transportation mean alternative effect for the same dependent variable. Data were collected using Likert based questionnaire. Surveys were conducted on 6 Trans Semarang Route. Data validation based on bar-plot graphical validation and non-parametric test (Kruskal Wallis test and Pearson’s Chi-squared test). Validation result confirm that there are no evidence that variability in from-origin and to-destination mode choice affected passenger frequency. Strong statistical evidence accept null-hypothesis. Keywords: passengers, frequency, mode choice, significance.

This paper proposes the simulation model for ticket system of Bangkok rapid transit train. The proposed analysis model is applied by using queuing theory to analyze main queuing delay problem rapid transit train ticket machines. This analysis model has been developed by using python programing language to create software tool for analyzing the existing ticket system comparing with the desire variable condition or redesign the ticket system. Since, proposed software tool use for analyze the effect of existing ticket system by modification to visualize the queuing, delay time, waiting time and etc. The software tool with the simulation model can visualize the 2D animation results and graph for analyzation. The proposed analysis model could be used to any rapid transit train ticket system for impact analysis own existing ticket system.

Rapid transit systems or metros are a popular choice for high-capacity public transport in urban areas due to several advantages including safety, dependability, speed, cost, and lower risk of accidents. Existing studies on metros have not considered appropriate holistic urban transport models and integrated use of cutting-edge technologies. This paper proposes a comprehensive approach toward large-scale and faster prediction of metro system characteristics by employing the integration of four leading-edge technologies: big data, deep learning, in-memory computing, and Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). Using London Metro as a case study, and the Rolling Origin and Destination Survey (RODS) (real) dataset, we predict the number of passengers for six time intervals (a) using various access transport modes to reach the train stations (buses, walking, etc.), (b) using various egress modes to travel from the metro station to their next points of interest (PoIs), (c) traveling between different origin-destination (OD) pairs of stations, and (d) against the distance between the OD stations. The prediction allows better spatiotemporal planning of the whole urban transport system, including the metro subsystem, and its various access and egress modes. The paper contributes novel deep learning models, algorithms, implementation, analytics methodology, and software tool for analysis of metro systems.

El Paso, TX, USA and Ciudad Juarez, Mexico form the largest bi-national metropolitan area in the United States and Mexico. Currently, both cities rely on separate public transit bus networks that are not linked and the only cross-border connection is available through three major international bridges opened for cars and pedestrian traffic. In 2017, the City of El Paso adopted the Resilience Strategic Plan to make El Paso smarter. The plan proposes among others the development of Rapid Transit System Corridors in El Paso. This paper presents a high-level proposal how a passenger rail system could be used to complement the existing and future Bus Rapid Transit system as well as local circulator bus system. The proposed rail network is intended for passenger transportation in El Paso, but also beyond into the surrounding region including a cross-border link to Ciudad Juarez, without which the network cannot be considered complete.

The popularity of real-time on-demand transit as a fast evolving mobility service has paved the way to explore novel solutions for point-to-point transit requests. In addition, strict government regulations on greenhouse gas emission calls for energy efficient transit solutions. To this end, we propose an on-demand public transit system using a fleet of heterogeneous electric vehicles, which provides real-time service to passengers by linking a zone to a predetermined rapid transit node. Subsequently, we model the problem using a Genetic Algorithm, which generates routes and schedules in real-time while minimizing passenger travel time. Experiments performed using a real map show that the proposed algorithm not only generates near-optimal results but also advances the state-of-the-art at a marginal cost of computation time. National Research Foundation (NRF) This research project is partially funded by the National Research Foundation Singapore under its Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) programme with the Technical University of Munich at TUMCREATE.

Metro and other rapid transit systems increase the mobility of urban populations while decreasing congestion and pollution. There are now 191 cities with a metro system in the world, 49 of which were inaugurated in the twenty-first century. The design of a rapid transit system is a hard problem involving several players, multiple objectives, sizeable costs and a high level of uncertainty. Operational research techniques cannot fully solve the problem, but they can generate alternative solutions among which the decision makers can choose, and be employed to solve some specific subproblems. The scientific literature on rapid transit location planning has grown at a fast rate over the past 20 years. In this chapter an account of some of the most important results are provided. First the main objectives and indices used in the assessment of rapid transit systems are described. Then the main models and algorithms used to design such systems are reviewed. The case of a single alignment and of a full network are treated separately. Then follows a section on the location of stations on an already existing network.

Investigating congestion in train rapid transit system (RTS) in today’s urban is demanded by both the operators and the public. Increase traffic data availability can be obtained from travel smart card and allowed to investigate the congestion of RTS. Artificial neural network are employed to do prediction on traffic. However the imbalance of data is a challenge to make an efficient prediction on congestion of RTS. This work proposes a Weighted Resample Deep Neural Network (WRDNN) model to predict the congestion level of RTS. The case study of RTS of one city of US indicate that the model introduced in this work can effectively predicting the congestion level of RTS with the 90% accuracy..

In practice, the process of transportation planning is shaped by more than technical factors. This paper analyzes how different factors (demand, local conditions, financial, social, and political) have influenced all of the rapid transit projects in Ecuador over the past three decades by evaluating their relative significance on each system component (alignment, size, and technology). This research uses a multiple-case methodology including in-depth interviews with the senior members of the technical teams, as well as a survey component based on the analytic hierarchy process for quantification of the relative significance of the factors. The comparative analysis of projects shows five key results: (1) Each project was unique and external factors introduced a varying degree of complexity into each planning process; (2) The systems’ alignments and sizes were mostly driven by demand and local conditions (rational planning process); (3) The main factor driving technology selection has evolved over time from system demand to political (political bargaining approach); (4) Negative economic conditions had a large influence on the factors of all project components; (5) There is a lack of rational alternative evaluation and an absence of corresponding tools/guidelines in Ecuador. Nonetheless, several processes included practices that contributed to a more rational planning process: lifecycle cost analysis for the various technology alternatives, explicit decision-maker guidelines, transferring the demand risk to the private sector, and the use of multicriteria decision analysis. Implications for future planning efforts are discussed.

This paper presents the development of detailed simulation models to study short-circuit protection of on-board dc auxiliary systems in a rapid transit train. As the investigation of protection solutions during the testing phases is costly, it is necessary to perform detailed protection analysis earlier in order to detect potential protection issues. This requires modeling the behavior of batteries, auxiliary converters, and the detection and arcing mechanisms of protection devices in detail, as shown in this paper. The protection device under consideration in this study is the molded-case circuit breakers (MCCBs) equipped with adjustable thermomagnetic trip unit which are widely used in the railway industry. To maintain battery system availability, they are selected, sized, and adjusted to avoid false tripping during emergency conditions. However, they must also be sensitive enough to detect the limited available fault current which is specific to rapid transit train dc auxiliary systems. Tolerances on the detection time of thermomagnetic units may be unacceptable as shown in this study. In order to overcome this problem, electronic trip unit assistance to conventional thermomagnetic-type MCCBs is proposed and the requirements for such a device are evaluated using the detailed simulation platform.

Energy is becoming an increasingly important topic in all transport systems. However, when evaluating alternative methods for the optimisation of energy use, it is vital to obtain a thorough understanding of the energy flows within the system. While new systems generally have comprehensive automatic energy metering and monitoring of their components, there is much legacy infrastructure without this capability. This article develops a methodology to determine a breakdown of energy use for the Tyne and Wear Metro, the results of which are compared with other railway systems. This is complemented by an investigation into the energy consumption of stabled rolling stock.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the use of different self-reported measures for assessing the human response to environmental vibration from the construction of an urban LRT (Light Rapid Transit) system. The human response to environmental stressors such as vibration and noise is often expressed in terms of exposure–response relationships that describe annoyance as a function of the magnitude of the vibration. These relationships are often the basis of noise and vibration policy and the setting of limit values. This paper examines measures other than annoyance by expressing exposure–response relationships for vibration in terms of self-reported concern about property damage and acceptability. The exposure–response relationships for concern about property damage and for acceptability are then compared with those for annoyance. It is shown that concern about property damage occurs at vibration levels well below those where there is any risk of damage. Earlier research indicated that concern for damage is an important moderator of the annoyance induced. Acceptability, on the other hand, might be influenced by both annoyance and concern, as well as by other considerations. It is concluded that exposure–response relationships expressing acceptability as a function of vibration exposure could usefully complement existing relationships for annoyance in future policy decisions regarding environmental vibration. The results presented in this paper are derived from data collected through a socio-vibration survey (N = 321) conducted for the construction of an urban LRT in the United Kingdom.

Today, drug nanocrystals are frequently used as a formulation strategy for improving the solubility and dissolution of poorly soluble drug materials. It is well known that when drug particles are in the nanometer size range their dissolution rate and saturated solubility can both be substantially increased. However, turning the superior dissolution in vitro into bioavailability benefits in vivo , can be problematic. Various in vivo conditions, such as changes in pH in the GI tract, as well as rapid transit through the GI tract may cause problems for permeability. Accordingly, after successful nanocrystallization, it is of the utmost importance to perform the formulation studies carefully. In this review, the production of nanocrystals and their most commonly studied delivery routes are discussed, while keeping in mind in vitro in vivo correlation.

Air quality inside transportation carriages has become a public concern. A comprehensive measurement campaign was conducted to examine the commuters’ exposure to PM2.5 (dp ⩽ 2.5 μm) and CO2 in Shanghai metro system under different conditions. The PM2.5 and CO2 concentrations inside all the measured metro lines were observed at 84 ± 42 μg/m3 and 1253.1 ± 449.1 ppm, respectively. The factors that determine the in-carriage PM2.5 and CO2 concentrations were quantitatively investigated. The metro in-carriage PM2.5 concentrations were significantly affected by the ventilation systems, out-carriage PM2.5 concentrations and the passenger numbers. The largest in-carriage PM2.5 and CO2 concentrations were observed at 132 μg/m3 and 1855.0 ppm inside the carriages equipped with the oldest ventilation systems. The average PM2.5 and CO2 concentrations increased by 24.14% and 9.93% as the metro was driven from underground to overground. The average in-carriage PM2.5 concentrations increased by 17.19% and CO2 concentration decreased by 16.97% as the metro was driven from urban to the suburban area. It was found that PM2.5 concentration is proportional to the on-board passenger number at a ratio of 0.4 μg/m3·passenger. A mass-balance model was developed to estimate the in-carriage PM2.5 concentration under different driving conditions.

Research on US cities has connected the concentration of public transit with various neighbourhood outcomes, but it remains unclear whether public transit was more attractive to lower or higher income households. Some research found neighbourhoods with public transportation were more attractive to lower income households, likely because such households could not afford private transportation. Closer examination suggested that the type of transit was important, as lower income households were more likely to use buses while higher income households were more likely to use rapid transit. A key limitation of existing research on transit and neighbourhood household income was that it did not adequately control for variation over time. The current study addresses this limitation by assessing how the concentration of subway and bus stops predicted variation in median household income in New York City during the 2000s. Results of cross-sectional regressions partially confirm the findings of previous research that lower income households corresponded to areas characterised by higher concentrations of bus stops. Longitudinal results, however, indicate that the concentration of different forms of transit was uniquely associated with changes in neighbourhood median household income, independent of other neighbourhood changes.

Long-term problems with faecal incontinence occur in up to 50 % of patients after pull-through for Hirschsprung disease (HSCR). The cause often remains unknown, leading to empirical treatments. Using nuclear transit study, we found some patients surprisingly had rapid proximal colonic transit, suspicious of occult diarrhoea. We aimed to assess whether these patients had unrecognized adverse reactions to food. Patients (n = 10, all males, 9.6 year; 4.25–15.5 years) with persistent faecal incontinence following pull-through for HSCR referred to the senior author and after exclusion of anatomical defects, underwent nuclear transit studies. Most (8) subsequently underwent breath hydrogen tests for sugar malabsorption and were tested for adverse reactions to food. Exclusion diets for protein allergens, lactose or fructose were then trialed. Of the 10 patients with rapid intestinal transit proven on nuclear transit study, breath hydrogen tests for fructose and/or lactose malabsorption were done in 8, and were positive in 7/8 patients. Exclusion diets contributed to either resolution or improvement in faecal incontinence in 9/10 patients. Rapid transit in the proximal, ganglionated colon may be present in children with faecal incontinence following pull-through for HSCR, possibly secondary to adverse reactions to food. This study suggests that children with post-operative soiling may benefit from a transit study and hydrogen breath tests to diagnose adverse reactions to food caused by sugar malabsorption.

Rapid transit network design is highly dependent on the future system usage. These spatially distributed systems are vulnerable to disruptions: during daily operations different incidents may occur. Despite the unpredictable nature of them, effective mitigation methods from an engineering perspective should be designed. In this paper, we present two new approaches to the rapid transit network design problem. The first one aims at minimizing the impacts of the worst scenario in the network operation. The second one takes into account different risk profiles and also minimizes the impacts of the worst scenario across all the risk profiles.

Most previous studies that examine the controversies involved in transit subsidies concentrate on large metropolitan areas in the United States. The main contribution of this article to the extant literature is that it investigates bus ridership data in small- and medium-sized US cities, which has been primarily ignored in earlier literature. The article also analyzes data on bus commuters, subway commuters, and walkers to workplaces in the eight largest cities with extensive subway systems and 22 other large cities. The analysis employs the 2010 US Census (IPUMS data). Generally, the characteristics of subway commuters are quite different from those of bus commuters. The characteristics of walkers in all the US cities are very similar to those who commute by bus.

Identifying and measuring the land value uplift (LVU) impacts of rapid transit are important for a number of reasons. However, despite the general notion that rapid transit does confer positive LVU benefits, our comprehensive and critical review of more than 130 analyses across 60 studies completed in North America over the past 40 years finds significant heterogeneity in research outcomes, leaving many significant questions unanswered. Beyond high-level differences in study inputs, we argue that a fundamental source of variability is a lack of empirical specificity from the use of proximity as the dominant way in which LVU benefits are captured. This use of a proxy leads to the potential for omitted variables and unobserved relationships, and exposes previous work to the potential for misvalued results. To overcome this issue, we outline recommendations for future research, namely a recognition of relative accessibility and the possibility of LVU impacts from transit-oriented development. Incorpo...

This article focuses on the use of computational tools to provide dynamic assessment and optimized arrangements while planning and discussing interventions in urban areas. The objective is to address the use of algorithmic systems for generating and evaluating urban morphologies guided by Transit-Oriented Development principles. Transit-Oriented Development is an urban development model that considers geometric and measurable parameters for designing sustainable cities. It advocates compact mixed-use neighborhoods within walking distance to a variety of transportation options and amenities, seeking to result in optimized infrastructure provision and energy-efficient low-carbon districts. This article presents algorithmic experiments for the optimization of a rapid transit district, through its urban morphology and services’ location, providing an accurate Transit-Oriented Development modeling. The main findings of this study highlight that the combination of Transit-Oriented Development and algorithmic–parametric tools has the potential to significantly contribute to a process of responsible planning and, ultimately, to mitigate global warming.

In high-income cities, the availability of affordable rental housing in locations served by fast and frequent public transportation enables low-income households access to more opportunities, including jobs, without the costs of owning and operating automobiles. This study operationalizes a residual income approach to identify market rental housing that is affordable to two household configurations (couples with children and couples without children) in two categories below the median income. The study is carried out on Canada’s least and most expensive major metropolitan housing markets, Montreal and Vancouver. In addition to spatially disaggregating the results into inside and outside rapid transit walking catchments, the results are spatially disaggregated into four zones (Urban Core, Inner City, Inner Suburbs, and Outer Suburbs). Implications of the uneven distribution of affordable rentals with respect to transit access are discussed.

This paper develops a reliability-based formulation for rapid transit network design under demand uncertainty. We use the notion of service reliability to confine the stochastic demand into a bounded uncertainty set that the rapid transit network is designed to cover. To evaluate the outcome of the service reliability chosen, flexible services are introduced to carry the demand overflow that exceeds the capacity of the rapid transit network such designed. A two-phase stochastic program is formulated, in which the transit line alignments and frequencies are determined in phase 1 for a specified level of service reliability; whereas in phase 2, flexible services are determined depending on the demand realization to capture the cost of demand overflow. Then the service reliability is optimized to minimize the combined rapid transit network cost obtained in phase 1, and the flexible services cost and passenger cost obtained in phase 2. The transit line alignments and passenger flows are studied under the principles of system optimal (SO) and user equilibrium (UE). We then develop a two-phase solution algorithm that combines the gradient method and neighborhood search and apply it to a series of networks. The results demonstrate the advantages of utilizing the two-phase formulation to determine the service reliability as compared with the traditional robust formulation that pre-specifies a robustness level.

Fare and frequency determination is essential in transit operations. In this paper, passenger demand is analysed and embodied under distributed passengers’ willingness to pay. The transit operator's objective is defined as a weighted combination of operator's profit and consumer surplus. The closed-form optimal solutions of transit fare and frequency are obtained in the aim of operator's objective. Different cost structures of the transit system are taken into consideration concerning the marginal effect of passenger demand on transit operating cost. The optimal fare and frequency control strategies are then derived in response to a deterministic changing environment where demand fluctuations are caused by the changes of exogenous factors. For stable or gradually varying situations of exogenous factors, they are determined by implicit equations based on optimal solutions; while for abrupt changing situations, they are determined by the gradient field of the transit operator's objective. A case study for daily optimal operation control of a rapid transit service is demonstrated.

Hurricanes Irene and Sandy had a significant impact on New York City; the result was devastating damage to the New York City transportation systems, which took days, even months to recover. This study explored posthurricane recovery patterns of the roadway and subway systems of New York City on the basis of data for taxi trips and for subway turnstile ridership. Both data sets were examples of big data with millions of individual ridership records per month. The spatiotemporal variations of transportation system recovery behavior were investigated by using neighborhood tabulation areas as units of analysis. Recovery curves were estimated for each evacuation zone category to model time-dependent recovery patterns of the roadway and subway systems. The recovery rate for Hurricane Sandy was found to be lower than that for Hurricane Irene. In addition, the results indicate a higher resilience of the road network compared with the subway network. The methodology proposed in this study can be used to evaluate the resilience of transportation systems with respect to natural disasters and the findings can provide government agencies with useful insights into emergency management.

In the case of a metro disruption, the planned timetable cannot be operated and a large number of passengers are left stranded in the stations. When the disruption is over, some stations may be skipped in the recovery period, which speeds up the circulation of trains and makes the number of stranded passengers reduce faster. Considering an over-crowded and time-dependent passenger flow, this paper proposes an optimization model to reschedule a metro line. To achieve a balance between theoretical validity and computational convenience, the optimization model is decomposed, and an iterative algorithm is proposed to solve the model. Numerical experiments based on the Beijing Metro are carried out, the results of which verify the effectiveness and efficiency of our method.

As shown by the popularity of the rapid train in the Seoul Metro Line No. 9, the demand for the rapidization of the metro transit has been continuously increased. However, it needs tremendous cost to construct new additional infrastructures to the existing line for the rapidization. In order to overcome the problem, utilizing the existing infrastructures such as crossing tracks as railroad sidetracks can be considered to be a good method of reducing the cost. In this case, there is a way exploiting the existing train as an express train and the advanced train, which increases both acceleration and deceleration, as a local train, but achievable acceleration and deceleration have not been analyzed rigorously. In this paper, we analyze feasible ranges and optimal values of both acceleration and deceleration of the advanced train analytically when we consider the rapidization of the metro transit utilizing the existing infrastructures and verify the results in Seoul Metro Line No. 3. Simulation results show ranges and optimal values of achievable acceleration and deceleration exist when minimum gap between an express train and a local train is smaller than 40 seconds. Language: ko

The IEEE Vehicular Technology Society had a very successful conference in Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom, in May 2015. Attendees had an opportunity to sample the Glasgow Subway, the third-oldest underground rapid transit line in the world, after London and Budapest. Figure 1(a) and (b) shows the Glasgow Subway.

The association between traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) exposure and cardiovascular effects has been reported in previous epidemiological studies. However, the effects of different commuting modes on TRAP exposure and TRAP-induced cardiovascular effects in healthy adults during commuting are not well known. We recruited 120 healthy adults in Taipei, Taiwan. Each participant was classified by his/her own commuting style, including electrically powered subway, gasoline-powered bus, gasoline-powered car, gasoline-powered scooter, walking, and walking wearing a facemask. Six repeated measurements of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), heart rate (HR), urinary 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5), temperature, humidity and noise level were conducted for each participant between 09:00 am and 10:00 am in six different commuting modes. Mixed-effects models were used to investigate the association between PM2.5 and cardiovascular effects. The results showed that personal exposure to PM2.5 was associated with increased SBP (W: 6.5%; Sc: 7.9%), HR (W: 3.4%; Sc: 6.4%) and urinary 8-OHdG (W: 8.1%; Sc: 8.9%) in the walking (W) mode and scooter (Sc) mode. The PM2.5 level (Mean ± SD) was the highest in the scooter mode (53.6 ± 26.1 μg/m3) but the lowest in the subway mode (21.7 ± 5.8 μg/m3). The effects of PM2.5 on cardiovascular endpoints were not statistically significant in the subway mode. Additionally, no significant association was noted among PM2.5, BP and HR in the walking wearing a facemask mode. We concluded that traffic-related PM2.5 was associated with cardiovascular effects. We encourage commuters to commute using public rapid transit systems instead of riding scooters/motorcycles during rush hours.

The extensive use of oral dosage forms for the treatment of diseases may be linked to deficient pharmacokinetic properties. In some cases the drug is barely soluble; in others, the rapid transit of the formulation through the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) makes it difficult to achieve therapeutic levels in the organism; moreover, some drugs must act locally due to a gastric pathology, but the time they remain in the stomach is short. The use of formulations capable of improving all these parameters, as well as increasing the resident time in the stomach, has been the target of numerous research works, with low-density systems being the most promising and widely explored, however, there is further scope to improve these systems. There are a vast variety of polymeric materials used in low-density gastroretentive systems and a number of methods to improve the bioavailability of the drugs. This works aims to expedite the development of breakthrough approaches by providing an in-depth understanding of the polymeric materials currently used, both natural and synthetic, their properties, advantages, and drawbacks España Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades Grants MAT2012-38044C03-01 and MAT2016-77345-C3-2-P España Junta de Andalucía (Grant P12-FPM-1553)

Improvement of residential areas with low accessibility to crucial destinations (e.g., hospitals, schools, markets, and recreation centers) is expected to improve traffic flow and reduce energy consumption and CO2 emissions. This study intends to evaluate the multi-criteria accessibility measure of residential areas to key destinations in Metro Manila, using the gravity method and applying it to understand its impact on household vehicle ownership and energy consumption. The main findings suggest that improving residential area access to key services and facilities (i.e., hospitals, schools, markets, and recreation centers) not only enhances the equitable development of society but also discourages household vehicle dependency. Additionally, the highest multi-criteria accessibility is observed for areas with the presence of high rail line density, specifically in the most populated part of Metro Manila because of many educational institutions, medical centers and hospitals, and markets and shopping malls are located around the train stations and along the rail lines. Furthermore, households living in an area with high multi-criteria accessibility are less likely to acquire and use vehicles. A 1% improvement of accessibility reduced the energy consumption by 38.470 MJ/month-vehicle, CO2 emission by 2.851 kg/month-vehicle, and vehicle kilometers traveled by 12.043 km/month-vehicle. Based on the empirical findings, policy implications recommend building more key facilities in residential areas having the lowest accessibility. The lowest accessibility areas are also geospatially visualized to support policymakers and urban planners.

This study estimates households’ willingness to pay for single-family houses and condominiums/townhouses located within 2 miles of Warm Springs (WS) BART Station in Fremont, CA. The study finds that, compared to the houses sold in the control distance band (2–5 miles away), an average-priced single-family house within 2 miles of the WS BART Station was higher in price by 9 to 15 percent. The total property value increment for the single-family houses is large enough to fund the $802 million Warm Springs BART Extension Project cost five times over.

Dynamic expansion of the extensive network of facilities of the Moscow Metro prompts the development of relevant control techniques that would facilitate the commissioning of transport and related facilities in a timely manner and at an appropriate quality level subject to the effective safety and reliability legislative requirements. This article describes the prerequisites for development of comprehensive technical inspection of metro facilities with reference to the supporting regulatory and technical base. The study primarily deals with the criteria, tolerances and control methods with respect to components of tunnel linings and other underground structures of rapid transit systems due to the apparent great significance of these structures in ensuring safety and reliability of future facilities after commissioning. Arguments are also given for the need for such technical surveying with account of the current situation in terms of the quality of prefabricated linings supplied and used in metro facilities.

The endeavor of suburban transit agencies to improve operation efficiency and transit experience still faces significant challenges due to the long waiting time caused by low service frequency, as well as the lack of connectivity between different transit modes. This work proposes an integrated dynamic transit operation (IDTO) system solution to support enhanced operations of multimodal public transit involving rail rapid transit, bus and on-demand transit. The IDTO system enables the commuter to interact with the transit systems on real-time travel needs and trip options by providing dynamic transit applications including transfer connection protection (T-CONNECT) and dynamic travel management (T-DISP). An IDTO prototype with T-CONNECT capability is developed by implementing a dynamic bus holding control strategy that incorporates dynamic inter-stop trip times and passengers' demand. Field operational test results from real world multi-line bus system and rail transit system indicate that the proposed IDTO can effectively improve the success rate of transfers and reduce the commuters' waiting time during transfer.

In this article, the authors contend that contemporary urban streets are over-regulated, preoccupied with surveillance, commercial requirements and rapid transit, aesthetically homogeneous and sensually sterile. As an exemplary site of contrast, the article focuses on the recently redesigned Blackpool Promenade. First, it argues that this redesign honours the resort’s popular traditions, its potent heritage and the importance of innovation. Second, it explores how the promenade fosters playful interactions, conviviality and lingering. Third, the article focuses on sensory attributes that enhance the experience of promenaders.

Change of land use and land cover caused by population growth and accessibility to transportation will decrease land availability for different purposes as well as land quality. Statistical data in DKI Jakarta Province shows that population growth in 2016 is 1.07%, this population growth is less than population growth during 2000 – 2010. This population growth decrease is affected by the community, which now choose to live in surrounding areas such as Bogor, Depok Tangerang, and Bekasi. This buffer area of Jakarta is developed to become a settlement and commercial area. The objective of this study is to analyze changes in land use and land cover in the area passed by Light Rapid Transit (LRT) Jabodebek in the corridor of Cawang – Bogor and to evaluate the impact of such change in environment. The study was conducted in the area passed by LRT Jabodebek corridor Cawang - Bogor. This study uses SPOT imagery of 2014 and 2018. Land use and land cover change resulting from classification were modelized using CA-Markov. The results of the study showed that open land decrease by 0.84%. The Settlement area and commercial area increase by 0.35% and 0.48%. Changed in land use and land cover was detected mostly caused by the development of the business regions. New commercial areas resulting from this process should be integrated into local transportation for increasing environmental efficiency.

We consider the problem of scheduling the construction of a railway rapid transit transportation network. We assume that the network topology is already known. The problem consists of sequencing the construction tasks in order to maximize the long term profit of the project. The problem can be viewed as a resource-constrained project scheduling problem, where both the budget and available construction equipment act as resources influencing the schedule. Since lines segments can be put into operation as soon as they are finished, both the costs and the revenues are dependent on the schedule. We propose a quadratic integer programming model which is solved to optimality by branch-and-cut. To illustrate the methodology we apply the model to the construction of the Metro network of the city of Seville, and we perform sensitivity analyses on several model parameters.

Station indicators help passengers navigate their way to their desired station. Consistent, concise, and correct information provided by the station indicators is vital for passengers to be able to navigate their way. However, no evaluation has been done on the three identified visual and auditory station indicators used in a rapid transit system in the Philippines, namely the route maps found inside the trains, the station name signs found on station platforms, and the announcement of the station names by the driver. A survey of 323 passengers of the rapid transit was conducted, showing that 24.15% of which had experienced alighting at wrong stations, leading to lost time and money, and unnecessary stress. To evaluate the effectiveness of the station indicators, a simulation for new passengers was conducted. Nine participants who have never ridden the rapid transit, and were unfamiliar with the landmarks found along the route were asked to ride and alight on a specific station of the rapid transit. A modified system usability scale was used as a post-test questionnaire to measure the usability of the station indicators. Among the three, only the station name sign was found to be an effective station indicator.

Investment in high-quality public transport infrastructure has been severely lacking in the UK for many years, and particularly in the smaller urban areas and their hinterlands beyond the main cities. These areas often have poor public transport services, residents have quite poor levels of accessibility to employment, services and activities, and in response have become significantly more car-dependent. Public transport provision, including light rapid transit, is much more effectively provided in smaller urban areas in France and Germany, providing examples of how services might be developed in the UK. This chapter examines public transport provision in the UK, and the problems of providing funding for projects. In comparison, two cases are explored where high-quality networks have been developed: Valenciennes’ single-track tramway system and Kassel’s RegioTram system. The opportunities and barriers concerning the development of these types of systems in the UK are explored.

Since the metropolitan rapid transit construction is mainly shield tunneling and deep excavation, it is important to select proper interruptive protection method to prevent the impact of its construction on the existing structures and vice versa. This research first determines the criteria and sub-criteria to be used in the initial assessment framework for the protection of the existing structures and tunneling excavation, and then it establishes the final assessing framework by using Delphi method. Furthermore, the Analytic Hierarchical Process is used to determine the relative weights of elements of each level in the hierarchical structure of assessment framework. Thereafter, an interruptive protection method scoring table can be established. Finally, the selection process is presented by using a study case.

In service, railway tracks must withstand transverse and longitudinal forces arising from running vehicles and thermal loads. The mechanical design adopting any of the track models available in the technical literature requires that the strength of the track is fully characterized. In this paper, the results of an experimental research activity on the sleeper-ballast resistance along the lateral and the longitudinal directions are reported and discussed. In particular, the work is aimed at identifying the strength contributions offered by the base, the ballast between the sleepers, and the ballast shoulder to the global resistance of the track in the horizontal plane. These latter quantities were experimentally determined by means of an ad hoc system designed by the authors. Field tests were carried out on a series of track sections that were built to simulate scenarios in which the ballast was removed from the crib and/or the shoulder. The results of this study indicate that, as far as the scenarios here investigated are concerned, the strength percent contributions from the crib, the sleeper base and the shoulder are respectively equal to about 50%, 25%, and 25% in the lateral direction, and 60%, 30%, and 10% in the longitudinal one. Moreover, the comparison of the acquired data with literature results reveals that a detailed knowledge both of the testing conditions and the activated ballast failure mechanisms are needed in order to correctly use test data for design purpose.

The effects of urban transport policies on household welfare are a broadly understudied topic in developing countries. This paper analyzes the distributional effects of a newly established bus rapid transit system in Barranquilla, Colombia. The paper uses pooled cross-sectional household survey data, analyzed by block, over 2008-15 and a difference-in-differences approach. The analysis shows that, in proximity to newly opened stations, poor households were replaced by households in the middle and upper socioeconomic strata. These results suggest that the designers of the system, despite the generally positive assessment of the system, may have overlooked the distributional consequences. Moreover, the paper shows that any results on outcomes that may be directly affected by the related policy will be biased due to urban displacement.

Cities worldwide are implementing modern transit systems to improve mobility in the increasingly congested metropolitan areas. Despite much research on the effects of such systems, a comparison of effects across transit modes and countries has not been studied comprehensively. This paper fills this gap in the literature by reviewing and comparing the effects obtained by 86 transit systems around the world, including Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), Light Rail Transit (LRT), metro and heavy rail transit systems. The analysis is twofold by analysing (i) the direct operational effects related to travel time, ridership and modal shifts, and (ii) the indirect strategic effects in terms of effects on property values and urban development. The review confirms the existing literature suggesting that BRT can attract many passengers if travel time reductions are significantly high. This leads to attractive areas surrounding the transit line with increasing property values. Such effects are traditionally associated with attractive rail-based public transport systems. However, a statistical comparison of 41 systems did not show significant deviations between effects on property values resulting from BRT, LRT and metro systems, respectively. Hence, this paper indicates that large strategic effects can be obtained by implementing BRT systems at a much lower cost.

First/Last mile gaps are a significant hurdle in large scale adoption of public transit systems. Recently, demand responsive transit systems have emerged as a preferable solution to first/last mile problem. However, existing work requires significant computation time or advance bookings. Hence, we propose a public transit system linking the neighborhoods to a rapid transit node using a fleet of demand responsive electric vehicles, which reacts to passenger demand in real-time. Initially, the system is modeled using an optimal mathematical formulation. Owing to the complexity of the model, we then propose a hybrid genetic algorithm that computes results in real-time with an average accuracy of 98%. Further, results show that the proposed system saves travel time up to 19% compared to the existing transit services. National Research Foundation (NRF) This research project is partially funded by the National Research Foundation Singapore under its Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) programme with the Technical University of Munich at TUMCREATE.