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A series of copolymers N-cyclohexylacrylamide(NCA) and 2,4-dicholorophenyl acrylate(2,4-DCPA) were prepared by free radical polymerization. The copolymer compositions were determined by 1H-NMR analysis. The reactivity ratios of monomers were determined by Fineman-Ross and KelenTudos methods. The reactivity ratios r1.r2 = 0.4 value indicates the formation of random copolymers. Tg found to increase with increasing feed content of DCPA. The antimicrobial studies showed that the copolymers are active against both Bacteria and Fungi. Moreover these copolymers showed excellent antifungal activity. Introduction The synthesis and development of antimicrobial polymers is one of the leading frontiers of research in polymer science. With this view, in our earlier work N-cyclohexylacrylamide was copolymerized with 8-quinolinyl acrylate1, 2,4-DCPMA2. Copolymers with different feed ratio were prepared and characterized by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The reactivity ratios of monomers were determined by Fineman-Ross , Kelen-Tudos and ext-Kelen-Tudos . The r1.r2value indicates the formation of random copolymers. It shows antimicrobial activity. In the present work, the synthesis of N-cyclohexylacrylamide and 2,4-dichlorophenylacrylate copolymers in different feed ratio by free radical polymerization was undertaken. The prepared copolymers were characterized by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Copolymer composition was obtained from 1H-NMR data monomer reactivity ratios were determined by FinemanRoss3, Kelen-Tudos4 and ext.Kelen-Tudos5 methods. Experimental Preparation of N-cyclohexylacrylamide (NCA) The monomer N-cyclohexylacrylamide6 was prepared by the reaction of cyclohexanol with acrylonitrile. N-cyclohexylacrylamide was recrystallized in warm dry benzene. The white crystals have amp.115◦ C and the yield was -87%. The monomer was confirmed by both 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. Preparation of 2,4-dichlorophenyl acrylate (2,4-DCPA) The 2,4-dichlorophenyl acrylate was prepared by the reactions of 2,4-dichlorophenol with Acryloyl chloride. Acryloyl chloride was prepared by reacting acrylic acid with benzoyl chloride. Absolute ethanol (400ml) and NaOH (0.2 mol) were added to a three-necked flask that was equipped with stirrer, condenser and thermometer. The flask was placed in a water bath and the contents were stirred until all the NaOH was dissolved. 2,4-dichlorophenol (0.2 mol ) was added to the reaction mixture, which was then heated to room temp. and then cooled to 0-5oC by ice. Freshly prepared acryloyl chloride (0.2 mol ) was added drop wise to the cooled reaction mixture and stirred for 90 min. The mixture was then poured in to a crushed-ice. Light yellow colored precipitate separated out. The product was filtered, washed thoroughly with cold water and recrystallized from petroleum ether. Copolymerization Copolymers of N-cyclohexylacrylamide (NCA) and 2,4 dichlorophenylacrylate (2,4 DCPA) were prepared by free radical polymerization in methanol/Water medium at 600C using AIBN as initiator ( Scheme-1). Characterization of Copolymer The 1H-NMR spectrum of copolymer, poly (NCA-co-DCPA) is shown in Figure 1 and the following peaks are appear in the copolymer spectrum : at 1.34 – 2.47 ppm for cyclohexyl CH2 group , at 3.71ppm for backbone CH2 , at 6.9 – 7.5 ppm due to DCPA aromatic protons. Determination of copolymer composition The copolymer composition was determined by 1H-NMR spectral analysis of the copolymer.. The 2,4-dichloro phenyl peak area7 is used to determine the copolymer composition. Resonance signal at 6.9-7.5 ppm corresponds to aromatic proton, and their integrated intensity of this peak is compared to the total intensities of all the peaks in the copolymer spectrum, which is a measure of their relative areas. The copolymer compositions can be obtained using where X= mole fraction and A= peak area. Determination of reactivity ratio of Poly (NCA-co-DCPA) Monomer reactivity ratios provide a tool for estimating the average compositions of copolymers and the relative placement of reactive or functional monomers along the polymer chain8. The significant parameters of F-R and K-T equation are presented in Table-1 and extended K-T parameters in Table-2. The reactivity ratios for NCA (r1) and DCPA (r2) from the F-R plot (Figure 2) , K-T plot (Figure 3),and extended K-T plot (Figure 4) are given in Table-3. The value of r1 is less than 1 and r2 is greater than 1. DCPA is found to be more active than NCA. The system is lying in the range 0 1. The nature of the copolymer sequence is random. The r1. r2 = 0.4 value indicates the formation of random copolymers, but it is closer to zero than to unity. The more the diverse from unity, the less random the distribution will be9. Thermal Studies Thermal behaviours of Poly(NCA-co-DCPA) is shown Table-4. It is observed that all the copolymers undergo double stage decomposition. Initial weight loss may be due to moisture content. The decomposition at stage-1 occurs in the region 200-390 C due to scission of ester/amide linkages and stage-2 at 390-480 C occurs due to main chain degradation and breakdown of the polymer backbone. Weight loss at stage-2 increases as the mole fraction of DCPA increases. Tg also found to increase with increasing feed content of DCPA.

As dams are large structures often constructed on rock formations exhibiting material non-homogeneity, anisotropy and non-linear behavior, a complete stress-deformation analysis is required to arrive at a proper design. Shear zones and seams encountered in the rock foundation of these structures are responsible for undesirable deformations and stress concentrations in the dam-foundation system. The presence of shear seam at any location and inclinations weakens the dam-foundation system. As the deformations and stress distribution in the foundation are highly influenced by the locations and inclinations of shear seam, intensive analysis of each cases need to be carried out. The paper presents a discontinuum analysis of a dam-foundation system under the influence of shear seam originating at heel and toe of the dam has been carried out using distinct element method. The inclination of the seam is considered as a critical parameter in defining the stress-deformation response of a dam-foundation system. The paper focuses on the stress-deformation analysis of a dam-foundation system carried out using UDEC.

The occurrence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the elderly individuals has been increasing at an alarming rate throughout the world over the past decade. Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) has been widely used to study the white matter tracts in the human brain and for the estimation of structural connectivity parameters through the progression of the disease. Previous studies using fMRI focus on functional decline and adding on to this, DTI helps in analyzing the topological and structural integrity. Histopathological studies of the disease have revealed that major cortical neuronal loss occurred in Corpus Callosum and Cingulate Gyrus regions of the brain. In this work, DTI images of four AD patients for three progressive years have been obtained and the structural connectivity parameters namely: Fractional Anisotropy (FA), Axial Diffusivity, Radial Diffusivity and Mean Diffusivity have been estimated at the onset of the disease and for the three progressive years. Results show that the FA values decreased in the progressive years for all patients whereas the diffusivity parameters increased every year showing abnormalities in the connectivity parameters.

Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract exhibit a wide anatomic spectrum. These anomalies include renal anomalies and ureteropelvic anomalies, duplex collecting systems, and anomalies of the bladder and urethra. The ureteral anomalies can be of termination, structure, number or position. Duplex renal systems are commoner in females (65% of cases) and occur bilaterally in 20% of cases. Incomplete duplication is three times more common than complete duplication, which is reported to occur in about one of every 500 people. Case presentation In the routine educational dissection in the academic year 2017–2018 in our department of anatomy, in a male cadaver of about 50 years on the right side, two ureters were observed-first ureter(U1) from the hilum and the second ureter(U2) 2 cms below the first ureter (Fig. 1). The U1 was medial to the U2 in its upper course and then crossed two times the U2 from behind and again reached medial to the U2. The two ureters joined and formed a common channel before piercing the ureter. When the right kidney was opened, two separate pelvicalyceal systems were observed. The single ureter was observed on left side. Open in a separate window Fig. 1 Uniteral duplex collecting system of the right kidney with incomplete duplication of ureter.

Black turmeric (Curcuma caesia) is commonly known as kali haldi and it belongs to the family Zingiberaceae. This herb is available throughout north-east, central India, Papi Hills of East Godavari, West Godavari, and Andhra Pradesh. In the traditional system of medicine, fresh and dried rhizomes of Curcuma caesia are used in treating leucoderma, asthma, tumours, piles, bronchitis, bruises etc. The plant was therefore investigated for its bioactive components. The acetone rhizome extract was investigated using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Fifty six compounds were identified in C. ceasia rhizome extract by GC MS. The major compounds identified were 2-Pentanone, 4-hydroxy-4- methyl acid (7.68 %), 4,5,6,6a-Tetrahydro - 2(1H) - pentalenone (7.92 %), trans-2-Decen-1-ol (4.04 %), 5-Benzofuranacetic acid (3.85 %), Hexadecanoic acid (2.59 %), 3,9-Dodecadiyne (2.55 %) and n- Decanoic acid (2.51 %). In the present study, major seven compounds from the acetone rhizome extract of C. caesia were identified by Gas chromatography - Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The biological activities of each of the identified phyto-components range from antimicrobial, antioxidant and antitumoral activities. The research findings have shown that the rhizome of C. caesia is extensively rich in secondary metabolites. These findings have provided scientific basis to the ethnomedical usage of the plant.

The influence of isomorphous replacement in the cation sublattice on the kinetics of the phase transition in single crystals of the solid solutions (Kx(NH4)1 − x)mHn(SO4)(m + n)/2 · yH2O belonging to the K3H(SO4)2-(NH4)3H(SO4)2-H2O salt system was studied. Superproton phase transitions for the end compositions of this system have been found earlier. The optical and thermal properties of crystals with the composition (K,NH4)3H(SO4)2 in the temperature range from 295 to 500 K were investigated, and the crystal structure was determined at 295 K. The results of the study and the comparison with the literature data show that the replacement of potassium atoms with ammonia leads to a fundamental change in the kinetics of the phase transition, the phase-transition temperature remaining virtually unchanged.

This investigation is about the study of efficiency of GFRP (Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer) composites in strengthening and retrofitting of seismically deficient reinforced concrete frames. Twelve numbers of single bay two storey two dimensional RC frames were cast and Six frames were tested for effectiveness of externally bonded GFRP composites to strengthen the RC frame, Six frames were loaded up to yield load and these yielded frames were wrapped with GFRP and tested for the effectiveness of retrofitting the yielded frames. A preliminary study on RC elements strengthened and retrofitted with GFRP composites were carried out as: Group (I): Six numbers of normal beam elements, Group (II): Twelve beams each addressing influence of strengthening, retrofitting the flexure zone and to compare their flexural capacity. Group (III) six beams each addressing the influence of strengthening, retrofitting the shear zones and to compare shear capacity. Group (IV) three columns each tested under axial load with and without wrapping and for retrofitting. The results indicate that there is an increase in the load carrying capacity of RC frame strengthened with GFRP composites wrapping to the extent of 16.07% and the retrofitted yielded RC frame regain its structural capacity to the extent of 10.02%.

Single crystal neutron diffraction investigation [Choudhury and Chitra, J. Phys. Condense Matter, 25 (2013) 075902] on four mixed crystals with composition (K1−x(NH4)xH2PO4) where x=0.0, 0.29, 0.67, and 1.0 belonging to the potassium dihydrogen phosphate family of hydrogen bonded ferroelectric crystals had revealed that the compositional variation results in subtle structural differences primarily in the hydrogen bonds of these crystals. The study indicated that there is a change in hydrogen bond strengths with the change in crystal composition. Spectral investigation of the same set of four mixed crystals is undertaken with an intention to study the influence of the varying hydrogen bond strength on the vibrational properties of the crystals. Room temperature Raman spectra for all the four crystals are recorded in the range 100–4000 cm−1. This Raman investigation correlates the structural changes observed from neutron diffraction investigations to the changes in the vibration spectra of the crystals. The varying N–H–O hydrogen bond strength in the mixed crystals is found to have an observable effect on the librational frequencies of the molecular components of these crystals. The strong OHO hydrogen bonds in these crystals give rise to four spectral bands in the 1500–3000 cm−1 spectral region; this is in accordance with the theoretical prediction from the tunneling model for the very strong OHO hydrogen bonds. These OHO bonds can be described by a low barrier double well potential; the vibrational energy levels of the potential are split due to quantum tunneling effects. It is observed that the varying OHO hydrogen bond strength of these crystals results in a variation in the splitting of the vibrational energy levels of the hydrogen bond potential. It is attempted to correlate the varying OHO hydrogen bond strength with the expected variation in the freezing temperature with composition of these proton glasses.

Novel nanogold doped TiO2nanoparticles are found to be highly efficient for the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants. TiO2nanoparticles were synthesized from titanium (IV) isopropoxide through hydrothermal route. Gold nanoparticles were prepared by chemical reduction and stabilization employing D-glucosamine, and were doped in TiO2nanoparticles. The analysis revealed that the diameter of gold nanoparticles used for doping is around 5 nm. Undoped and gold doped samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM). DRS study showed that nanogold doping in titania nanoparticles induces a shift of absorption edge to the visible range and reduces the band gap. Complementing our earlier finding that noble metal doping in titania nanoparticles enable photocatalytic activity in the visible region, it is showed that gold doping enhances photocatalytic activity of the titania nanoparticles. This was confirmed by the degradation of the dye methylene blue repeatedly using gold doped nanoparticles under direct sunlight. Further, the nanoparticles were used to study the degradation of the persistent organic pollutant, β endosulfan, and near complete degradation were observed in an hour. Regenerated nanoparticles were found effective for the degradation of the pesticide for more than three cycles.

In this paper we introduce a new class of sets namely, (sp) * -closed sets and properties of this set are investigated. We introduce (sp) * -continuous maps and (sp) * -irresolute maps.

A new third order nonlinear optical single crystal of Morpholin-4-ium hydrogen tartrate has been grown by the slow evaporation method. The lattice parameters and crystalline purity of this orthorhombic crystal were measured by single crystal X-ray diffraction and powder X-diffraction technique respectively. The optimized geometry shows that the morpholinium ring exist in a chair form where tartrate anions are linked via N H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming chains. These chains are linked via N H⋯O and O H⋯O hydrogen bonds, involving the morpholinium cation. The vibrational spectral investigation predicts that the red shifting of O H and N H stretching wavenumbers are due to O H⋯O and N H⋯O intermolecular interactions, respectively which are also evident form NBO analysis. The photoluminescence spectrum shows luminescence at the blue region with an appreciable lifetime leading to applications in blue OLEDs. Third order nonlinear optical properties like self-defocusing, saturable absorption and optical limiting at 532 nm are identified by Z-scan analysis. The laser damage threshold (LDT) energy have been measured by using Nd:YAG laser of wavelength 532 nm. The field dependent nature of first and second order hyperpolarizabilities and luminescence properties suggest that MHT crystal is a potential candidate for OLED and nonlinear optical applications.

Knowledge of the symmetry and distribution of atoms in the unit cell and the bonding between atoms is the key point for understanding, designing and manipulating chemical behavior or physical prope...

We report a rare case of primary jejunal adenocarcinoma with metastasis to ovary in a 23 year old female. She presented with four days’ history of abdominal pain and vomiting. Barium meal follows through findings were suggestive of stricture for which resection was done. Pathological evaluation of resected specimen showed well differentiated adenocarcinoma grade-1, extending through the wall and adjoining mesentery. She was treated with adjuvant combination chemotherapy. Four months after completion of 6th chemotherapy cycle, she came with complaint of pain in abdomen. Physical examination and imaging studies revealed solid cystic lesion in right adenexal region. Excision of right tubo-ovarian mass, right salpingooopherectomy, and excision of previous jejuno-jejunal anastomosis with reanastomosis was done. Histopathology and immunohistological staining of resected specimen revealed that tumor cells were positive for CK20 and CEA and negative for CK7 and CA125, favouring a diagnosis of metastatic carcinoma. The patient was again treated with oxaliplatin, 5-fluorouracil, and leucovorin based chemotherapy and recovered uneventfully. The case is reported in view of its clinical significance and rarity.

Protonated crystals of glycine silver nitrate (C4H10Ag2N4O10) undergo a displacive kind of structural phase transition to a ferroelectric phase at 218 K. Glycine silver nitrate (GSN) is a light-sensitive crystal. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction investigations are difficult to perform on these crystals due to the problem of crystal deterioration on prolonged exposure to X-rays. To circumvent this problem, single-crystal neutron diffraction investigations were performed. We report here the crystal structure of GSN in a ferroelectric phase. The final R value for the refined structure at 150 K is 0.059. A comparison of the low-temperature structure with the room-temperature structure throws some light on the mechanism of the structural phase change in this crystal. We have attempted to explain the structural transition in GSN within the framework of the vibronic theory of ferroelectricity, suggesting that the second-order Jahn-Teller (pseudo-Jahn-Teller) behavior of the Ag(+) ion in GSN leads to structural distortion at low temperature (218 K).

The Healthcare industry generally clinical diagnosis is done mostly by doctor’s expertise and experience. Computer Aided Decision Support System plays a major role in medical field. With the growing research on heart disease predicting system, it has become important to categories the research outcomes and provides readers with an overview of the existing heart disease prediction techniques in each category. Neural Networks are one of many data mining analytical tools that can be utilized to make predictions for medical data. From the study it is observed that Hybrid Intelligent Algorithm improves the accuracy of the heart disease prediction system. The commonly used techniques for Heart Disease Prediction and their complexities are summarized in this paper.

Crystals of phenanthrene undergo an order–disorder phase change at 72°C. High temperature phase was found to be disordered with two possible molecular positions. In order to understand the fundamental mechanism of the phase transition, we have modeled the molecular movement within the phenanthrene crystal and estimated the rotational potential energy surface for a phenanthrene molecule, as it undergoes this flip-flop motion. The situation in phenanthrene crystal is explained by a model where the molecules exhibit large amplitude librations having been trapped in the potential wells. Fluctuations in the orientation of the neighboring molecules result in changes in the shape of the potential well and consequently giving rise to angular motions of molecules with large amplitude. The calculations show that the two minima of the potential energy surface are not equivalent, as a result, the occupancy of the two possible molecular positions will not be the same, hence the space group of the disorder phase will r...

Cardiovascular disease remains the biggest cause of deaths worldwide and the Heart Disease Prediction at the early stage is importance. In this paper Supervised Learning Algorithm is adopted for heart disease prediction at the early stage using the patient's medical record is proposed and the results are compared with the known supervised classifier Support Vector Machine (SVM). The information in the patient record is classified using a Cascaded Neural Network (CNN) classifier. In the classification stage 13 attributes are given as input to the CNN classifier to determine the risk of heart disease. The proposed system will provide an aid for the physicians to diagnosis the disease in a more efficient way. The efficiency of the classifier is tested using the records collected from 270 patients. The results show the CNN classifier can predict the likelihood of patients with heart disease in a more efficient way.

The structure of the mixed crystal [K

A major type of heart disease identified all over the world is Myocardial Infarction (MI),commonly called as heart attack. Sudden blockage in a coronary artery by a blood clot due to damage or death of heart muscle is called Myocardial Infarction (MI). Many researches have attempted to detect MI from identified risk factors using intelligent and data mining algorithms.The commonly used data set for MI detection is Cleveland data set. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the risk factors of Cleveland data set and their significant role in MI detection.

The binding energy of a donor in spherical quantum dots (QDs) is calculated, using a variational approach within the effective mass approximation. The binding energy is computed for GaAs QD as a function of the dot size for different impurity positions, and also as a function of the impurity position for different dot sizes. The results of mine show that when the impurity binding energy increases with the reduction in the dot dimension. The binding energy is also found to depend on the location of the impurity, and the same is the maximum for the on-center impurity. Also I found that the value of the polarizability obtained is several orders higher than the hydrogen atom value.

Hydrogen bonding interactions are one of the most important chemical interactions among materials, especially biological materials, which help confer specificity, which is crucial for their efficient functioning. Recently, low-barrier hydrogen bonds (LBHBs) have been proposed to play a critical role in enzyme catalysis. In this review, tools to identify LBHBs are described, along with analyses of neutron crystal structures of small molecules to identify geometric parameters characteristic of LBHBs, which are assumed to be characterized by dynamic disorder along the hydrogen bond (H-bond) of the bonding hydrogen atom. The analysis of protein structures determined by neutron diffraction indicates that LBHBs are found to occur in both active site and non-active site regions of a protein. Moreover, very short H-bonds are observed in the vicinity of folding cores identified through nuclear magnetic resonance studies on two proteins, SUMO-1 and HIV-1 protease. This observation suggests that LBHBs may also be im...

The Subarnarekha multipurpose river valley project is an interstate project which will benefit Jharkhand,Odisha and West Bengal. Subarnarekha mai n canal is the life line of the interstate Subarnarekha irrigation project serving as the main water conductor that feeds the command area reservoirs for distribution and catering to its own command. The Subarnarekha mail canal in Odisha state is 46.5 km long. The construction of the cana l stretches are almost complete bu in operational due to some geological problem. A particular reach of Subarnarekha main canal of 770 m long has been giving problems and has held back the scheme c ompletion and consequently realization of envisaged benefits. The reach has repeatedly encoun tered canal side slope failures,though different side slopes have been attempted and number of remed ial measures have been tried to resolve this problem. All the attempts made have been proved uns uccessful. In order to find a complete solution to the problem of slope failure,detailed geotechni cal investigations were carried out by CSMRS doubting the presence of problematic soils in the f ailure reaches. The study revealed that the presence of expansive soils in the problematic reac hes was the reason for the failure of slopes. The paper describes the problems and presents the outco me of the geotechnical investigations carried out by CSMRS. https://www.ijiert.org/paper-details?paper_id=140690

We report here the results of our high pressure infrared absorption investigations on Bis(glycinium)oxalate, an organic complex of glycine. The observation of Raman active modes in the IR spectra beyond 1.6 GPa indicates the emergence of a non centrosymmetric high pressure phase. The pressure induced changes in the infrared active modes also indicate another structural transformation above 4.5 GPa. High pressure behavior of OH stretching mode of this compound has been studied to obtain the information about O–H⋯O hydrogen bond at higher pressures.

Crystals of a new salt in 2:1 ratio of 2-aminopyridine and malonic acid are grown by slow evaporation. These crystals of bis(2-aminopyridinium) malonate are orthorhombic and belong to the non-centrosymmetric space group, Fdd2 with parameters a = 22.0786(6), b = 23.0218(6), c = 5.5595(1)angstrom and Z=8 at 300 K. The crystals are isostructural to those of bis(2-aminopyridinium) maleate, which is a NLO material. The isostructurality index between bis(2-aminopyridinium) maleate and bis(2-aminopyridinium) malonate was also calculated. The hyperpolarizability calculated using semi empirical method MOPAC2009 showed that bis(2-aminopyridinium) malonate has slightly higher beta value compared to that of bis(2-aminopyridinium) maleate. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Four new Cu(II) complexes of 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS) with different anions (chloride, sulfate, nitrate or acetate) were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, electronic absorption, IR, magnetic moment, thermal analysis and powder X-ray diffraction studies. It was found that the pure DDS and complex [Cu2(DDS)2(NO3)2].(NO3)2 (3) crystallize in orthorhombic system while the complexes [Cu2(DDS)2].Cl4 (1), [Cu2(DDS)2].(SO4)2 (2), and [Cu2(DDS)2].(CH3COO)4 (4) crystallize in monoclinic system. The crystallite sizes of complexes have smaller values as compared to pure DDS. Infrared studies suggest that the coordination of NH2 of DDS with Cu(II) ion. The binding of the complexes with calf thymus (CT) DNA was investigated by electronic absorption titration, fluorescence measurements and DNA thermal denaturation. The spectroscopic studies together with the DNA melting studies indicated that the complexes may bind to CT-DNA in a non-intercalative mode.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a “spectrum” of disorders, characterized by varying degrees of symptoms ranging from mild to severe. Among Psychiatric disorders, Autism Spectrum Disorders have the strongest evidence for a genetic basis, yet the search for specific genes contributing to these often devastating developmental syndromes has proven extraordinarily difficult. Bipolar Disorder (BP) is a manic-depressive disorder whose symptoms are characterized by extremities in moods. It is also called as the “Mood disorder”. BP, like, ASD also has a strong genetic basis and identification of the candidate genes still remains an ongoing effort. Literature studies point to the hypothesis that ASD and BP have good chances of comorbidity and that they may share common pathways for their manifestation. But this hypothesis has not been worked on in depth. Thus, the study focuses on identifying the chances of their comorbidity by identifying their common pathways and the genes involved in the pathways and also discuss the degree of chances of their comorbidity based on the genes involved in the common pathways. Networks for the genes are also constructed to represent their commonness or uniqueness for the disorders.

Recent spectroscopic investigations of various amino acids report intriguing high-pressure and low-temperature behavior of NH3+ groups and their influence on various hydrogen bonds in the system. In particular, the variation of the intensity of NH3+ torsional mode at different temperatures and pressures has received much attention. We report here the first in situ Raman investigations of fully deuterated α-glycine up to ∼20 GPa. The discontinuous changes in COO− and ND3+ modes across ∼3 GPa indicate subtle structural rearrangements in fully deuterated α-glycine. The decrease in the intensity of ND3+ torsional mode is found to be similar to that of undeuterated α-glycine. The pressure-induced stiffening of ND and CD2 stretching modes are discussed in the context of changes in the hydrogen-bonding interactions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

2-Aminopyridinium maleate (2APM) is a recently discovered organic acid-base complex that crystallizes in a non-centrosymmetric space group Pc and hence has a nonzero second-order optical susceptibility. In 2APM the cation (aminopyridinium ion) is connected to the anion (maleate ion) through hydrogen bonds (N1-H10–O2 and N2-H12–O1), we have calculated the molecular properties of 2APM for varying strength of these hydrogen bonds. It is observed that the molecular hyperpolarizabilty varies for varying strength of these hydrogen bonds. These observations are interpreted in terms of the change in nature of the hydrogen bond interaction as its strength is varied. Macropscopic second-order optical susceptibility (d 0) of 2APM is obtained using the calculated value of molecular hyperpolarizability and the reported crystal structure of 2APM. In order to study the influence of molecular packing on the macroscopic non-linear optical property of the crystal, susceptibility calculations are repeated for 2-methyl-4nitr...

This paper proposes reduction of energy losses in low voltage distribution network using Lab VIEW as simulation tool. It suggests a methodology for balancing load in all three phases by predicting and controlling current unbalance in three phase distribution systems by node reconfiguration solution for typical Indian scenario. A fuzzy logic based load balancing technique along with optimization oriented expert system for implementing the load changing decision is proposed. The input is the total phase current for each of the three phases. The average unbalance per phase is calculated and checked against threshold value. If the average unbalance per phase is below threshold value, the system is balanced. Otherwise, it goes for the fuzzy logic based load balancing. The output from the fuzzy logic based load balancing is the value of load to be changed for each phase. A negative value indicates that the specific phase is less loaded and should receive the load, while a positive value indicates that the specific phase is surplus load and should release that amount of load. The load change configuration is the input to the expert system which suggests optimal shifting of the specific number of load points, i.e., the consumers.

We report in situ high-pressure Raman spectroscopic as well as X-ray diffraction measurements on bis(glycinium)oxalate, an organic complex of glycine, up to 35 GPa. Several spectral features indicate that at ∼1.7 GPa it transforms to a new structure (phase II) which is characterized by the loss of the center of symmetry and the existence of two nonidentical glycine molecules. Across the transition, all the N-H···O bonds are broken and new weaker N-H···O bonds are formed. Our high-pressure X-ray diffraction studies support the possibility of a non-centrosymmetric space group P2(1) for phase II. Across 5 GPa, another reorganization of N-H···O hydrogen bonds takes place along with a structural transformation to phase III. The C-C stretching mode of oxalate shows pressure-induced softening with large reduction from the initial value of 856 to 820 cm(-1) up to 18 GPa, and further softening is hindered at higher pressures.

An accurate X-ray diffraction study of a La3Ta0.25Zr0.50Ga5.25O14 single crystal (a = 8.2574(4) A, c = 5.1465(4) A, sp. gr. P321, Z = 1, R/Rw = 0.62/0.57% for 4144 unique reflections and 91 parameters) has been performed with a simultaneous neutron diffraction analysis. Tantalum, zirconium, and gallium atoms are found to occupy the mixed octahedral position (symmetry 32). Gallium atoms and a few zirconium atoms are in the position on axis 2 in the tetrahedron. The tetrahedral position on axis 3 is completely occupied by gallium atoms, while the large polyhedron on axis 2 is occupied by lanthanum atoms. The high resolution and averaging of the results obtained in two independent X-ray experiments with the same sample provided accu- rate structural data, in particular, on the anharmonicity of thermal atomic vibrations (atomic displacements). The X-ray and neutron diffraction data on the atomic displacements are compared.

The various iron carboxylates such as ferric caprate, ferric laurate, ferric myristate, ferric palmitate, and ferric stearate were synthesized to enhance the photodegradability of polypropylene (PP). The prodegradants (0.2%) synthesized were blended with virgin PP and then blown into films. All the PP films mentioned were exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation of 365 nm at room temperature to study the photodegradation behavior of PP with and without the prodegradants under artificial weathering conditions. The photoirradiated films were found to degrade after certain hours of UV exposure, which could be found from the steep increase of hydroxyl, carbonyl, lactone, ester, carboxylic acid, and crystallinity index. At the same time, a sudden decrease of elongation at break percentages and tensile strength; development of surface cracks indicated the scission of the main chain of the PP. The results revealed that PP containing prodegradants degraded at a faster rate than the virgin material. However, the effectiveness of the prodegradants for the photodegradation of PP was found to be in the order: ferric caprate > ferric laurate > ferric myristate > ferric palmitate > ferric stearate. The results showed that the number of carbon atoms present in the alkyl part of the various prodegradants played a vital role in the degradation phenomenon. Furthermore, it could be concluded that the mobility of the alkyl radicals formed from the decomposition of the incorporated prodegradants during artificial weathering played a prominent role in the photooxidative degradation behavior of PP films. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012

We studied the mating behaviour of the primi- tively eusocial wasp Ropalidia marginata and the factors that may influence sperm transfer. By introducing a male and a female R. marginata into ventilated transparent plastic boxes, we were able to observe mating behaviour, and it involved mounting and short or long conjugation of the wasps. Dissection of female wasps after the observation indicated that long conjugation is a good behavioural pre- dictor of sperm transfer. This finding makes it possible to obtain mated females without dissecting them every time. We tested the effect of age, season, relatedness, body size and female's ovarian status on mating. Under laboratory conditions, mating success declined rapidly below and above the ages 5-20 days. Within this age range mating success was significantly low in December compared to other months tested. There was no nestmate discrimination, and there was no influence of male and female body size or of the ovarian state of the female on the probability of sperm transfer.

Polypropylene (PP) has achieved a dominating position and hence, their consumption increases thereby littering, which lead to environmental pollution. Photodegradation seems to be a better choice because of naturally available sunlight as energy source for degradation. The present work involves the study of the variation of degradation behavior of PP film during tropical summer and winter seasons. The photodegradation is followed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic technique. Various indices like hydroxyl, carbonyl, vinylidene, lactones, ester, carboxylic acid and crystallinity are calculated and these values increased after a brief induction period. The variation in the mechanical properties like tensile strength and elongation at break percentages are determined. The scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images of weathered PP showed surface cracks when carbonyl index value increases sharply and the mechanical properties show a sudden decrease. Attempted life time prediction using mathematical models showed that the carbonyl growth is more affected by ultraviolet (UV) and cumulative total solar radiation for PP weathered during summer. The loss in tensile strength of PP weathered during summer is more dependent on the average temperature and the UV portion of the total solar radiation whereas, intensity of UV radiation has profound effect on the tensile strength of PP weathered during winter.